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Chane AD, Košnář Z, Hřebečková T, Jozífek M, Doležal P, Tlustoš P. Persistent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons removal from sewage sludge-amended soil through phytoremediation combined with solid-state ligninolytic fungal cultures. Fungal Biol 2024; 128:1675-1683. [PMID: 38575240 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2024.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are widely present in the environment, causing increasing concern because of their impact on soil health, food safety and potential health risks. Four bioremediation strategies were examined to assess the dissipation of PAHs in agricultural soil amended with sewage sludge over a period of 120 days: soil-sludge natural attenuation (SS); phytoremediation using maize (Zea mays L.) (PSS); mycoremediation (MR) separately using three white-rot fungi (Pleurotus ostreatus, Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Irpex lacteus); and plant-assisted mycoremediation (PMR) using a combination of maize and fungi. In the time frame of the experiment, mycoremediation using P. chrysosporium (MR-PH) exhibited a significantly higher (P < 0.05) degradation of total PAHs compared to the SS and PSS treatments, achieving a degradation rate of 52 %. Both the SS and PSS treatments demonstrated a lower degradation rate of total PAHs, with removal rates of 18 % and 32 %, respectively. The PMR treatments showed the highest removal rates of total PAHs at the end of the study, with degradation rates of 48-60 %. In the shoots of maize, only low- and medium-molecular-weight PAHs were found in both the PSS and PMR treatments. The calculated translocation and bioconversion factors always showed values < 1. The analysed enzymatic activities were higher in the PMR treatments compared to other treatments, which can be positively related to the higher degradation of PAHs in the soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Demelash Chane
- Department of Agro-Environmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00, Praha-Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Košnář
- Department of Agro-Environmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00, Praha-Suchdol, Czech Republic.
| | - Tereza Hřebečková
- Department of Agro-Environmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00, Praha-Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Jozífek
- Department of Horticulture, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00, Praha-Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Doležal
- Department of Agro-Environmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00, Praha-Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Tlustoš
- Department of Agro-Environmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00, Praha-Suchdol, Czech Republic
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Rede D, Teixeira I, Delerue-Matos C, Fernandes VC. Assessing emerging and priority micropollutants in sewage sludge: environmental insights and analytical approaches. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2024; 31:3152-3168. [PMID: 38085484 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30963-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
The application of sewage sludge (SS) in agriculture, as an alternative to manufactured fertilizers, is current practice worldwide. However, as wastewater is collected from households, industries, and hospitals, the resulting sludge could contaminate land with creeping levels of pharmaceuticals, pesticides, heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and microplastics, among others. Thus, the sustainable management of SS requires the development of selective methods for the identification and quantification of pollutants, preventing ecological and/or health risks. This study presents a thorough evaluation of emerging and priority micropollutants in SS, through the lens of environmental insights, by developing and implementing an integrated analytical approach. A quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) extraction method, coupled with gas chromatography and liquid chromatography, was optimized for the determination of 42 organic compounds. These include organophosphorus pesticides, organochlorine pesticides, pyrethroid pesticides, organophosphate ester flame retardants, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, polychlorinated biphenyls, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The optimization of the dispersive-solid phase for clean-up, combined with the optimization of chromatographic parameters, ensured improved sensitivity. Method validation included assessments for recovery, reproducibility, limit of detection (LOD), and limit of quantification (LOQ). Recoveries ranged from 59.5 to 117%, while LODs ranged from 0.00700 to 0.271 µg g-1. Application of the method to seven SS samples from Portuguese wastewater treatment plants revealed the presence of sixteen compounds, including persistent organic pollutants. The quantification of α-endosulfan, an organochlorine pesticide, was consistently observed in all samples, with concentrations ranging from 0.110 to 0.571 µg g-1. Furthermore, the study encompasses the analysis of agronomic parameters, as well as the mineral and metal content in SS samples. The study demonstrates that the levels of heavy metals comply with legal limits. By conducting a comprehensive investigation into the presence of micropollutants in SS, this study contributes to a deeper understanding of the environmental and sustainable implications associated with SS management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Rede
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4249-015, Porto, Portugal
- Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre S/N, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ivan Teixeira
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4249-015, Porto, Portugal
| | - Cristina Delerue-Matos
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4249-015, Porto, Portugal
| | - Virgínia Cruz Fernandes
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4249-015, Porto, Portugal.
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Košnář Z, Mercl F, Pierdonà L, Chane AD, Míchal P, Tlustoš P. Concentration of the main persistent organic pollutants in sewage sludge in relation to wastewater treatment plant parameters and sludge stabilisation. Environ Pollut 2023; 333:122060. [PMID: 37330192 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Concentration of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 7 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and 11 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in sewage sludge from 40 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) was investigated. Relationship between pollutant sludge contents, main WWTP parameters and type of sludge stabilisation was carefully evaluated. Average load of PAHs, PCBs, and OCPs in different sludges from Czech Republic was 3096, 95.7 and 76.1 μg/kg dry weight, respectively. There were moderate/strong correlations among the individual tested pollutants in sludge (r = 0.40-0.76). Relationship between total pollutant contents in sludge, common WWTP parameters and sludge stabilisation was not evident. Only individual pollutants such anthracene and PCB 52 correlated significantly (P < 0.05) with biochemical oxygen demand (r = -0.35) and chemical oxygen demand removal efficiencies (r = -0.35), suggesting recalcitrance to degradation during wastewater treatment. When sorted according to the design capacity, a linear correlation between WWTP size and pollutant contents in sludge was evident with growing WWTP capacity. Our study indicated that WWTPs with anaerobic digestion are prone to accumulate a statistically higher content of PAHs and PCBs (P < 0.05) in digested sludges compared to aerobically digested ones. The influence of anaerobic digestion temperature of treated sludge on tested pollutants was not evident.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdeněk Košnář
- Department of Agro-Environmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00, Praha, Suchdol, Czech Republic.
