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Li Y, Bai X, Ding R, Lv W, Long Y, Wei L, Xiang F, Wang R. Removal of phosphorus and ammonium from municipal wastewater treatment plant effluent by manganese ore in a simulated constructed wetland. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:41169-41180. [PMID: 33779909 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13555-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Natural manganese ore (NM) is selected as a distinguished constructed wetland (CW) substrate for nutrient pollutants removal, however, the study on municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent treatment remains scarce. The current study was to investigate the sorption characteristics of NM and the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphorus from one WWTP effluent in a simulated vertical flow NM constructed wetland (NM-VFCW). Results indicated that NM could effectively sorb ammonium and phosphorus within 24 h, and the desorption ratio was less than 7%. The sorption of ammonium and phosphorus enhanced when increasing the particle size of NM, but was not sensitive with temperature. The removal efficiencies for ammonium and phosphorus were 65% and 76% in NM-VFCW, which were 61% and 31% in gravel VFCW. The much higher removal efficiency for phosphorus was mainly attributed to the precipitation of phosphorus which was identified by the SEM and EDS spectrum. Therefore, the manganese ore sand is highlighted as a powerful substrate for simultaneous advanced removal of phosphorus and ammonium in constructed wetland systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yungui Li
- Low-cost Wastewater Treatment Technology International Sci-Tech Cooperation Base of Sichuan Province, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, China.
| | - Xueying Bai
- Low-cost Wastewater Treatment Technology International Sci-Tech Cooperation Base of Sichuan Province, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, China
| | - Ruonan Ding
- Low-cost Wastewater Treatment Technology International Sci-Tech Cooperation Base of Sichuan Province, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, China
| | - Wenxuan Lv
- Low-cost Wastewater Treatment Technology International Sci-Tech Cooperation Base of Sichuan Province, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, China
| | - Ying Long
- Low-cost Wastewater Treatment Technology International Sci-Tech Cooperation Base of Sichuan Province, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, China
| | - Liang Wei
- Low-cost Wastewater Treatment Technology International Sci-Tech Cooperation Base of Sichuan Province, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, China
| | - Fachun Xiang
- Agricultural Products Quality Safety Inspection and Testing Center, Mianyang, 621010, China
| | - Rong Wang
- School of National Defense Science and Technology, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, China
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Li X, Li Y, Lv D, Li Y, Wu J. Nitrogen and phosphorus removal performance and bacterial communities in a multi-stage surface flow constructed wetland treating rural domestic sewage. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 709:136235. [PMID: 31905548 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A multi-stage surface flow constructed wetland (SFCW) is used to treat decentralized rural domestic sewage. The performance of a multi-stage SFCW located in Hunan, China, and the associated microbial community structures were investigated. The average removal rates of the multi-stage SFCW planted with Myriophyllum elatinoides were 1.0 g m-2 d-1, 0.84 g m-2 d-1, 61.3 mg m-2 d-1, and 85.3 mg m-2 d-1 for total nitrogen (TN), ammonia (NH4+), nitrate (NO3-), and total phosphorus (TP), respectively. Furthermore, the sediment and presence of plants were found to be important for the removal N and P. The average removal rates by sediment and plants were 196.6 mg N m-2 d-1 and 49.9 mg P m-2 d-1, 17.6 mg N m-2 d-1 and 8.1 mg P m-2 d-1, respectively. The microbial community profiles demonstrated that Proteobacteria, Chloroflexi, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes and Euryarchaeota were the predominant phyla in each stage and at different sampling times. The concentrations of NO3-, TP, TN, and NH4+, and the pH of the sediment and water had a significant effect on the presence of denitrifying bacteria in the anaerobic environment. Whereas, dissolved oxygen (DO) and redox potential (Eh) had a significant effect on the presence of nitrifying bacteria in the aerobic environment. This research strongly supports that the use of the multi-stage SFCW promotes bacterial diversity and changes bacterial community in the sediment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Regions, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hunan 410125, PR China; Changsha Research Station for Agricultural & Environmental Monitoring, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hunan 410125, PR China
| | - Yuyuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Regions, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hunan 410125, PR China; Changsha Research Station for Agricultural & Environmental Monitoring, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hunan 410125, PR China.
