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Kamath V, Chen H, Shrestha S, Mechanic-Hamilton D, Deal JA, Mosley TH, Schneider ALC. Normative Data for the 12-Item Sniffin' Sticks Odor Identification Test in Older Adults. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2024; 39:335-346. [PMID: 37883325 PMCID: PMC11042920 DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acad080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Quantitative olfactory assessment has demonstrated clinical utility for the evaluation of a range of neurologic, psychiatric, and sinonasal conditions. Here, we provide age, sex, race, and education-specific normative data for the 12-item Sniffin Sticks Odor Identification Test (SSOIT-12) in older Black and White U.S. adults without preclinical or clinical dementia or sinonasal disease. METHOD A sample of 2,224 Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study participants aged 66-89 years were included. A normative regression equation was developed using a linear model for the association of age, sex, race, and education with odor identification score. Regression-based normative mean scores and percentiles were generated by age, sex, race, and education groups. RESULTS Participants (mean age = 74 years, 59% women, 20% Black, 48% > high school education) had a mean SSOIT-12 score of 9.8. Age, sex, race, and education were all associated with odor identification performance (all ps < .05). A linear regression model for the predicted SSOIT-12 score was developed for use with an individual's actual SSOIT-12 score in order to calculate the Z-score and corresponding percentile for a specific age, sex, race, and education group. Data are also reported in tabular format. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides SSOIT-12 normative data obtained from a large population of White and Black older adults without preclinical or clinical dementia or sinonasal disease living in the USA. These findings can aid clinicians in assessing the degree of olfactory loss, establishing concordance with a person's perception of olfactory difficulties and quantitatively monitoring changes in olfactory performance over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidyulata Kamath
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Honglei Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Srishti Shrestha
- The Memory Impairment and Neurodegenerative Dementia (MIND) Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Dawn Mechanic-Hamilton
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jennifer A Deal
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
- Cochlear Center for Hearing and Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Thomas H Mosley
- The Memory Impairment and Neurodegenerative Dementia (MIND) Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Andrea L C Schneider
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Konitz C, Schwensfeier L, Predel HG, Brinkmann C. The Influence of Acute and Chronic Exercise on Appetite and Appetite Regulation in Patients with Prediabetes or Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus-A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2024; 16:1126. [PMID: 38674817 PMCID: PMC11054589 DOI: 10.3390/nu16081126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This systematic review aims to analyze the effects of acute and chronic exercise on appetite and appetite regulation in patients with abnormal glycemic control. PubMed, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched for eligible studies. The included studies had to report assessments of appetite (primary outcome). Levels of appetite-regulating hormones were analyzed as secondary outcomes (considered, if additionally reported). Seven studies with a total number of 211 patients with prediabetes or type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) met the inclusion criteria. Ratings of hunger, satiety, fullness, prospective food consumption, nausea, and desire to eat, as well as levels of (des-)acylated ghrelin, glucagon-like peptide 1, glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide, pancreatic polypeptide, peptide tyrosine tyrosine, leptin, and spexin were considered. Following acute exercise, the effects on appetite (measured up to one day post-exercise) varied, while there were either no changes or a decrease in appetite ratings following chronic exercise, both compared to control conditions (without exercise). These results were accompanied by inconsistent changes in appetite-regulating hormone levels. The overall risk of bias was low. The present results provide more evidence for an appetite-reducing rather than an appetite-increasing effect of (chronic) exercise on patients with prediabetes or T2DM. PROSPERO ID: CRD42023459322.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Konitz
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, 50933 Cologne, Germany; (L.S.); (H.-G.P.)
| | - Leon Schwensfeier
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, 50933 Cologne, Germany; (L.S.); (H.-G.P.)
| | - Hans-Georg Predel
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, 50933 Cologne, Germany; (L.S.); (H.-G.P.)
| | - Christian Brinkmann
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, 50933 Cologne, Germany; (L.S.); (H.-G.P.)
- Department of Fitness and Health, IST University of Applied Sciences, 40233 Düsseldorf, Germany
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Wada H, Matsumoto H, Takagiwa M, Sato H, Ishiguchi K, Inoue A, Goto TK. Differences in time-intensity sensory profiles of sweet taste intensity of glucose between older and young adults. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1273055. [PMID: 38606019 PMCID: PMC11006984 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1273055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Background To understand age-related changes in sweet taste perception in daily life, it is important to understand taste intensity at the suprathreshold level. Previous studies have attempted to characterize the temporal aspects of human taste perception in terms of time-intensity evaluations. The perception of dynamic taste intensity in older adults increases slowly for salty taste; however, there have been no previous studies on time-intensity sensory evaluation of sweet taste in older adults. We hypothesized that older adults perceive sweet taste intensity more slowly than young adults. Methods Fifty young and 40 older adults participated in the study and glucose solutions of 0.6 M and 1.5 M were used as stimuli. The study comprised two experiments: (1) a cup tasting test (static taste perception in the mouth), and (2) a time-intensity sensory evaluation, in which the solutions were presented using a custom-made delivery system. The intra-oral device was made to fit each participant's dentition. Further, the level of gag reflex was taken into consideration for each participant in the design of the intra-oral device. A suction tube was placed across the posterior tongue near the throat to remove solution and saliva. The solution delivery system was controlled by an original computer program. Results Older adults presented significantly different maximum intensity timing and slope for both concentrations compared with young adults (slope for 1.5 M, p < 0.01; others, p < 0.05). No significant differences were found between the older and young adults for reaction timing and maximum intensity. Conclusion We conclude that older adults perceived sweetness more slowly than young adults, and ultimately perceived almost the same intensity as young adults. This is the first reported characterization of the time-intensity profile of sweet taste intensity of glucose in older adults. Using a standardized system enabled us to assess and compare feedback on taste intensities among different age groups in real-time. Based on this, we recommend older adults "savor" to perceive sweet tastes at the same level experienced by young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Wada
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Tokyo Dental College, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideki Matsumoto
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Tokyo Dental College, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mutsumi Takagiwa
- Laboratory of Mathematics, Tokyo Dental College, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hitomi Sato
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Tokyo Dental College, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Tokyo Dental College Research Branding Project, Tokyo Dental College, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kyoko Ishiguchi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Tokyo Dental College, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Aya Inoue
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Tokyo Dental College, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tazuko K. Goto
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Tokyo Dental College, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Tokyo Dental College Research Branding Project, Tokyo Dental College, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Sai Ying Pun, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Nguyen L, Hindiyeh N, Ray S, Vann RE, Aurora SK. The Gut-brain Connection and Episodic Migraine: an Update. Curr Pain Headache Rep 2023; 27:765-774. [PMID: 37792173 PMCID: PMC10713702 DOI: 10.1007/s11916-023-01175-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Historical evidence suggests a shared underlying etiology for migraine and gastrointestinal (GI) disorders that involves the gut-brain axis. Here we provide narrative review of recent literature on the gut-brain connection and migraine to emphasize the importance of tailoring treatment plans for patients with episodic migraine who experience GI comorbidities and symptoms. RECENT FINDINGS Recent population-based studies report the prevalence of migraine and GI disorders as comorbidities as well as overlapping symptomology. American Headache Society (AHS) guidelines have integrated GI symptoms as part of migraine diagnostic criteria and recommend nonoral therapies for patients with GI symptoms or conditions. Nasal delivery is a recommended nonoral alternative; however, it is important to understand potential adverse events that may cause or worsen GI symptoms in some patients due to the site of drug deposition within the nasal cavity with some nasal therapies. Lastly, clinical perspectives emphasize the importance of identifying GI symptoms and comorbidities in patients with episodic migraine to best individualize migraine management. Support for an association between the gut-brain axis and migraine continues to prevail in recent literature; however, the relationship remains complex and not well elucidated. The presence of GI comorbidities and symptoms must be carefully considered when making treatment decisions for patients with episodic migraine.
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Zanetti M, Veronese N, Riso S, Boccardi V, Bolli C, Cintoni M, Francesco VD, Mazza L, Onfiani G, Zenaro D, Pilotto A. Polypharmacy and malnutrition in older people: A narrative review. Nutrition 2023; 115:112134. [PMID: 37453210 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2023.112134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Polypharmacy is the simultaneous use of multiple medicines, usually more than five. Polypharmacy is highly prevalent among older individuals and is associated with several adverse health outcomes, including frailty. The role of polypharmacy in nutritional status seems to be crucial: although a clear association between polypharmacy and malnutrition has been widely reported in older people, the magnitude of the effect of increased number of drugs in combination with their type on the risk for malnutrition remains to be largely explored. Therefore, this review aims to discuss the association between polypharmacy and malnutrition in older people and to provide suggestions for its management. Polypharmacy is prevalent among malnourished frail patients, and the relative contribution of comorbidities and polypharmacy to malnutrition is difficult to be determined. Several mechanisms by which commonly used medications have the potential to affect nutritional status have been identified and described. Deprescribing (i.e., a systematic process of identification and discontinuation of drugs or a reduction of drug regimens) could be an essential step for minimizing the effects of polypharmacy on malnutrition. In this regard, the literature suggests that in older patients taking several medications, the best method to solve this problem is the comprehensive geriatric assessment, based on a holistic approach, including drug review, to find potential unnecessary and inappropriate medications. Nutritional and deprescribing interventions must be tailored to patient needs and to the local context to overcome barriers when applied in different settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Zanetti
- Geriatric Clinic, Maggiore Hospital of Trieste, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Integrata Giuliano Isontina, Trieste, Italy; Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy.
