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Singh S, Tiwary N, Sharma N, Behl T, Antil A, Anwer MK, Ramniwas S, Sachdeva M, Elossaily GM, Gulati M, Ohja S. Integrating Nanotechnological Advancements of Disease-Modifying Anti-Rheumatic Drugs into Rheumatoid Arthritis Management. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:248. [PMID: 38399463 PMCID: PMC10891986 DOI: 10.3390/ph17020248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) is a class of anti-rheumatic medicines that are frequently prescribed to patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methotrexate, sulfasalazine, hydroxychloroquine, and azathioprine are examples of non-biologic DMARDs that are being used for alleviating pain and preventing disease progression. Biologic DMARDs (bDMARDs) like infliximab, rituximab, etanercept, adalimumab, tocilizumab, certolizumab pegol, and abatacept have greater effectiveness with fewer adverse effects in comparison to non-biologic DMARDs. This review article delineates the classification of DMARDs and their characteristic attributes. The poor aqueous solubility or permeability causes the limited oral bioavailability of synthetic DMARDs, while the high molecular weights along with the bulky structures of bDMARDs have posed few obstacles in their drug delivery and need to be addressed through the development of nanoformulations like cubosomes, nanospheres, nanoemulsions, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanomicelles, liposome, niosomes, and nanostructured lipid carrier. The main focus of this review article is to highlight the potential role of nanotechnology in the drug delivery of DMARDs for increasing solubility, dissolution, and bioavailability for the improved management of RA. This article also focusses on the different aspects of nanoparticles like their applications in biologics, biocompatibility, body clearance, scalability, drug loading, and stability issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukhbir Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, MM College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala 133207, Haryana, India; (S.S.); (N.T.); (N.S.)
| | - Neha Tiwary
- Department of Pharmaceutics, MM College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala 133207, Haryana, India; (S.S.); (N.T.); (N.S.)
| | - Neelam Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutics, MM College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala 133207, Haryana, India; (S.S.); (N.T.); (N.S.)
| | - Tapan Behl
- Amity School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amity University, Mohali 140306, Punjab, India
| | - Anita Antil
- Janta College of Pharmacy, Butana, Sonepat 131302, Haryana, India;
| | - Md. Khalid Anwer
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Seema Ramniwas
- University Centre for Research and Development, Department of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali 140413, Punjab, India;
| | - Monika Sachdeva
- Fatimah College of Health Sciences, Al-Ain P.O. Box 24162, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Gehan M. Elossaily
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, AlMaarefa University, P.O. Box 716666, Riyadh 11597, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Monica Gulati
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 1444411, Punjab, India;
- ARCCIM, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 20227, Australia
| | - Shreesh Ohja
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medical and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
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Ikeuchi-Takahashi Y, Morii M, Yamazaki K, Shimana A, Shibazaki I, Obata Y. Development of Ethylcellulose Microparticles for Taste Masking of Fexofenadine. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2024; 72:102-108. [PMID: 38123341 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c23-00754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
For taste masking of fexofenadine hydrochloride (FXD), ethylcellulose (EC) microparticles with FXD were developed. The amounts of EC, Tween 80, and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) in the composition had little effect on initial drug release properties. Based on the results of the drug recovery and the drug release properties, FXD(EC200) was the optimal FXD microparticle formulation. From the results of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectra and X-ray diffraction patterns of FXD(EC200), FXD amorphization in the microparticles and interaction between FXD and other components were suggested, and the formation of a solid dispersion of FXD was suggested. Because the possibility of the complex of PVA and FXD on the particle surface was suggested, sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) was added to the composition. The initial drug release from FXD microparticles with SLS was further suppressed compared with FXD(EC200). From these results, FXD microparticles with SLS can be prepared as a controlled-release formulation and are expected to be useful for masking the bitter tasting particulates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Machi Morii