| | - Dianqing Lv
- School of Resources and Environmental Science, Hunan Normal University, Hunan 410081, PR China
| | - Yong Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Regions, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hunan 410125, PR China; Changsha Research Station for Agricultural & Environmental Monitoring, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hunan 410125, PR China
| | - Jinshui Wu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Regions, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hunan 410125, PR China; Changsha Research Station for Agricultural & Environmental Monitoring, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hunan 410125, PR China
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Edge-of-Field Technologies for Phosphorus Retention from Agricultural Drainage Discharge. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10020634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Agriculture is often responsible for the eutrophication of surface waters due to the loss of phosphorus—a normally limiting nutrient in freshwater ecosystems. Tile-drained agricultural catchments tend to increase this problem by accelerating the transport of phosphorus through subsurface drains both in dissolved (reactive and organic phosphorus) and particulate (particle-bound phosphorus) forms. The reduction of excess phosphorus loads from agricultural catchments prior to reaching downstream surface waters is therefore necessary. Edge-of-field technologies have been investigated, developed and implemented in areas with excess phosphorus losses to receive and treat the drainage discharge, when measures at the farm-scale are not able to sufficiently reduce the loads. The implementation of these technologies shall base on the phosphorus dynamics of specific catchments (e.g., phosphorus load and dominant phosphorus form) in order to ensure that local retention goals are met. Widely accepted technologies include constructed wetlands, restored wetlands, vegetated buffer strips and filter materials. These have demonstrated a large variability in the retention of phosphorus, and results from the literature can help targeting specific catchment conditions with suitable technologies. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the currently used edge-of-field technologies for phosphorus retention in tile-drained catchments, with great focus on performance, application and limitations.
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Cao C, Huang J, Guo Y, Yan CN, Xiao J, Ma YX, Liu JL, Guan WZ. Long-term effects of environmentally relevant concentration of Ag nanoparticles on the pollutant removal and spatial distribution of silver in constructed wetlands with Cyperus alternifolius and Arundo donax. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 252:931-940. [PMID: 31229850 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.05.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The widely usage of silver nanoparticles in a range of consumer products inevitably results in its being released to the wastewater. As a result, the potential negative effects associated with AgNPs on wastewater treatment systems need to be assessed to develop the regulatory guidelines. In this paper, the exposure experiment at environmentally relevant concentration (100 μg L-1) were conducted to demonstrate the effects of AgNPs on the pollutant removals in constructed wetlands (CWs) with different plants and the spatial distribution of silver. Before adding AgNPs, the system with Arundo donax (VF2) had the better nitrogen removal than Cyperus alternifolius (VF1). After exposure for about 94 d, the average removal efficiencies of NH4+-N significantly reduced by 32.43% and 23.92%, TN of 15.82% and 17.18% and TP of 22.74% and 20.46% in VF1 and VF2, respectively, while the COD removal had no difference. However, presence of 100 μg L-1 AgNPs for about 450 d showed no inhibition effects on nutrient removals in two experimental CWs. Two wetlands showed high removal efficiencies of about 98% on AgNPs, indicating CWs could play a crucial role to control the AgNPs release to environment. It was found that AgNPs mainly accumulated in the soil layer with the Ag content of 0.45-5.96 μg g-1 dry weight in lower soil and 2.84-11.37 μg g-1 dry weight in upper soil. The roots of Cyperus alternifolius absorbed more AgNPs, with higher bioconcentration factors (1.32-1.44) than that of 0.59 in Arundo donax. The differences of translocation factors on leaves and stems in two test plants showed that AgNPs assimilated by roots in Cyperus alternifolius were more easily transferred to the leaves. The obtained results showed that the macrophyte Cyperus alternifolius could be better choice for immobilization of AgNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Cao
- Department of Municipal Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Juan Huang
- Department of Municipal Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
| | - Yang Guo
- Security Support Center for Urban Water Supply of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, 210036, China
| | - Chun Ni Yan
- Department of Municipal Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Jun Xiao
- Department of Municipal Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Yi Xuan Ma
- Department of Municipal Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Jia Liang Liu
- Department of Municipal Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Wen Zhu Guan
- Department of Municipal Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