| | - Filip Mercl
- Department of Agro-Environmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00, Praha, Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Lorenzo Pierdonà
- Department of Agro-Environmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00, Praha, Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Abraham Demelash Chane
- Department of Agro-Environmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00, Praha, Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Míchal
- Department of Agro-Environmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00, Praha, Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Tlustoš
- Department of Agro-Environmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00, Praha, Suchdol, Czech Republic
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Altieri VG, De Sanctis M, Barca E, Di Iaconi C. SBBGR technology for reducing waste sludge production during plastic recycling process: Assessment of potential increase in sludge hazardousness. Sci Total Environ 2023; 880:163388. [PMID: 37030375 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Sludge production in the wastewater treatment sector is consistently increasing and represents a critical environmental and economic issue. This study evaluated an unconventional approach for treating wastewater generated from the cleaning of non-hazardous plastic solid waste during the plastic recycling process. The proposed scheme was based on sequencing batch biofilter granular reactor (SBBGR) technology, which was compared with the activated sludge-based treatment currently in operation. These treatment technologies were compared regarding sludge quality, specific sludge production, and effluent quality to highlight whether the reduced sludge production shown by SBBGR corresponded to an increase in the concentration of hazardous compounds in the sludge. The SBBGR technology showed remarkable removal efficiencies (TSS, VSS, and NH3 > 99 %; COD >90 %; TN and TP > 80 %) and a sludge production six-fold lower than the conventional plant (in terms of kgTSS/kg CODremoved). Biomass from the SBBGR did not show a significant accumulation of organic micropollutants (i.e., long-chain hydrocarbons, chlorinated pesticides and chlorobenzenes, PCB, PCDD/F, PAH, chlorinated and brominated aliphatic compounds, and aromatic solvents), whereas a certain accumulation of heavy metals was observed. Furthermore, an initial attempt to compare the operating costs of the two treatment approaches revealed that the SBBGR technology would provide 38 % savings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marco De Sanctis
- Water Research Institute, C.N.R, Viale F. De Blasio 5, 70132 Bari, Italy.
| | - Emanuele Barca
- Water Research Institute, C.N.R, Viale F. De Blasio 5, 70132 Bari, Italy
| | - Claudio Di Iaconi
- Water Research Institute, C.N.R, Viale F. De Blasio 5, 70132 Bari, Italy
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Szaja A, Montusiewicz A, Lebiocka M. Variability of Micro- and Macro-Elements in Anaerobic Co-Digestion of Municipal Sewage Sludge and Food Industrial By-Products. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2023; 20:5405. [PMID: 37048020 PMCID: PMC10094009 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20075405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The main aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the addition of selected industrial food wastes on the fate of micro- and macro-elements within an anaerobic digestion process (AD), as well as define the relationship between their content and AD efficiency. Orange peels, (OP), orange pulp (PL) and brewery spent grain (BSG) were used as co-substrates, while municipal sewage sludge (SS) was applied as the main component. The introduction of co-substrates resulted in improvements in feedstock composition in terms of macro-elements, with a simultaneous decrease in the content of HMs (heavy metals). Such beneficial effects led to enhanced methane production, and improved process performance at the highest doses of PL and BSG. In turn, reduced biogas and methane production was found in the three-component digestion mixtures in the presence of OP and BSG; therein, the highest accumulation of most HMs within the process was also revealed. Considering the agricultural application of all digestates, exceedances for Cu, Zn and Hg were recorded, thereby excluding their further use for that purpose.
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Wang MH, Chen CW, Chen CF, Wang LC, Liu TK, Dong CD. Occurrence and emission of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from water treatment plant sludge in Taiwan. Environ Technol 2023; 44:1190-1200. [PMID: 34694956 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2021.1998227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations level and distribution of 16 US EPA polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) from the water treatment plant (WTP), sewage treatment plant (STP), and industrial water treatment plant (ITP) sludge in Taiwan were determined and then assessed the sources, and potential toxicity (carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons [CPAHs] and toxic BaP equivalent [TEQ]). Results indicated that the total concentrations of PAHs ranged between 58 and 16,436 μg/kg dw. Among the 17 samples, the 2-4 ring of total PAHs were the predominant compound in three kinds of treatment plant (> 60%). Especially, ITP1 owns 95.8% of 2-4 ring of total PAHs and ITP3 owns 54% of five- and six-ring of total PAHs. The molecular indices and principal component analysis (PCA) were used to determine the source contributions, with the results showing that the contributions of combustion/grass, coal or wood combustion and combustion/ liquid (oil) fossil fuel combustion. A PAH toxicity indicated by TEQ was 2.5-506 μg TEQ/g dw. Although, the results indicated that these were not recommended for land applications, but analyses are beneficial to develop effective management strategies for controlling PAH discharge in treatment plants and establishing strategies for its reuse in managing pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Huang Wang
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Wen Chen
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Feng Chen
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Lin-Chi Wang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ta-Kang Liu
- Institute of Ocean Technology and Marine Affairs, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Di Dong
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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du Plessis M, Fourie C, Stone W, Engelbrecht AM. The impact of endocrine disrupting compounds and carcinogens in wastewater: Implications for breast cancer. Biochimie 2023; 209:103-115. [PMID: 36775066 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2023.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of breast cancer is often associated with geographic variation which indicates that a person's surrounding environment can be an important etiological factor in cancer development. Environmental risk factors can include exposure to sewage- or wastewater, which consist of a complex mixture of pathogens, mutagens and carcinogens. Wastewater contains primarily carbonaceous, nitrogenous and phosphorus compounds, however it can also contain trace amounts of chemical pollutants including toxic metal cations, hydrocarbons and pesticides. More importantly, the contamination of drinking water by wastewater is a potential source of exposure to mammary carcinogens and endocrine disrupting compounds. Organic solvents and other pollutants often found in wastewater have been detected in various tissues, including breast and adipose tissues. Furthermore, these pollutants such as phenolic compounds in some detergents and plastics, as well as parabens and pesticides can mimic estrogen. High estrogen levels are a well-established risk factor for estrogen-receptor (ER) positive breast cancer. Therefore, exposure to wastewater is a risk factor for the initiation, progression and metastasis of breast cancer. Carcinogens present in wastewater can promote tumourigenesis through various mechanisms, including the formation of DNA adducts, gene mutations and oxidative stress. Lastly, the presence of endocrine disrupting compounds in wastewater can have negative implications for ER-positive breast cancers, where these molecules can activate ERα to promote cell proliferation, survival and metastasis. As such, strategies should be implemented to limit exposure, such as providing funding into treatment technologies and implementation of regulations that limit the production and use of these potentially harmful chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha du Plessis
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa.