| | - Nicola Veronese
- Department of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Sergio Riso
- Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics Unit, Maggiore della Carità Hospital, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
| | - Virginia Boccardi
- Institute of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Carolina Bolli
- Clinical Nutrition Unit, Presidio Ospedaliero "San Filippo Neri", Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Cintoni
- Clinical Nutrition Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Liliana Mazza
- Department of Integration, Azienda USL di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giovanna Onfiani
- Clinical Nutrition Unit, Complex Structure of Endocrinology, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Davide Zenaro
- Direzione Tecnica Socio Sanitaria Coopselios, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Alberto Pilotto
- Department of Geriatric Care, Orthogeriatrics and Rehabilitation, Galliera Hospital, Genoa, Italy; Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
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Wunder A, Ludwig J, Haertl T, Arnhardt S, Schwinn L, Chellapandian DC, Weinmair E, Mühle C, Thürauf N, Kornhuber J, Rohleder N, Loos HM, Freiherr J. Can you smell my stress? Influence of stress chemosignals on empathy and emotion recognition in depressed individuals and healthy controls. Physiol Behav 2023; 270:114309. [PMID: 37517662 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2023.114309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Human body odors contain chemical signals that play a key role in our non-verbal communication regarding health, genetic identity, immune system, fitness, and emotional state. Studies on human chemosignaling in individuals with psychiatric diseases are scarce but indicate altered smell perception and emotion recognition in depressed individuals. In the present project, we aimed to investigate the influence of chemosensory substances in social stress sweat on emotion recognition, perspective taking, affective responsiveness as well as stress level in healthy and depressed individuals. Therefore, chemosensory stimuli (sweat samples from Trier social stress test (TSST) and friendly-TSST (fTSST)) were obtained from 39 healthy participants (19 females). In a next step, chemosensory stimuli and an odor-free blank (cotton pad) were used to stimulate another group of 40 healthy participants (20 females) and 37 individuals with depression (24 females). Those stimuli were examined regarding their influence on subjective feelings of stress, emotion perception and empathic reactions using an empathy test. Furthermore, physiological data (breathing, heart rate, skin conductance response, stress hormones) of the participants were collected during chemosensory stimulation. Depressed individuals improved their ability of perspective taking and affective responsiveness for the emotion grief when presented with stress chemosignals compared to no chemosignals. Healthy individuals remained unaffected regarding perspective taking and affective responsiveness. Both depressed and healthy individuals showed no increased stress hormone cortisol and α-amylase values during the social stress chemosignals condition, but reduced values for fTSST condition compared to no chemosignals respectively. The results imply that stress chemosignals do not trigger a stress reaction, but for depressed individuals they lead to a better emotion assessment for grief. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of the effects of social stress chemosignals on healthy and depressed individuals. Knowing the impact of human chemosignals on emotional processing is crucial for a better understanding of non-verbal human interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annkatrin Wunder
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Janina Ludwig
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tobias Haertl
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Chair of Aroma and Smell Research, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Henkestrasse 9, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sally Arnhardt
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Leo Schwinn
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Machine Learning and Data Analytics Lab, Department Artificial Intelligence in Biomedical Engineering, Carl-Thiersch-Strasse 2b, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Deepak Charles Chellapandian
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Weinmair
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Chair of Health Psychology, Department of Psychology, Nägelsbachstrasse 49a, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christiane Mühle
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Norbert Thürauf
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Johannes Kornhuber
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nicolas Rohleder
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Chair of Health Psychology, Department of Psychology, Nägelsbachstrasse 49a, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Helene M Loos
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Chair of Aroma and Smell Research, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Henkestrasse 9, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engeneering and Packaging (IVV), Giggenhauser Str. 35, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Jessica Freiherr
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging (IVV), Sensory Analytics and Technologies, Giggenhauser Str. 35, 85354 Freising, Germany.
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Jegatheeswaran L, Gokani SA, Luke L, Klyvyte G, Espehana A, Garden EM, Tarantino A, Al Omari B, Philpott CM. Assessment of COVID-19-related olfactory dysfunction and its association with psychological, neuropsychiatric, and cognitive symptoms. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1165329. [PMID: 37599993 PMCID: PMC10436231 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1165329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose of review To provide a detailed overview of the assessment of COVID-19-related olfactory dysfunction and its association with psychological, neuropsychiatric, and cognitive symptoms. Recent findings COVID-19-related olfactory dysfunction can have a detrimental impact to the quality of life of patients. Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, olfactory and taste disorders were a common but under-rated, under-researched and under-treated sensory loss. The pandemic has exacerbated the current unmet need for accessing good healthcare for patients living with olfactory disorders and other symptoms secondary to COVID-19. This review thus explores the associations that COVID-19 has with psychological, neuropsychiatric, and cognitive symptoms, and provide a framework and rationale for the assessment of patients presenting with COVID-19 olfactory dysfunction. Summary Acute COVID-19 infection and long COVID is not solely a disease of the respiratory and vascular systems. These two conditions have strong associations with psychological, neuropsychiatric, and cognitive symptoms. A systematic approach with history taking and examination particularly with nasal endoscopy can determine the impact that this has on the patient. Specific olfactory disorder questionnaires can demonstrate the impact on quality of life, while psychophysical testing can objectively assess and monitor olfaction over time. The role of cross-sectional imaging is not yet described for COVID-19-related olfactory dysfunction. Management options are limited to conservative adjunctive measures, with some medical therapies described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavandan Jegatheeswaran
- Department of Ear, Nose and Throat Surgery, James Paget University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Great Yarmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Shyam Ajay Gokani
- Rhinology and ENT Research Group, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Louis Luke
- Department of Ear, Nose and Throat Surgery, James Paget University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Great Yarmouth, United Kingdom
- Rhinology and ENT Research Group, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Gabija Klyvyte
- Rhinology and ENT Research Group, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Espehana
- Rhinology and ENT Research Group, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Mairenn Garden
- Rhinology and ENT Research Group, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Alessia Tarantino
- Department of Ear, Nose and Throat Surgery, James Paget University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Great Yarmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Basil Al Omari
- Department of Ear, Nose and Throat Surgery, James Paget University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Great Yarmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Carl Martin Philpott
- Department of Ear, Nose and Throat Surgery, James Paget University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Great Yarmouth, United Kingdom
- Rhinology and ENT Research Group, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
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Cieplik F, Hiller KA, Scholz KJ, Schmalz G, Buchalla W, Mittermüller P. General diseases and medications in 687 patients reporting on adverse effects from dental materials. Clin Oral Investig 2023; 27:4447-4457. [PMID: 37212840 PMCID: PMC10415419 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-023-05064-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Examination of patients claiming adverse effects from dental materials can be very challenging. Particularly, systemic aspects must be considered besides dental and orofacial diseases and allergies. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate a cohort of 687 patients reporting on adverse effects from dental materials focusing on findings related to known general diseases or conditions or medication-related findings with relevance to their subjective complaints. METHODS Six hundred eighty-seven patients visiting a specialized consultation on claimed adverse effects from dental materials were retrospectively investigated for their subjective complaints, findings related to known general diseases or conditions, medication-related findings, dental and orofacial findings, or allergies with relevance to their subjective complaints. RESULTS The most frequent subjective complaints were burning mouth (44.1%), taste disorders (28.5%), and dry mouth (23.7%). In 58.4% of the patients, dental and orofacial findings relevant to their complaints could be found. Findings related to known general diseases or conditions or medication-related findings were found in 28.7% or 21.0% of the patients, respectively. Regarding medications, findings related to antihypertensives (10.0%) and psychotropic drugs (5.7%) were found most frequently. Relevant diagnosed allergies toward dental materials were found in 11.9%, hyposalivation in 9.6% of the patients. In 15.1% of the patients, no objectifiable causes for the expressed complaints could be found. CONCLUSIONS For patients complaining of adverse effects from dental materials, findings related to known general diseases or conditions and medications should be given particular consideration, while still in some patients, no objectifiable causes for their complaints can be found. CLINICAL RELEVANCE For patients complaining about adverse effects from dental materials, specialized consultations and close collaboration with experts from other medical fields are eligible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Cieplik
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Karl-Anton Hiller
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Konstantin J Scholz
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Gottfried Schmalz
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Buchalla
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Pauline Mittermüller
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
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Nakashima M, Akagi S, Ejiri K, Nakamura K, Ito H. Impact of malnutrition on prognosis in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension. Pulm Circ 2023; 13:e12286. [PMID: 37705961 PMCID: PMC10496044 DOI: 10.1002/pul2.12286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension is a life-threatening disease that coexists with right heart failure. We evaluated the relationship between malnutrition and prognosis in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension, as malnutrition is known as a prognosis determinant in chronic heart failure. We retrospectively reviewed data of patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension before treatment. The Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index, Prognostic Nutritional Index, and Controlling Nutritional Status scores on the day of diagnosis were calculated to assess the nutritional status. Clinical endpoints were defined as composite outcomes of all-cause death or lung transplantation. Eighty patients were enrolled (mean age, 50 years; 23 men). The mean pulmonary arterial pressure was 47 ± 19 mmHg, Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index was 99.9 ± 12.0, and Prognostic Nutritional Index was 46.3 ± 10.0. The median Controlling Nutritional Status score was 2 (1-4). During the median 5.5-year follow-up period, 28 composite events occurred. Kaplan-Meier analysis demonstrated significant differences in the incidence of clinical endpoints between groups divided by each median Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index, Prognostic Nutritional Index, and Controlling Nutritional Status score (p = 0.007, 0.039, and 0.010, respectively). In multivariate Cox regression analysis, clinical endpoints were significantly associated with Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index (hazard ratio: 0.953, 95% confidence interval: 0.918-0.990), Prognostic Nutritional Index (hazard ratio: 0.942, 95% confidence interval: 0.892-0.996), and Controlling Nutritional Status score (hazard ratio: 1.230, 95% confidence interval: 1.056-1.433) after adjustment for factors associated in univariate Cox regression analysis. Malnutrition at diagnosis is a useful prognostic predictor for patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsutaka Nakashima
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of MedicineDentistry and Pharmaceutical SciencesOkayamaJapan
| | - Satoshi Akagi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of MedicineDentistry and Pharmaceutical SciencesOkayamaJapan
| | - Kentaro Ejiri
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of MedicineDentistry and Pharmaceutical SciencesOkayamaJapan
| | - Kazufumi Nakamura
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of MedicineDentistry and Pharmaceutical SciencesOkayamaJapan
| | - Hiroshi Ito
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of MedicineDentistry and Pharmaceutical SciencesOkayamaJapan
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Chia CW, Yeager SM, Egan JM. Endocrinology of Taste with Aging. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2023; 52:295-315. [PMID: 36948781 PMCID: PMC10037529 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2022.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Taste is one of our five primary senses, and taste impairment has been shown to increase with aging. The ability to taste allows us to enjoy the food we eat and to avoid foods that are potentially spoiled or poisonous. Recent advances in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of taste receptor cells located within taste buds help us decipher how taste works. The discoveries of "classic" endocrine hormones in taste receptor cells point toward taste buds being actual endocrine organs. A better understanding of how taste works may help in reversing taste impairment associated with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chee W Chia
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 3001 S. Hanover Street, 5th Floor, Room NM536, Baltimore, MD 21225, USA
| | - Shayna M Yeager
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 3001 S. Hanover Street, 5th Floor, Room NM547, Baltimore, MD 21225, USA
| | - Josephine M Egan
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 3001 S. Hanover Street, 5th Floor, Room NM527, Baltimore, MD 21225, USA.