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Xu M, Gao P, Yang Z, Su L, Wu J, Yang G, Zhang X, Ma J, Peng H, Xiao Y. Biochar impacts on phosphorus cycling in rice ecosystem. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 225:311-319. [PMID: 30884292 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.03.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Biochar can affect the phosphorus (P) cycle in the rice ecosystem through various pathways. Pot experiments were conducted to investigate the risk of P contamination and the P supply rate to crops with the application of maize straw-derived biochar (BM) and P fertilizer. The biochar increased 18.3% and 8.45% total phosphorus (TP) concentration in the low-P level and high-P level soils, respectively. The addition of biochar increased the phosphorus activation coefficient (PAC) by 9.00% at low-P levels, while the PAC was reduced by 10.4% at high-P levels. The results suggested that biochar could serve as either a source or a sink for P. The P concentration in the dithionite-citrate-bicarbonate (DCB) extracts on the root surfaces in biochar-treated soils increased by 467.1% and 46.1% in the low-P level and high-P level soils, respectively. It may cause by the acidification of soils near the root and the increase in Fe plaque. The results also showed the addition of biochar increased the DCB-P concentration and subsequently promoted rice growth. The biochar additions enhanced bacterial community richness and diversity, while the P supplementations inhibited bacterial growth. Redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that available nitrogen (AN), Fe-P, Ca-P, P uptake and, DCB extracted Fe (DCB-Fe) were significantly correlated with microbial community composition and explained 46.8%, 37.1%, 38.0%, 37.5% and 36.7% of the total community variability, respectively. This study provided evidence that biochar might affect the P cycle by impacting the microbial community composition and the Fe-reducing processes in the rice ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Xu
- College of Environmental Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Peng Gao
- Soil and Water Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Zhijun Yang
- College of Environmental Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Linlin Su
- College of Environmental Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Jun Wu
- College of Environmental Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
| | - Gang Yang
- College of Environmental Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Xiaohong Zhang
- College of Environmental Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Jing Ma
- College of Water Conservancy and Hydropower Engineering, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, 625014, China
| | - Hong Peng
- College of Environmental Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yinlong Xiao
- College of Environmental Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
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de Sosa LL, Glanville HC, Marshall MR, Prysor Williams A, Jones DL. Quantifying the contribution of riparian soils to the provision of ecosystem services. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 624:807-819. [PMID: 29272849 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Riparian areas, the interface between land and freshwater ecosystems, are considered to play a pivotal role in the supply of regulating, provisioning, cultural and supporting services. Most previous studies, however, have tended to focus on intensive agricultural systems and only on a single ecosystem function. Here, we present the first study which attempts to assess a wide range of ecological processes involved in the provision of the ecosystem service of water quality regulation across a diverse range of riparian typologies. Specifically, we focus on 1) evaluating the spatial variation in riparian soils properties with respect to distance with the river and soil depth in contrasting habitat types; 2) gaining further insights into the underlying mechanisms of pollutant removal (i.e. pesticide sorption/degradation, denitrification, etc.) by riparian soils; and 3) quantify and evaluate how riparian vegetation across different habitat types contribute to the provision of watercourse shading. All the habitats were present within a single large catchment and included: (i) improved grassland, (ii) unimproved (semi-natural) grassland, (iii) broadleaf woodland, (iv) coniferous woodland, and (iv) mountain, heath and bog. Taking all the data together, the riparian soils could be statistically separated by habitat type, providing evidence that they deliver ecosystem services to differing extents. Overall, however, our findings seem to contradict the general assumption that soils in riparian area are different from neighbouring (non-riparian) areas and that they possess extra functionality in terms of ecosystem service provision. Watercourse shading was highly habitat specific and was maximal in forests (ca. 52% shade cover) in comparison to the other habitat types (7-17%). Our data suggest that the functioning of riparian areas in less intensive agricultural areas, such as those studied here, may be broadly predicted from the surrounding land use, however, further research is required to critically test this across a wider range of ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura L de Sosa
- School of Environment, Natural Resources & Geography, Bangor University, Environment Centre Wales, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK.