| | - Carla Fourie
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa.
| | - Wendy Stone
- Stellenbosch University Water Institute, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa
| | - Anna-Mart Engelbrecht
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa; African Cancer Institute (ACI), Department of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg Campus, South Africa
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Gaurav GK, Mehmood T, Kumar M, Cheng L, Sathishkumar K, Kumar A, Yadav D. Review on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) migration from wastewater. J Contam Hydrol 2021; 236:103715. [PMID: 33199037 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2020.103715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Rapidly increasing global population and increased civilization has increased burden on potable water resources and results in larger volumes of wastewater. Physical wastewater management techniques has advanced for domestic usage and commercial effluent new conceptions about imminent wastewater treatment have been acclaimed for highly carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) compounds. The present review study emphasis on the assessment of several accessible PAHs treatment methods used in wastewater management. The elementary principles, contextual remediation mechanisms and recent development in PAHs removal practices have also been precisely explained. The comprehensive information regarding sources, dispersal, classification, physicochemical properties, PAHs toxicity for humans and aquatics life, conventional treatment procedures, and advanced oxidation processes specified can assist us to identify the PAHs problem and their intensity. The performance evaluation of different removal techniques are discussed in details and found that highest PAHs' reduction for 5-or 6-ring (99%,) while 3-ring (79% reduction) with oxidant dose of 1.64 mL/L using titanium catalyst. In case of MWTPs, with secondary techniques, the average removal efficiency found in the range of 81.1-92.9% while for AOPs are 32-99.3%. Here, overall yield through AOPs most suitable if process used with some catalyst enhanced the yield as well and suitable for high ring as well as low ring PAHs. Among various processes, advanced oxidation and catalytic oxidation processes are the most valuable and promising techniques for PAHs removal. Based on the given evidences, the AOPs coupled with catalysts have been decided as the most competent design for wastewater PAHs treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gajendra Kumar Gaurav
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes and College of Civil, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Tariq Mehmood
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes and College of Civil, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Liu Cheng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes and College of Civil, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China.
| | - Kuppusamy Sathishkumar
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development of shallow lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Amit Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Deepak Yadav
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Harcourt Butler Technical University (Formerly HBTI), Kanpur, India.
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Tomczyk B, Siatecka A, Jędruchniewicz K, Sochacka A, Bogusz A, Oleszczuk P. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) persistence, bioavailability and toxicity in sewage sludge- or sewage sludge-derived biochar-amended soil. Sci Total Environ 2020; 747:141123. [PMID: 32795789 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Soils can be contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) when either sewage sludge (SSL) or biochar (BC) are used. There are no comparative studies regarding the effects of soil amendment with SSL or BC on the persistence, bioavailability and toxicity of PAHs. This research compared the persistence of PAHs (based on the extractable content, Ctot) and their bioavailability (freely dissolved, Cfree) as well as the toxicity (solid phase: Phytotoxkit F with Lepidium sativum and the Collembolan test with Folsomia candida; leachates: Phytotestkit F with L. sativum and Microtox® with Aliivibrio fischeri) of soil amended with SSL or with SSL-derived BCs. BCs were produced from three different sewage sludges at a temperature of 500 °C. SSLs or BCs were added to the soil at a rate of 1% (30 t/ha). Adding SSL to the soil increased more the PAH content in it than after BC application, which was associated with a higher content of PAHs in SSL. Losses of Σ16 Ctot and Cfree PAHs were higher than those observed for biochar only in the case of one SSL. In the other cases, PAH losses were either higher for biochar or did not differ significantly between SSL and BC. On the other hand, the analysis of the individual groups of PAHs showed significant differences between SSL and BC, both for Ctot and Cfree. Nonetheless, these differences were largely driven by the type of sewage sludge and biochar. Only in the case of root growth inhibition the toxicity higher was for the SSL-amended soils than for the BC-amended ones. In the other cases, varying results were observed which were determined by the type of sewage sludge/biochar, similarly to PAH losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Tomczyk
- Department of Ecotoxicology, Institute of Environmental Protection - National Research Institute, ul. Krucza 5/11D, 00-548 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Anna Siatecka
- Department of Radiochemistry and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Pl. M. Curie-Skłodowskiej 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Jędruchniewicz
- Department of Radiochemistry and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Pl. M. Curie-Skłodowskiej 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Sochacka
- Department of Radiochemistry and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Pl. M. Curie-Skłodowskiej 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Bogusz
- Department of Ecotoxicology, Institute of Environmental Protection - National Research Institute, ul. Krucza 5/11D, 00-548 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Patryk Oleszczuk
- Department of Radiochemistry and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Pl. M. Curie-Skłodowskiej 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland.
