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Ranjbar H, Farajollahi A, Rostami M. Targeted drug delivery in pulmonary therapy based on adhesion and transmission of nanocarriers designed with a metal-organic framework. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2023; 22:2153-2170. [PMID: 37624467 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-023-01756-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
With the recent increase in lung diseases, especially with the onset of the coronavirus pandemic, the design of a highly efficient and optimal targeted drug delivery system for the lungs is crucial in inhaler-based delivery systems. This study aimed to design a magnetic field-assisted targeted drug delivery system to the lungs using three types of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and nanoliposomes. The optimization of the system was based on three main parameters: the surface density of the nanocarriers' (NCs) adherence to each of the lung branches, the amount of drug transferred to each branch, and the toxicity based on the rate of nanocarrier delivery to the branches. The study investigated the effect of increasing the diameter of the drug carriers and the amount of drug loaded onto the NCs in improving drug delivery to targeted areas of the lung. Results showed that the presence of a magnetic field significantly increased the adhesion of NCs to the targeted branches. The application of a magnetic field and the type of drug carrier had a significant effect on drug delivery downstream of the lung and reduced drug toxicity. The study found that Fe3O4@UiO-66 (iron-oxide nanoparticle attached to the surface of UiO-66, a type of MOF) and Fe3O4@PAA/AuNCs/ZIF-8 carriers, (iron-oxide nanoparticle attached to a hybrid structure composed of three different materials: poly (acrylic acid) (PAA), gold nanoclusters (AuNCs), and zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8)), had the greatest drug delivery rate in diameters above 200 nm and less than 200 nm, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Ranjbar
- School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Mohsen Rostami
- Department of Engineering, University of Imam Ali, Tehran, Iran
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Abstract
High local delivery of anti-infectives to the lungs is required for activity against infections of the lungs. The present pandemic has highlighted the potential of pulmonary delivery of anti-infective agents as a viable option for infections like Covid-19, which specifically causes lung infections and mortality. To prevent infections of such type and scale in the future, target-specific delivery of drugs to the pulmonary region is a high-priority area in the field of drug delivery. The suboptimal effect of oral delivery of anti-infective drugs to the lungs due to the poor biopharmaceutical property of the drugs makes this delivery route very promising for respiratory infections. Liposomes have been used as an effective delivery system for drugs due to their biocompatible and biodegradable nature, which can be used effectively for target-specific drug delivery to the lungs. In the present review, we focus on the use of liposomal drug delivery of anti-infectives for the acute management of respiratory infections in the wake of Covid-19 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Swathi Krishna
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS, Kochi, India
| | - M S Sudheesh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS, Kochi, India
| | - Vidya Viswanad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS, Kochi, India
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Alsmadi MM, Jaradat MM, Obaidat RM, Alnaief M, Tayyem R, Idkaidek N. The In Vitro, In Vivo, and PBPK Evaluation of a Novel Lung-Targeted Cardiac-Safe Hydroxychloroquine Inhalation Aerogel. AAPS PharmSciTech 2023; 24:172. [PMID: 37566183 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-023-02627-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) was repurposed for COVID-19 treatment. Subtherapeutic HCQ lung levels and cardiac toxicity of oral HCQ were overcome by intratracheal (IT) administration of lower HCQ doses. The crosslinker-free supercritical fluid technology (SFT) produces aerogels and impregnates them with drugs in their amorphous form with efficient controlled release. Mechanistic physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling can predict the lung's epithelial lining fluid (ELF) drug levels. This study aimed to develop a novel HCQ SFT formulation for IT administration to achieve maximal ELF levels and minimal cardiac toxicity. HCQ SFT formulation was prepared and evaluated for physicochemical, in vitro release, pharmacokinetics, and cardiac toxicity. Finally, the rat HCQ ELF concentrations were predicted using PBPK modeling. HCQ was amorphous after loading into the chitosan-alginate nanoporous microparticles (22.7±7.6 μm). The formulation showed a zero-order release, with only 40% released over 30 min compared to 94% for raw HCQ. The formulation had a tapped density of 0.28 g/cm3 and a loading efficiency of 35.3±1.3%. The IT administration of SFT HCQ at 1 mg/kg resulted in 23.7-fold higher bioavailability, fourfold longer MRT, and eightfold faster absorption but lower CK-MB and LDH levels than oral raw HCQ at 4 mg/kg. The PBPK model predicted 6 h of therapeutic ELF levels for IT SFT HCQ and a 100-fold higher ELF-to-heart concentration ratio than oral HCQ. Our findings support the feasibility of lung-targeted and more effective SFT HCQ IT administration for COVID-19 compared to oral HCQ with less cardiac toxicity. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mo'tasem M Alsmadi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid, 22110, Jordan.