| | - Helen C Glanville
- School of Environment, Natural Resources & Geography, Bangor University, Environment Centre Wales, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK; School of Geography, Geology and the Environment, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Miles R Marshall
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Environment Centre Wales, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK
| | - A Prysor Williams
- School of Environment, Natural Resources & Geography, Bangor University, Environment Centre Wales, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Davey L Jones
- School of Environment, Natural Resources & Geography, Bangor University, Environment Centre Wales, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK
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Wang W, Han Y, Liu H, Zhang K, Yue Q, Bo L, Wang X. Pollutant removal performance of an integrated upflow-constructed wetland filled with haydites made of Al-based drinking water treatment residuals. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2017; 38:1111-1119. [PMID: 27541991 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2016.1220428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the pollutants removal performance of an integrated upflow-constructed wetland (IUCW) system in a 1.5 years' continuous operation. The average concentrations of chemical oxygen demand (COD), NH4-N, total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) in the effluent were 21.9, 1.47, 2.63, and 0.18 mg/L, respectively, which corresponded to 90.1%, 23.3%, 86.1%, and 97.2% removals from the raw water, respectively. The residual concentration of COD was 219 mg/L at start-up and decreased notably to 52.8 mg/L after 50 days of operation. NH4-N was difficult to remove because the average concentration of dissolved oxygen in the IUCW system was lower than 0.6 mg/L. In contrast, the residual concentrations of both TN and TP in the effluent were stable, with average removal rates as high as 89% and 99%, respectively, at start-up of the system. Changing the organic loading rates from 45.0 g/(m2·day) to 20.0 or 60.0 g/(m2·day) both inhibited the removal of TN. Further study showed that the removal of organic matter mainly occurred within 10-20 cm of the wetland cell. Considering its strong organic, nitrogen, and phosphate removal capacity, the IUCW system was determined to be effective in decentralized wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendong Wang
- a Department of Environmental and Municipal Engineering , Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology , Xi'an , People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Han
- a Department of Environmental and Municipal Engineering , Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology , Xi'an , People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Liu
- a Department of Environmental and Municipal Engineering , Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology , Xi'an , People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Zhang
- a Department of Environmental and Municipal Engineering , Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology , Xi'an , People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Yue
- a Department of Environmental and Municipal Engineering , Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology , Xi'an , People's Republic of China
| | - Longli Bo
- a Department of Environmental and Municipal Engineering , Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology , Xi'an , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaochang Wang
- a Department of Environmental and Municipal Engineering , Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology , Xi'an , People's Republic of China
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Role of Phosphate Transport System Component PstB1 in Phosphate Internalization by Nostoc punctiforme. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016; 82:6344-6356. [PMID: 27542935 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01336-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In bacteria, limited phosphate availability promotes the synthesis of active uptake systems, such as the Pst phosphate transport system. To understand the mechanisms that facilitate phosphate accumulation in the cyanobacterium Nostoc punctiforme, phosphate transport systems were identified, revealing a redundancy of Pst phosphate uptake systems that exists across three distinct operons. Four separate PstB system components were identified. pstB1 was determined to be a suitable target for creating phenotypic mutations that could result in the accumulation of excessive levels of phosphate through its overexpression or in a reduction of the capacity to accumulate phosphate through its deletion. Using quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR), it was determined that pstB1 mRNA levels increased significantly over 64 h in cells cultured in 0 mM added phosphate and decreased significantly in cells exposed to high (12.8 mM) phosphate concentrations compared to the level in cells cultured under normal (0.8 mM) conditions. Possible compensation for the loss of PstB1 was observed when pstB2, pstB3, and pstB4 mRNA levels increased, particularly in cells starved of phosphate. The overexpression of pstB1 increased phosphate uptake by N. punctiforme and was shown to functionally complement the loss of PstB in E. coli PstB knockout (PstB-) mutants. The knockout of pstB1 in N. punctiforme did not have a significant effect on cellular phosphate accumulation or growth for the most part, which is attributed to the compensation for the loss of PstB1 by alterations in the pstB2, pstB3, and pstB4 mRNA levels. This study provides novel in vivo evidence that PstB1 plays a functional role in phosphate uptake in N. punctiforme IMPORTANCE: Cyanobacteria have been evolving over 3.5 billion years and have become highly adept at growing under limiting nutrient levels. Phosphate is crucial for the survival and prosperity of all organisms. In bacteria, limited phosphate availability promotes the synthesis of active uptake systems. The Pst phosphate transport system is one such system, responsible for the internalization of phosphate when cells are in phosphate-limited environments. Our investigations reveal the presence of multiple Pst phosphate uptake systems that exist across three distinct operons in Nostoc punctiforme and functionally characterize the role of the gene product PstB1 as being crucial for the maintenance of phosphate accumulation. We demonstrate that the genes pstB2, pstB3, and pstB4 show alterations in expression to compensate for the deletion of pstB1 The overall outcomes of this work provide insights as to the complex transport mechanisms that exist in cyanobacteria like N. punctiforme, allowing them to thrive in low-phosphate environments.