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Košnář Z, Mercl F, Tlustoš P. Long-term willows phytoremediation treatment of soil contaminated by fly ash polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from straw combustion. Environ Pollut 2020; 264:114787. [PMID: 32559881 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A three-year experiment was conducted to investigate willows of Salix × smithiana Willd. (S. smithiana) phytoremediation of soil contaminated by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) derived by fly ash from biomass combustion. The total removal of ash PAHs in phytoremediation treatment was 50.9% after three consecutive years while the ash PAHs were decreased in natural attenuated soil by 9.9% in the end of the experiment. The ash and spiked PAHs with low and medium molecular weight were susceptible to be removed in higher rates than high molecular weight PAHs. Lower bioconcentration factors of individual PAHs were observed in willow shoots than in roots. The estimated relative direct removal of PAHs by S. smithiana in phytoremediation was significantly lower than 1% suggesting that the contribution of S. smithiana to take up PAHs from soil was negligible and the degradation of PAHs occurred mainly in soil. Phytoremediation using S. smithiana could be seen as a feasible and environmentally friendly approach of arable soils impacted by a PAH contaminated biomass fly ash.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdeněk Košnář
- Department of Agroenvironmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamýcká 129, 165 00, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Filip Mercl
- Department of Agroenvironmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamýcká 129, 165 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Tlustoš
- Department of Agroenvironmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamýcká 129, 165 00, Prague, Czech Republic
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Tomczyk B, Siatecka A, Gao Y, Ok YS, Bogusz A, Oleszczuk P. The convertion of sewage sludge to biochar as a sustainable tool of PAHs exposure reduction during agricultural utilization of sewage sludges. J Hazard Mater 2020; 392:122416. [PMID: 32193106 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
There is a discussion in the literature whether PAHs introduced with biochar are safe and whether they are persistent in the environment. The persistence of PAHs (Ctot - total and Cfree - freely dissolved) in sewage sludge (SSL) or SSL-derived biochar-amended soils was investigated. Biochar were produced at 500, 600 and 700 °C. We also compared the persistence of PAHs in these experimental treatments depending on the plants cultivated (grass, clover and thale cress). We showed that the Ctot PAHs in the biochar-amended soils exhibited higher persistence than in the SSL-amended soil. The opposite trend was observed for Cfree PAHs. A higher reduction of Cfree PAHs was noted in the biochar-amended soils than in SSL-amended soil. The persistence of both Cfree and Ctot PAHs clearly varied between the biochars produced at different temperatures. It should be stated that despite that for biochar the persistence of Ctot PAHs is higher compared to SSL-amended soils, an opposite trend is observed for the fraction of Cfree (which is directly responsible for the toxic effect), and this entails a lower risk to the environment (lower mobility and bioavailability). The plants had a significant impact on Ctot PAHs content depending on the number of PAH rings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Tomczyk
- Department of Ecotoxicology, Institute of Environmental Protection - National Research Institute, Krucza 5/11D, 00-548 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Anna Siatecka
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, 3 Maria Curie-Skłodowska Square, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
| | - Yanzheng Gao
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources 8 and Environmental Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yong Sik Ok
- Korea Biochar Research Center & Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Aleksandra Bogusz
- Department of Ecotoxicology, Institute of Environmental Protection - National Research Institute, Krucza 5/11D, 00-548 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Patryk Oleszczuk
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, 3 Maria Curie-Skłodowska Square, 20-031 Lublin, Poland.
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12
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Kominko H, Gorazda K, Wzorek Z. Potentiality of sewage sludge-based organo-mineral fertilizer production in Poland considering nutrient value, heavy metal content and phytotoxicity for rapeseed crops. J Environ Manage 2019; 248:109283. [PMID: 31344561 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Sewage sludge is a valuable source of nutrients and organic matter, which are beneficial for plant growth. The use of sewage sludge for agricultural purposes can be limited by the potential content of heavy metals and toxic organic compounds that pose a threat to the environment. The characterisation of sewage sludges from 11 Polish wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in terms of their fertilizing properties and heavy metal contents are presented in the study. Based on the chemical composition of sewage sludge from the WWTP in Żywiec, the compositions of organo-mineral fertilizers dedicated for rapeseed crop was developed. Alternative raw materials such as poultry litter ash and biomass ash were considered as components for fertilizer production. The production process of organo-mineral fertilizers included mixing sewage sludge with poultry litter ash/biomass ash and mineral fertilizers and granulation with mineral acids. The final products contained 24-34% of total NPK and fulfilled the requirements regarding heavy metal content according to Polish legislation. Using sewage sludge for fertilizer production is a promising solution for sewage sludge management, allowing the recycling of 82-140 tonnes of phosphorus (as P2O5) and 42-73 tonnes of nitrogen (N) annually in the WWTP in Żywiec.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halyna Kominko
- Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, Cracow 31-155, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Gorazda
- Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, Cracow 31-155, Poland.
| | - Zbigniew Wzorek
- Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, Cracow 31-155, Poland.
