Reconstruction of Complex Scalp Defect After Cirsoid Aneurysm Resection: A Multidisciplinary Approach

Combined Preoperative Endovascular Embolization and Surgical Excision for Scalp Arteriovenous Malformations: A Systematic Review and Case Illustration

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the efficacy of the combined approach of preoperative endovascular embolization (EE) and surgical excision (SE) for scalp arteriovenous malformation (AVM) and present an illustrative case report.

METHODS

A systematic review was conducted using online databases (PubMed/Medline, Cochrane, and Embase) on February 15, 2023. The inclusion criteria were any type of study of patients with scalp AVMs who were diagnosed and confirmed through angiography and treated with combined preoperative EE and SE. All the articles that met the inclusion criteria were included in this study.

RESULTS

A total of 49 articles (91 patients) were included. The patients' age ranged from 10 days to 70 years at the time of presentation. The most common symptoms were a pulsatile mass in 51 patients (56.04%), progressively growing mass in 31 patients (34.06%), and bruits and/or thrills in 22 patients (24.17%). Complications of preoperative EE and SE were observed in only 5 patients; 3 patients (3.29%) had harvested skin graft marginal necrosis, 1 patient (1.09%) had skin necrosis, and 1 patient (1.09%) had a wound infection. Only 2 patients (2.19%) reported a recurrent or residual mass during a median follow-up period of 12 months.

CONCLUSIONS

The management of scalp AVMs can be challenging; therefore, focused, and accurate identification of the complexity of the vascular anatomy is required. The combined method of preoperative EE and SE showed satisfactory outcomes with low rates of complications and recurrence; thus, we recommend this approach for the management of scalp AVMs.

Endovascular treatment for scalp arteriovenous fistulas: prospects and dilemmas

Scalp arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is an anomalous arteriovenous connection without a capillary bed. For symptomatic scalp AVFs, an appropriate treatment must be chosen. Currently, endovascular treatment (EVT) can serve as an alternative to surgical excision. However, EVT of scalp AVFs constitutes a challenge. A standard EVT strategy for scalp AVFs has not yet been established. Therefore, a review of current research on EVT for scalp AVFs is essential. In this review, the following issues were discussed: scalp vessel anatomy; etiology, angioarchitecture and classification of scalp AVFs; EVT principles and techniques; and EVT complications and prognosis. In addition, we attempted to propose a feasible grading system with 4 grades. Based on the literature review and our experience, we found that scalp AVFs have a complex angioarchitecture, which made EVT only possible in specific cases with low-grade scalp AVFs. EVT can be performed by transarterial or transvenous embolization. Direct puncture embolization can also be used for scalp AVFs. Complete occlusion of scalp AVF by EVT had low complication and recurrence rates and a good prognosis.

A Rare Case of Scalp Arteriovenous Malformation in an Adolescent Patient

Scalp arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are rare lesions that arise due to a pathological fistulous connection between scalp arterial feeders and draining veins without the involvement of capillary beds. Here, we report a case of a 17-year-old male who presented with an enlarging, pulsatile, mass in the scalp of the parietal region with mild headaches and was diagnosed with a scalp AVM that was treated successfully with endovascular trans-arterial embolization. Scalp AVMs are uncommon extracranial vascular abnormalities that neurosurgeons hardly ever see. To precisely define the angiographic architecture of an AVM and to organize further management, digital subtraction angiography is crucial.

Cirsoid aneurysm rupture of the splenic artery as a rare cause of fatal hemoperitoneum

Cirsoid aneurysms are rare arteriovenous malformations without any capillaries interposed and almost always observed in the scalp region. These types of aneurysms are so-called "cirsoid" because of their serpiginous appearance. In this report, the authors present the first case of a lethal spontaneous rupture of a cirsoid aneurysm of the splenic artery, which could be diagnosed only by post-mortem histologic examination. The victim was a 70-year-old man who was suddenly found dead in bed while he was hospitalized and waiting for a scheduled cardiac surgery. A forensic autopsy was ordered due to the suspicion that the man's death could have been related to medical malpractice. An accurate autopsy and a complete forensic histologic examination could clarify the cause of death, which was identified in the spontaneous rupture of a cirsoid aneurysm of the splenic artery. The case is intended to be used as source data for similar forensic cases, where the cause of a massive hemoperitoneum is difficult to be identified.