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Klick SA, Pitula JS, Collick AS, May EB, Pisani O. Bacterial diversity in agricultural drainage ditches shifts with increasing urea-N concentrations. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2024; 100:fiae057. [PMID: 38609337 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiae057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Urea-based fertilizers applied to crop fields can enter the surface waters of adjacent agricultural drainage ditches and contribute to the nitrogen (N) loading in nearby watersheds. Management practices applied in drainage ditches promote N removal by the bacterial communities, but little is known about the impacts of excess urea fertilizer from crop fields on the bacterial diversity in these ditches. In 2017, sediments from drainage ditches next to corn and soybean fields were sampled to determine if fertilizer application and high urea-N concentrations alters bacterial diversity and urease gene abundances. A mesocosm experiment was paired with a field study to determine which bacterial groups respond to high urea-N concentrations. The bacterial diversity in the ditch next to corn fields was significantly different from the other site. The bacterial orders of Rhizobiales, Bacteroidales, Acidobacteriales, Burkholderiales, and Anaerolineales were most abundant in the ditch next to corn and increased after the addition of urea-N (0.5 mg N L-1) during the mesocosm experiment. The results of our study suggests that urea-N concentrations >0.07 mg N L-1, which are higher than concentrations associated with downstream harmful algal blooms, can lead to shifts in the bacterial communities of agricultural drainage ditches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina A Klick
- USDA - ARS, Southeast Watershed Research Laboratory, 2316 Rainwater Road, Tifton, GA 31793, United States
| | - Joseph S Pitula
- University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Department of Natural Sciences, 1 Backbone Rd., Princess Anne, MD 21853, United States
| | - Amy S Collick
- Morehead State University, Department of Agricultural Sciences, 326 Reed Hall, 151 4th Street, Morehead, KY 40351, United States
| | - Eric B May
- University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Department of Natural Sciences, 1 Backbone Rd., Princess Anne, MD 21853, United States
| | - Oliva Pisani
- USDA - ARS, Southeast Watershed Research Laboratory, 2316 Rainwater Road, Tifton, GA 31793, United States
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2
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Liu T, Zhao Z, Li H, Awasthi MK, Kosolapov DB, Ni T, Ma B, Liu X, Liu X, Zhi W, Zhang H. Performance of aerobic denitrifying fungal community for promoting nitrogen reduction and its application in drinking water reservoirs. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 351:119842. [PMID: 38109827 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
The effect of mix-cultured aerobic denitrifying microorganisms on the water remediation has been extensively explored, but little is known about the performance of mix-cultured low efficiency fungi on denitrification. In this study, two kinds of aerobic denitrifying fungi (Trichoderma afroharzianum H1 and Aspergillus niger C1) were isolated from reservoirs, improved the capacity by mix-cultured. The results showed a difference between northern and southern reservoirs, the dominants of genera were Cystobasidium and Acremonium. The removals of total nitrogen (TN) was 12.00%, 7.53% and 69.33% in Trichoderma afroharzianum H1, Aspergillus niger C1 and mix-cultured (C1 and H1) under the denitrification medium. The contents of ATP and electron transport system activity in mix-cultured amendment were increased by 42.54% and 67.52%, 1.72 and 2.91 times, respectively. Besides, the raw water experiment indicated that TN removals were 24.05%, 12.66% and 73.42% in Trichoderma afroharzianum H1, Aspergillus niger C1 and mix-cultured. The removals of dissolved organic carbon in mix-cultured were increased 35.02% and 50.46% compared to Trichoderma afroharzianum H1 and Aspergillus niger C1. Therefore, mix-cultured of two low efficiency aerobic denitrifying fungi has been considered as a novelty perspective for mitigation of drinking water source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Liu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China; School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
| | - Ziying Zhao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China; School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
| | - Haiyun Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China; School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
| | - Mukesh Kumar Awasthi
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, China
| | - Dmitry B Kosolapov
- Papanin Institute for Biology of Inland Waters of Russian Academy of Sciences (IBIW RAS), 109, Borok, Nekouz, Yaroslavl, 152742, Russia
| | - Tongchao Ni
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China; School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
| | - Ben Ma
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China; School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China; School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
| | - Xiang Liu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China; School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
| | - Wei Zhi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, USA
| | - Haihan Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China; School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China.