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13
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Meng X, Huang Q, Xu J, Gao H, Yan J. A review of phosphorus recovery from different thermal treatment products of sewage sludge. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s42768-019-00007-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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14
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Lu Y, Zheng G, Zhou W, Wang J, Zhou L. Bioleaching conditioning increased the bioavailability of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to promote their removal during co-composting of industrial and municipal sewage sludges. Sci Total Environ 2019; 665:1073-1082. [PMID: 30893739 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Revised: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Conditioning treatments are extensively employed in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) to enhance sludge dewaterability, thereby improving the sludge dehydration during mechanical dewatering. However, it remains unclear whether the sludge conditioning treatments would influence the removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) during the dewatered sludge composting. In this study, the influences of three sludge conditioning methods, including bioleaching conditioning driven by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, chemical conditioning with Fe[III]/CaO, and chemical conditioning with polyacrylamide (PAM), on the bioavailability of PAHs in dewatered sludge and the PAH removal during the co-compositing of industrial and municipal sewage sludges were investigated. The results showed that bioleaching conditioning was capable to significantly increase the bioavailability of PAHs in dewatered sludge, which was not attained by the other two conditioning methods. During the 39 days composting of dewatered sludge, the total removal efficiency of six detected PAHs (∑PAHs) including acenaphthylene, fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene, chrysene and benzo(k)fluoranthene was 58.7% in raw sludge, 58.5% in PAM-conditioned sludge, 76.4% in bioleached sludge, and 60.4% in Fe[III]/CaO-conditioned sludge, respectively, and the removal of acenaphthylene, chrysene and benzo(k)fluoranthene was much higher in bioleached sludge than in other sludges. During dewatered sludge composting, PAHs may mainly be degraded by the bacteria belonging to the genera Luteimonas, Glutamicibacter, Alcanivorax, Dechloromonas, Ferribacterium, Truepera and Sphingobacterium. Linear correlation analysis between PAH removal and their bioavailability revealed that the promoted PAH removal during the composting of dewatered bioleached sludge may ascribe to the enhanced bioavailability of individual PAH. Therefore, the combination of bioleaching conditioning and subsequent dewatered sludge composting is effective to remove PAHs in sewage sludge, thus alleviating the loads of PAHs during the land application of sludge compost products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Lu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Guanyu Zheng
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Wenbin Zhou
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jiajun Wang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Lixiang Zhou
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing 210095, China
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15
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Antunes P, Rodrigues A, Neto A, Cardoso VV, Benoliel MJ, Almeida CMM. In-house Validation of Accelerated Solvent Extraction-High Performance Liquid Chromatographic Method for Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Portuguese Sewage Sludge. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2019.1569537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Antunes
- iMed.UL (Institute for Medicines and Pharmaceutical Sciences), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Alexandre Rodrigues
- Laboratories and Water Quality Control Department, Empresa Portuguesa das Águas Livres, S. A. – EPAL, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Neto
- Laboratories and Water Quality Control Department, Empresa Portuguesa das Águas Livres, S. A. – EPAL, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Vitor Vale Cardoso
- Laboratories and Water Quality Control Department, Empresa Portuguesa das Águas Livres, S. A. – EPAL, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Maria João Benoliel
- Laboratories and Water Quality Control Department, Empresa Portuguesa das Águas Livres, S. A. – EPAL, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Cristina Maria Martins Almeida
- iMed.UL (Institute for Medicines and Pharmaceutical Sciences), Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Toxicological and Bromatological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
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16
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Abstract
Currently, sewage sludge management is a huge challenge in the field of environmental engineering. New effective solutions for the treatment of wastewater led to an improvement of the quality of the final effluent but considerably increased the volume of produced sewage sludge, which increases each year. Two points of view conflict regarding the recycling of those “wastes.” Primarily, dehydrated sewage sludge is considered a reservoir of nutrients and organic matter that can be used as a fertilizer in agriculture or as an organic amendment in the remediation of contaminated sites or to build “anthroposoils.” On the other hand, recycled sewage sludge is seen as a potential source of soil contamination by organic and inorganic pollutants and pathogens; potentially toxic elements (such as zinc, copper, cadmium, lead, silver, etc.); polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH); polychlorobiphenyls (PCB); biocides and phytopharmaceuticals; pharmaceuticals, personal care products (PPCP), and residuals; synthetic hormones; microplastics; nanotechnology life cycle end products; and microorganisms such as Escherichia coli O157:H7 or Salmonella typhimurium. This chapter will focus on these aspects, highlighting the health and ecotoxicological risks associated with the presence of such contaminants in sludge. The environmental dangers of sludge spreading on soils will be presented as well as their possible treatment scenarios to propose an acceptable reuse of sewage sludge in a circular economy.