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hoshi University
| | - Kurumi Yamazaki
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hoshi University
| | - Aoi Shimana
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hoshi University
| | - Ikki Shibazaki
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hoshi University
| | - Yasuko Obata
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hoshi University
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3
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Pauli E, Ma Z, Sha Y, Zhang X, Brackett J, Towa L, Upadhyay B, Satcher R. Development of an Immediate-Release Prototype Tablet Formulation of Hydroxychloroquine Sulfate with an Interwoven Taste-Masking System. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:830-836. [PMID: 36356935 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxychloroquine sulfate (HCQS) was granted US-FDA approval in 1955 for the prevention and treatment of malaria. Since then, its uses have expanded to treat systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis. For each indication, HCQS is a crucial option for the treatment of pediatric, juvenile, adult, and elderly populations. Existing currently on the market are only 200-mg strength tablets exclusively for adult administration. To facilitate weight-based administration for pediatric and juvenile patients, an HCQS suspension is made by compounding a 200-mg HCQS tablet and suspending the crushed granules into water and Ora-Plus®. The Ora-Plus® suspension does not alter the extreme bitterness of HCQS such that it facilitates oral administration. Additional research has been executed to affirm that a slightly buffered, ion-pairing system, reduces the bitterness of HCQS. The buffered, ion-pairing system can be interwoven into an immediate-release tablet formulation likely without compromising tablet performance. With the taste-masking system embedded, the tablet could be more easily be compounded and suspended in water to generate a palatable oral suspension. Such a novel HCQS 200-mg tablet would be tailored for adult usages wherein the interwoven task-masking system could be utilized to facilitate weight-based administration for pediatric and juvenile patients. The dual quality target product profile of the tablet and the tablet compounded for suspension in water would make the tablet formulation applicable to a wide patient population ranging from pediatric to elder adults to facilitate in improving compliance and overall health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliott Pauli
- RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States.
| | - Zhelun Ma
- AustarPhama, LLC 18 Mayfield Ave, Edison, NJ 08837, United States
| | - Ying Sha
- AustarPhama, LLC 18 Mayfield Ave, Edison, NJ 08837, United States
| | - Xiaowen Zhang
- AustarPhama, LLC 18 Mayfield Ave, Edison, NJ 08837, United States
| | - John Brackett
- Celsus Group, 6800 West Doolin, Ponca City, OK 74601, United States
| | - Lili Towa
- Alpha MOS Inc, 802 Cromwell Park, Glen Burnie, MD 21061, United States
| | - Bindu Upadhyay
- RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Richard Satcher
- RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
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4
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Hu S, Liu X, Zhang S, Quan D. An Overview of Taste-Masking Technologies: Approaches, Application, and Assessment Methods. AAPS PharmSciTech 2023; 24:67. [PMID: 36788171 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-023-02520-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well-known that plenty of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) inherently possess an unpleasant taste, which influences the acceptance of patients, especially children. Therefore, manufacturing taste-masked dosage forms has attracted a lot of attention. This review describes in detail the taste-masking technologies based on the difference in the taste transmission mechanism which is currently available. In particular, the review highlights the application of various methods, with a special focus on how to screen the appropriate masking technology according to the properties of API. Subsequently, we overviewed how to assess taste-masking efficacy, guiding researchers to rationally design taste-masking formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuqin Hu
- Institute of Advanced Drug Delivery Technology, No.10 Xinghuo Avenue Jiangbei New Area, Nanjing, 210032, People's Republic of China.,China Pharmaceutical University, No. 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxuan Liu
- China Pharmaceutical University, No. 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuangshuang Zhang
- Institute of Advanced Drug Delivery Technology, No.10 Xinghuo Avenue Jiangbei New Area, Nanjing, 210032, People's Republic of China
| | - Danyi Quan
- Institute of Advanced Drug Delivery Technology, No.10 Xinghuo Avenue Jiangbei New Area, Nanjing, 210032, People's Republic of China.