- Nanotechnology Institute, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan.
| | - Mays M Jaradat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Rana M Obaidat
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Mohammad Alnaief
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, German Jordanian University, Amman, Jordan
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Abstract
The recent outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China has spread rapidly around the world, leading to a widespread and urgent effort to develop and use comprehensive approaches in the treatment of COVID-19. While oral therapy is accepted as an effective and simple method, since the primary site of infection and disease progression of COVID-19 is mainly through the lungs, inhaled drug delivery directly to the lungs may be the most appropriate route of administration. To prevent or treat primary SARS-CoV-2 infections, it is essential to target the virus port of entry in the respiratory tract and airway epithelium, which requires rapid and high-intensity inhibition or control of viral entry or replication. To achieve success in this field, inhalation therapy is the most attractive treatment approach due to efficacy/safety profiles. In this review article, pulmonary drug delivery as a unique treatment option in lung diseases will be briefly reviewed. Then, possible inhalation therapies for the treatment of symptoms of COVID-19 will be discussed and the results of clinical trials will be presented. By pulmonary delivery of the currently approved drugs for COVID-19, efficacy of the treatment would be improved along with reducing systemic side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohreh Alipour
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center and Department of Food & Drug Quality Control, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Laleh Mahmoudi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Ahmadi
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery and Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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Hawari F, Dodin Y, Tayyem R, Najjar S, Kakish H, Fara MA, Zou'bi AA, Idkaidek N. Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics of Nebulized Hydroxychloroquine: A Pilot Study in Healthy Volunteers. J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv 2023; 36:76-81. [PMID: 36637803 DOI: 10.1089/jamp.2022.0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Early in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) drew substantial attention as a potential COVID-19 treatment based on its antiviral and immunomodulatory effects in vitro. However, HCQ showed a lack of efficacy in vivo, and different groups of researchers attributed this failure to the insufficient drug concentration in the lung following oral administration (HCQ is only available in the market in the tablet form). Delivering HCQ by inhalation represents a more efficient route of administration to increase HCQ exposure in the lungs while minimizing systemic toxicity. In this pilot study, the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of HCQ nebulizer solution were evaluated in healthy volunteers. Methods: Twelve healthy participants were included in this study and were administered 2 mL of HCQ01 solution (equivalent to 25 mg of HCQ sulfate) through Aerogen® Solo, a vibrating mesh nebulizer. Local tolerability and systemic safety were assessed by forced expiratory volume in the first and second electrocardiograms, clinical laboratory results (e.g., hematology, biochemistry, and urinalysis), vital signs, and physical examinations. Thirteen blood samples were collected to determine HCQ01 systemic exposure before and until 6 hours after inhalation. Results: The inhalation of HCQ01 was well tolerated in all participants. The mean value of Cmax for the 12 participants was 9.66 ng/mL. Tmax occurred at around 4.8 minutes after inhalation and rapidly decreased thereafter. The reported systemic exposure was very low with a mean value of 5.28 (0.6-15.6) ng·h/mL. Conclusion: The low systemic concentrations of HCQ01 of 9.66 ng/mL reported by our study compared with 1 μg/mL previously predicted after 200 mg BID oral administration, and the safety and tolerability of HCQ01 administered as a single dose through nebulization, support the assessment of its efficacy, safety, and tolerability in further studies for the treatment of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feras Hawari
- Office of Minister of Health, Ministry of Health, Amman, Jordan
| | - Yasmeen Dodin
- Cancer Control Office, King Hussein Cancer Center, Amman, Jordan
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Nasir Idkaidek
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, The University of Petra, Amman, Jordan
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Nainwal N. Treatment of respiratory viral infections through inhalation therapeutics: Challenges and opportunities. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2022; 77:102170. [PMID: 36240985 PMCID: PMC9554202 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2022.102170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory viral infections are the leading cause of death worldwide. The current pandemic of coronavirus infection (COVID-19) challenged human beings for the treatment and prevention of this respiratory viral infection since its outbreak in 2019. Despite advancements in the medical field, scientists were helpless to give timely treatment and protection against this viral infection. Several drugs, whether antiviral or not, were given to the patients to reduce mortality and morbidity rate. Vaccines from various pharmaceutical manufacturers are now available to give immunization against covid-19. Still, coronavirus is continuously affecting people in the form of variants after mutation. Each new variant increases the infection risk and forces scientists to develop some innovative and effective treatments for this infection. The virus uses the host's cell machinery to grow and multiply in numbers. Therefore, scientists are facing challenges to develop antivirals that stop the virus without damaging the host cells too. The production of suitable antivirals or vaccines for the new virus would take several months, allowing the strain to cause severe damage to life. Inhalable formulation facilitates the delivery of medicinal products directly to the respiratory system without causing unwanted side effects associated with systemic absorption. Scientists are focusing on developing an inhaled version of the existing antivirals for the treatment of respiratory infections. This review focused on the inhalable formulations of antiviral agents in various respiratory viral infections including the ongoing covid-19 pandemic and important findings of the clinical studies. We also reviewed repurposed drugs that have been given through inhalation in covid-19 infection.
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de Reus YA, Hagedoorn P, Sturkenboom MGG, Grasmeijer F, Bolhuis MS, Sibum I, Kerstjens HAM, Frijlink HW, Akkerman OW. Tolerability and pharmacokinetic evaluation of inhaled dry powder hydroxychloroquine in healthy volunteers. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0272034. [PMID: 35930536 PMCID: PMC9355221 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0272034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale
Inhaled antimicrobials enable high local concentrations where needed and, compared to orally administration, greatly reduce the potential for systemic side effects. In SARS-CoV-2 infections, hydroxychloroquine sulphate (HCQ) administered as dry powder via inhalation could be safer than oral HCQ allowing higher and therefore more effective pulmonary concentrations without dose limiting toxic effects.
Objectives
To assess the local tolerability, safety and pharmacokinetic parameters of HCQ inhalations in single ascending doses of 5, 10 and 20 mg using the Cyclops dry powder inhaler.
Methods
Twelve healthy volunteers were included in the study. Local tolerability and safety were assessed by pulmonary function tests, electrocardiogram and recording adverse events. To estimate systemic exposure, serum samples were collected before and 0.5, 2 and 3.5 h after inhalation.