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Fathi M, Javid AZ, Mansoori A. Effects of weight change on taste function; a systematic review. Nutr J 2023; 22:22. [PMID: 37158889 PMCID: PMC10165840 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-023-00850-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this review is to evaluate the relationship between weight status and taste perception and preference of sweet, salt, fat, bitter, and sour through reviewing observational and interventional studies with objective methods. METHODS A comprehensive literature search was performed in 6 online databases of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane, Embase, and Google Scholar up to October 2021. The following keywords were used in the search strategy: (Taste OR "Taste Perception" OR "Taste Threshold" OR "Taste preference" OR "Taste sensitivity" OR "Taste changes") AND (weight OR "Weight gain" OR "weight loss" OR "weight change"). RESULTS Most observational studies indicate that four taste sensitivities or perceptions (especially sweet and salt taste perception) are lower in subjects with overweight and obesity. The longitudinal studies reported that sweet and fat preference is increased along with weight gain in adults. It is concluded that taste perceptions are decreased in individuals with overweight and obesity, especially in men. Also, taste perception and preference change after weight loss but not significantly. CONCLUSION It is suggested that the results of the interventional studies are not conclusive and need further studies with the same and standard design adjusting cofounding variables including genetic, gender, age and food condition of subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojdeh Fathi
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ahmad Zare Javid
- Department of Nutrition, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Anahita Mansoori
- Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Clinical Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
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Del Borgo C, Garattini S, Bortignon C, Carraro A, Di Trento D, Gasperin A, Grimaldi A, De Maria SG, Corazza S, Tieghi T, Belvisi V, Kertusha B, De Masi M, D'Onofrio O, Bagaglini G, Bonanni G, Zuccalà P, Fabietti P, Tortellini E, Guardiani M, Spagnoli A, Marocco R, Alunni Fegatelli D, Lichtner M. Effectiveness, Tolerability and Prescribing Choice of Antiviral Molecules Molnupiravir, Remdesivir and Nirmatrelvir/r: A Real-World Comparison in the First Ten Months of Use. Viruses 2023; 15:v15041025. [PMID: 37113006 PMCID: PMC10145588 DOI: 10.3390/v15041025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In 2022, three antiviral drugs-molnupiravir, remdesivir and nirmatrelvir/ritonavir-were introduced for treatment of mild-to-moderate COVID-19 in high-risk patients. The aim of this study is the evaluation of their effectiveness and tolerability in a real-life setting. A single-center observational study was set up, with the involvement of 1118 patients, with complete follow-up data, treated between the 5th of January and the 3rd of October 2022 at Santa Maria Goretti's hospital in Latina, Central Italy. A univariable and a multivariable analysis were performed on clinical and demographic data and composite outcome, the persistence of symptoms at 30 days and time to negativization, respectively. The three antivirals showed a similar effectiveness in containing the progression of the infection to severe COVID-19 and a good tolerability in the absence of serious adverse effects. Persistence of symptoms after 30 days was more common in females than males and less common in patients treated with molnupiravir and nirmatrelvir/r. The availability of different antiviral molecules is a strong tool and, if correctly prescribed, they can have a significant role in changing the natural history of infection for frail persons, in which vaccination could be not sufficient for the prevention of severe COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cosmo Del Borgo
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Santa Maria (SM) Goretti Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 04100 Latina, Italy
| | - Silvia Garattini
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Santa Maria (SM) Goretti Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 04100 Latina, Italy
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Carolina Bortignon
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Carraro
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Santa Maria (SM) Goretti Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 04100 Latina, Italy
| | - Daniela Di Trento
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Santa Maria (SM) Goretti Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 04100 Latina, Italy
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Gasperin
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Santa Maria (SM) Goretti Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 04100 Latina, Italy
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Grimaldi
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Santa Maria (SM) Goretti Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 04100 Latina, Italy
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Giovanna De Maria
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Santa Maria (SM) Goretti Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 04100 Latina, Italy
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Corazza
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Santa Maria (SM) Goretti Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 04100 Latina, Italy
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Tiziana Tieghi
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Santa Maria (SM) Goretti Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 04100 Latina, Italy
| | - Valeria Belvisi
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Santa Maria (SM) Goretti Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 04100 Latina, Italy
| | - Blerta Kertusha
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Santa Maria (SM) Goretti Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 04100 Latina, Italy
| | - Margherita De Masi
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Santa Maria (SM) Goretti Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 04100 Latina, Italy
| | - Ombretta D'Onofrio
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Santa Maria (SM) Goretti Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 04100 Latina, Italy
| | - Gabriele Bagaglini
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Santa Maria (SM) Goretti Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 04100 Latina, Italy
| | - Gabriella Bonanni
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Santa Maria (SM) Goretti Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 04100 Latina, Italy
| | - Paola Zuccalà
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Santa Maria (SM) Goretti Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 04100 Latina, Italy
| | - Paolo Fabietti
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Santa Maria (SM) Goretti Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 04100 Latina, Italy
| | - Eeva Tortellini
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health, and Sense Organs, NESMOS, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy
| | - Mariasilvia Guardiani
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health, and Sense Organs, NESMOS, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Spagnoli
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health, and Sense Organs, NESMOS, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy
| | - Raffaella Marocco
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Santa Maria (SM) Goretti Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 04100 Latina, Italy
| | - Danilo Alunni Fegatelli
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health, and Sense Organs, NESMOS, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy
| | - Miriam Lichtner
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Santa Maria (SM) Goretti Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 04100 Latina, Italy
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health, and Sense Organs, NESMOS, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy
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Vidanage D, Wasalathanthri S, Hettiarachchi P. Long-term aerobic and combined exercises enhance the satiety response and modulate the energy intake in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM): A randomized controlled trial. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2023; 15:48. [PMID: 36998025 PMCID: PMC10064558 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-023-00655-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Energy homeostasis plays a vital role in achieving glycemic control in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Exercise is known to increase energy expenditure. However, its role in energy intake has not been explored in people with T2DM. Thus, this study aimed at determining the impact of long-term aerobic and combined exercises in modulating hunger, satiety and energy intake in T2DM. METHODS A randomized controlled trial, with 108 people with T2DM, aged 35-60 years were assigned into an aerobic, combined (aerobic and resistance) and a control group. Primary outcomes were subjective levels of hunger and satiety measured by a 100 mm visual analogue scale in relation to a standard breakfast meal (453 kcal) and energy and macronutrient intake determined by a 3-day diet diary at 0, 3 and 6 months. RESULTS Aerobic and combined groups exhibited reduced hunger and increased satiety at 3 and 6 months (p < 0.05). The combined group demonstrated a profound increase in satiety at 3 and 6 months compared to aerobics (3 months; p = 0.008, 6 months; p = 0.002) and controls (3 months; p = 0.006, 6 months, p = 0.014). Mean daily energy intake was reduced only at 6 months in the aerobic group (p = 0.012), whereas it was reduced in the combined group at 3 and at 6 months compared to controls (3 months: p = 0.026, 6 months: p = 0.022). CONCLUSIONS Long-term aerobic and combined exercises produced a reduction in hunger, energy intake and increase satiety in people with T2DM. Despite energy expenditure, exercise seems to play a significant role in reducing energy intake as well. Combined exercises show more advantages over aerobic exercise since combined exercises have a greater impact on satiety and energy intake in people with T2DM. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER SLCTR/2015/029, https://slctr.lk/trials/slctr-2015-029 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinithi Vidanage
- Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, General Sir John Kotelawala Defence University, Rathmalana, 10390, Sri Lanka.
| | - Sudharshani Wasalathanthri
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Kynsey Road, Colombo 08, 00800, Sri Lanka
| | - Priyadarshika Hettiarachchi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Gangodawila, Nugegoda, 10250, Sri Lanka
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Debbaneh P, McKinnon L, Haidari M, Liang J. Drug-induced olfactory and gustatory dysfunction: Analysis of FDA adverse events reporting system. Auris Nasus Larynx 2023:S0385-8146(22)00240-1. [PMID: 36682949 DOI: 10.1016/j.anl.2022.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES With the COVID-19 pandemic, there is growing interest and research in olfactory and gustatory dysfunction (OGD). Drug-induced dysfunction is an often overlooked etiology. While several medications include smell or taste disturbance as a side effect, there are no publications describing which medications are most frequently implicated. We aim to describe the patterns of these adverse drug reactions (ADRs) using the FDA Adverse Events Reporting System (FAERS). METHODS The FAERS database was queried from 2011 to 2021 for terms describing ADRs related to OGD. Terms included anosmia, hyposmia, olfactory test abnormal, olfactory nerve disorder, hallucination olfactory, parosmia, ageusia, hypogeusia, dysgeusia, and taste disorder. We identified the top reported medications associated with general smell dysfunction, general taste dysfunction, reduced smell, and altered smell. RESULTS From 2011 to 2021, 16,091 ADRs were reported with OGD, of which13,641 (84.8%) and 2,450 (15.2%) were associated with gustatory and olfactory reactions, respectively. Zinc products (370 reports) and fluticasone propionate (214) were most commonly associated with olfactory dysfunction, specifically reduced olfaction. Varenicline (24) and fluticasone propionate (23) were most commonly associated with altered smell. Lenalidomide (490) and sunitinib (468) were most commonly associated with gustatory dysfunction. Antineoplastic and immunomodulating medications accounted for 21.6% and 36.3% of olfactory and gustatory ADRs, respectively. Among this category, immunoglobulin drugs were the most commonly associated with OGD ADRs. CONCLUSION Gustatory dysfunction is more commonly reported ADR compared with olfactory dysfunction. Immunologic/rheumatologic medications are the leading culprit of reported OGD. With increasing numbers of patients presenting to otolaryngologists for OGD, it is important to consider drug-induced etiology. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Debbaneh
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kaiser Permanente Oakland Medical Center, 3600 Broadway, Oakland, CA 94611, USA.
| | | | - Muhib Haidari
- Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Jonathan Liang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kaiser Permanente Oakland Medical Center, 3600 Broadway, Oakland, CA 94611, USA
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Blijleven EE, Wegner I, Stokroos RJ, Thomeer HGXM. The impact of injury of the chorda tympani nerve during primary stapes surgery or cochlear implantation on taste function, quality of life and food preferences: A study protocol for a double-blind prospective prognostic association study. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0284571. [PMID: 37200313 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0284571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The chorda tympani nerve (CTN) is a mixed nerve, which carries sensory and parasympathetic fibres. The sensory component supplies the taste sensation of the anterior two-thirds of the ipsilateral side of the tongue. During middle ear surgery the CTN is exposed and frequently stretched or sacrificed, because it lacks a bony covering as it passes through the middle ear. Injury may cause hypogeusia, ageusia or altered taste sensation of the ipsilateral side of the tongue. To date, there is no consensus regarding which type of CTN injury (sacrificing or stretching), during middle ear surgery, leads to the least burden for the patient. METHODS A double-blind prospective prognostic association study was designed in a single medical centre in the Netherlands to determine the effect of CTN injury on postoperative taste disturbance and quality of life. 154 patients, who will undergo primary stapes surgery or cochlear implantation will be included. The taste sensation, food preferences and quality of life of these patients will be evaluated preoperatively and at one week, six weeks and six months postoperatively using the Taste Strip Test, Electrogustometry, supplementary questionnaire on taste disturbance, Macronutrient and Taste Preference Ranking Task, Appetite, Hunger and Sensory Perception questionnaire and Questionnaire of Olfactory Disorders to assess the association of these outcomes with CTN injury. Evaluation of olfactory function will only take place preoperatively and at one week postoperatively using the Sniffin' Sticks. The patient and outcome assessor are blinded to the presence or absence of CTN injury. DISCUSSION This study is the first to validate and quantify the effect of chorda tympani nerve injury on taste function. The findings of this study may lead to evidence-based proof of the effect of chorda tympani injury on taste function with consequences for surgical strategies. TRIAL REGISTRATION Netherlands Trial Register NL9791. Registered on 10 October 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther E Blijleven
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Inge Wegner
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Robert J Stokroos
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Hans G X M Thomeer
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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16
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The use of herbs and spices in sodium-reduced meals enhances saltiness and is highly accepted by the elderly. Food Qual Prefer 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2022.104789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Kazour F, Atanasova B, Mourad M, El Hachem C, Desmidt T, Richa S, El-Hage W. Mania associated olfactory dysfunction: A comparison between bipolar subjects in mania and remission. J Psychiatr Res 2022; 156:330-338. [PMID: 36323136 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to assess the olfactory functions of patients with bipolar disorder in manic phase and to compare them to those of bipolar subjects in remission and healthy controls. METHODS We recruited 96 participants divided in 3 groups: bipolar mania (MB), euthymic bipolar in remission (EB) and healthy controls (HC). All participants underwent an assessment of their olfactory functions using the Sniffin' sticks threshold and identification tests. Odors' pleasantness, intensity, familiarity and emotion were assessed. All participants were screened for the presence of psychiatric disorder through the MINI questionnaire. Clinical evaluation explored dimensions of mania, depression, anxiety respectively through YMRS, MADRS and STAI scales. Anhedonia was explored through the Chapman physical and social anhedonia questionnaire. RESULTS Patients in mania had deficits in identifying positive smells compared to bipolar subjects in remission and to healthy controls (MB < EB < HC; p < 0.001). Hedonic (MB < EB = HC; p < 0.001) and emotional (MB < EB = HC; p < 0.001) ratings of positive smells were lower in patients in manic phase compared to remitted subjects or controls. Mania was associated to higher emotion rating of negative smells compared to remitted subjects and controls (MB > EB = HC; p < 0.001). There was no difference between the 3 groups in the ratings of intensity and familiarity of smells, as well as in the olfactory threshold testing. The 3 groups showed no difference in the identification of negative smells. CONCLUSIONS Patients in manic episodes showed deficits in identifying positive odors. They evaluated these smells as less pleasant and less emotional compared to remitted bipolar subjects and healthy controls. These olfactory dysfunctions may constitute potential indicators of manic state. The persistence of olfactory dysfunction in remission phase (deficit in the olfactory identification of positive odors compared to healthy controls) may constitute a potential trait indicator of bipolarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francois Kazour
- UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, INSERM, Tours, France; Clinique Psychiatrique Universitaire, CHU de Tours, Tours, France; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon.