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5
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Al Fayez N, Böttger R, Ghosh S, Nakajima Y, Chao PH, Rouhollahi E, Nguyen A, Cullis PR, Witzigmann D, Li SD. Development of a child-friendly oral drug formulation using liposomal multilamellar vesicle technology. Int J Pharm 2022; 625:122107. [PMID: 35964828 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Many medicines are only available in solid dosage forms suitable for adults, and extemporaneous compounding is required to prepare formulations for children. However, this common practice often results in inaccurate dosing and unpleasant taste, reducing the medication adherence. Here, we report the development of a new method to prepare and compound child-friendly oral formulations based on a liposomal multilamellar vesicle (MLV) platform. MLVs composed of a phospholipid (DSPC) and cholesterol (55/45, molar ratio) were prepared using the standard thin film hydration method with 300 mM citric acid (pH 2), followed by an addition of aqueous sodium carbonate to adjust the exterior pH to 8-10 for creating a transmembrane pH gradient. Weak-base drugs, such as chloroquine (CQ) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), could be actively and completely loaded into the MLVs at a drug-to-lipid ratio of 15-20 wt%. This technique formulated weak-base drugs from the powder or tablet form into a liquid preparation, and the complete drug encapsulation would prevent contact between the drug molecules and the taste buds. The gradient MLV formulation could be preserved by lyophilization and stored at room temperature for at least 8 weeks. Upon reconstitution with water, the MLV formulation could completely encapsulate CQ at 20 wt%, which was comparable to the freshly prepared MLVs. The CQ-loaded MLV formulation could be stored at 4 °C for 2 weeks without drug leakage. In vitro release studies indicated that MLV could retain CQ in the simulated saliva, but released up to 50% and 30% of the drug in the simulated gastric and intestinal fluids, respectively. The orally delivered MLV-CQ formulation displayed higher CQ absorption in mice, with a 2-fold increase in the area under the curve (AUC) of the plasma profile compared to CQ solution. Our data suggest that the new MLV method could serve as a platform to prepare child-friendly oral formulation for weak-base drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nojoud Al Fayez
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Roland Böttger
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Sreemoyee Ghosh
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Yushi Nakajima
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Po-Han Chao
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Elham Rouhollahi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Anne Nguyen
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Pieter R Cullis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada; NanoMedicines Innovation Network (NMIN), Canada
| | - Dominik Witzigmann
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada; NanoMedicines Innovation Network (NMIN), Canada
| | - Shyh-Dar Li
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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6
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de Reus YA, Hagedoorn P, Sturkenboom MGG, Grasmeijer F, Bolhuis MS, Sibum I, Kerstjens HAM, Frijlink HW, Akkerman OW. Tolerability and pharmacokinetic evaluation of inhaled dry powder hydroxychloroquine in healthy volunteers. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0272034. [PMID: 35930536 PMCID: PMC9355221 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0272034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale
Inhaled antimicrobials enable high local concentrations where needed and, compared to orally administration, greatly reduce the potential for systemic side effects. In SARS-CoV-2 infections, hydroxychloroquine sulphate (HCQ) administered as dry powder via inhalation could be safer than oral HCQ allowing higher and therefore more effective pulmonary concentrations without dose limiting toxic effects.
Objectives
To assess the local tolerability, safety and pharmacokinetic parameters of HCQ inhalations in single ascending doses of 5, 10 and 20 mg using the Cyclops dry powder inhaler.
Methods
Twelve healthy volunteers were included in the study. Local tolerability and safety were assessed by pulmonary function tests, electrocardiogram and recording adverse events. To estimate systemic exposure, serum samples were collected before and 0.5, 2 and 3.5 h after inhalation.
Results and discussion
Dry powder HCQ inhalations were well tolerated by the participants, except for transient bitter taste in all participants and minor coughing irritation. There was no significant change in QTc-interval or drop in FEV1 post inhalation. The serum HCQ concentration remained below 10 μg/L in all samples.