Results and discussion
Dry powder HCQ inhalations were well tolerated by the participants, except for transient bitter taste in all participants and minor coughing irritation. There was no significant change in QTc-interval or drop in FEV1 post inhalation. The serum HCQ concentration remained below 10 μg/L in all samples.
Conclusion
Single doses of inhaled dry powder HCQ up to 20 mg are safe and well tolerated. Our data support that further studies with inhaled HCQ dry powder to evaluate pulmonary pharmacokinetics and efficacy are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. A. de Reus
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases and Tuberculosis, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - P. Hagedoorn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - M. G. G. Sturkenboom
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - F. Grasmeijer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- PureIMS B.V., Roden, The Netherlands
| | - M. S. Bolhuis
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - I. Sibum
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - H. A. M. Kerstjens
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases and Tuberculosis, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - H. W. Frijlink
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - O. W. Akkerman
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases and Tuberculosis, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- TB Center Beatrixoord, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Ali AS, Alrashedi MG, Ahmed OAA, Ibrahim IM. Pulmonary Delivery of Hydroxychloroquine Nanostructured Lipid Carrier as a Potential Treatment of COVID-19. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14132616. [PMID: 35808662 PMCID: PMC9269041 DOI: 10.3390/polym14132616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Pneumonia is considered the most severe and long-term complication of COVID-19. Among other drugs, hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) was repurposed for the management of COVID-19; however, low efficacy and cardiac toxicity of the conventional dosage form limited its use in COVID-19. Therefore, utilizing nanotechnology, a pulmonary delivery system of HCQ was investigated to overcome these limitations. HCQ was formulated in nanostructured lipid carriers (HCQ-NLCs) using the hot emulsification–ultrasonication method. Furthermore, the prepared formulation was evaluated in vitro. Moreover, the efficacy was tested in vivo in a bleomycin-induced acute lung injury mice model. Intriguingly, nanoformulations were given by the intratracheal route for 6 days. HCQ-NLCs showed a mean particle size of 277 nm and a good drug release profile. Remarkably, acute lung injury induced by bleomycin was associated with a marked elevation of inflammatory markers and histological alterations in lung tissues. Astoundingly, all these changes were significantly attenuated with HCQ-NLCs. The pulmonary delivery of HCQ-NLCs likely provided adequate targeting to lung tissues. Nevertheless, there is hope that this novel strategy will eventually lead to the improved effectiveness and diminished probability of alarming adverse drug reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Shaker Ali
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (A.S.A.); (M.G.A.)
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - Mohsen Geza Alrashedi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (A.S.A.); (M.G.A.)
- Ministry of Health, Riyadh 12628, Saudi Arabia
| | - Osama Abdelhakim Aly Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ibrahim M. Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (A.S.A.); (M.G.A.)
- Correspondence:
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Kolli AR, Calvino-Martin F, Hoeng J. Translational Modeling of Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine Dosimetry in Human Airways for Treating Viral Respiratory Infections. Pharm Res 2022; 39:57-73. [PMID: 35000036 PMCID: PMC8742698 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-021-03152-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine are effective against respiratory viruses in vitro. However, they lack antiviral efficacy upon oral administration. Translation of in vitro to in vivo exposure is necessary for understanding the disconnect between the two to develop effective therapeutic strategies. Methods We employed an in vitro ion-trapping kinetic model to predict the changes in the cytosolic and lysosomal concentrations of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in cell lines and primary human airway cultures. A physiologically based pharmacokinetic model with detailed respiratory physiology was used to predict regional airway exposure and optimize dosing regimens. Results At their reported in vitro effective concentrations in cell lines, chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine cause a significant increase in their cytosolic and lysosomal concentrations by altering the lysosomal pH. Higher concentrations of the compounds are required to achieve similar levels of cytosolic and lysosomal changes in primary human airway cells in vitro. The predicted cellular and lysosomal concentrations in the respiratory tract for in vivo oral doses are lower than the in vitro effective levels. Pulmonary administration of aerosolized chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine is predicted to achieve high bound in vitro-effective concentrations in the respiratory tract, with low systemic exposure. Achieving effective cytosolic concentrations for activating immunomodulatory effects and adequate lysosomal levels for inhibiting viral replication could be key drivers for treating viral respiratory infections. Conclusion Our analysis provides a framework for extrapolating in vitro effective concentrations of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine to in vivo dosing regimens for treating viral respiratory infections. Graphical abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11095-021-03152-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya R Kolli
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Florian Calvino-Martin
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Julia Hoeng
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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Bovard D, van der Toorn M, Schlage WK, Constant S, Renggli K, Peitsch MC, Hoeng J. Iota-carrageenan extracted from red algae is a potent inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 infection in reconstituted human airway epithelia. Biochem Biophys Rep 2021; 29:101187. [PMID: 34931176 PMCID: PMC8673819 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2021.101187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Iota-carrageenan (IC) nasal spray, a medical device approved for treating respiratory viral infections, has previously been shown to inhibit the ability of a variety of respiratory viruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), to enter and replicate in the cell by interfering with the virus binding to the cell surface. The aim of this study was to further investigate the efficacy and safety of IC in SARS-CoV-2 infection in advanced in vitro models of the human respiratory epithelium, the primary target and entry port for SARS-CoV-2. We extended the in vitro safety assessment of nebulized IC in a 3-dimensional model of reconstituted human bronchial epithelium, and we demonstrated the efficacy of IC in protecting reconstituted nasal epithelium against viral infection and replication of a patient-derived SARS-CoV-2 strain. The results obtained from these two advanced models of human respiratory tract epithelia confirm previous findings from in vitro SARS-CoV-2 infection assays and demonstrate that topically applied IC can effectively prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection and replication. Moreover, the absence of toxicity and functional and structural impairment of the mucociliary epithelium demonstrates that the nebulized IC is well tolerated. IC had a potent antiviral effect in SARS-CoV-2 infected organotypic nasal epithelial cultures. Topical application (nasal drops) was non-toxic at anti-virally efficient doses. Aerosolized IC had no adverse effects on reconstituted human bronchial epithelium.
