1
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Gosavi AA, Nandgude TD, Mishra RK, Puri DB. Exploring the Potential of Artificial Intelligence as a Facilitating Tool for Formulation Development in Fluidized Bed Processor: a Comprehensive Review. AAPS PharmSciTech 2024; 25:111. [PMID: 38740666 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-024-02816-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
This in-depth study looks into how artificial intelligence (AI) could be used to make formulation development easier in fluidized bed processes (FBP). FBP is complex and involves numerous variables, making optimization challenging. Various AI techniques have addressed this challenge, including machine learning, neural networks, genetic algorithms, and fuzzy logic. By integrating AI with experimental design, process modeling, and optimization strategies, intelligent systems for FBP can be developed. The advantages of AI in this context include improved process understanding, reduced time and cost, enhanced product quality, and robust formulation optimization. However, data availability, model interpretability, and regulatory compliance challenges must be addressed. Case studies demonstrate successful applications of AI in decision-making, process outcome prediction, and scale-up. AI can improve efficiency, quality, and cost-effectiveness in significant ways. Still, it is important to think carefully about data quality, how easy it is to understand, and how to follow the rules. Future research should focus on fully harnessing the potential of AI to advance formulation development in FBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aachal A Gosavi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Dr. D. Y. Patil Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Pimpri, Pune, India
| | - Tanaji D Nandgude
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSPM University's School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wagholi, Pune, India
| | - Rakesh K Mishra
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Dr. D. Y. Patil Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Pimpri, Pune, India.
| | - Dhiraj B Puri
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science-Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus, Zuarinagar, Sancoale, Goa, India
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2
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Fulek R, Ramm S, Kiera C, Pein-Hackelbusch M, Odefey U. A Machine Learning Approach to Qualitatively Evaluate Different Granulation Phases by Acoustic Emissions. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2153. [PMID: 37631367 PMCID: PMC10458526 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15082153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Wet granulation is a frequent process in the pharmaceutical industry. As a starting point for numerous dosage forms, the quality of the granulation not only affects subsequent production steps but also impacts the quality of the final product. It is thus crucial and economical to monitor this operation thoroughly. Here, we report on identifying different phases of a granulation process using a machine learning approach. The phases reflect the water content which, in turn, influences the processability and quality of the granule mass. We used two kinds of microphones and an acceleration sensor to capture acoustic emissions and vibrations. We trained convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to classify the different phases using transformed sound recordings as the input. We achieved a classification accuracy of up to 90% using vibrational data and an accuracy of up to 97% using the audible microphone data. Our results indicate the suitability of using audible sound and machine learning to monitor pharmaceutical processes. Moreover, since recording acoustic emissions is contactless, it readily complies with legal regulations and presents Good Manufacturing Practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruwen Fulek
- Department of Life Science Technologies, OWL University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Campusallee 12, 32657 Lemgo, Germany; (R.F.)
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, OWL University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Campusallee 12, 32657 Lemgo, Germany
| | - Selina Ramm
- Department of Life Science Technologies, OWL University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Campusallee 12, 32657 Lemgo, Germany; (R.F.)
| | - Christian Kiera
- PHARBIL Pharma GmbH, Reichenberger Str. 43, 33605 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Miriam Pein-Hackelbusch
- Department of Life Science Technologies, OWL University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Campusallee 12, 32657 Lemgo, Germany; (R.F.)
| | - Ulrich Odefey
- Department of Life Science Technologies, OWL University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Campusallee 12, 32657 Lemgo, Germany; (R.F.)