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17
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Zhou W, Lu Y, Jiang S, Xiao Y, Zheng G, Zhou L. Impact of sludge conditioning treatment on the bioavailability of pyrene in sewage sludge. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2018; 163:196-204. [PMID: 30055384 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.07.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Conditioning is an indispensable step to improve mechanical dewatering of municipal sewage sludge. However, it is still unclear how sludge conditioning treatments impact the bioavailability of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sewage sludge that potentially influences the biodegradation of PAHs during the composting of dewatered sludge cake. In the present study, five sludge conditioning treatments, including chemical acidification, bioleaching driven by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, chemical conditioning with Fe[III] and CaO, and chemical conditioning with either aluminum polychloride (PACl) or polyacrylamide (PAM), were investigated to reveal their respective impacts on the bioavailability of pyrene in sewage sludge. The bioavailability of pyrene in conditioned sludge was evaluated by using the n-butanol extraction method. The results showed that the bioavailable fraction of pyrene increased from 59.1% in raw sludge to 68.7% in chemically acidified sludge and 79.3% in bioleached sludge, while the other three conditioning approaches did not significantly change the bioavailability of pyrene. During chemical acidification or bioleaching of sludge, cellular membrane damage of sludge microbial cells induced changes in sludge chemical and physical properties. Ridge regression analysis revealed that during these two conditioning processes the contribution rates of the changes in sludge chemical properties and physical properties on the enhancement of pyrene bioavailability were 33.0% and 67.1%, respectively. Therefore, chemical acidification and bioleaching conditioning treatments can enhance the bioavailability of pyrene in sewage sludge, mainly through changing the relative hydrophobicity and particle size of sludge flocs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbin Zhou
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yi Lu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Shuang Jiang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yifan Xiao
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Guanyu Zheng
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Lixiang Zhou
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing 210095, China
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18
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Cieślik BM, Świerczek L, Konieczka P. Analytical and legislative challenges of sewage sludge processing and management. Monatsh Chem 2018; 149:1635-1645. [PMID: 30174351 PMCID: PMC6105214 DOI: 10.1007/s00706-018-2255-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT This article presents the most popular methods of sewage sludge management and analytical techniques which could be a powerful tool in designing new sewage sludge management methods. Chemical analysis is also described as a vital point at the subsequent stages of technological processes control and sewage sludge quality assessment. It is also an instrument essential to maintaining control of processed sewage sludge introduced to the environment as ready-to-use materials. The sludge management method is conditioned by the compliance with legal acts concerning sludge management. The most important of these contain information regarding allowable concentrations of pollutants which can be released into the environment, and the most important declarations concerning sewage sludge management. Various analytical techniques and preparation methods that can be used during the monitoring of the managed and processed sewage sludge are described. The most important are chromatographic techniques, methods based on inductively coupled plasma, and mass spectrometry based methods. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartłomiej Michał Cieślik
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Lesław Świerczek
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Piotr Konieczka
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland
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19
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Sun S, Jia L, Li B, Yuan A, Kong L, Qi H, Ma W, Zhang A, Wu Y. The occurrence and fate of PAHs over multiple years in a wastewater treatment plant of Harbin, Northeast China. Sci Total Environ 2018; 624:491-498. [PMID: 29268221 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence and fate of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were investigated in wastewater, sludge and surrounding air from the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in Harbin, Northeast China. The concentration of total PAHs in the influent, effluent and sludge were 4080ng/L, 864ng/L and 8200ng/gdw, respectively. The total concentration of PAHs showed a trend of first rising, and then decreasing over years in the influent, effluent and sludge, which was in agreement with the usage of coal and oil in Harbin. The level of PAHs was 26-560ng/m3 in air from site 1 (the top of the A/O tank), 62-608ng/m3 in air from site 2 (the vicinity of the WWTP) and 61-686ng/m3 in air from site 3 (the urban district of Harbin). In the influent and effluent, the mean concentration of PAHs followed the sequence of summer>winter>autumn>spring, while the sequence was winter>summer>autumn>spring in sludge and air. Rainfall may be the main reason for higher contamination in summer. Coal fired central heating and indoor dust may be reasons for higher PAHs in winter. The mean removal efficiency of total PAHs was approximately 85% (20% of which was adsorbed onto sludge, and 65% volatilized into air or degraded by biodegradation), and 15% of PAHs were discharged through the effluent. There was approximately 6240kg of PAHs imported into the WWTP every year, 1005kg discharged into the Songhua River through the effluent, and 327kg absorbed onto sludge and the rest was degraded or volatilized into air. PCA was applied to identify the sources of PAHs for both heating and non-heating seasons. In general, coal combustion was the main source of PAHs during the heating season and vehicle exhaust was the main source of PAHs during the non-heating season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaojing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Linran Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Bo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Anni Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Lingjun Kong
- Wudalianchi Environmental Monitoring Station, Heilongjiang 164155, China
| | - Hong Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
| | - Wanli Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Anping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yining Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
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20
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Paz-Ferreiro J, Nieto A, Méndez A, Askeland MPJ, Gascó G. Biochar from Biosolids Pyrolysis: A Review. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2018; 15:ijerph15050956. [PMID: 29748488 PMCID: PMC5981995 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15050956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ever increasing volumes of biosolids (treated sewage sludge) are being produced by municipal wastewater facilities. This is a consequence of the continued expansion of urban areas, which in turn require the commissioning of new treatment plants or upgrades to existing facilities. Biosolids contain nutrients and energy which can be used in agriculture or waste-to-energy processes. Biosolids have been disposed of in landfills, but there is an increasing pressure from regulators to phase out landfilling. This article performs a critical review on options for the management of biosolids with a focus on pyrolysis and the application of the solid fraction of pyrolysis (biochar) into soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Paz-Ferreiro
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne 3001, Australia.
| | - Aurora Nieto
- Departamento de Producción Agraria, E.T.S.I. Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, 28004 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ana Méndez
- Departamento de Ingeniería Geológica y Minera, E.T.S.I. Minas y Energía, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, C/Ríos Rosas No. 21, 28003 Madrid, Spain.
| | | | - Gabriel Gascó
- Departamento de Producción Agraria, E.T.S.I. Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, 28004 Madrid, Spain.