| | | | - Marc Mourad
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Charline El Hachem
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Thomas Desmidt
- UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, INSERM, Tours, France; Clinique Psychiatrique Universitaire, CHU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Sami Richa
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Wissam El-Hage
- UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, INSERM, Tours, France; Clinique Psychiatrique Universitaire, CHU de Tours, Tours, France
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Ponnusamy V, Subramanian G, Muthuswamy K, Shanmugamprema D, Krishnan V, Velusamy T, Subramaniam S. Genetic variation in sweet taste receptors and a mechanistic perspective on sweet and fat taste sensation in the context of obesity. Obes Rev 2022; 23:e13512. [PMID: 36282093 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Taste sensation enables humans to make nutritionally important decisions such as food preference and consumption. It functions as deterministic factors for unpropitious eating behavior, leading to overweight and obesity. The hedonistic feeling on consumption of fat and sugar-rich meals, in particular, has a negative influence on health. In addition, impairment in the taste receptors alters the downstream signaling of taste transduction pathway. Hence, genetic polymorphism in typical taste receptors is a predictor of taste sensitivity variance across individuals. The present review summarizes the effect of a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in sweet taste receptors (T1R2/T1R3) on taste perception among individuals of various body mass index (BMI). Furthermore, in the context of obesity, we discussed the possibility of crosstalk between fat and sweet receptors as well as taste dysfunction in diseased individuals. In overall, a greater understanding of the physiological relationship between taste receptors, altered taste sensitivity, and genetic polymorphisms should lead to more effective obesity prevention approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinithra Ponnusamy
- Molecular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India, 641046
| | - Gowtham Subramanian
- Molecular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India, 641046
| | - Karthi Muthuswamy
- Molecular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India, 641046
| | - Deepankumar Shanmugamprema
- Molecular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India, 641046
| | - Vasanth Krishnan
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India, 641046
| | - Thirunavukkarasu Velusamy
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India, 641046
| | - Selvakumar Subramaniam
- Molecular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India, 641046
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Abdelnasser N, Abdel Aziz SAE, El-Gamal SMA. Effect of nursing guidelines on first-year nursing students' knowledge and reported practice towards sensory impairments among the elderly. BMC Geriatr 2022; 22:883. [PMID: 36411407 PMCID: PMC9677672 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-022-03524-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sensory impairments are common among older adults. These impairments have consequences on activities of daily living and communication with others. Such impairments for the elderly remain a significant public health issue globally. This study aimed to assess effect of nursing guidelines on first-year nursing students' knowledge and reported practice towards sensory impairment among the elderly. METHOD A Pre- and post-test research design was utilized in this study to assess first year nursing students' knowledge and reported practice towards sensory impairments among the elderly. It was carried out at faculties of nursing affiliated with three universities with a purposive sample (n = 531) of the first-year nursing students. The study was conducted in four phases: Pre-intervention assessment, nursing guidelines development, nursing guidelines implementation, and post-test after one month. The pre- and post-tests were conducted online and included three parts to collect the required data about students' socio-demographic data, students' knowledge about the five senses and changes in these senses among the elderly, and the students' reported practice for coping with changes in these senses among elderly. Student t-tests and an ANOVA test were used to compare means. For qualitative data, comparison was done using chi-square. Pearson correlation coefficient was used for detecting the relations between continuous variables of the study. RESULTS There are statistically significant differences between the studied subjects means score knowledge and reported practice about the five senses among elderly people in the pre- and the post-tests (P = 0.001). At pre-test the total score mean of students' knowledge was 24.25 while at post-test became 28.16. At pre-test the total score mean of students' reported practice was 38.40 while at post-test became 44.43. There is a relationship between students' knowledge and their reported practice at both pre-test and post-test with P value = 0.001. CONCLUSION The levels of the first-year nursing students' knowledge and reported practice of the studied sample towards sensory impairment among the elderly were improved after implementation of the nursing guidelines. So, it is recommended that these nursing guidelines could be embedded within the undergraduate curriculum. Raising students' awareness through providing lectures, and workshops on sensory impairment among elderly and how to deal with them, and train students on how to communicate with sensory impairment among the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Abdelnasser
- grid.412707.70000 0004 0621 7833Faculty of Nursing, Department of Gerontological Nursing, South Valley University, Qena, 83523 Egypt
| | - Saieda Abd Elhameed Abdel Aziz
- grid.252487.e0000 0000 8632 679XFaculty of Nursing, Department of Gerontological Nursing, Assiut University, Assuit, 71515 Egypt
| | - Sara Mohamed Ahmed El-Gamal
- grid.412258.80000 0000 9477 7793Faculty of Nursing, Department of Community Health Nursing, Tanta University, Gharbia Governorate, Tanta, 6632110 Egypt
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Johnson BJ, Salonen B, O'Byrne TJ, Choby G, Ganesh R, Stokken JK, O'Brien EK. Patient factors associated with COVID-19 loss of taste or smell patient factors in smell/taste loss COVID-19. Laryngoscope Investig Otolaryngol 2022; 7:1688-1694. [PMID: 36544937 PMCID: PMC9764767 DOI: 10.1002/lio2.911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Dysfunction in smell or taste is well recognized phenomenon in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. This study aimed to quantify the incidence and associated co-morbidities of reported olfactory or gustatory dysfunction in patients who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. Methods From March 23, 2020 through July 31, 2020, 192,683 patients were tested for SARS-CoV-2 at Mayo Clinic. These patients with a positive test were contacted via telephone by physicians at Mayo Clinic and information gathered on patient demographics, comorbidities, symptoms and clinical risk stratification based on these factors. Results Two thousand two hundred and fifty patients tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 (1.2%). Six hundred and sixty-seven (29.6%) of these patients reported loss of smell or taste. Factors found to be correlated with reporting loss of smell or taste on multivariate analysis were: younger age, female sex, or symptoms of chest pain or tightness, cough, or headache and lower clinical risk category. Coronary artery disease (CAD) was associated with not reporting loss of taste or smell. Conclusion Of 2250 patients testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 at Mayo Clinic, 667 reported loss of taste and smell. Patients who reported loss of smell or taste were younger, female and more likely to report cough, chest pain, headache, or history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), but overall had fewer high-risk comorbidities. Those who were older, male, and a reported history of CAD were less likely to report chemosensory dysfunction. Our data are the largest single institution data reporting COVID-19 associated loss of smell or taste, and the first to associate COPD and CAD as factors that affect rates of reported chemosensory dysfunction. Level of evidence IIB.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Jake Johnson
- Mayo Clinic Department of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck SurgeryMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - Bradley Salonen
- Mayo Clinic Department of General Internal MedicineMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - Thomas Jamie O'Byrne
- Mayo Clinic Department of Health Sciences ResearchMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - Garret Choby
- Mayo Clinic Department of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck SurgeryMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - Ravindra Ganesh
- Mayo Clinic Department of General Internal MedicineMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - Janalee K. Stokken
- Mayo Clinic Department of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck SurgeryMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - Erin K. O'Brien
- Mayo Clinic Department of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck SurgeryMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
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21
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Relating food choice determinants with sociodemographic variables, health status and nutritional risk among community living older adults. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2022; 51:397-403. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2022.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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22
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Chaffee O, McGillivray A, Duizer L, Ross CF. Identifying elements of a ready-to-eat meal desired by older adults. Food Res Int 2022; 157:111353. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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23
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Montero ML, Ross CF. Saltiness perception in white sauce formulations as tested in older adults. Food Qual Prefer 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2022.104529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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24
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Fakhruddin KS, Samaranayake LP, Buranawat B, Ngo H. Oro-facial mucocutaneous manifestations of Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19): A systematic review. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0265531. [PMID: 35648785 PMCID: PMC9159624 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We reviewed the prevalence, the likely aetiopathogenesis, and the management of oro-facial mucocutaneous manifestations of Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19), caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus -2 (SARS-CoV-2). English language manuscripts searched using standard databases yielded 26 articles that met the inclusion criteria. In total, 169 cases (75 females; 94 males) from 15 countries with a spectrum of COVID-19 severities were reviewed. Gustatory perturbations were prevalent in over 70%. Mucocutaneous manifestations were reported predominantly on the tongue, palate, buccal mucosa, gingivae, and lips and included ulcers, blisters, erosions, papillary hyperplasia, macules, glossitis, and mucositis. Ulcerative lesions, present in over 50 percent, were the most common oral manifestation. Lesions resembling candidal infections, with burning mouth, were prevalent in 19%. Petechiae and angina bullosa were generally seen, subsequent to COVID-19 therapies, in 11%. Ulcerated, necrotic gingivae were documented in severely ill with poor oral hygiene. These manifestations, present across the COVID-19 disease spectrum, were commonly associated with the immunosuppressed state and/ or the concurrent antimicrobial/steroidal therapies. In summary, a wide variety of orofacial mucocutaneous lesions manifest in COVID-19. They are likely to be secondary to the disease-associated immune impairment and/or pharmaco-therapy rather than a direct result of SARS-CoV-2 infection per se.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Borvornwut Buranawat
- Department of Periodontics and Implant Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Hien Ngo
- Dental School, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
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25
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Differences in dynamic perception of salty taste intensity between young and older adults. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7558. [PMID: 35534590 PMCID: PMC9082481 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11442-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In super-aged societies, high salt intake substantially increases the risk of stroke and cardiovascular disease. Perceived low salty taste often prompts the addition of table salt to food. However, it remains unclear how older adults perceive the nature and intensity of salty taste in the mouth and brain. We compared the perceptions of salty taste intensities of older adults with those of young adults. Participants were 74 healthy adults: 31 older (age, 60–81 years [65.0 ± 5.5 SD]) and 43 young (age, 21–39 years [25.0 ± 3.6 SD]). Our research project comprises three sequential experiments. This article reports on the first two, which were (1) static and (2) dynamic sensory evaluations of taste perceptions in the mouth. Participants assessed the taste of 0.3 M and 0.5 M sodium chloride solutions in two types of sensory evaluations: (1) a cup tasting test, in which they sipped the solution from cups, spat it out, and rated static salty taste intensity, and (2) a time-intensity sensory evaluation, in which the solutions were delivered to participants’ tongues through a custom-made delivery system while they recorded dynamic taste intensities on a hand-held meter. Older adults perceived significantly lower taste intensities than young adults (p = 0.004 and p < 0.001 for 0.3 M and 0.5 M, respectively). Reaction timings for both solutions did not differ, but the slopes for both concentrations were significantly lower for older adults than for young adults (p < 0.001). Using a standardized system allowed us to evaluate and directly compare real-time feedback on taste intensities according to age. This study is the first to characterize the time-intensity profiles of salty taste intensity in older adults. Our findings show that older adults do not take longer to recognize a salty taste, but their perception of taste intensity slowly increases, and yet remains lower than that of young adults. This suggests that older adults should be aware of the tendency to add more salt to their food to compensate for their low perceptions of salty taste. We would like to suggest them to savor and chew sufficiently during eating to optimize the perceived salty taste. Furthermore, our results offer a reference for ordinary citizens’ taste-intensity perceptions; our standardized system could be usefully integrated into clinical follow-up examinations and treatments.