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3
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Ruan Q, Liu H, Dai Z, Wang F, Cao W. Damming exacerbates the discontinuities of phytoplankton in a subtropical river in China. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 351:119832. [PMID: 38128215 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Phytoplankton is sensitive to changes in river ecosystems. Increasing dams disrupt the continuity of river ecosystems. However, the spatial impacts of dams on phytoplankton have not been well documented. In this study, using multiple statistical analyses, the relationships between environmental drivers and phytoplankton community structures in natural background reaches, reservoirs, and corresponding post-dam reaches were explored in the Jiulong River with multiple cascaded dams, which encountered eutrophication and algal blooms in the past 15 years. Results illustrated that damming exacerbated longitudinal discontinuities of phytoplankton communities. The relative abundance of phytoplankton varied in three types of river sections. The average phytoplankton abundance in the reservoirs (1.62 × 105 cell·L-1) was higher than those in the natural background reaches (5.15 × 104 cell·L-1) and the corresponding downstream reaches (4.55 × 104 cell·L-1). The total β diversity ranged from 0.38 to 0.89 with an average of 0.64 and dominated by species replacement and least by species richness. The water environmental factors and hydraulic parameters rather than nutrients were more attributable to phytoplankton community variability in three river sections. These findings facilitate the management of rivers with multiple cascade dams by releasing environmental flows, jointly operating cascade hydropower stations, and developing nutrient reduction schemes to mitigate the negative impacts of damming in the river.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qizhen Ruan
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal Wetland Ecosystems, Xiamen University, China; College of Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, China
| | - Huibo Liu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal Wetland Ecosystems, Xiamen University, China; College of Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, China
| | - Zetao Dai
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal Wetland Ecosystems, Xiamen University, China; College of Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, China
| | - Feifei Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal Wetland Ecosystems, Xiamen University, China; College of Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, China
| | - Wenzhi Cao
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal Wetland Ecosystems, Xiamen University, China; College of Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, China.
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Lee JH, Lee KL, Kim HS. Phytoplankton functional groups as indicators of environmental changes in weir and non-weir sections of the lower Nakdong River, Republic of Korea. Heliyon 2024; 10:e22966. [PMID: 38163226 PMCID: PMC10756969 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The Nakdong River underwent water impoundment after eight weirs were constructed as part of South Korea's Four Major River Restoration Project from 2009 to 2012. In this study, we aimed to confirm whether the assemblage of phytoplankton based on phytoplankton functional groups (PFGs), could indicate environmental changes in the weir section (WS) and non-weir section (NWS) of the lower Nakdong River after the construction of the weir. Thus, we examined the relationships between PFGs and gradients in environmental drivers, such as physicochemical, meteorological, and hydrological variables. Environmental gradients were observed between the WS and NWS in dissolved oxygen (DO), electric conductivity (EC), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), dissolved total nitrogen (DTN), dissolved total phosphorus (DTP), ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N), and phosphorus (PO4-P), which were relatively higher in the WS. Seventeen PFGs were identified (A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H1, J, LM, LO, MP, P, T, W1, X1, and X2). Additionally, the LM and P groups, preferring an enriched lentic system more than other groups, were found to be the dominant PFGs that led the succession of assemblages. Traditional nutrients (N, P) and organic pollutants (BOD, COD) primarily affected the autochthonous growth of the most dominant PFGs in the WS as HRT (hydraulic retention time) increased. Furthermore, the hydrological variables associated with meteorological conditions have a synergistic effect on the composition of the major PFGs and chemical and physical variables in the WS. In other words, the WS may be a new source of inoculum that primarily determines the occurrence and maintenance of phytoplankton in the immediate downstream region (NWS). In particular, group LM (mainly potentially toxic Microcystis) developing in the upper weir impoundment is transported downstream, resulting in a high inoculation effect on further growth in the NWS during the summer monsoon season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hak Lee
- Department of Biology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Lak Lee
- Environmental Engineering Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Soon Kim
- Department of Biology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
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5