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Key Words
- 3D, 3-dimensional
- AE, after exposure
- ALI, air–liquid interface
- Air–liquid interface
- BE, before exposure
- Bronchial epithelium
- CBF, ciliary beating frequency
- COVID-19
- COVID19, Coronavirus disease 2019
- DMMB, Dimethylmethylene blue
- IC, Iota-carrageenan
- Iota-carrageenan
- LDH, lactate dehydrogenase
- MOI, multiplicity of infection
- NHBE, normal human bronchial epithelial
- Nasal epithelium
- Nasal spray
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- SARS-CoV-2
- SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
- SSPL, spike-pseudotyped lentivirus
- TEER, transepithelial electrical resistance
- hACE2, human angiotensin I-converting enzyme 2
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bovard
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Marco van der Toorn
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Walter K Schlage
- Biology Consultant, Max-Baermann-Str. 21, 51429, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Samuel Constant
- Epithelix Sarl, 18 Chemin des Aulx, Plan-les-Ouates, 1228, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Kasper Renggli
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Manuel C Peitsch
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Julia Hoeng
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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Ali AS, Ibrahim IM, Burzangi AS, Ghoneim RH, Aljohani HS, Alsamhan HA, Barakat J. Scoping insight on antiviral drugs against COVID-19. ARAB J CHEM 2021; 14:103385. [PMID: 34909060 DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2021.103385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background COVID-19 is an ongoing viral pandemic produced by SARS-CoV-2. In light of in vitro efficacy, several medications were repurposed for its management. During clinical use, many of these medications produced inconsistent results or had varying limitations. Objective The purpose of this literature review is to explain the variable efficacy or limitations of Lopinavir/Ritonavir, Remdesivir, Hydroxychloroquine, and Favipiravir in clinical settings. Method A study of the literature on the pharmacodynamics (PD), pharmacokinetics (PK), safety profile, and clinical trials through academic databases using relevant search terms. Results & discussion The efficacy of an antiviral drug against COVID-19 is associated with its ability to achieve therapeutic concentration in the lung and intestinal tissues. This efficacy depends on the PK properties, particularly protein binding, volume of distribution, and half-life. The PK and PD of the model drugs need to be integrated to predict their limitations. Conclusion Current antiviral drugs have varying pharmacological constraints that may associate with limited efficacy, especially in severe COVID-19 patients, or safety concerns.
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Ebrahimi S, Shamloo A, Alishiri M, Mofrad YM, Akherati F. Targeted pulmonary drug delivery in coronavirus disease (COVID-19) therapy: A patient-specific in silico study based on magnetic nanoparticles-coated microcarriers adhesion. Int J Pharm 2021; 609:121133. [PMID: 34563616 PMCID: PMC8459545 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, nearly most confirmed cases develop respiratory syndromes. Using targeted drug delivery by microcarriers is one of the most important noteworthy methods for delivering drugs to the involved bronchi. This study aims to investigate the performance of a drug delivery that applies microcarriers to each branch of the lung under the influence of a magnetic field. The results show that by changing the inlet velocity from constant to pulsatile, the drug delivery performance to the lungs increases by ∼31%. For transferring the microcarriers to the right side branches (LUL and LLL), placing the magnet at zero height and ∼30° angle yields the best outcome. Also, the microcarriers' delivery to branch LUL improves by placing the magnet at LUL-LLL bifurcation and the angle of ∼30°. It was observed that dense (9300[kgm3]) microcarriers show the best performance for delivering drugs to LLL and RLL&RML branches. Also, low-density (1000[kgm3]) microcarriers are best for delivering drugs to LUL and RUL branches. The findings of this study can improve our understanding of different factors, such as inlet velocity, the magnet's position, and the choice of microcarrier - that affect drug delivery to the infected parts of the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Ebrahimi
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Shamloo
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mojgan Alishiri
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Fatemeh Akherati
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
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13
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Baron F, Alhajeri H, Abutiban F, Almutairi M, Alawadhi A, Aldei A, Alherz A, Ali Y, Alsayegh S, Dehrab A, Ghanem A, Hajji E, Hayat S, Saleh K, Shaikh-Alsooq R, Tarakmah H, Albasri A, Alenezi A, Alhadhood N, Alkanderi W, Almathkoori A, Almutairi N, Alturki A, Alkadi A, Behbahani H. Rheumatologic aspects of the COVID-19 pandemic: a practical resource for physicians in Kuwait and the Gulf region based on recommendations by the Kuwait Association of Rheumatology (KAR). Curr Rheumatol Rev 2021; 18:108-116. [PMID: 34620059 DOI: 10.2174/1573397117666211007091256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The Kuwait Association of Rheumatology members met three times in April 2020 to quickly address and support the local practitioners treating rheumatic disease in Kuwait and the Gulf region during the COVID-19 pandemic. As patients with rheumatic and musculoskeletal disease (RMD) may need modifications to their therapy during the COVID-19 pandemic, we voted online for general guidance that local practitioners needed. In this review, we have addressed the vulnerability of rheumatic patients and issues surrounding their optimum management. We base our