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26
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Kornbausch N, Debong MW, Buettner A, Heydel JM, Loos H. Odorant Metabolism in Humans. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202202866. [PMID: 35522818 PMCID: PMC9541901 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202202866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Odorants are relatively small molecules which are easily taken up and distributed in the human body. Despite their relevance in everyday life, however, only a limited amount of evidence about their metabolism, pathways, and bioactivities in the human body exists. With this Review, we aim to encourage future interdisciplinary research on the function and mechanisms of the biotransformation of odorants, involving different disciplines such as nutrition, medicine, biochemistry, chemistry, and sensory sciences. Starting with a general overview of the different ways of odorant uptake and enzymes involved in the metabolism of odorants, a more precise description of biotransformation processes and their function in the oral cavity, the nose, the lower respiratory tract (LRT), and the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is given together with an overview of the different routes of odorant excretion. Finally, perspectives for future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Kornbausch
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Chemistry and Pharmacy, GERMANY
| | - Marcel W Debong
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Chemistry and Pharmacy, GERMANY
| | - Andrea Buettner
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Chemistry and Pharmacy, GERMANY
| | - Jean-Marie Heydel
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation: Centre des Sciences du Gout et de l'Alimentation, Flavour perception: from molecule to behavior, FRANCE
| | - Helene Loos
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Henkestr. 9, 91054, Erlangen, GERMANY
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27
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Kornbausch N, Debong MW, Buettner A, Heydel JM, Loos H. Odorant Metabolism in Humans. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202202866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Kornbausch
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Chemistry and Pharmacy GERMANY
| | - Marcel W. Debong
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Chemistry and Pharmacy GERMANY
| | - Andrea Buettner
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Chemistry and Pharmacy GERMANY
| | - Jean-Marie Heydel
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation: Centre des Sciences du Gout et de l'Alimentation Flavour perception: from molecule to behavior FRANCE
| | - Helene Loos
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Chemistry and Pharmacy Henkestr. 9 91054 Erlangen GERMANY
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28
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Tomasino B, Pellitteri G, Bax F, Marini A, Surcinelli A, Gigli GL, Valente M. Multisensory mental representation in covid-19 patients and the possibility of long-lasting gustatory and olfactory dysfunction in the CNS. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7340. [PMID: 35513422 PMCID: PMC9069215 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11119-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Gustatory (GD) and olfactory (OD) dysfunctions are the most frequent neurological manifestations of COVID-19. We used mental imagery as an experimental psychological paradigm to access olfactory and gustatory brain representations in 80 Italian COVID-19 adult patients (68.75% reported both OD and GD). COVID-19 patients with OD + GD have a significantly and selectively decreased vividness of odor and taste imagery, indicating that COVID-19 has an effect on their chemosensory mental representations. OD + GD length and type influenced the status of mental chemosensory representations. OD + GD were become all COVID-19 negative at the time of testing. Data suggest that patients are not explicitly aware of long-term altered chemosensory processing. However, differences emerge when their chemosensory function is implicitly assessed using self-ratings. Among patients developing OD + GD, self-ratings of chemosensory function (taste, flavor) were significantly lower as compared to those who did not. At the level of mental representation, such differences can be further detected, in terms of a reduced ability to mentally activate an odor or taste mental image. Our study shows that COVID-19 infection not only frequently causes hyposmia and dysgeusia, but that may also alter the mental representations responsible for olfactory and gustatory perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Tomasino
- Scientific Institute IRCCS "Eugenio Medea", Polo Regionale del Friuli Venezia Giulia, Via della Bontà, 7, 33078, San Vito Al Tagliamento, PN, Italy.
| | - Gaia Pellitteri
- Clinical Neurology, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy.,Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine (DAME), University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Francesco Bax
- Clinical Neurology, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy.,Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine (DAME), University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Alessandro Marini
- Clinical Neurology, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy.,Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine (DAME), University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Andrea Surcinelli
- Clinical Neurology, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy.,Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine (DAME), University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Gian Luigi Gigli
- Clinical Neurology, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy.,Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine (DAME), University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Mariarosaria Valente
- Clinical Neurology, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy.,Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine (DAME), University of Udine, Udine, Italy
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29
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Odor Identification by Parkinson’s Disease Patients Tested by Using Sniffin’ Sticks versus Natural Spices. PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2022; 2022:2272691. [PMID: 35529474 PMCID: PMC9072051 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2272691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Hyposmia is a frequent symptom of Parkinson's disease (PD), which greatly impacts patients' flavor perception and their quality of life. However, PD patients recognize some odors better than others. Identifying which food odors are still recognized by PD patients may be useful for flavor enhancement. Our aim was to evaluate the olfactory identification of Sniffin' Sticks and spice odorants in PD patients and healthy controls (HC), to identify the impact of synthetic odorants compared with real-life food and the impact of odor familiarity and pleasantness on odorant identification in PD patients. Methods Sniffin' Sticks odorant identification was evaluated in 80 PD patients and 105 age-matched HC. In a subset, the spice odorant identification was evaluated. Results The mean total score was higher for the Sniffin' Sticks than for the spice odor identification test in all participants (55.4% versus 22.5%). Sniffin' Sticks orange, peppermint, rose, and fish odorants were best correctly identified by PD patients, by 62.5, 53.8, 52.9, and 57.5%, respectively. Of the spice odor identification test, garlic and “no stimulus” were best correctly identified by PD patients, by, respectively, 38.2 and 67.6%. HC identified most Sniffin' Sticks odorants and spices better than PD patients. Odorant familiarity determined real-life food odorant identification. Conclusion This study demonstrates that some food odorants, both the commercial Sniffin' Sticks as natural odorants, are still recognized by PD patients. Sniffin' Sticks were better recognized compared with real-life odorants, by both HC and PD patients. Odorant familiarity determined PD patients' odorant identification; therefore, familiar food odorants may have potential for a future flavor enhancement. Implications. This is the first study, to our knowledge, to evaluate real-life food odor identification in PD patients. Our results provide a first step towards patient-appropriate flavor enhancement strategies in PD.
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30
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Walker
- General Surgery, St George's Hospital, Tooting SW17 0QT, UK
| | | | | | - Claire Hopkins
- ENT Department, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospitals, London SE1 9RT, UK
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31
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Lopalco A, Manni A, Keeley A, Haider S, Li W, Lopedota A, Altomare CD, Denora N, Tuleu C. In Vivo Investigation of (2-Hydroxypropyl)-β-cyclodextrin-Based Formulation of Spironolactone in Aqueous Solution for Paediatric Use. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14040780. [PMID: 35456614 PMCID: PMC9029429 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14040780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Spironolactone (SPL), a potent anti-aldosterone steroidal drug used to treat several diseases in paediatric patients (e.g., hypertension, primary aldosteronism, Bartter’s syndrome, and congestive heart failure), is not available in child-friendly dosage forms, and spironolactone liquids have been reported to be unpalatable. Aiming to enhance SPL solubility in aqueous solution and overcome palatability, herein, the effects of (2-hydroxypropyl)-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CyD) were thoroughly investigated on solubilisation in water and on masking the unpleasant taste of SPL in vivo. Although the complexation of SPL with HP-β-CyD was demonstrated through phase solubility studies, Job’s plot, NMR and computational docking studies, our in vivo tests did not show significant effects on taste aversion. Our findings, on the one hand, suggest that the formation of an inclusion complex of SPL with HP-β-CyD itself is not necessarily a good indicator for an acceptable degree of palatability, whereas, on the other hand, they constitute the basis for investigating other cyclodextrin-based formulations of the poorly water-soluble steroidal drug, including solid dosage forms, such as spray-dried powders and orodispersible tablets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Lopalco
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70125 Bari, Italy; (A.L.); (A.L.); (C.D.A.)
| | - Annachiara Manni
- School of Pharmacy, University College of London, 29/39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK; (A.M.); (A.K.); (S.H.); (C.T.)
- Food and Drug Department, University of Parma, Parco Area Delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Alexander Keeley
- School of Pharmacy, University College of London, 29/39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK; (A.M.); (A.K.); (S.H.); (C.T.)
| | - Shozeb Haider
- School of Pharmacy, University College of London, 29/39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK; (A.M.); (A.K.); (S.H.); (C.T.)
| | - Wenliang Li
- Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK;
- Cranfield Water Science Institute, School of Water, Environment and Energy, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK
| | - Angela Lopedota
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70125 Bari, Italy; (A.L.); (A.L.); (C.D.A.)
| | - Cosimo Damiano Altomare
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70125 Bari, Italy; (A.L.); (A.L.); (C.D.A.)
| | - Nunzio Denora
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70125 Bari, Italy; (A.L.); (A.L.); (C.D.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-080-544-2767
| | - Catherine Tuleu
- School of Pharmacy, University College of London, 29/39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK; (A.M.); (A.K.); (S.H.); (C.T.)