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3
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Vora LK, Gholap AD, Jetha K, Thakur RRS, Solanki HK, Chavda VP. Artificial Intelligence in Pharmaceutical Technology and Drug Delivery Design. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1916. [PMID: 37514102 PMCID: PMC10385763 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15071916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a powerful tool that harnesses anthropomorphic knowledge and provides expedited solutions to complex challenges. Remarkable advancements in AI technology and machine learning present a transformative opportunity in the drug discovery, formulation, and testing of pharmaceutical dosage forms. By utilizing AI algorithms that analyze extensive biological data, including genomics and proteomics, researchers can identify disease-associated targets and predict their interactions with potential drug candidates. This enables a more efficient and targeted approach to drug discovery, thereby increasing the likelihood of successful drug approvals. Furthermore, AI can contribute to reducing development costs by optimizing research and development processes. Machine learning algorithms assist in experimental design and can predict the pharmacokinetics and toxicity of drug candidates. This capability enables the prioritization and optimization of lead compounds, reducing the need for extensive and costly animal testing. Personalized medicine approaches can be facilitated through AI algorithms that analyze real-world patient data, leading to more effective treatment outcomes and improved patient adherence. This comprehensive review explores the wide-ranging applications of AI in drug discovery, drug delivery dosage form designs, process optimization, testing, and pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) studies. This review provides an overview of various AI-based approaches utilized in pharmaceutical technology, highlighting their benefits and drawbacks. Nevertheless, the continued investment in and exploration of AI in the pharmaceutical industry offer exciting prospects for enhancing drug development processes and patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalitkumar K Vora
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Amol D Gholap
- Department of Pharmaceutics, St. John Institute of Pharmacy and Research, Palghar 401404, Maharashtra, India
| | - Keshava Jetha
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad 380009, Gujarat, India
- Ph.D. Section, Gujarat Technological University, Ahmedabad 382424, Gujarat, India
| | | | - Hetvi K Solanki
- Pharmacy Section, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad 380009, Gujarat, India
| | - Vivek P Chavda
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad 380009, Gujarat, India
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4
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Hayashi Y, Noguchi M, Oishi T, Ono T, Okada K, Onuki Y. Application of unsupervised and supervised learning to a material attribute database of tablets produced at two different granulation scales. Int J Pharm 2023; 641:123066. [PMID: 37217121 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the usefulness of machine learning (ML) for analyzing a material attribute database from tablets produced at different granulation scales. High shear wet granulators (scale 30 g and 1000 g) were used and data were collected according to the design of experiments at different scales. In total, 38 different tablets were prepared, and the tensile strength (TS) and dissolution rate after 10 min (DS10) were measured. In addition, 15 material attributes (MAs) related to particle size distribution, bulk density, elasticity, plasticity, surface properties, and moisture content of granules were evaluated. By using unsupervised learning including principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis, the regions of tablets produced at each scale were visualized. Subsequently, supervised learning with feature selection including partial least squares regression with variable importance in projection and elastic net were applied. The constructed models could predict the TS and DS10 from the MAs and the compression force with high accuracy (R2= 0.777 and 0.748, respectively), independent of scale. In addition, important factors were successfully identified. ML can be used for better understanding of similarity/dissimilarity between scales, for constructing predictive models of critical quality attributes, and for determining critical factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Hayashi
- Pharmaceutical Technology Management Department, Production Division, Nichi-Iko Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 205-1 Shimoumezawa Namerikawa-shi, Toyama 936-0857, Japan; Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science for Research, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani Toyama-shi, Toyama 930-0194, Japan.
| | - Miho Noguchi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science for Research, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani Toyama-shi, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Takuya Oishi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science for Research, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani Toyama-shi, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Takashi Ono
- Toyama Pharmaceutical Technology Department, Pharmaceutical Technology, 15 Management Department, Production Division, Nichi-Iko Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, 205-1, Shimoumezawa Namerikawa-shi, Toyama 936-0857, Japan
| | - Kotaro Okada
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science for Research, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani Toyama-shi, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Onuki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science for Research, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani Toyama-shi, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
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5
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Data-Driven Prediction of the Formation of Co-Amorphous Systems. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020347. [PMID: 36839668 PMCID: PMC9968185 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Co-amorphous systems (COAMS) have raised increasing interest in the pharmaceutical industry, since they combine the increased solubility and/or faster dissolution of amorphous forms with the stability of crystalline forms. However, the choice of the co-former is critical for the formation of a COAMS. While some models exist to predict the potential formation of COAMS, they often focus on a limited group of compounds. Here, four classes of combinations of an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) with (1) another API, (2) an amino acid, (3) an organic acid, or (4) another substance were considered. A model using gradient boosting methods was developed to predict the successful formation of COAMS for all four classes. The model was tested on data not seen during training and predicted 15 out of 19 examples correctly. In addition, the model was used to screen for new COAMS in binary systems of two APIs for inhalation therapy, as diseases such as tuberculosis, asthma, and COPD usually require complex multidrug-therapy. Three of these new API-API combinations were selected for experimental testing and co-processed via milling. The experiments confirmed the predictions of the model in all three cases. This data-driven model will facilitate and expedite the screening phase for new binary COAMS.