recommendations on a synthesis of national/international guidelines and expert consensus among KAR members in the context of the Kuwaiti healthcare system caring for the patient population with RMD. The most recent reports from the World Health Organization, the Center for Disease Control, the National Institutes of Health - National Medical Library, and the COVID-19 educational website of the United Kingdom National Health Service have been incorporated. We discuss the management of RMD in various clinical scenarios: screening protocols in an infusion clinic, medication protocols for stable patients and care for suspected or confirmed COVID infection and whether they are stable, in a disease flare or newly diagnosed. Besides, we also outline the conditions for the hospital admission. This guidance is for the specialist and non-specialist readership and should be regarded as interim as the virus is relatively new and we rely on experience and necessity more than evidence collection. The guidance presented should be supplemented with recent scientific evidence wherever applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baron F
- Rheumatology unit, Al-Jahra Hospital, AlJahra. Kuwait
| | - Alhajeri H
- Rheumatology unit, Mubarak Al-Kabeer Hospital, Jabriya. Kuwait
| | - Abutiban F
- Rheumatology unit, Jaber Alahmad Hospital, South Surra. Kuwait
| | - Almutairi M
- Rheumatology unit, Adan Hospital, Hadiya. Kuwait
| | - Alawadhi A
- Rheumatology unit, Al-Amiri Hospital, KuwaitCity. Kuwait
| | - Aldei A
- Rheumatology unit, Al-Amiri Hospital, KuwaitCity. Kuwait
| | - Alherz A
- Rheumatology unit, Al-Amiri Hospital, KuwaitCity. Kuwait
| | - Ali Y
- Rheumatology unit, Mubarak Al-Kabeer Hospital, Jabriya. Kuwait
| | - Alsayegh S
- Rheumatology unit, Military Hospital, Sabhan. Kuwait
| | - Dehrab A
- Rheumatology unit, Adan Hospital, Hadiya. Kuwait
| | - Ghanem A
- Rheumatology unit, Mubarak Al-Kabeer Hospital, Jabriya. Kuwait
| | - Hajji E
- Rheumatology unit, Al-Amiri Hospital, KuwaitCity. Kuwait
| | - Hayat S
- Rheumatology unit, Mubarak Al-Kabeer Hospital, Jabriya. Kuwait
| | - Saleh K
- Rheumatology unit, Al-Farwaniya Hospital, AlFarwaniya. Kuwait
| | | | - Tarakmah H
- Rheumatology unit, Mubarak Al-Kabeer Hospital, Jabriya. Kuwait
| | - Albasri A
- Rheumatology unit, Jaber Alahmad Hospital, South Surra. Kuwait
| | - Alenezi A
- Rheumatology unit, Al-Jahra Hospital, AlJahra. Kuwait
| | - Alhadhood N
- Rheumatology unit, Al-Farwaniya Hospital, AlFarwaniy. Kuwait
| | - Alkanderi W
- Rheumatology unit, Al-Farwaniya Hospital, AlFarwaniy. Kuwait
| | | | - Almutairi N
- Rheumatology unit, Al-sabah Hospital, Alsabah. Kuwait
| | - Alturki A
- Rheumatology unit, Jaber Alahmad Hospital, South Surra. Kuwait
| | - Alkadi A
- Rheumatology unit, Al-sabah Hospital, Alsabah. Kuwait
| | - Behbahani H
- Rheumatology unit, Al-Farwaniya Hospital, AlFarwaniya. Kuwait
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14
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Pfeifer ND, Lo A, Bourdet DL, Colley K, Singh D. Phase I study in healthy participants to evaluate safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of inhaled nezulcitinib, a potential treatment for COVID-19. Clin Transl Sci 2021; 14:2556-2565. [PMID: 34318597 PMCID: PMC8444931 DOI: 10.1111/cts.13123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nezulcitinib (TD‐0903), a lung‐selective pan–Janus‐associated kinase (JAK) inhibitor designed for inhaled delivery, is under development for treatment of acute lung injury associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19). This two‐part, double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled, single ascending dose (part A) and multiple ascending dose (part B) phase I study evaluated the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics (PK) of nezulcitinib in healthy participants. Part A included three cohorts randomized 6:2 to receive a single inhaled dose of nezulcitinib (1, 3, or 10 mg) or matching placebo. Part B included three cohorts randomized 8:2 to receive inhaled nezulcitinib (1, 3, or 10 mg) or matching placebo for 7 days. The primary outcome was nezulcitinib safety and tolerability assessed from treatment‐emergent adverse events (TEAEs). The secondary outcome was nezulcitinib PK. All participants completed the study. All TEAEs were mild or moderate in severity, and none led to treatment discontinuation. Overall (area under the plasma concentration‐time curve) and peak (maximal plasma concentration) plasma exposures of nezulcitinib were low and increased in a dose‐proportional manner from 1 to 10 mg in both parts, with no suggestion of clinically meaningful drug accumulation. Maximal plasma exposures were below levels expected to result in systemic target engagement, consistent with a lung‐selective profile. No reductions in natural killer cell counts were observed, consistent with the lack of a systemic pharmacological effect and the observed PK. In summary, single and multiple doses of inhaled nezulcitinib at 1, 3, and 10 mg were well‐tolerated in healthy participants, with dose‐proportional PK supporting once‐daily administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan D Pfeifer
- Theravance Biopharma US, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Arthur Lo
- Theravance Biopharma US, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - David L Bourdet
- Theravance Biopharma US, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Kenneth Colley
- Theravance Biopharma US, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Dave Singh
- Medicines Evaluation Unit, University of Manchester, Manchester University, Manchester, UK
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15