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21
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Borba RP, Ribeirinho VS, de Camargo OA, de Andrade CA, Kira CS, Coscione AR. Ion leaching and soil solution acidification in a vadose zone under soil treated with sewage sludge for agriculture. Chemosphere 2018; 192:81-89. [PMID: 29100125 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.10.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 10/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we performed monitoring of the soil solution (SS) over 10 years on a loamy/clayey-textured Dark Red Dystroferric Oxisol that received sewage sludge for agricultural purposes. The SS was obtained by lysimeters installed along the walls of a well at 1 m, 2 m, 3 m, 4 m and 5 m in depth. The major ions found in the SS were NO3-, SO42-, Cl-, Ca2+, Mg2+, Al3+, Pb2+, Cd2+ and Zn2+, and the pH level ranged from 4 to 6.5 along the profile. Throughout the first three years of monitoring, the pH to a 3-m depth became more acidic, and in the last year, this trend reached 5 m. At the 5-m depth, the pH decreased from 6.5 to 4.5 from the first to the last monitoring. The SS acidification was provoked by both nitrite oxidation and ion leaching. The leaching of H+ or the possible ion exchange/desorption of H+ due to the leached cations (Ca2+ and Mg2+) at the 4-m and 5-m depth caused the pH decrease. The ionic strength (IS) of the solution controlled the ion leaching. The sludge application increased the IS to 3 m, increasing the density of the soil charges and its ability to absorb ions. After the sludge application was completed, there was a decrease in IS of the SS as well as a decrease in ion absorption and retention abilities, which promoted leaching to greater depths. During the entire monitoring process, NO3-, Cd and Pb remained above the potability limit.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Otávio Antonio de Camargo
- Soil and Environmental Resources Center, Agronomic Institute of Campinas-SP, Av. Barão de Itapura, 1481, 13012-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Carmen Silvia Kira
- Food Center, Adolfo Lutz Institute, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 355, CEP 01246-902, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Aline Reneé Coscione
- Soil and Environmental Resources Center, Agronomic Institute of Campinas-SP, Av. Barão de Itapura, 1481, 13012-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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22
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Ncube S, Lekoto G, Cukrowska E, Chimuka L. Development and optimisation of a novel three-way extraction technique based on a combination of Soxhlet extraction, membrane assisted solvent extraction and a molecularly imprinted polymer using sludge polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as model compounds. J Sep Sci 2017; 41:918-928. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201701216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Somandla Ncube
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry; University of Witwatersrand; Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Goitsemang Lekoto
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry; University of Witwatersrand; Johannesburg South Africa
- National Metrology Institute of South Africa; Pretoria South Africa
| | - Ewa Cukrowska
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry; University of Witwatersrand; Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Luke Chimuka
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry; University of Witwatersrand; Johannesburg South Africa
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23
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Thomsen TP, Sárossy Z, Ahrenfeldt J, Henriksen UB, Frandsen FJ, Müller-Stöver DS. Changes imposed by pyrolysis, thermal gasification and incineration on composition and phosphorus fertilizer quality of municipal sewage sludge. J Environ Manage 2017; 198:308-318. [PMID: 28478348 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.04.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Fertilizer quality of ash and char from incineration, gasification and pyrolysis of a single municipal sewage sludge sample were investigated by comparing composition and phosphorus (P) plant availability. A process for post oxidation of gasification ash and pyrolysis char was developed and the oxidized materials were investigated as well. Sequential extraction with full elemental balances of the extracted pools as well as scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy were used to investigate the mechanisms driving the observed differences in composition and P plant availability in a short-term soil incubation study. The compositional changes related mainly to differences in the proximate composition as well as to the release of especially nitrogen, sulfur, cadmium and to some extent, phosphorus (P). The cadmium load per unit of P was reduced with 75-85% in gasification processes and 10-15% in pyrolysis whereas no reduction was observed in incineration processes. The influence on other heavy metals was less pronounced. The plant availability of P in the substrates varied from almost zero to almost 100% of the plant availability of P in the untreated sludge. Post-oxidized slow pyrolysis char was found to be the substrate with the highest P fertilizer value while ash from commercial fluid bed sludge incineration had the lowest P fertilizer quality. The high P fertilizer value in the best substrate is suggested to be a function of several different mechanisms including structural surface changes and improvements in the association of P to especially magnesium, calcium and aluminum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Pape Thomsen
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Chemical Engineering, DTU Risø Campus, Technical University of Denmark Building 313, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
| | - Zsuzsa Sárossy
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Chemical Engineering, DTU Risø Campus, Technical University of Denmark Building 313, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Jesper Ahrenfeldt
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Chemical Engineering, DTU Risø Campus, Technical University of Denmark Building 313, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Ulrik B Henriksen
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Chemical Engineering, DTU Risø Campus, Technical University of Denmark Building 313, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Flemming J Frandsen
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Chemical Engineering, DTU Risø Campus, Technical University of Denmark Building 313, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Dorette Sophie Müller-Stöver
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Plant and Soil Science, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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24
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Hai DM, Qiu X, Xu H, Honda M, Yabe M, Kadokami K, Shimasaki Y, Oshima Y. Contaminants in Liquid Organic Fertilizers Used for Agriculture in Japan. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 2017; 99:131-137. [PMID: 28401255 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-017-2081-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
To provide an overview of anthropogenic contaminants in liquid organic fertilizers (LOFs), products from four biogas plants in Kyushu, Japan, were analyzed for a wide range of contaminants, including copper, cadmium, tributyltin (TBT), dibutyltin (DBT), perfluorooctane sulfonate, 952 semi-volatile organic compounds, and 89 antibiotics. The highest concentrations of copper (31.1 mg/L) and cadmium (0.08 mg/L) were found in LOFs from the Hita biogas plant. Only ofloxacin and sulfapyridine were detected in total 89 antibiotics screened. TBT, DBT, and perfluorooctane sulfonate were present at low concentrations in the LOFs from all four locations. Among the 952 semi-volatile organic compounds, 78 compounds were detected in at least one sample and were present at concentrations between 1.2 and 139.6 mg/L. On the basis of comparisons with previous studies and quality standards for the use of organic fertilizers, the concentrations of contaminants in the studied LOFs indicate that they might be safe for agricultural purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dao M Hai
- Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Hakozaki 6-10-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan
- Department of Coastal Aquaculture, College of Aquaculture and Fisheries, Can Tho University, Campus II, 3/2 Street, Can Tho, Vietnam
| | - Xuchun Qiu
- Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Hakozaki 6-10-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan
| | - Hai Xu
- Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Hakozaki 6-10-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan
- School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Xuefu Rd. 301, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Masato Honda
- Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Hakozaki 6-10-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan
| | - Mitsuyasu Yabe
- Laboratory of Environmental Economics, Division of International Agricultural Resource Economics and Business Administration, Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Hakozaki 6-10-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan
| | - Kiwao Kadokami
- Institute of Environmental Science and Technology, The University of Kitakyushu, 1-1 Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 808-0135, Japan
| | - Yohei Shimasaki
- Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Hakozaki 6-10-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan
| | - Yuji Oshima
- Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Hakozaki 6-10-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan.