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Ge Y, Wang X, Zheng Y, Dzakpasu M, Zhao Y, Xiong J. Functions of slags and gravels as substrates in large-scale demonstration constructed wetland systems for polluted river water treatment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:12982-12991. [PMID: 25916476 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4573-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The choice of substrates with high adsorption capacity, yet readily available and economical is vital for sustainable pollutants removal in constructed wetlands (CWs). Two identical large-scale demonstration horizontal subsurface flow (HSSF) CWs (surface area, 340 m(2); depth, 0.6 m; HLR, 0.2 m/day) with gravel or slag substrates were evaluated for their potential use in remediating polluted urban river water in the prevailing climate of northwest China. Batch experiments to elucidate phosphorus adsorption mechanisms indicated a higher adsorption capacity of slag (3.15 g/kg) than gravel (0.81 g/kg), whereby circa 20 % more total phosphorus (TP) removal was recorded in HSSF-slag than HSSF-gravel. TP removal occurred predominantly via CaO-slag dissolution followed by Ca phosphate precipitation. Moreover, average removals of chemical oxygen demand and biochemical oxygen demand were approximately 10 % higher in HSSF-slag than HSSF-gravel. Nevertheless, TP adsorption by slag seemed to get quickly saturated over the monitoring period, and the removal efficiency of the HSSF-slag approached that of the HSSF-gravel after 1-year continuous operation. In contrast, the two CWs achieved similar nitrogen removal during the 2-year monitoring period. Findings also indicated that gravel provided better support for the development of other wetland components such as biomass, whereby the biomass production and the amount of total nitrogen (TN; 43.1-59.0 g/m(2)) and TP (4.15-5.75 g/m(2)) assimilated by local Phragmites australis in HSSF-gravel were higher than that in HSSF-slag (41.2-52.0 g/m(2) and 3.96-4.07 g/m(2), respectively). Overall, comparable pollutant removal rates could be achieved in large-scale HSSF CWs with either gravel or slag as substrate and provide a possible solution for polluted urban river remediation in northern China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Ge
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resources, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
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Rooney RC, Foote L, Krogman N, Pattison JK, Wilson MJ, Bayley SE. Replacing natural wetlands with stormwater management facilities: Biophysical and perceived social values. WATER RESEARCH 2015; 73:17-28. [PMID: 25644625 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2014] [Revised: 11/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Urban expansion replaces wetlands of natural origin with artificial stormwater management facilities. The literature suggests that efforts to mimic natural wetlands in the design of stormwater facilities can expand the provision of ecosystem services. Policy developments seek to capitalize on these improvements, encouraging developers to build stormwater wetlands in place of stormwater ponds; however, few have compared the biophysical values and social perceptions of these created wetlands to those of the natural wetlands they are replacing. We compared four types of wetlands: natural references sites, natural wetlands impacted by agriculture, created stormwater wetlands, and created stormwater ponds. We anticipated that they would exhibit a gradient in biodiversity, ecological integrity, chemical and hydrologic stress. We further anticipated that perceived values would mirror measured biophysical values. We found higher biophysical values associated with wetlands of natural origin (both reference and agriculturally impacted). The biophysical values of stormwater wetlands and stormwater ponds were lower and indistinguishable from one another. The perceived wetland values assessed by the public differed from the observed biophysical values. This has important policy implications, as the public are not likely to perceive the loss of values associated with the replacement of natural wetlands with created stormwater management facilities. We conclude that 1) agriculturally impacted wetlands provide biophysical values equivalent to those of natural wetlands, meaning that land use alone is not a great predictor of wetland value; 2) stormwater wetlands are not a substantive improvement over stormwater ponds, relative to wetlands of natural origin; 3) stormwater wetlands are poor mimics of natural wetlands, likely due to fundamental distinctions in terms of basin morphology, temporal variation in hydrology, ground water connectivity, and landscape position; 4) these drivers are relatively fixed, thus, once constructed, it may not be possible to modify them to improve provision of biophysical values; 5) these fixed drivers are not well perceived by the public and thus public perception may not capture the true value of natural wetlands, including those impacted by agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Rooney
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, B2-251 Biology, 200 University Ave. W., Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada.