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González-Olalla JM, Powell JA, Brahney J. Dust storms increase the tolerance of phytoplankton to thermal and pH changes. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2024; 30:e17055. [PMID: 38273543 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Aquatic communities are increasingly subjected to multiple stressors through global change, including warming, pH shifts, and elevated nutrient concentrations. These stressors often surpass species tolerance range, leading to unpredictable consequences for aquatic communities and ecosystem functioning. Phytoplankton, as the foundation of the aquatic food web, play a crucial role in controlling water quality and the transfer of nutrients and energy to higher trophic levels. Despite the significance in understanding the effect of multiple stressors, further research is required to explore the combined impact of multiple stressors on phytoplankton. In this study, we used a combination of crossed experiment and mechanistic model to analyze the ecological and biogeochemical effects of global change on aquatic ecosystems and to forecast phytoplankton dynamics. We examined the effect of dust (0-75 mg L-1 ), temperature (19-27°C), and pH (6.3-7.3) on the growth rate of the algal species Scenedesmus obliquus. Furthermore, we carried out a geospatial analysis to identify regions of the planet where aquatic systems could be most affected by atmospheric dust deposition. Our mechanistic model and our empirical data show that dust exerts a positive effect on phytoplankton growth rate, broadening its thermal and pH tolerance range. Finally, our geospatial analysis identifies several high-risk areas including the highlands of the Tibetan Plateau, western United States, South America, central and southern Africa, central Australia as well as the Mediterranean region where dust-induced changes are expected to have the greatest impacts. Overall, our study shows that increasing dust storms associated with a more arid climate and land degradation can reverse the negative effects of high temperatures and low pH on phytoplankton growth, affecting the biogeochemistry of aquatic ecosystems and their role in the cycles of the elements and tolerance to global change.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James A Powell
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA
| | - Janice Brahney
- Department of Watershed Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA
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Zhan Q, de Senerpont Domis LN, Lürling M, Marcé R, Heuts TS, Teurlincx S. Process-based modeling for ecosystem service provisioning: Non-linear responses to restoration efforts in a quarry lake under climate change. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 348:119163. [PMID: 37827081 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Healthy freshwater ecosystems can provide vital ecosystem services (ESs), and this capacity may be hampered due to water quality deterioration and climate change. In the currently available ES modeling tools, ecosystem processes are either absent or oversimplified, hindering the evaluation of impacts of restoration measures on ES provisioning. In this study, we propose an ES modeling tool that integrates lake physics, ecology and service provisioning into a holistic modeling framework. We applied this model to a Dutch quarry lake, to evaluate how nine ESs respond to technological-based (phosphorus (P) reduction) and nature-based measures (wetland restoration). As climate change might be affecting the future effectiveness of restoration efforts, we also studied the climate change impacts on the outcome of restoration measures and provisioning of ESs, using climate scenarios for the Netherlands in 2050. Our results indicate that both phosphorus reduction and wetland restoration mitigated eutrophication symptoms, resulting in increased oxygen concentrations and water transparency, and decreased phytoplankton biomass. Delivery of most ESs was improved, including swimming, P retention, and macrophyte habitat, whereas the ES provisioning that required a more productive system was impaired (sport fishing and bird watching). However, our modeling results suggested hampered effectiveness of restoration measures upon exposure to future climate conditions, which may require intensification of restoration efforts in the future to meet restoration targets. Importantly, ESs provisioning showed non-linear responses to increasing intensity of restoration measures, indicating that effectiveness of restoration measures does not necessarily increase proportionally. In conclusion, the ecosystem service modeling framework proposed in this study, provides a holistic evaluation of lake restoration measures on ecosystem services provisioning, and can contribute to development of climate-robust management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhan
- Aquatic Knowledge Centre Wageningen (AKWA), Department of Aquatic Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), PO-Box 50, 6700AB, Wageningen, the Netherlands; Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, PO-Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Lisette N de Senerpont Domis
- Aquatic Knowledge Centre Wageningen (AKWA), Department of Aquatic Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), PO-Box 50, 6700AB, Wageningen, the Netherlands; Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, PO-Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands; Department of Pervasive Systems, Faculty of EEMCS, University of Twente, PO-Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, the Netherlands; Department of Water Resources, Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation, University of Twente, PO-Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Miquel Lürling
- Aquatic Knowledge Centre Wageningen (AKWA), Department of Aquatic Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), PO-Box 50, 6700AB, Wageningen, the Netherlands; Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, PO-Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Rafael Marcé
- Integrative Freshwater Ecology Group, Centre d'Estudis Avançats de Blanes (CEAB-CSIC), Cala St. Francesc 14, 17300 Blanes, Spain
| | - Tom S Heuts