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6
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Sodeifian G, Usefi MMB. Solubility, Extraction, and Nanoparticles Production in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide: A Mini‐Review. CHEMBIOENG REVIEWS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cben.202200020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gholamhossein Sodeifian
- University of Kashan Faculty of Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering 87317-53153 Kashan Iran
- University of Kashan Laboratory of Supercritical Fluids and Nanotechnology 87317-53153 Kashan Iran
| | - Mohammad Mahdi Behvand Usefi
- University of Kashan Faculty of Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering 87317-53153 Kashan Iran
- University of Kashan Laboratory of Supercritical Fluids and Nanotechnology 87317-53153 Kashan Iran
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7
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Ong JJ, Castro BM, Gaisford S, Cabalar P, Basit AW, Pérez G, Goyanes A. Accelerating 3D printing of pharmaceutical products using machine learning. Int J Pharm X 2022; 4:100120. [PMID: 35755603 PMCID: PMC9218223 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpx.2022.100120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional printing (3DP) has seen growing interest within the healthcare industry for its ability to fabricate personalized medicines and medical devices. However, it may be burdened by the lengthy empirical process of formulation development. Active research in pharmaceutical 3DP has led to a wealth of data that machine learning could utilize to provide predictions of formulation outcomes. A balanced dataset is critical for optimal predictive performance of machine learning (ML) models, but data available from published literature often only include positive results. In this study, in-house and literature-mined data on hot melt extrusion (HME) and fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3DP formulations were combined to give a more balanced dataset of 1594 formulations. The optimized ML models predicted the printability and filament mechanical characteristics with an accuracy of 84%, and predicted HME and FDM processing temperatures with a mean absolute error of 5.5 °C and 8.4 °C, respectively. The performance of these ML models was better than previous iterations with a smaller and a more imbalanced dataset, highlighting the importance of providing a structured and heterogeneous dataset for optimal ML performance. The optimized models were integrated in an updated web-application, M3DISEEN, that provides predictions on filament characteristics, printability, HME and FDM processing temperatures, and drug release profiles (https://m3diseen.com/predictionsFDM/). By simulating the workflow of preparing FDM-printed pharmaceutical products, the web-application expedites the otherwise empirical process of formulation development, facilitating higher pharmaceutical 3DP research throughput.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Jie Ong
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Brais Muñiz Castro
- IRLab, CITIC Research Center, Department of Computer Science, University of A Coruña, Spain
| | - Simon Gaisford
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK.,FabRx Ltd., Henwood House, Henwood, Ashford TN24 8DH, UK
| | - Pedro Cabalar
- IRLab, Department of Computer Science, University of A Coruña, Spain
| | - Abdul W Basit
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK.,FabRx Ltd., Henwood House, Henwood, Ashford TN24 8DH, UK
| | - Gilberto Pérez
- IRLab, CITIC Research Center, Department of Computer Science, University of A Coruña, Spain
| | - Alvaro Goyanes
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK.,FabRx Ltd., Henwood House, Henwood, Ashford TN24 8DH, UK.,Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, I+D Farma (GI-1645), Facultad de Farmacia, iMATUS and Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain
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8
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Sousa AS, Serra J, Estevens C, Costa R, Ribeiro AJ. A quality by design approach in oral extended release drug delivery systems: where we are and where we are going? JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40005-022-00603-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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9
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Jiang J, Ma X, Ouyang D, Williams RO. Emerging Artificial Intelligence (AI) Technologies Used in the Development of Solid Dosage Forms. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:2257. [PMID: 36365076 PMCID: PMC9694557 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14112257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based formulation development is a promising approach for facilitating the drug product development process. AI is a versatile tool that contains multiple algorithms that can be applied in various circumstances. Solid dosage forms, represented by tablets, capsules, powder, granules, etc., are among the most widely used administration methods. During the product development process, multiple factors including critical material attributes (CMAs) and processing parameters can affect product properties, such as dissolution rates, physical and chemical stabilities, particle size distribution, and the aerosol performance of the dry powder. However, the conventional trial-and-error approach for product development is inefficient, laborious, and time-consuming. AI has been recently recognized as an emerging and cutting-edge tool for pharmaceutical formulation development which has gained much attention. This review provides the following insights: (1) a general introduction of AI in the pharmaceutical sciences and principal guidance from the regulatory agencies, (2) approaches to generating a database for solid dosage formulations, (3) insight on data preparation and processing, (4) a brief introduction to and comparisons of AI algorithms, and (5) information on applications and case studies of AI as applied to solid dosage forms. In addition, the powerful technique known as deep learning-based image analytics will be discussed along with its pharmaceutical applications. By applying emerging AI technology, scientists and researchers can better understand and predict the properties of drug formulations to facilitate more efficient drug product development processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhuang Jiang