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32
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Patel ZM, Holbrook EH, Turner JH, Adappa ND, Albers MW, Altundag A, Appenzeller S, Costanzo RM, Croy I, Davis GE, Dehgani-Mobaraki P, Doty RL, Duffy VB, Goldstein BJ, Gudis DA, Haehner A, Higgins TS, Hopkins C, Huart C, Hummel T, Jitaroon K, Kern RC, Khanwalkar AR, Kobayashi M, Kondo K, Lane AP, Lechner M, Leopold DA, Levy JM, Marmura MJ, Mclelland L, Miwa T, Moberg PJ, Mueller CA, Nigwekar SU, O'Brien EK, Paunescu TG, Pellegrino R, Philpott C, Pinto JM, Reiter ER, Roalf DR, Rowan NR, Schlosser RJ, Schwob J, Seiden AM, Smith TL, Soler ZM, Sowerby L, Tan BK, Thamboo A, Wrobel B, Yan CH. International consensus statement on allergy and rhinology: Olfaction. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2022; 12:327-680. [PMID: 35373533 DOI: 10.1002/alr.22929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The literature regarding clinical olfaction, olfactory loss, and olfactory dysfunction has expanded rapidly over the past two decades, with an exponential rise in the past year. There is substantial variability in the quality of this literature and a need to consolidate and critically review the evidence. It is with that aim that we have gathered experts from around the world to produce this International Consensus on Allergy and Rhinology: Olfaction (ICAR:O). METHODS Using previously described methodology, specific topics were developed relating to olfaction. Each topic was assigned a literature review, evidence-based review, or evidence-based review with recommendations format as dictated by available evidence and scope within the ICAR:O document. Following iterative reviews of each topic, the ICAR:O document was integrated and reviewed by all authors for final consensus. RESULTS The ICAR:O document reviews nearly 100 separate topics within the realm of olfaction, including diagnosis, epidemiology, disease burden, diagnosis, testing, etiology, treatment, and associated pathologies. CONCLUSION This critical review of the existing clinical olfaction literature provides much needed insight and clarity into the evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of patients with olfactory dysfunction, while also clearly delineating gaps in our knowledge and evidence base that we should investigate further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zara M Patel
- Otolaryngology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Eric H Holbrook
- Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Justin H Turner
- Otolaryngology, Vanderbilt School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Nithin D Adappa
- Otolaryngology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mark W Albers
- Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Aytug Altundag
- Otolaryngology, Biruni University School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Simone Appenzeller
- Rheumatology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Richard M Costanzo
- Physiology and Biophysics and Otolaryngology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Ilona Croy
- Psychology and Psychosomatic Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Greg E Davis
- Otolaryngology, Proliance Surgeons, Seattle and Puyallup, Washington, USA
| | - Puya Dehgani-Mobaraki
- Associazione Naso Sano, Umbria Regional Registry of Volunteer Activities, Corciano, Italy
| | - Richard L Doty
- Smell and Taste Center, Otolaryngology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Valerie B Duffy
- Allied Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - David A Gudis
- Otolaryngology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Antje Haehner
- Smell and Taste, Otolaryngology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas S Higgins
- Otolaryngology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Claire Hopkins
- Otolaryngology, Guy's and St. Thomas' Hospitals, London Bridge Hospital, London, UK
| | - Caroline Huart
- Otorhinolaryngology, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholgique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Smell and Taste, Otolaryngology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Robert C Kern
- Otolaryngology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ashoke R Khanwalkar
- Otolaryngology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Masayoshi Kobayashi
- Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan
| | - Kenji Kondo
- Otolaryngology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Andrew P Lane
- Otolaryngology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Matt Lechner
- Otolaryngology, Barts Health and University College London, London, UK
| | - Donald A Leopold
- Otolaryngology, University of Vermont Medical Center, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Joshua M Levy
- Otolaryngology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Michael J Marmura
- Neurology Thomas Jefferson University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lisha Mclelland
- Otolaryngology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Takaki Miwa
- Otolaryngology, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Paul J Moberg
- Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Sagar U Nigwekar
- Division of Nephrology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Erin K O'Brien
- Otolaryngology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Teodor G Paunescu
- Division of Nephrology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Carl Philpott
- Otolaryngology, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Jayant M Pinto
- Otolaryngology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Evan R Reiter
- Otolaryngology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - David R Roalf
- Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nicholas R Rowan
- Otolaryngology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Rodney J Schlosser
- Otolaryngology, Medical University of South Carolina, Mt Pleasant, South Carolina, USA
| | - James Schwob
- Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Allen M Seiden
- Otolaryngology, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Timothy L Smith
- Otolaryngology, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Zachary M Soler
- Otolaryngology, Medical University of South Carolina, Mt Pleasant, South Carolina, USA
| | - Leigh Sowerby
- Otolaryngology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bruce K Tan
- Otolaryngology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Andrew Thamboo
- Otolaryngology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Bozena Wrobel
- Otolaryngology, Keck School of Medicine, USC, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Carol H Yan
- Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, UCSD, La Jolla, California, USA
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Astringency Sensitivity to Tannic Acid: Effect of Ageing and Saliva. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27051617. [PMID: 35268718 PMCID: PMC8911968 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27051617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Astringency is an important sensory characteristic of food and beverages containing polyphenols. However, astringency perception in elderly people has not been previously documented. The aim of the present work was to evaluate sensitivity to astringency as a function of age, salivary flow and protein amount. Fifty-four panellists, including 30 elderly people (age = 75 ± 4.2 years) and 24 young people (age = 29.4 ± 3.8 years), participated in this study. Astringency sensitivity was evaluated by the 2-alternative forced choice (2-AFC) procedure using tannic acid solutions. Whole saliva was collected for 5 min before and after the sensory tests. The results showed that the astringency threshold was significantly higher in the elderly group than the young group. No correlation was observed between the salivary protein amount and threshold value. However, a negative correlation between salivary flow and threshold was observed in the young group only. These results showed a difference in oral astringency perception as a function of age. This difference can be linked to salivary properties that differ as a function of age.
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Vidanage D, Prathapan S, Hettiarachchi P, Wasalathanthri S. Impact of aerobic exercises on taste perception for sucrose in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus; A randomized controlled trial. BMC Endocr Disord 2022; 22:22. [PMID: 35033049 PMCID: PMC8760725 DOI: 10.1186/s12902-022-00936-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regular exercise is a key element in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Although the importance of regular exercises on glycemic control in people with diabetes is studied extensively, evidence is lacking on its impact on sweet taste perception. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the impact of aerobic exercises on taste perception for sucrose in people with diabetes. METHODS A sample of 225 people with diabetes aged 35-60 years was assigned randomly into 3 groups; aerobic exercise, combined exercise and a control group. The outcomes of the combined exercise group is not reported. The aerobic exercise group performed brisk walking 30min/day, 4-5days/week for 6 months. The primary outcome measures were supra-threshold intensity ratings and preference for sucrose assessed at baseline, at 3 and 6 months using 'general Labeled Magnitude Scale' and 'Monell 2-series-forced choice method' respectively. Glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) level was assessed at baseline and at 6 months to determine glycemic control. RESULTS Aerobic exercise group showed significantly increased ratings (mm) for higher sucrose concentrations at 3 months (mean difference for 2.02M; +6.63±2.50, p=0.048 and for 0.64M; +7.26±2.76, p=0.026) and at 6 months (mean difference for 0.64M; +7.79±4.49, p= 0.044) compared to baseline and also when compared to controls (mean difference for 2.02M between baseline and 3 months; intervention: +6.63±2.50, control: -4.01±1.79, p=0.02 and between baseline and 6 months for 2.02M; intervention: +3.15±0.57, control: -7.96±0.40, p=0.022 and for 0.64M; intervention: +7.79±4.49, control: -8.98±0.99, p=0.003). A significantly reduced preference (mol/L) was seen both at 3 (mean difference; -0.03±0.02, p= 0.037) and at 6 months (mean difference; -0.05±0.12, p=0.011) compared to baseline within the intervention group. Also, a significant reduction was seen in the intervention group compared to controls at 6 months (mean difference; intervention: -0.05±0.12, control: 0.01±0.03, p=0.044). HbA1c was significantly reduced in the intervention group compared to controls at 6 months (mean difference; intervention -0.43±1.6%, control +0.33±1.8%, p=0.018). CONCLUSION Regular aerobic exercises increase the sweet taste sensitivity, especially for higher concentrations of sucrose and decrease sweet taste preference in people with diabetes . These alterations in sweet taste perception, are likely to contribute to a better glycemic control in people with diabetes. TRIAL REGISTRATION This trial was registered at the Sri Lanka Clinical Trial registry on 16/12/2015. (Trial registration number- SLCTR/2015/029 , https://slctr.lk/trials/slctr-2015-029).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinithi Vidanage
- Department of Nursing & Midwifery, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, General Sir John Kotelawala Defence University, Kandawala Road, Ratmalana, 10390, Sri Lanka
| | - Shamini Prathapan
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Gangodawila, Nugegoda, 10250, Sri Lanka
| | - Priyadarshika Hettiarachchi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Gangodawila, Nugegoda, 10250, Sri Lanka.
| | - Sudharshani Wasalathanthri
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Kinsey Road, Colombo 08, 00800, Sri Lanka
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Tan SY, Hack C, Yu C, Rennick I, Ohanian J, Dezan M, Mott N, Manibo R, Tucker RM. Alterations in sweet taste function in adults with diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and potential implications. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 63:2613-2625. [PMID: 34904473 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.2015282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Diet therapy for diabetes involves controlling carbohydrate intake in order to manage blood glucose concentrations. Simple carbohydrates, like sucrose, quickly and potently raise blood glucose when ingested, and are typically perceived as sweet. Sweetness is innately pleasurable and contributes to the positive hedonic evaluation of foods and beverages. There is some evidence to suggest that individuals with diabetes mellitus may be less able to detect sweetness, which could result in increased intake and, thus, more difficulty managing blood glucose. A systematic review that included PubMed, PsycInfo, and Embase databases was conducted. Inclusion criteria included observational studies that investigated the sweet taste function of adults with and without diabetes mellitus (Prospero CRD42021225058). The quality of the final included studies was assessed using the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics' Evidence Analysis Library Quality Criteria Checklist: Primary Research tool. Eighteen studies that compared sweet taste thresholds, intensity ratings, or hedonic responses in adults both with and without diabetes were included. Differences in sweet taste thresholds, both detection and recognition, indicated that individuals with diabetes were less sensitive than healthy controls. The same findings were observed for intensity ratings. Only two studies examined hedonic responses; results were inconclusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sze-Yen Tan
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Australia.,Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), Deakin University, Burwood, Australia
| | - Caitlyn Hack
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Australia
| | - Cindy Yu
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Australia
| | - Isabella Rennick
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Australia
| | - James Ohanian
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Australia
| | - Marina Dezan
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Australia
| | - Nicole Mott
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Australia
| | - Rebecca Manibo
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Australia
| | - Robin M Tucker
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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Thomas DC, Chablani D, Parekh S, Pichammal RC, Shanmugasundaram K, Pitchumani PK. Dysgeusia: A review in the context of COVID-19. J Am Dent Assoc 2021; 153:251-264. [PMID: 34799014 PMCID: PMC8595926 DOI: 10.1016/j.adaj.2021.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Background Taste disorders in general, and dysgeusia in particular, are relatively common disorders that may be a sign of a more complex acute or chronic medical condition. During the COVID-19 pandemic, taste disorders have found their way into the realm of general as well as specialty dentistry, with significance in screening for patients who potentially may have the virus. Types of Studies Reviewed The authors searched electronic databases (PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Google Scholar) for studies focused on dysgeusia, ageusia, and other taste disorders and their relationship to local and systemic causes. Results The authors found pertinent literature explaining the normal physiology of taste sensation, proposals for suggested new tastes, presence of gustatory receptors in remote tissues of the body, and etiology and pathophysiology of taste disorders, in addition to the valuable knowledge gained about gustatory disorders in the context of COVID-19. Along with olfactory disorders, taste disorders are one of the earliest suggestive symptoms of COVID-19 infection. Conclusions Gustatory disorders are the result of local or systemic etiology or both. Newer taste sensations, such as calcium and fat tastes, have been discovered, as well as taste receptors that are remote from the oropharyngeal area. Literature published during the COVID-19 pandemic to date reinforces the significance of early detection of potential patients with COVID-19 by means of screening for recent-onset taste disorders. Practical Implications Timely screening and identification of potential gustatory disorders are paramount for the dental care practitioner to aid in the early diagnosis of COVID-19 and other serious systemic disorders.