Conclusion
Single doses of inhaled dry powder HCQ up to 20 mg are safe and well tolerated. Our data support that further studies with inhaled HCQ dry powder to evaluate pulmonary pharmacokinetics and efficacy are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. A. de Reus
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases and Tuberculosis, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - P. Hagedoorn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - M. G. G. Sturkenboom
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - F. Grasmeijer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- PureIMS B.V., Roden, The Netherlands
| | - M. S. Bolhuis
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - I. Sibum
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - H. A. M. Kerstjens
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases and Tuberculosis, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - H. W. Frijlink
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - O. W. Akkerman
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases and Tuberculosis, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- TB Center Beatrixoord, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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7
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El Amri R, Elkacmi R, Hasib A, Boudouch O. Removal of hydroxychloroquine from an aqueous solution using living microalgae: Effect of operating parameters on removal efficiency and mechanisms. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2022; 94:e10790. [PMID: 36073317 DOI: 10.1002/wer.10790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater contaminated with hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) poses a serious threat to the environment and human life. This study aimed to evaluate the ability of living microalgae to remove HCQ from an aqueous solution. Batch mode experiments were conducted under different conditions to investigate the effect of operating parameters on HCQ removal efficiency and mechanisms. Equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic study was also carried out to better describe the interactions between HCQ and microalgae. The maximum HCQ removal was 92.10 ± 1.25% obtained under optimal pH of 9.9 ± 0.1, a contact time of 45 min, a stirring speed of 300 rpm, an initial HCQ concentration of 20 mg/L, and a microalgae dose of 100 mg/L. The Langmuir isotherm and the pseudo-second-order kinetic model were best suited for the biosorption experiments, and the maximum biosorption capacity was 339.02 mg/g. The thermodynamic study showed that the biosorption process was exothermic and spontaneous. Experiments on real wastewater showed that the HCQ removal was not significantly affected by the presence of other contaminants in the water. PRACTITIONER POINTS: The best HCQ removal was 92.10 ± 1.25% obtained under optimal conditions. The Langmuir isotherm and the pseudo-second-order kinetic model were best suited for the biosorption experiments. The maximum biosorption capacity was 339.02 mg/g. The thermodynamic study showed that the biosorption process was exothermic and spontaneous. The microalgae studied can be successfully used in HCQ removal from water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radouane El Amri
- Environmental and Agro-Industrial Process Team, Department of Chemistry and Environment, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University Sultan Moulay Slimane, Beni-Mellal, Morocco
| | - Reda Elkacmi
- Environmental and Agro-Industrial Process Team, Department of Chemistry and Environment, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University Sultan Moulay Slimane, Beni-Mellal, Morocco
| | - Aziz Hasib
- Environmental and Agro-Industrial Process Team, Department of Chemistry and Environment, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University Sultan Moulay Slimane, Beni-Mellal, Morocco
| | - Otmane Boudouch
- Environmental and Agro-Industrial Process Team, Department of Chemistry and Environment, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University Sultan Moulay Slimane, Beni-Mellal, Morocco
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Olejnik A, Goscianska J. On the importance of physicochemical parameters of copper and aminosilane functionalized mesoporous silica for hydroxychloroquine release. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 130:112438. [PMID: 34702523 PMCID: PMC8445882 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Recently, great attention has been paid to hydroxychloroquine which after promising in vitro studies has been proposed to treat the severe acute respiratory syndrome caused by SARS-CoV-2. The clinical trials have shown that hydroxychloroquine was not as effective as was expected and additionally, several side effects were observed in patients cured with this medicament. In order to reduce them, it is suggested to deliver hydroxychloroquine in a controlled manner. Therefore, in this study non-modified (SBA-15, SBA-16) and modified with copper and aminosilane mesoporous silica materials were applied as novel nanocarriers for hydroxychloroquine. First, pristine and functionalized samples were synthesized and characterized by X-ray diffraction, low-temperature nitrogen sorption, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, laser diffraction. Then the influence of physicochemical parameters of materials obtained on the adsorption and release processes of hydroxychloroquine was analyzed. The mechanism of hydroxychloroquine binding to non-modified silicas was based on the formation of hydrogen bonds, while in the case of copper and aminosilane functionalized materials the complexes with drug molecules were generated. The release behavior of hydroxychloroquine from silica samples obtained was determined by different factors including pH conditions, textural parameters, surface charge, and presence of surface functional groups. The greatest differences in hydroxychloroquine release profiles between materials were observed at pH 7.2. The amount of drug desorbed from silica decreased in the following order: functionalized SBA-15 (84%) > functionalized SBA-16 (79%) > SBA-15 (59%) > SBA-16 (33%). It proved that a higher amount of drug was released from materials of hexagonal structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Olejnik
- Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Chemical Technology, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Joanna Goscianska
- Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Chemical Technology, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.