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Eedara BB, Alabsi W, Encinas-Basurto D, Polt R, Ledford JG, Mansour HM. Inhalation Delivery for the Treatment and Prevention of COVID-19 Infection. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1077. [PMID: 34371768 PMCID: PMC8308954 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13071077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) is caused by coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and has produced a global pandemic. As of 22 June 2021, 178 million people have been affected worldwide, and 3.87 million people have died from COVID-19. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) of the United States, COVID-19 virus is primarily transmitted between people through respiratory droplets and contact routes. Since the location of initial infection and disease progression is primarily through the lungs, the inhalation delivery of drugs directly to the lungs may be the most appropriate route of administration for treating COVID-19. This review article aims to present possible inhalation therapeutics and vaccines for the treatment of COVID-19 symptoms. This review covers the comparison between SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses such as SARS-CoV/MERS, inhalation therapeutics for the treatment of COVID-19 symptoms, and vaccines for preventing infection, as well as the current clinical status of inhaled therapeutics and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basanth Babu Eedara
- Skaggs Pharmaceutical Sciences Center, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, 1703 E. Mabel Str., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (B.B.E.); (W.A.); (D.E.-B.)
| | - Wafaa Alabsi
- Skaggs Pharmaceutical Sciences Center, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, 1703 E. Mabel Str., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (B.B.E.); (W.A.); (D.E.-B.)
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA;
| | - David Encinas-Basurto
- Skaggs Pharmaceutical Sciences Center, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, 1703 E. Mabel Str., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (B.B.E.); (W.A.); (D.E.-B.)
| | - Robin Polt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA;
| | - Julie G. Ledford
- Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA;
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
- BIO5 Institute, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
| | - Heidi M. Mansour
- Skaggs Pharmaceutical Sciences Center, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, 1703 E. Mabel Str., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (B.B.E.); (W.A.); (D.E.-B.)
- BIO5 Institute, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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16
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Abdellatif AAH, Tawfeek HM, Abdelfattah A, El-Saber Batiha G, Hetta HF. Recent updates in COVID-19 with emphasis on inhalation therapeutics: Nanostructured and targeting systems. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021; 63:102435. [PMID: 33643448 DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The current world health threat posed by the novel coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) calls for the urgent development of effective therapeutic options. COVID-19 needs daunting routes such as nano-antivirals. Hence, the role of nanotechnology is very critical in combating this nano-enemy "virus." Although substantial resources are under ongoing attention for prevention and care, we would like to start sharing with readers our vision of the role of inhaled nanomaterials and targeting systems that can play an important role in the fight against the COVID-19. In this review, we underline the genomic structure of COVID-19, recent modes of virus transmission with measures to control the infection, pathogenesis, clinical presentation of SARS-CoV-2, and how much the virus affects the lung. Additionally, the recent therapeutic approaches for managing COVID-19 with emphasis on the value of nanomaterial-based technical approaches are discussed in this review. This review also focuses on the safe and efficient delivery of useable targeted therapies using designed nanocarriers. Moreover, the effectiveness and availability of active targeting of certain specific receptors expressed on the coronavirus surfaces via tailored ligand nanoparticles are manipulated. It was also highlighted in this review the role of inhaled medicines including antivirals and repurposed drugs for fighting the associated lung disorders and efficiency of developed vaccines. Moreover, the inhalation delivery safety techniques were also highlighted.
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17
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Joshi G, Thakur S, Mayank, Poduri R. Exploring insights of hydroxychloroquine, a controversial drug in Covid-19: An update. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 151:112106. [PMID: 33722600 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The review summarizes chloroquine (CQ) and its safer derivative hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and its utility in Covid-19. Recently this well-established drug made its way back to the headlines during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. This led to an upsurge in the scientific arena with multiple research and review articles along with expert opinions and commentaries. The HCQ has received mixed judgements so far about its efficacy to be used in Covid-19 patients in a limited trial conducted all across the Globe. The purpose of our article is to put forth the history, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacokinetics, along with the existing studies favouring and disapproving the role of HCQ in the treatment of Covid-19. We grouped HCQ use at three stages, this includes HCQ for i. prophylactic use by asymptomatic health workers or peoples at higher risk; ii. patients having mild symptoms; iii. patients with extreme symptoms. The review critically discusses the underlying plausible reasons and mechanisms exploring HCQ in prophylactic management or treatment of SARS-CoV-2. Furthermore, we have critically analysed the reported pharmacokinetic parameters and compiled the proponent, opponent, or neutral opinions on the use of HCQ in Covid-19. Authors discretion is to conduct more studies considering the optimal dosing regimen and pharmacokinetics assessment.