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Niimi A, Saito J, Kamei T, Shinkai M, Ishihara H, Machida M, Miyazaki S. Randomised trial of the P2X 3 receptor antagonist sivopixant for refractory chronic cough. Eur Respir J 2021; 59:13993003.00725-2021. [PMID: 34649978 PMCID: PMC9176336 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00725-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background The purinoceptor subtype P2X3 has been shown to have significant involvement in the cough reflex; the heterotrimer version of the purinoceptor (P2X2/3) has been implicated in taste disturbance. The most advanced clinical candidate antagonist gefapixant has low selectivity among P2X3 receptors and induced taste disturbance, whereas newly developed sivopixant has high selectivity towards P2X3versus P2X2/3. Methods In a phase 2a, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover, multicentre study, adult patients with refractory or unexplained chronic cough received oral sivopixant 150 mg or placebo once daily for 2 weeks, followed by a 2–3-week washout period, and then crossed over to placebo or sivopixant for 2 weeks. Efficacy and safety of sivopixant were evaluated. Results Of 31 randomised patients, 15 in the sivopixant-first group and 15 in the placebo-first group completed the study. After 2 weeks of treatment, the placebo-adjusted ratios of the average hourly number of coughs to baseline during daytime (primary end-point) and over 24 h (secondary end-point) were −31.6% (p=0.0546) and −30.9% (p=0.0386), respectively. Sivopixant also improved health-related quality of life. Treatment-related adverse events occurred in 12.9% and 3.2% of patients during sivopixant and placebo administration, respectively. Mild taste disturbance occurred in two patients (6.5%) during sivopixant administration. Conclusions Sivopixant reduced objective cough frequency and improved health-related quality of life, with a low incidence of taste disturbance, among patients with refractory or unexplained chronic cough. This study shows the efficacy of a highly selective P2X3 receptor antagonist to reduce cough frequency, with low incidence of taste disturbance. Sivopixant may be a promising therapeutic option for refractory or unexplained chronic cough.https://bit.ly/3awojQH
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Affiliation(s)
- Akio Niimi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Nagoya City University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Junpei Saito
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Tadashi Kamei
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kamei Internal Medicine and Respiratory Clinic, Kagawa, Japan
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Honnens de Lichtenberg Broge E, Wendin K, Rasmussen MA, Bredie WL. Changes in perception and liking for everyday food odors among older adults. Food Qual Prefer 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2021.104254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Jendrny P, Twele F, Meller S, Osterhaus ADME, Schalke E, Volk HA. Canine olfactory detection and its relevance to medical detection. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:838. [PMID: 34412582 PMCID: PMC8375464 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06523-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The extraordinary olfactory sense of canines combined with the possibility to learn by operant conditioning enables dogs for their use in medical detection in a wide range of applications. Research on the ability of medical detection dogs for the identification of individuals with infectious or non-infectious diseases has been promising, but compared to the well-established and-accepted use of sniffer dogs by the police, army and customs for substances such as money, explosives or drugs, the deployment of medical detection dogs is still in its infancy. There are several factors to be considered for standardisation prior to deployment of canine scent detection dogs. Individual odours in disease consist of different volatile organic molecules that differ in magnitude, volatility and concentration. Olfaction can be influenced by various parameters like genetics, environmental conditions, age, hydration, nutrition, microbiome, conditioning, training, management factors, diseases and pharmaceuticals. This review discusses current knowledge on the function and importance of canines' olfaction and evaluates its limitations and the potential role of the dog as a biomedical detector for infectious and non-infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Jendrny
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 9, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Friederike Twele
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 9, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sebastian Meller
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 9, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Esther Schalke
- Bundeswehr School of Dog Handling, Gräfin-Maltzan-Kaserne, Hochstraße, 56766, Ulmen, Germany
| | - Holger Andreas Volk
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 9, 30559, Hannover, Germany.
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van den Brink M, IJpma I, Tissing WJE, Havermans RC. Taste dysfunction in children - a clinical perspective and review of assessment methods. Chem Senses 2021; 46:6347383. [PMID: 34374747 PMCID: PMC8412178 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjab035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Taste dysfunction has been associated with aging and is therefore thought to be less common in children. However, children can face medical conditions influencing their taste function. Measuring and understanding taste dysfunction in children may foster the development of treatments/interventions mitigating the detrimental effects of taste dysfunction on children's appetite and quality of life. But measuring loss of taste function requires adequate tools. This review was conducted to (1) provide an overview of etiologies (i.e., disease and iatrogenic) associated with taste dysfunction in a pediatric population; (2) to investigate which tools (psychophysical tests and questionnaires) are available to assess taste function in children; and (3) to identify what tools can be and are actually used in clinical practice. It is concluded that only a minority of available tools to assess taste function in children are readily suitable for a pediatric clinical setting. Considering the profound impact of taste dysfunction in the pediatric setting, developing and implementing a standard taste test that is sensitive, simple, and practical to use with children is pertinent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam van den Brink
- Laboratory of Behavioural Gastronomy, Centre for Healthy Eating and Food Innovation, Maastricht University Campus Venlo, Venlo, the Netherlands.,Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Irene IJpma
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Wim J E Tissing
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University of Groningen, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Remco C Havermans
- Laboratory of Behavioural Gastronomy, Centre for Healthy Eating and Food Innovation, Maastricht University Campus Venlo, Venlo, the Netherlands
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Kusnik A, Weiss C, Neubauer M, Huber B, Gerigk M, Miethke T, Hunter N, Rotter N, Ludwig S, Schell A, Ebert MP, Teufel A. Presence of gustatory and olfactory dysfunction in the time of the COVID-19 pandemic. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:612. [PMID: 34174816 PMCID: PMC8234756 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06294-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The unexpected outbreak of the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) caused more than 49 million cases and an estimated 2,000,000 associated deaths worldwide. In Germany, there are currently more than 2,000,000 laboratory-confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases including 51,800 deaths. However, regional differences also became apparent and with the second wave of infections, the detailed characterization of COVID-19 patients is crucial to early diagnosis and disruption of chains of infections. METHODS Handing out detailed questionnaires to all individuals tested for COVID-19, we evaluated the clinical characteristics of negative and positive tested individuals. Expression of symptoms, symptom duration and association between predictor variables (i.e. age, gender) and a binary outcome (olfactory and gustatory dysfunction) were assessed. RESULTS Overall, the most common symptoms among individuals who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 were fatigue, headache, and cough. Olfactory and gustatory dysfunction were also reported by many SARS-CoV-2 negative individuals, more than 20% of SARS-CoV-2 negative tested individuals in our study reported olfactory and gustatory dysfunction. Independent of SARS-CoV-2 status, more females displayed symptoms of gustatory (29.8%, p = 0.0041) and olfactory dysfunction (22.9%, p = 0.0174) compared to men. CONCLUSIONS Bringing early SARS-CoV-2 tests to the populations at risk must be a main focus for the upcoming months. The reliability of olfactory and gustatory dysfunction in COVID-19 negative tested individuals requires deeper investigation in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kusnik
- Department of Medicine II, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Clincial Cooperation Unit Healthy Metabolism, Center for Preventive Medicine Baden-Württemberg, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Christel Weiss
- Department of Statistics, Biomathematics and Information Processing, Heinrich Lanz Center for Digital Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Melanie Neubauer
- Department of Medicine II, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Bianca Huber
- Department of Medicine II, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Marlis Gerigk
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Medical Faculty of Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Thomas Miethke
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Medical Faculty of Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
- Mannheim Institute for Innate Immunoscience (MI3), Medical Faculty of Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Nicole Hunter
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Medical Faculty of Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Nicole Rotter
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sonja Ludwig
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Angela Schell
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Matthias P Ebert
- Department of Medicine II, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Clincial Cooperation Unit Healthy Metabolism, Center for Preventive Medicine Baden-Württemberg, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Andreas Teufel
- Department of Medicine II, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
- Clincial Cooperation Unit Healthy Metabolism, Center for Preventive Medicine Baden-Württemberg, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
- Department of Medicine II, Division of Hepatology, Division of Clinical Bioinformatics, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
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Abstract
The sense of taste is rarely assessed quantitatively outside of a limited number of academic and industrial laboratories, despite its role in influencing nutrition, the flavor of foods and beverages, and protection against ingestion of spoiled and toxic foodstuffs. This dearth reflects, in part, practical limitations of most taste tests, most notably their reliance on liquid stimuli for stimulus presentation or rinsing. In this study, a novel portable taste test that requires neither liquid tastants nor liquid rinses is described and validated within a clinic population. This test, termed the Waterless Empirical Taste Test (WETT®), uses stimuli that are embedded in pads of monometer cellulose located on disposable plastic strips applied to the tongue's surface. The test-retest and split-half reliability coefficients of the WETT® were 0.92 and 0.88, respectively. These respective coefficients for sucrose, NaCl, citric acid, caffeine, and MSG were 0.82 and 0.80, 0.78 and 0.77, 0.56 and 0.73, and 0.84 and 0.84. The WETT® exhibited comparable, in some cases higher, sensitivity than two comparison taste tests, the Whole Mouth Taste Test and the Taste Quadrant Taste Test, to age, sex, etiology (head trauma vs. upper respiratory infections), and phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) taste ability. This study demonstrates that a taste test that does not require liquids can be as reliable and sensitive as more traditional liquid-based taste tests to clinical alterations in taste function.
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Breijyeh Z, Karaman R. Enzyme Models-From Catalysis to Prodrugs. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26113248. [PMID: 34071328 PMCID: PMC8198240 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymes are highly specific biological catalysts that accelerate the rate of chemical reactions within the cell. Our knowledge of how enzymes work remains incomplete. Computational methodologies such as molecular mechanics (MM) and quantum mechanical (QM) methods play an important role in elucidating the detailed mechanisms of enzymatic reactions where experimental research measurements are not possible. Theories invoked by a variety of scientists indicate that enzymes work as structural scaffolds that serve to bring together and orient the reactants so that the reaction can proceed with minimum energy. Enzyme models can be utilized for mimicking enzyme catalysis and the development of novel prodrugs. Prodrugs are used to enhance the pharmacokinetics of drugs; classical prodrug approaches focus on alternating the physicochemical properties, while chemical modern approaches are based on the knowledge gained from the chemistry of enzyme models and correlations between experimental and calculated rate values of intramolecular processes (enzyme models). A large number of prodrugs have been designed and developed to improve the effectiveness and pharmacokinetics of commonly used drugs, such as anti-Parkinson (dopamine), antiviral (acyclovir), antimalarial (atovaquone), anticancer (azanucleosides), antifibrinolytic (tranexamic acid), antihyperlipidemia (statins), vasoconstrictors (phenylephrine), antihypertension (atenolol), antibacterial agents (amoxicillin, cephalexin, and cefuroxime axetil), paracetamol, and guaifenesin. This article describes the works done on enzyme models and the computational methods used to understand enzyme catalysis and to help in the development of efficient prodrugs.