| | - L Foote
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, T6G 2H1, Canada
| | - N Krogman
- Department of Resource Economics and Environmental Sociology, University of Alberta, T6G 2H1, Canada
| | - J K Pattison
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, ME4 4TB, United Kingdom
| | - M J Wilson
- Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - S E Bayley
- Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada
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Osborne LR, Baker LL, Strawn DG. Lead immobilization and phosphorus availability in phosphate-amended, mine-contaminated soils. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2015; 44:183-90. [PMID: 25602333 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2014.07.0323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Over a century of mining activities in the Coeur d'Alene mining district in Idaho have contaminated soils of the downstream basin with lead, arsenic, zinc, and cadmium. Elevated soil-Pb levels are a significant hazard to the health of humans and wildlife in the region. One in situ treatment approach for remediating Pb-contaminated soils is application of phosphorus to promote the formation of lead phosphate minerals that have low solubility. However, this remediation strategy may result in excess P runoff to surface waters, which can lead to eutrophication, particularly when used in riparian areas. Research presented in this paper describes experiments in which monopotassium phosphate (KHPO) solution was applied to two Pb-contaminated soils from the Coeur d'Alene River valley to determine how P loading rates affect both Pb immobilization and P mobility and to determine if an optimal P amendment rate can be predicted. Toxicity characteristic leaching procedure extractions were used to assess changes in Pb availability for uptake by an organism or mobilization through the soil, and Bray extractions were used to assess P availability for leaching out of the soil system. For the two soils tested, increasing phosphate amendment caused decreasing Pb extractability. Phosphorus amendment rates above approximately 70 mg kg, however, did not provide any additional Pb immobilization. Phosphorus availability increased with increasing phosphate application rate. An empirical relationship is presented that predicts extractable Pb as a function of extractable P. This relationship allows for prediction of the amount of Pb that can be immobilized at specified P leaching amounts, such as regulatory levels that have been established to minimize risks for surface water degradation. Results suggest that phosphate can be used to immobilize Pb in contaminated wetland or riparian areas without posing risks of P loading to surface waters.
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Lee S, Maniquiz-Redillas MC, Kim LH. Settling basin design in a constructed wetland using TSS removal efficiency and hydraulic retention time. J Environ Sci (China) 2014; 26:1791-1796. [PMID: 25193826 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Using total suspended solid (TSS) removal efficiency and hydraulic retention time (HRT) as design parameters a design guideline of a settling basin in a constructed wetland (CW) was suggested; as well as management of sediment and particle in the settling basin. The CW was designed to treat the piggery wastewater effluent from a wastewater treatment plant during dry days and stormwater runoff from the surrounding paved area during wet days. The first settling basin (FSB) in the CW was theoretically designed with a total storage volume (TSV) of 453m(3) and HRT of 5.5hr. The amount of sediment and particles settled at the FSB was high due to the sedimentation and interception of plants in the CW. Dredging of sediments was performed when the retention rate at the FSB decreased to approximately 80%. Findings showed that the mean flow rate was 21.8m(3)/hr less than the designed flow rate of 82.8m(3)/hr indicating that the FSB was oversize and operated with longer HRT (20.7hr) compared to the design HRT. An empirical model to estimate the length of the settling basin in the CW was developed as a function of HRT and desired TSS removal efficiency. Using the minimum tolerable TSS removal efficiency of 30%, the length of the FSB was estimated to be 31.2m with 11.8hr HRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyoung Lee
- Water Environment Research Dept., National Institute of Environmental Research, Hwangyeong-ro 42, Seo-gu, Incheon 404-708, Korea.
| | - Marla C Maniquiz-Redillas
- Dept. of Civil & Envi. Eng'g., Kongju National University, 275 Budaedong, Seobukgu, Cheonan, Chungnamdo 331-717, Korea
| | - Lee-Hyung Kim
- Dept. of Civil & Envi. Eng'g., Kongju National University, 275 Budaedong, Seobukgu, Cheonan, Chungnamdo 331-717, Korea.