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Xiangyu Ma
- Global Investment Research, Goldman Sachs, New York, NY 10282, USA
| | - Defang Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences (ICMS), University of Macau, Macau 999078, China
| | - Robert O. Williams
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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10
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Jiang J, Peng HH, Yang Z, Ma X, Sahakijpijarn S, Moon C, Ouyang D, Williams Iii RO. The applications of Machine learning (ML) in designing dry powder for inhalation by using thin-film-freezing technology. Int J Pharm 2022; 626:122179. [PMID: 36084876 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Dry powder inhalers (DPIs) are one of the most widely used devices for treating respiratory diseases. Thin--film--freezing (TFF) is a particle engineering technology that has been demonstrated to prepare dry powder for inhalation with enhanced physicochemical properties. Aerosol performance, which is indicated by fine particle fraction (FPF) and mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD), is an important consideration during the product development process. However, the conventional approach for formulation development requires many trial-and-error experiments, which is both laborious and time consuming. As a state-of-the art technique, machine learning has gained more attention in pharmaceutical science and has been widely applied in different settings. In this study, we have successfully built a prediction model for aerosol performance by using both tabular data and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images. TFF technology was used to prepare 134 dry powder formulations which were collected as a tabular dataset. After testing many machine learning models, we determined that the Random Forest (RF) model was best for FPF prediction with a mean absolute error of ± 7.251%, and artificial neural networks (ANNs) performed the best in estimating MMAD with a mean absolute error of ± 0.393 μm. In addition, a convolutional neural network was employed for SEM image classification and has demonstrated high accuracy (>83.86%) and adaptability in predicting 316 SEM images of three different drug formulations. In conclusion, the machine learning models using both tabular data and image classification were successfully established to evaluate the aerosol performance of dry powder for inhalation. These machine learning models facilitate the product development process of dry powder for inhalation manufactured by TFF technology and have the potential to significantly reduce the product development workload. The machine learning methodology can also be applied to other formulation design and development processes in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhuang Jiang
- Department of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA
| | - Han-Hsuan Peng
- Department of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA
| | - Zhenpei Yang
- Department of Computer Science, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA
| | - Xiangyu Ma
- Global Investment Research, Goldman Sachs, NY, USA
| | | | - Chaeho Moon
- Department of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA
| | - Defang Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences (ICMS), University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Robert O Williams Iii
- Department of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA.
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11
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Maharjan R, Jeong SH. Application of different models to evaluate the key factors of fluidized bed layering granulation and their influence on granule characteristics. POWDER TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2022.117737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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12
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Nagy B, Galata DL, Farkas A, Nagy ZK. Application of Artificial Neural Networks in the Process Analytical Technology of Pharmaceutical Manufacturing-a Review. AAPS J 2022; 24:74. [PMID: 35697951 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-022-00706-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Industry 4.0 has started to transform the manufacturing industries by embracing digitalization, automation, and big data, aiming for interconnected systems, autonomous decisions, and smart factories. Machine learning techniques, such as artificial neural networks (ANN), have emerged as potent tools to address the related computational tasks. These advancements have also reached the pharmaceutical industry, where the Process Analytical Technology (PAT) initiative has already paved the way for the real-time analysis of the processes and the science- and risk-based flexible production. This paper aims to assess the potential of ANNs within the PAT concept to aid the modernization of pharmaceutical manufacturing. The current state of ANNs is systematically reviewed for the most common manufacturing steps of solid pharmaceutical products, and possible research gaps and future directions are identified. In this way, this review could aid the further development of machine learning techniques for pharmaceutical production and eventually contribute to the implementation of intelligent manufacturing lines with automated quality assurance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitta Nagy
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3., Budapest, H-1111, Hungary
| | - Dorián László Galata
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3., Budapest, H-1111, Hungary
| | - Attila Farkas
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3., Budapest, H-1111, Hungary
| | - Zsombor Kristóf Nagy
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3., Budapest, H-1111, Hungary.