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18
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Gatti M, De Ponti F. Drug Repurposing in the COVID-19 Era: Insights from Case Studies Showing Pharmaceutical Peculiarities. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13030302. [PMID: 33668969 PMCID: PMC7996547 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13030302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 may lead to severe respiratory distress syndrome and high risk of death in some patients. So far (January 2021), only the antiviral remdesivir has been approved, although no significant benefits in terms of mortality and clinical improvement were recently reported. In a setting where effective and safe treatments for COVID-19 are urgently needed, drug repurposing may take advantage of the fact that the safety profile of an agent is already well known and allows rapid investigation of the efficacy of potential treatments, at lower costs and with reduced risk of failure. Furthermore, novel pharmaceutical formulations of older agents (e.g., aerosolized administration of chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine, remdesivir, heparin, pirfenidone) have been tested in order to increase pulmonary delivery and/or antiviral effects of potentially active drugs, thus overcoming pharmacokinetic issues. In our review, we will highlight the importance of the drug repurposing strategy in the context of COVID-19, including regulatory and ethical aspects, with a specific focus on novel pharmaceutical formulations and routes of administration.
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19
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Santra S, Giri S, Jana M. Unraveling the origin of interactions of hydroxychloroquine with the receptor-binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 in aqueous medium. Chem Phys Lett 2021; 764:138280. [PMID: 33362291 PMCID: PMC7748971 DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2020.138280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Interactions of hydroxychloroquin (HCQ) with the receptor binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 were studied from atomistic simulation and ONIOM techniques. The key-residues of RBD responsible for the human transmission are recognized to be blocked in a heterogeneous manner with the favorable formation of key-residue:HCQ (1:1) complex. Such heterogeneity in binding was identified to be governed by the differential life-time of the hydrogen bonded water network anchoring HCQ and the key-residues. The intermolecular proton transfer facilitates the most favorable Lys417:HCQ complexation. The study demonstrates that off-target bindings of HCQ need to be minimized to efficiently prevent the transmission of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santanu Santra
- Molecular Simulation Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, India
| | - Santanab Giri
- School of Applied Science and Humanities, Haldia Institute of Technology, Haldia 721657, India
| | - Madhurima Jana
- Molecular Simulation Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, India,Corresponding author
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20
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Idkaidek N, Hawari F, Dodin Y, Obeidat N. Development of a Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK) Model of Nebulized Hydroxychloroquine for Pulmonary Delivery to COVID-19 Patients. Drug Res (Stuttg) 2020; 71:250-256. [PMID: 33378773 DOI: 10.1055/a-1325-0248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Despite inconclusive evidence, chloroquine (CQ) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ)are commonly used for the treatment of Corona virus Disease 2019(COVID-19) in critically ill patients.It was hypothesized that HCQ as an aerosol application can reach the antiviral concentration of ~1-5 μM in the alveolar cells which has been proven effective in vitro. A physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model of nebulized HCQ for pulmonary delivery to COVID-19 patients using the Nasal-Pulmonary Module in GastroPlus® V9.7 simulator, in order to calculate the necessary inhalation dose regimen of HCQ, was developed. The physiological, drug disposition, and pharmacokinetic parameters were obtained from the literature and used during model building after optimization using Optimization Module, while oral data was used for validation. The 25 mg BID inhalation dosing was predicted to lead to alveolar HCQ levels of 7 µM (above EC50 of ~1-5 µM), and small plasma levels of 0.18 µM (as compared to plasma levels of 3.22 µM after 200 mg BID oral dosing). However, average contact time (>1 µM) is around 0.5 h in lung parts, suggesting indirect exposure response effect of HCQ.The developed PBPK model herein predicted HCQ levels in plasma and different lung parts of adults after multiple inhalation dosing regimens for 5 days. This in-silico work needs to be tested in vivo on healthy subjects and COVID-19 patients using 12.5 mg BID and 25 mg BID inhalation doses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Feras Hawari
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Internal Medicine, King Hussein Cancer Center and University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.,Cancer Control Office, King Hussein Cancer Center, Amman, Jordan
| | - Yasmeen Dodin
- Cancer Control Office, King Hussein Cancer Center, Amman, Jordan
| | - Nour Obeidat
- Cancer Control Office, King Hussein Cancer Center, Amman, Jordan
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21
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Tan J, Yuan Y, Xu C, Song C, Liu D, Ma D, Gao Q. A retrospective comparison of drugs against COVID-19. Virus Res 2020; 294:198262. [PMID: 33333102 PMCID: PMC7833729 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxychloroquine is an efficient candidate drug against COVID-19. Oseltamivir can be prudently considered in combination therapy. Drug repurposing is a promising way to combat SARS-CoV-2 infection. Comparison of drug effects against COVID-19 is instructive in the pandemic.
Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) has posed serious threats to the general population. To relieve the crisis, a comparison of drug effects against COVID-19 is instructive. Between January 27, 2020 and March 21, 2020, a total of 333 patients treated with arbidol, corticosteroids, hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir/ritonavir, or oseltamivir monotherapy, having definite outcomes and serological antibody detection results, were retrospectively analyzed. The hydroxychloroquine group had a significantly reduced duration of hospital stay than the arbidol and corticosteroids groups. The oseltamivir group had a significantly shorter length of hospital stay than the arbidol, corticosteroids, and lopinavir/ritonavir groups. The hydroxychloroquine group had a significantly higher IgM titer than the other four groups and exhibited significantly higher IgG levels than the arbidol, lopinavir/ritonavir, and oseltamivir groups. Our findings indicated that hydroxychloroquine might have the potential for efficient COVID-19 management, while oseltamivir should be prudently considered in combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahong Tan
- Cancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, PR China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Cancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, PR China
| | - Cheng Xu
- Cancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, PR China
| | - Chunyan Song
- Cancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, PR China
| | - Dan Liu
- Cancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, PR China
| | - Ding Ma
- Cancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, PR China
| | - Qinglei Gao
- Cancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, PR China.