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Chen K, Zhao K, Zhang H, Sun Q, Wu Z, Zhou Y, Zhong Y, Ke F. Phosphorus removal from aqueous solutions using a synthesized adsorbent prepared from mineralized refuse and sewage sludge. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2013; 34:1489-1496. [PMID: 24191483 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2012.758659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Mineralized refuse and sewage sludge generated from solid waste from municipal landfills and sewage treatment plants were sintered as a cost-effective adsorbent for the removal of phosphorus. Compared with the Freundlich model, phosphorus adsorption on the synthesized adsorbent, zeolite and ironstone was best described by the Langmuir model. Based on the Langmuir model, the maximum adsorption capacity of the synthesized adsorbent (9718 mg kg(-1)) was 13.7 and 25.4 times greater than those of zeolite and ironstone, respectively. The desorbability of phosphorus from the synthesized adsorbent was significantly lower than that of zeolite. Moreover, phosphorus removal using the synthesized adsorbent was more tolerant to pH fluctuations than zeolite and ironstone for the removal of phosphorus from aqueous solutions. The immobilization of phosphorus onto the synthesized adsorbent was attributed to the formation of insoluble calcium, aluminium and iron phosphorus. The heavy metal ion concentrations of the leachate of the synthesized adsorbent were negligible. The synthesized adsorbent prepared from mineralized refuse and sewage sludge was cost-effective and possessed a high adsorptive capacity for phosphorus removal from aqueous solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaining Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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Doody DG, Archbold M, Foy RH, Flynn R. Approaches to the implementation of the Water Framework Directive: targeting mitigation measures at critical source areas of diffuse phosphorus in Irish catchments. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2012; 93:225-34. [PMID: 22054589 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2011.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2011] [Revised: 08/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/01/2011] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The Water Framework Directive (WFD) has initiated a shift towards a targeted approach to implementation through its focus on river basin districts as management units and the natural ecological characteristics of waterbodies. Due to its role in eutrophication, phosphorus (P) has received considerable attention, resulting in a significant body of research, which now forms the evidence base for the programme of measures (POMs) adopted in WFD River Basin Management Plans (RBMP). Targeting POMs at critical sources areas (CSAs) of P could significantly improve environmental efficiency and cost effectiveness of proposed mitigation strategies. This paper summarises the progress made towards targeting mitigation measures at CSAs in Irish catchments. A review of current research highlights that knowledge related to P export at field scale is relatively comprehensive however; the availability of site-specific data and tools limits widespread identification of CSA at this scale. Increasing complexity of hydrological processes at larger scales limits accurate identification of CSA at catchment scale. Implementation of a tiered approach, using catchment scale tools in conjunction with field-by-field surveys could decrease uncertainty and provide a more practical and cost effective method of delineating CSA in a range of catchments. Despite scientific and practical uncertainties, development of a tiered CSA-based approach to assist in the development of supplementary measures would provide a means of developing catchment-specific and cost-effective programmes of measures for diffuse P. The paper presents a conceptual framework for such an approach, which would have particular relevance for the development of supplementary measures in High Status Waterbodies (HSW). The cost and resources necessary for implementation are justified based on HSWs' value as undisturbed reference condition ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Doody
- Agri-Environment Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, 18a Newforge Lane, BT9 5PX, UK.
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Ruane EM, Murphy PNC, Healy MG, French P, Rodgers M. On-farm treatment of dairy soiled water using aerobic woodchip filters. WATER RESEARCH 2011; 45:6668-6676. [PMID: 22056464 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2011.09.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2011] [Revised: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Dairy soiled water (DSW) is produced on dairy farms through the washing-down of milking parlours and holding areas, and is generally applied to land. However, there is a risk of nutrient loss to surface and ground waters from land application. The aim of this study was to use aerobic woodchip filters to remove organic matter, suspended solids (SS) and nutrients from DSW. This novel treatment method would allow the re-use of the final effluent from the woodchip filters to wash down yards, thereby reducing water usage and environmental risks associated with land spreading. Three replicate 100 m(2) farm-scale woodchip filters, each 1 m deep, were constructed and operated to treat DSW from 300 cows over an 11-month study duration. The filters were loaded at a hydraulic loading rate of 30 L m(-2) d(-1), applied in four doses through a network of pipes on the filter surface. Average influent concentrations of chemical oxygen demand (COD), SS and total nitrogen (TN) of 5750 ± 1441 mg L(-1), 602 ± 303 mg L(-1) and 357 ± 100 mg L(-1), respectively, were reduced by 66, 86 and 57% in the filters. Effluent nutrient concentrations remained relatively stable over the study period, indicating the effectiveness of the filter despite increasing and/or fluctuating influent concentrations. Woodchip filters are a low cost, minimal maintenance treatment system, using a renewable resource that can be easily integrated into existing farm infrastructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eimear M Ruane
- Civil Engineering, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.