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Bilgin ZD, Evcil I, Yazgi D, Binay G, Okuyucu Genc C, Gulsen B, Huseynova A, Ozdemir AZ, Ozmen E, Usta Y, Ustun S, Caglar Andac S. Liquid Chromatographic Methods for COVID-19 Drugs, Hydroxychloroquine and Chloroquine. J Chromatogr Sci 2021; 59:748-757. [PMID: 33336246 PMCID: PMC7799265 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmaa110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 has been a threat throughout the world since December 2019. In attempts to discover an urgent treatment regime for COVID-19, hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and chloroquine (CQ) have been on solidarity clinical trial. However, many countries have pulled HCQ and CQ from their COVID-19 treatment regimens recently, some countries still continue using them for patients who have previously started HCQ and CQ and they may complete their course under the supervision of a doctor. HCQ and CQ are 4-aminoquinoline drugs and it is safe to use them for autoimmune diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus and malaria as well. Determination of CQ, HCQ and their metabolites in biologic fluids and in pharmaceuticals has great importance, especially for pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and epidemiological studies. In this review, liquid chromatographic methods developed in the last 10 years were summarized focusing on sample preparation and detection methods for HCQ and CQ determination in biological fluids and pharmaceutical preparations. It is hoped that this article could be helpful to facilitate the use of these drugs in clinical trials or drug research studies as it provides comprehensive information on the reported analytical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Derya Bilgin
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, Suleymaniye, 7-1, 34116 Fatih/Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Isil Evcil
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, Suleymaniye, 7-1, 34116 Fatih/Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Didem Yazgi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, Suleymaniye, 7-1, 34116 Fatih/Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gokce Binay
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, Suleymaniye, 7-1, 34116 Fatih/Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ceren Okuyucu Genc
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, Suleymaniye, 7-1, 34116 Fatih/Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Busra Gulsen
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, Suleymaniye, 7-1, 34116 Fatih/Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Aytaj Huseynova
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, Suleymaniye, 7-1, 34116 Fatih/Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayse Zehra Ozdemir
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, Suleymaniye, 7-1, 34116 Fatih/Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Emel Ozmen
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, Suleymaniye, 7-1, 34116 Fatih/Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yakup Usta
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, Suleymaniye, 7-1, 34116 Fatih/Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Suade Ustun
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, Suleymaniye, 7-1, 34116 Fatih/Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sena Caglar Andac
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, Suleymaniye, 7-1, 34116 Fatih/Istanbul, Turkey
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10
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Tai W, Chow MYT, Chang RYK, Tang P, Gonda I, MacArthur RB, Chan HK, Kwok PCL. Nebulised Isotonic Hydroxychloroquine Aerosols for Potential Treatment of COVID-19. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1260. [PMID: 34452220 PMCID: PMC8399722 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13081260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an unprecedented pandemic that has severely impacted global public health and the economy. Hydroxychloroquine administered orally to COVID-19 patients was ineffective, but its antiviral and anti-inflammatory actions were observed in vitro. The lack of efficacy in vivo could be due to the inefficiency of the oral route in attaining high drug concentration in the lungs. Delivering hydroxychloroquine by inhalation may be a promising alternative for direct targeting with minimal systemic exposure. This paper reports on the characterisation of isotonic, pH-neutral hydroxychloroquine sulphate (HCQS) solutions for nebulisation for COVID-19. They can be prepared, sterilised, and nebulised for testing as an investigational new drug for treating this infection. The 20, 50, and 100 mg/mL HCQS solutions were stable for at least 15 days without refrigeration when stored in darkness. They were atomised from Aerogen Solo Ultra vibrating mesh nebulisers (1 mL of each of the three concentrations and, in addition, 1.5 mL of 100 mg/mL) to form droplets having a median volumetric diameter of 4.3-5.2 µm, with about 50-60% of the aerosol by volume < 5 µm. The aerosol droplet size decreased (from 4.95 to 4.34 µm) with increasing drug concentration (from 20 to 100 mg/mL). As the drug concentration and liquid volume increased, the nebulisation duration increased from 3 to 11 min. The emitted doses ranged from 9.1 to 75.9 mg, depending on the concentration and volume nebulised. The HCQS solutions appear suitable for preclinical and clinical studies for potential COVID-19 treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waiting Tai
- Advanced Drug Delivery Group, Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia; (W.T.); (M.Y.T.C.); (R.Y.K.C.); (P.T.); (H.-K.C.)