- Department of Aquatic Ecology and Environmental Biology, Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences, Radboud University, PO-Box 9010, 6500 GL, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Sven Teurlincx
- Aquatic Knowledge Centre Wageningen (AKWA), Department of Aquatic Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), PO-Box 50, 6700AB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Lu Y, Tuo Y, Zhang L, Hu X, Huang B, Chen M, Li Z. Vertical distribution rules and factors influencing phytoplankton in front of a drinking water reservoir outlet. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 902:166512. [PMID: 37619726 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
The phenomenon of algal blooms caused by the excessive proliferation of phytoplankton in drinking water reservoirs is becoming increasingly frequent, seriously endangering water quality, ecosystems, water safety, and people's health. Thus, there is urgent need to conduct research on the distribution rules and factors influencing phytoplankton in drinking water reservoirs. Given that the outflows from reservoirs usually come from the middle and lower layers of the water column and the current studies on phytoplankton in drinking water reservoirs are usually carried out on the surface, an 8-month monitoring of vertical phytoplankton and the corresponding influencing factors in front of the outlet in a drinking water reservoir was conducted. Based on the monitoring results, the distribution rules of phytoplankton and the associated factors were analyzed. The results showed that phytoplankton biomass significantly decreased with increasing water depth, but the biomass near the outlet (40 m depth) still reached the WHO level 2 warning threshold for algal blooms multiple times. During the monitoring period, Cyanophyta, Chlorophyta and Bacillariophyta dominated. The selected multisource environmental factors explained 60.5 % of the spatiotemporal changes in phytoplankton, with thermal intensity (water temperature and thermal stratification intensity) being the driving factor. Meanwhile, excessive TN and TP provided necessary conditions for the growth of phytoplankton. Based on influencing factors, reducing upstream nutrient inflows and thermal stratification intensity are recommended as measures to prevent and control algal blooms. This study provides insights into the vertical distribution rules and factors influencing phytoplankton in a drinking water reservoir, which can provide a reference for the management of drinking water reservoirs and the prevention and control of algal blooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongao Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Youcai Tuo
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China.
| | - Linglei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Xiangying Hu
- Chongqing Liyutang Reservoir Development Corporation Limited, Chongqing 405400, China
| | - Bin Huang
- School of Environmental Science&Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; PowerChina Huadong Engineering Corporation Limited, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310005, China
| | - Min Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Zhenghe Li
- Chongqing Liyutang Reservoir Development Corporation Limited, Chongqing 405400, China
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8
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Zhang H, Yang Y, Liu X, Huang T, Ma B, Li N, Yang W, Li H, Zhao K. Novel insights in seasonal dynamics and co-existence patterns of phytoplankton and micro-eukaryotes in drinking water reservoir, Northwest China: DNA data and ecological model. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 857:159160. [PMID: 36195142 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Although associations between phytoplankton and micro-eukaryotes have been studied in aquatic ecosystems, there are still knowledge gaps in comprehending their dynamics and interactions in drinking water reservoirs. Here, the seasonal dynamics of phytoplankton and micro-eukaryotic diversities and their co-existence patterns were studied in a drinking water reservoir, Northwest China. The highest phytoplankton diversity was observed in summer, and Chlorella sp. that belongs to Chlorophyta was the most abundant genus. The highest eukaryotic diversity was also detected in summer, and Rimostrombidium sp. that belongs to Ciliophora was the most dominant genus. Mantel test showed that the phytoplankton diversity was significantly correlated with ammonia nitrogen (r = 0.561, p = 0.001) and dissolved organic carbon (r = 0.267, p = 0.017), while the eukaryotic diversity was significantly associated with ammonia nitrogen (r = 0.265, p = 0.034) and temperature (r = 0.208, p = 0.046). PLS-PM (Partial Least Squares Path Modeling) further revealed that nutrients (P < 0.01) significantly affected the phytoplankton diversity, while nutrients (P < 0.01) and temperature (P < 0.01) significantly influenced the eukaryotic diversity. Co-occurrence network displayed the primarily positive interactions (77.66% positive and 22.34% negative) between phytoplankton and micro-eukaryotes. These findings could deepen our understanding of interactions between phytoplankton and micro-eukaryotes and their driving factors under changing aquatic environments of drinking water reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haihan Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China.
| | - Yansong Yang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Xiang Liu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Tinglin Huang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Ben Ma
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Nan Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Wanqiu Yang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Haiyun Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Kexin Zhao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
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