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Urbaniak M, Zieliński M, Wyrwicka A. The influence of the Cucurbitaceae on mitigating the phytotoxicity and PCDD/PCDF content of soil amended with sewage sludge. Int J Phytoremediation 2017; 19:207-213. [PMID: 27419261 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2016.1207606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The study evaluates the impact of sewage sludge on OECD - Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development and vegetable soil phytotoxicity, measured using three test species: Lepidium sativum, Sinapis alba and Sorghum saccharatum, and total and TEQ PCDD/PCDF (toxic equivalency polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/polychlorinated dibenzofurans) soil concentration, measured using HRGC/HRMS - High Resolution Gas Chromatography/High Resolution Mass Spectrometry. It also evaluates the effect of zucchini and cucumber cultivation during 5-weeks period on mitigating these parameters. The application of 3, 9 and 18 t/ha of sewage sludge gradually increases the phytotoxicity of both OECD and vegetable soil. In the case of OECD soil, the highest roots growth inhibitions were observed for S. alba (73%, 86% and 87%, respectively) and the lowest for S. saccharatum (7%, 59% and 70%), while in vegetable soil inhibitions were averagely 25% lower. Sludge application also led to a 38% (3 t/ha), 169% (9 t/ha) and 506% (18 t/ha) increase in PCDD/PCDF concentration, and the TEQs were augmented by 15%, 159% and 251%. Both soil phytotoxicity and total and TEQ PCDD/PCDF concentrations were diminished as a result of zucchini and cucumber cultivation. The maximum reduction of soil phytotoxicity (83%) was observed as an effect of cucumber cultivation, while zucchini was 11% less effective. Zucchini, in turn, was more efficient in PCDD/PCDF removal (37% reduction), followed by cucumber (24%). Such differences were not observed in the case of TEQ reductions (68% and 66% for zucchini and cucumber cultivation, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Urbaniak
- a European Regional Centre for Ecohydrology, Polish Academy of Sciences , Lodz , Poland
- b Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection , Department of Applied Ecology , University of Lodz , Lodz , Poland
| | | | - Anna Wyrwicka
- d Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection , Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry , University of Lodz , Lodz , Poland
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Stefaniuk M, Oleszczuk P. Addition of biochar to sewage sludge decreases freely dissolved PAHs content and toxicity of sewage sludge-amended soil. Environ Pollut 2016; 218:242-251. [PMID: 27461750 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.06.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Due to an increased content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) frequently found in sewage sludges, it is necessary to find solutions that will reduce the environmental hazard associated with their presence. The aim of this study was to determine changes of total and freely dissolved concentration of PAHs in sewage sludge-biochar-amended soil. Two different sewage sludges and biochars with varying properties were tested. Biochars (BC) were produced from biogas residues at 400 °C or 600 °C and from willow at 600 °C. The freely dissolved PAH concentration was determined by means of passive sampling using polyoxymethylene (POM). Total and freely dissolved PAH concentration was monitored at the beginning of the experiment and after 90 days of aging of the sewage sludge with the biochar and soil. Apart from chemical evaluation, the effect of biochar addition on the toxicity of the tested materials on bacteria - Vibrio fischeri (Microtox®), plants - Lepidium sativum (Phytotestkit F, Phytotoxkit F), and Collembola - Folsomia candida (Collembolan test) was evaluated. The addition of biochar to the sewage sludges decreased the content of Cfree PAHs. A reduction from 11 to 43% of sewage sludge toxicity or positive effects on plants expressed by root growth stimulation from 6 to 25% to the control was also found. The range of reduction of Cfree PAHs and toxicity was dependent on the type of biochar. After 90 days of incubation of the biochars with the sewage sludge in the soil, Cfree PAHs and toxicity were found to further decrease compared to the soil with sewage sludge alone. The obtained results show that the addition of biochar to sewage sludges may significantly reduce the risk associated with their environmental use both in terms of PAH content and toxicity of the materials tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Stefaniuk
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, 3 Maria Curie-Skłodowska Square, 20-031, Lublin, Poland
| | - Patryk Oleszczuk
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, 3 Maria Curie-Skłodowska Square, 20-031, Lublin, Poland.
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