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22
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Tai TT, Wu TJ, Wu HD, Tsai YC, Wang HT, Wang AM, Shih SF, Chen YC. A Strategy to Treat COVID-19 Disease With Targeted Delivery of Inhalable Liposomal Hydroxychloroquine: A Preclinical Pharmacokinetic Study. Clin Transl Sci 2020; 14:132-136. [PMID: 33135382 PMCID: PMC7877818 DOI: 10.1111/cts.12923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) is a newly identified pathogen causing the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic. Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), an antimalarial and anti‐inflammatory drug, has been shown to inhibit SARS‐CoV‐2 infection in vitro and tested in clinical studies. However, achievement of lung concentrations predicted to have in vivo antiviral efficacy might not be possible with the currently proposed oral dosing regimens. Further, high cumulative doses of HCQ raise concerns of systemic toxicity, including cardiotoxicity. Here, we describe a preclinical study to investigate the pharmacokinetics (PKs) of a novel formulation of liposomal HCQ administered by intratracheal (IT) instillation in Sprague‐Dawley rats. Compared with unformulated HCQ administered intravenously, liposomal HCQ showed higher (~ 30‐fold) lung exposure, longer (~ 2.5‐fold) half‐life in lungs, but lower blood exposure with ~ 20% of peak plasma concentration (Cmax) and 74% of area under the curve from 0 to 72 hours (AUC0–72) and lower heart exposure with 23% of Cmax and 58% of AUC0–24 (normalized for dose). Similar results were observed relative to IT administration of unformulated HCQ. These PKs result in an animal model that demonstrated the proof of concept that inhalable liposomal HCQ may provide clinical benefit and serve as a potential treatment for COVID‐19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tien-Tzu Tai
- Division of Corporate Development, Department of Regulatory Affairs, Taiwan Liposome Company, Ltd., Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzung-Ju Wu
- Division of Product Development, Department of Pharmacokinetics, Taiwan Liposome Company, Ltd., Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Huey-Dong Wu
- Division of Respiratory Therapy, Department of Integrated Diagnostics and Therapeutics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chen Tsai
- Division of Product Development, Department of Pharmacokinetics, Taiwan Liposome Company, Ltd., Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ting Wang
- Division of Product Development, Department of Pharmacokinetics, Taiwan Liposome Company, Ltd., Taipei, Taiwan
| | - An-Min Wang
- Division of Product Development, Department of Medical Science, Taiwan Liposome Company, Ltd., Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sheue-Fang Shih
- Division of Product Development, Taiwan Liposome Company, Ltd., Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yee-Chun Chen
- Division of Infectious disease, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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23
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Albariqi AH, Chang RYK, Tai W, Ke WR, Chow MYT, Tang P, Kwok PCL, Chan HK. Inhalable Hydroxychloroquine Powders for Potential Treatment of COVID-19. J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv 2020; 34:20-31. [PMID: 33179983 DOI: 10.1089/jamp.2020.1648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is one of the repurposed drugs proposed for the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, all the published clinical trials involve oral administration of the drug, although the disease is primarily a respiratory one. Direct inhaled delivery could reduce the side effects associated with oral use and ensure a high concentration of the drug in the lungs. In this study, inhalable HCQ powders were prepared and characterized for potential COVID-19 therapy. Methods: Hydroxychloroquine sulfate (HCQ-sul) was jet milled (JM) followed by conditioning by storage at different relative humidities (43%, 53%, 58%, and 75% RHs) for 7 days. The solid-state properties, including particle morphology and size distribution, crystallinity, and vapor moisture profiles of HCQ-sul samples, were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, laser diffraction, X-ray powder diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, and dynamic water vapor sorption. The aerosol performance of the HCQ-sul powders was assessed using a medium-high resistance Osmohaler coupling to a next-generation impactor (NGI) at a flow rate of 60 L/min. Results: The jet-milled powder showed a volume median diameter of 1.7 μm (span 1.5) and retained the same crystalline form as the raw HCQ-sul. A small amount of amorphous materials was present in the jet-milled HCQ-sul, which was convertible to the stable, crystalline state after conditioning at 53%, 58%, and 75% RH. The recovered fine particle fraction (FPF)recovered and the emitted fine particle fraction (FPFemitted) of the HCQ-sul sample immediately after jet milling and the samples after conditioning at 43%, 53%, and 58% RH were similar at ∼43% and 61%, respectively. In contrast, the sample having conditioned at 75%RH showed lower corresponding values at 33% and 26% respectively, due to the formation of solid bridges caused by excessive moisture. Conclusion: Inhalable crystalline powders of HCQ-sul were successfully prepared, which can be used for clinical testing as a potential inhaled COVID-19 treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed H Albariqi
- Advanced Drug Delivery Group, Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,The Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rachel Yoon Kyung Chang
- Advanced Drug Delivery Group, Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Waiting Tai
- Advanced Drug Delivery Group, Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Wei-Ren Ke
- Advanced Drug Delivery Group, Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Michael Y T Chow
- Advanced Drug Delivery Group, Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Patricia Tang
- Advanced Drug Delivery Group, Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Philip Chi Lip Kwok
- Advanced Drug Delivery Group, Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Hak-Kim Chan
- Advanced Drug Delivery Group, Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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