| | - Michael Yee Tak Chow
- Advanced Drug Delivery Group, Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia; (W.T.); (M.Y.T.C.); (R.Y.K.C.); (P.T.); (H.-K.C.)
| | - Rachel Yoon Kyung Chang
- Advanced Drug Delivery Group, Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia; (W.T.); (M.Y.T.C.); (R.Y.K.C.); (P.T.); (H.-K.C.)
| | - Patricia Tang
- Advanced Drug Delivery Group, Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia; (W.T.); (M.Y.T.C.); (R.Y.K.C.); (P.T.); (H.-K.C.)
| | - Igor Gonda
- Pulmoquine Therapeutics, Inc., 1155 Camino Del Mar Suite 481, Del Mar, CA 92014, USA; (I.G.); (R.B.M.)
| | - Robert B. MacArthur
- Pulmoquine Therapeutics, Inc., 1155 Camino Del Mar Suite 481, Del Mar, CA 92014, USA; (I.G.); (R.B.M.)
| | - Hak-Kim Chan
- Advanced Drug Delivery Group, Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia; (W.T.); (M.Y.T.C.); (R.Y.K.C.); (P.T.); (H.-K.C.)
| | - Philip Chi Lip Kwok
- Advanced Drug Delivery Group, Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia; (W.T.); (M.Y.T.C.); (R.Y.K.C.); (P.T.); (H.-K.C.)
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11
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Alves da Silva AE, de Abreu PMB, Geraldes DC, de Oliveira Nascimento L. Hydroxychloroquine: Pharmacological, physicochemical aspects and activity enhancement through experimental formulations. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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12
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Lebreton V, Bourcier B, Cosson K, Lagarce F, Spiesser-Robelet L, Vrignaud S. New liquid oral formulations of hydroxychloroquine: a physicochemical stability study. PHARMACEUTICAL TECHNOLOGY IN HOSPITAL PHARMACY 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/pthp-2020-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) presents many drug properties that increase its therapeutic use. There are, indeed, different research pathways in numerous autoimmune, inflammatory, and infectious diseases, as well as in cancerology. HCQ is only marketed as HCQ sulfate in film-coated or coated tablets for oral use. No pediatric liquid form is currently available on the market. The purpose of the present study is to develop oral liquid formulations for HCQ at 50 mg/mL with two different oral vehicle suspensions, namely ORA-Plus®/ORA-Sweet® (ORA) and Syrspend® SF PH 4 (SYR).
Methods
The suspension stability was assessed in different storage conditions (4 and 25 °C). A high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) stability-indicating method with UV detection was developed to determine HCQ concentrations in the different formulations, and detect potential degradation products. Physical parameters, e.g. pH and osmolality were also monitored during the period of the stability study.
Results
HCQ concentration, osmolality, and pH remained stable for 90 days at 4 and 30 °C for HCQ in 50% ORA-Plus®/50% ORA-Sweet®. For HCQ suspension in SYR, the suspension remained stable 90 days at 4 °C and 60 days at 30 °C.