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Agarwal V, Joshi I. Need for Nutritious Convenience Foods for the Elderly Population: A Review. CURRENT NUTRITION & FOOD SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1573401316999201009144719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Worldwide, the population of elderly persons is rising at a very fast rate. Elderly people
have difficulties in performing day to day activities as the aging process deteriorates the normal
functioning of their body. There is risk of inadequate nutrition because of difficulties in shopping
for food, cooking a meal, chewing and putting food in mouth. Vision loss makes cooking, and even
eating, more difficult. Some elderly people live alone or with their spouses. Cooking for one or two
persons/s is not very stimulating. These changes have a great role to play in changing the eating
habits of the elderly which may affect their nutrient intake. All these factors may cause nutritional
deficiencies, malnutrition and other health problems among them. There are major opportunities to
develop convenience food products in order to meet the changing needs of aging population. In order
to get maximum product acceptance, it is important to combine the elements of convenience
and affordability. While designing products for elderly, it is desirable to modify the food consistency
to assist in swallowing, make it nutrient-dense and design it in a way that it can be easily handled
and eaten. The packaging can be easy to open, information written in large fonts and contrasting
colours to help in easy reading. The availability of nutritious ‘ready-meals’ can serve as an opportunity
for elderly people who do not want to cook or have low interest in cooking. This can provide
a variety of healthier food choices to them and help to reduce malnutrition. Access to nutritious
convenience food products can facilitate a positive intervention to the aging consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vyoma Agarwal
- Department of Home Science, IIS (Deemed to be University), Jaipur 302020, India
| | - Ila Joshi
- Department of Home Science, IIS (Deemed to be University), Jaipur 302020, India
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Immune gustatory processing: immune responses to drugs shape peripheral taste signals. CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2021.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Stankevice D, Fjaeldstad AW, Ovesen T. Isolated taste disorders in patients referred to a flavor clinic with taste and smell loss. Brain Behav 2021; 11:e02071. [PMID: 33591647 PMCID: PMC8035467 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Approximately five percent of the general population are suffering from taste disorders. Usually, subjective loss of taste is caused by smell disorders; thus, isolated loss of the sense of taste is relatively rare. Despite the influence on quality of life, isolated taste disorders (ITD) are sparsely represented in literature and clinical research. In particular, there is need for sufficient diagnostic and treatment algorithms. Aim of study is to add further information to the sparse literature on ITD and suggest an appropriate diagnostic algorithm for ITD. METHODS We present a retrospective study on patients with ITD diagnosed at the Flavour clinic, ENT department, Regional Hospital West Jutland, between 2017 and 2020. All patients underwent a thorough rhinolaryngological and otoneurologic examination, including olfactory and gustatory assessment, and a wide spectrum of biochemical, microbiological, and radiological examinations. RESULTS In total, 522 patients referred due to smell and/or taste disorders, 423 (81%) complained of a subjective taste disorder, only 19 (3.4%) patients were diagnosed with ITD. According to etiology, the patients were categorized in following groups: medicine-related (25%), mixed (21%), iatrogenic (21%), idiopathic (11%), radiotherapy-related (11%), and autoimmune/inflammatory (11%). Based on etiology, individualized treatment was recommended with very discouraging results. INTERPRETATION Diagnostics of taste disorders is a delicate and expertise demanding task. The mechanisms underlying isolated loss of taste are heterogeneous. ENT and otoneurologic examination, and specific olfactory and gustatory testing are required in all patients, whereas biochemical, microbiological, and radiological examinations are only necessary on an individual basis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Therese Ovesen
- ENT Department, Regional Hospital West Jutland, Holstebro, Denmark
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47
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Trevisan C, Noale M, Prinelli F, Maggi S, Sojic A, Di Bari M, Molinaro S, Bastiani L, Giacomelli A, Galli M, Adorni F, Antonelli Incalzi R, Pedone C. Age-Related Changes in Clinical Presentation of Covid-19: the EPICOVID19 Web-Based Survey. Eur J Intern Med 2021; 86:41-47. [PMID: 33579579 PMCID: PMC7846211 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2021.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The influence of aging and multimorbidity on Covid-19 clinical presentation is still unclear. OBJECTIVES We investigated whether the association between symptoms (or cluster of symptoms) and positive SARS-CoV-2 nasopharyngeal swab (NPS) was different according to patients' age and presence of multimorbidity. METHODS The study included 6680 participants in the EPICOVID19 web-based survey, who reported information about symptoms from February to June 2020 and who underwent at least one NPS. Symptom clusters were identified through hierarchical cluster analysis. The associations between symptoms (and clusters of symptoms) and positive NPS were investigated through multivariable binary logistic regression in the sample stratified by age (<65 vs ≥65 years) and number of chronic diseases (0 vs 1 vs ≥2). RESULTS The direct association between taste/smell disorders and positive NPS was weaker in older and multimorbid patients than in their younger and healthier counterparts. Having reported no symptoms reduced the chance of positive NPS by 86% in younger (95%CI: 0.11-0.18), and by 46% in older participants (95%CI: 0.37-0.79). Of the four symptom clusters identified (asymptomatic, generic, flu-like, and combined generic and flu-like symptoms), those associated with a higher probability of SARS-CoV-2 infection were the flu-like for older people, and the combined generic and flu-like for the younger ones. CONCLUSIONS Older age and pre-existing chronic diseases may influence the clinical presentation of Covid-19. Symptoms at disease onset tend to aggregate differently by age. New diagnostic algorithms considering age and chronic conditions may ease Covid-19 diagnosis and optimize health resources allocation. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT04471701 (ClinicalTrials.gov).
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Trevisan
- National Research Council-Neuroscience Institute, Aging Branch, Via Vincenzo Maria Gallucci 16, 35128 Padova, Italy; Geriatrics Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Marianna Noale
- National Research Council-Neuroscience Institute, Aging Branch, Via Vincenzo Maria Gallucci 16, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Federica Prinelli
- National Research Council-Institute of Biomedical Technologies, Epidemiology Unit, Via Fratelli Cervi 93, 20090 Segrate, Italy.
| | - Stefania Maggi
- National Research Council-Neuroscience Institute, Aging Branch, Via Vincenzo Maria Gallucci 16, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Aleksandra Sojic
- National Research Council-Institute of Biomedical Technologies, Epidemiology Unit, Via Fratelli Cervi 93, 20090 Segrate, Italy
| | - Mauro Di Bari
- Geriatric Intensive Care Medicine, University of Florence and Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi, Viale Peraccini 18, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Sabrina Molinaro
- National Research Council-Institute of Clinical Physiology, Epidemiology and Health Research Laboratory, Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Luca Bastiani
- National Research Council-Institute of Clinical Physiology, Epidemiology and Health Research Laboratory, Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Giacomelli
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, Università di Milano, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Galli
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, Università di Milano, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Fulvio Adorni
- National Research Council-Institute of Biomedical Technologies, Epidemiology Unit, Via Fratelli Cervi 93, 20090 Segrate, Italy
| | - Raffaele Antonelli Incalzi
- Geriatrics Unit, Department of Medicine, Biomedical Campus of Rome, via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio Pedone
- Geriatrics Unit, Department of Medicine, Biomedical Campus of Rome, via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Rome, Italy
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48
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Lindsay L. COVID-19-related smell and taste disorders: A guide for nurses. Nursing 2021; 51:50-53. [PMID: 33759865 DOI: 10.1097/01.nurse.0000736920.83024.0e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Olfactory impairment is recognized as a hallmark of COVID-19. This article highlights dysfunction of smell and taste associated with COVID-19 and discusses implications for nursing practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leasha Lindsay
- Leasha Lindsay is an assistant professor at Borough of Manhattan Community College in New York, N.Y
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49
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Meunier N, Briand L, Jacquin-Piques A, Brondel L, Pénicaud L. COVID 19-Induced Smell and Taste Impairments: Putative Impact on Physiology. Front Physiol 2021; 11:625110. [PMID: 33574768 PMCID: PMC7870487 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.625110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Smell and taste impairments are recognized as common symptoms in COVID 19 patients even in an asymptomatic phase. Indeed, depending on the country, in up to 85-90% of cases anosmia and dysgeusia are reported. We will review briefly the main mechanisms involved in the physiology of olfaction and taste focusing on receptors and transduction as well as the main neuroanatomical pathways. Then we will examine the current evidences, even if still fragmented and unsystematic, explaining the disturbances and mode of action of the virus at the level of the nasal and oral cavities. We will focus on its impact on the peripheral and central nervous system. Finally, considering the role of smell and taste in numerous physiological functions, especially in ingestive behavior, we will discuss the consequences on the physiology of the patients as well as management regarding food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Meunier
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Loïc Briand
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l’Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS UMR6265, INRAE UMR 1324, Université de Bourgogne Franche Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Agnès Jacquin-Piques
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l’Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS UMR6265, INRAE UMR 1324, Université de Bourgogne Franche Comté, Dijon, France
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University Hospital, Dijon, France
| | - Laurent Brondel
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l’Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS UMR6265, INRAE UMR 1324, Université de Bourgogne Franche Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Luc Pénicaud
- STROMALab, Université de Toulouse, CNRS ERL 5311, Inserm U1031, Université Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
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50
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Catamo E, Tornese G, Concas MP, Gasparini P, Robino A. Differences in taste and smell perception between type 2 diabetes mellitus patients and healthy controls. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2021; 31:193-200. [PMID: 33500104 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2020.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The senses of taste and smell are essential determinants of food choice, which in turn may contribute to the development of chronic diseases, including diabetes. Although past studies have evaluated the relationship between type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) and senses disorders, this relationship remains controversial. In this study, we evaluated taste and smell perception in DM2 patients and healthy controls (HC). Moreover, we analyzed the association of chemosensory impairments with anthropometric and clinical outcomes (e.g. Body Mass Index (BMI), Fasting blood glucose (FBG), drugs, cardiovascular diseases (CVD), and hypertension) in DM2 patients. METHODS AND RESULTS The study included 94 DM2 patients and 244 HC. Taste recognition for 6-n-propylthiouracil (PROP), quinine, citric acid, sucrose, and sodium chloride (NaCl) compounds was assessed using a filter paper method, while smell recognition of 12 odorants was performed using a Sniffin' sticks test. We found that a higher percentage of DM2 patients showed identification impairment in salt taste (22% vs. 5%, p-value<0.0009) and smell recognition (55% vs. 27%, p-value = 0.03) compared to HC. We also observed that 65% of hypertensive DM2 subjects presented smell identification impairment compared to 18% of non-hypertensive patients (p-value = 0.019). Finally, patients with impairments in both taste and smell showed elevated FBG compared to patients without impairment (149.6 vs.124.3 mg/dL, p-value = 0.04). CONCLUSION The prevalence of taste and smell identification impairments was higher in DM2 patients compared to HC, and a possible relationship with glycemic levels emerged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eulalia Catamo
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS ''Burlo Garofolo", Via dell'Istria 65/1, 34137, Trieste, Italy.
| | - Gianluca Tornese
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS ''Burlo Garofolo", Via dell'Istria 65/1, 34137, Trieste, Italy
| | - Maria P Concas
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS ''Burlo Garofolo", Via dell'Istria 65/1, 34137, Trieste, Italy
| | - Paolo Gasparini
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS ''Burlo Garofolo", Via dell'Istria 65/1, 34137, Trieste, Italy; Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Strada di Fiume, 447, 34149, Trieste, Italy
| | - Antonietta Robino
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS ''Burlo Garofolo", Via dell'Istria 65/1, 34137, Trieste, Italy
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