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Zhang CB, Wang J, Liu WL, Zhu SX, Liu D, Chang SX, Chang J, Ge Y. Effects of plant diversity on nutrient retention and enzyme activities in a full-scale constructed wetland. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2010; 101:1686-1692. [PMID: 19864127 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2009.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2009] [Revised: 09/30/2009] [Accepted: 10/01/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This study focused on the relationship between plant diversity (six species richness levels) and nutrient retention and enzyme activities associated with carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus cycling in a full-scale constructed wetland (CW) fed with post-treatment domestic wastewater. Effects of plant species richness on nutrient retention and enzyme activities were assessed using soil chemical and zymological methods, respectively. Retention of NH(4)-N and NO(3)-N in the wetland substrate increased with increasing species richness, while phosphorus retention significantly decreased under the richness level of 16 species per plot. Activities of enzymes such as dehydrogenase, beta-glucosidase, invertase, phenol oxidase, L-arsparaginase, protease and nitrate reductase, while they were affected by plant species richness, were strongly depended on the presence or absence of plants in CW substrate, while activities of enzymes such as CM-cellulase, urease and acid phosphatase were strongly depended on plant species richness. We conclude that plant species richness influenced nutrient retention and enzyme activities in the substrate in our subtropical CW; increase plant species richness in CW will likely improve the efficiency of wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong-Bang Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Taizhou University, Linhai 317000, PR China
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Lee S, Maniquiz MC, Kim LH. Characteristics of contaminants in water and sediment of a constructed wetland treating piggery wastewater effluent. J Environ Sci (China) 2010; 22:940-945. [PMID: 20923110 DOI: 10.1016/s1001-0742(09)60202-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Constructed wetland (CW) is the preferred means of controlling water quality because of its natural treatment mechanisms and function as a secondary or tertiary treatment unit. CW is increasingly applied in Korea for secondary effluent of livestock wastewater treatment. This study was conducted to recognize the characteristics of contaminants in the accumulated sediment at the bottom soil layer and to reduce the phosphorus release from sediments of the free water surface CW for the treatment of secondary piggery wastewater effluent from a livestock wastewater treatment facility. The results revealed that the dominant phosphorus existence types at near the inlet of the CW were non-apatite phosphorus (59%) and residual phosphorus (32%) suggesting that most of the particles of the influent are made up of inorganic materials and dead cells. Sediment accumulation is important when determining the long-term maintenance requirements over the lifetime of CW. Continuous monitoring will be performed for a further assessment of the CW system and design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyoung Lee
- Department of Civil & Environment Engineering, Kongju National University, 275 Budaedong, Seobukgu, Cheonan, Chungnamdo 331-717, Korea.
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Carty A, Scholz M, Heal K, Gouriveau F, Mustafa A. The universal design, operation and maintenance guidelines for farm constructed wetlands (FCW) in temperate climates. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2008; 99:6780-92. [PMID: 18359625 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2008.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2007] [Revised: 01/22/2008] [Accepted: 01/27/2008] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
This paper comprises the scientific justification for the Farm Constructed Wetland (FCW) Design Manual for Northern Ireland and Scotland. Moreover, this document addresses an international audience interested in applying wetland systems in the wider agricultural context. Farm constructed wetlands combine farm wastewater (predominantly farmyard runoff) treatment with landscape and biodiversity enhancements, and are a specific application and class of integrated constructed wetlands (ICW), which have wider applications in the treatment of other wastewater types such as domestic sewage. The aim of this review paper is to propose guidelines highlighting the rationale for FCW, including key water quality management and regulatory issues, important physical and biochemical wetland treatment processes, assessment techniques for characterizing potential FCW sites and discharge options to water bodies. The paper discusses universal design, construction, planting, maintenance and operation issues relevant specifically for FCW in a temperate climate, but highlights also catchment-specific requirements to protect the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aila Carty
- Independent Environmental Wetlands Consultant, County Cork, Ireland
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