Conclusions
For all preparations, no significant physical or chemical modification was noticed during the period of the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Lebreton
- Pharmacie Centrale , Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d’Angers , Angers Cedex , France
- Université d’Angers, INSERM U1066- CNRS 6021, Micro et nanomédecines translationnelles , Angers , France
| | - Blandine Bourcier
- Pharmacie Centrale , Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d’Angers , Angers Cedex , France
| | - Karine Cosson
- Pharmacie Centrale , Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d’Angers , Angers Cedex , France
| | - Frédéric Lagarce
- Pharmacie Centrale , Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d’Angers , Angers Cedex , France
- Université d’Angers, INSERM U1066- CNRS 6021, Micro et nanomédecines translationnelles , Angers , France
| | - Laurence Spiesser-Robelet
- Pharmacie Centrale , Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d’Angers , Angers Cedex , France
- Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Laboratoire Educations et Pratiques de Santé, LEPS , Bobigny , France
| | - Sandy Vrignaud
- Pharmacie Centrale , Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d’Angers , Angers Cedex , France
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13
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El Mershati S, Thouvenin A, Secretan PH, De Lonlay P, Tuchmann-Durand C, Cisternino S, Schlatter J. Formulation and stability study of hydroxychloroquine sulfate oral suspensions. Pharm Dev Technol 2021; 26:328-334. [PMID: 33428504 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2021.1871918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxychloroquine is an antimalarial drug indicated in the treatment of acute attacks of malaria due to Plasmodium vivax, P. malariae, P. ovale, and susceptible strains of P. falciparum. It is also used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, discoid and systemic lupus erythematosus, and more recently proposed in COVID-19 therapy. Hydroxychloroquine is only available in tablets which are not easy to administer for pediatric and geriatric patients, and patients unable to swallow such as patients found in intensive care units. The aim of this work was to develop and optimize a ready to use liquid hydroxychloroquine formulation and to carry out the corresponding chemical and microbiological stability studies. The formulation was evaluated for ease of preparation, physical properties, and palatability. Its stability was performed at ambient temperature and under refrigeration. After 6 months of stability testing, the results showed no pH change, no drug loss, no microbial development, and no visual change. The formulation, employing excipients in a range that EMA has recommended, showed chemical and microbiological stability for at least 6 months even in the worst storage conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah El Mershati
- Department of Pharmacy, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Paris, France
| | - Agathe Thouvenin
- Department of Pharmacy, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Paris, France
| | - Philippe-Henri Secretan
- Department of Pharmacy, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Paris, France
| | - Pascale De Lonlay
- Reference Center for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Paris, France.,INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Caroline Tuchmann-Durand
- Imagine Institut des Maladies Génétiques, Paris, France and Department of Biotherapy, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Paris, France
| | - Salvatore Cisternino
- Department of Pharmacy, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Paris, France.,Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Joël Schlatter
- Department of Pharmacy, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Paris, France
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14
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Kavanagh O, Marie Healy A, Dayton F, Robinson S, O'Reilly NJ, Mahoney B, Arthur A, Walker G, Farragher JP. Inhaled hydroxychloroquine to improve efficacy and reduce harm in the treatment of COVID-19. Med Hypotheses 2020; 143:110110. [PMID: 33017904 PMCID: PMC7361049 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Current formulations and dose regimens of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) put patients at risk of harm. An analysis of clinical trials registered on ClinicalTrials.gov revealed that this may continue as many studies combine HCQ with agents that prolong the QT interval. Further, almost all of the trials registered do not consider dosage adjustment in the elderly, a patient population most likely to require HCQ treatment. Here we describe an inhaled formulation of HCQ which has passed safety studies in clinical trials for the treatment of asthma and discuss how this approach may reduce side-effects and improve efficacy. As this simple formulation progressed to phase II studies, safety data can be used to immediately enable phase II trials in COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oisín Kavanagh
- SSPC, The Science Foundation Ireland Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, Ireland; Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Ireland.
| | - Anne Marie Healy
- SSPC, The Science Foundation Ireland Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, Ireland; School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Francis Dayton
- SSPC, The Science Foundation Ireland Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, Ireland
| | - Shane Robinson
- SSPC, The Science Foundation Ireland Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, Ireland; Janssen Sciences Ireland, Cork, Ireland
| | - Niall J O'Reilly
- SSPC, The Science Foundation Ireland Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, Ireland; Pharmaceutical and Molecular Biotechnology Research Centre, Waterford Institute of Technology, Ireland
| | - Brian Mahoney
- SSPC, The Science Foundation Ireland Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, Ireland
| | - Aisling Arthur
- SSPC, The Science Foundation Ireland Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, Ireland
| | - Gavin Walker
- SSPC, The Science Foundation Ireland Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, Ireland; Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Ireland
| | - John P Farragher
- SSPC, The Science Foundation Ireland Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, Ireland
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