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13
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Wu JX, Balantic E, van den Berg F, Rantanen J, Nissen B, Friderichsen AV. A generalized image analytical algorithm for investigating tablet disintegration. Int J Pharm 2022; 623:121847. [PMID: 35643346 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Commonly used methods for analyzing tablet disintegration are based on visual observations and can thus be user-dependent. To address this, a generally applicable image analytical algorithm has been developed for machine vision-based quantification of tablet disintegration. The algorithm has been tested with a conventional immediate release tablet, as well as model compacts disintegrating mainly through erosion, and finally, with a polymeric slow-release system. Despite differences in disintegration mechanisms between these compacts, the developed image analytical algorithm demonstrated its general applicability through quantifying the extent of disintegration without adaptation of image analytical parameters. The reproducibility of the approach was estimated with commercial tablets, and further, it could differentiate a range of different model compacts. The developed image analytical algorithm mimics the human decision-making processes and the current experience-based visual evaluation of disintegration time. In doing so the algorithmic method allows a user-independent approach for development of the optimal tablet formulation as well as gaining an understanding on how the selection of excipients and manufacturing processes ultimately influences tablet disintegration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian X Wu
- Oral Delivery Technologies, Research & Early Development, Novo Nordisk A/S, Denmark.
| | - Emma Balantic
- Oral Formulation Research, Research & Early Development, Novo Nordisk A/S, Denmark
| | - Frans van den Berg
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jukka Rantanen
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Birgitte Nissen
- Oral Formulation Research, Research & Early Development, Novo Nordisk A/S, Denmark
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14
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Trenfield SJ, Awad A, McCoubrey LE, Elbadawi M, Goyanes A, Gaisford S, Basit AW. Advancing pharmacy and healthcare with virtual digital technologies. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 182:114098. [PMID: 34998901 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.114098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Digitalisation of the healthcare sector promises to revolutionise patient healthcare globally. From the different technologies, virtual tools including artificial intelligence, blockchain, virtual, and augmented reality, to name but a few, are providing significant benefits to patients and the pharmaceutical sector alike, ranging from improving access to clinicians and medicines, as well as improving real-time diagnoses and treatments. Indeed, it is envisioned that such technologies will communicate together in real-time, as well as with their physical counterparts, to create a large-scale, cyber healthcare system. Despite the significant benefits that virtual-based digital health technologies can bring to patient care, a number of challenges still remain, ranging from data security to acceptance within the healthcare sector. This review provides a timely account of the benefits and challenges of virtual health interventions, as well an outlook on how such technologies can be transitioned from research-focused towards real-world healthcare and pharmaceutical applications to transform treatment pathways for patients worldwide.
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15
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Sadeghi A, Su CH, Khan A, Lutfor Rahman M, Sani Sarjadi M, Sarkar SM. Machine learning simulation of pharmaceutical solubility in supercritical carbon dioxide: Prediction and experimental validation for busulfan drug. ARAB J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2021.103502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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16
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Schmitt JM, Baumann JM, Morgen MM. Predicting Spray Dried Dispersion Particle Size Via Machine Learning Regression Methods. Pharm Res 2022; 39:3223-3239. [PMID: 35986124 PMCID: PMC9780133 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03370-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Spray dried dispersion particle size is a critical quality attribute that impacts bioavailability and manufacturability of the spray drying process and final dosage form. Substantial experimentation has been required to relate formulation and process parameters to particle size with the results limited to a single active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). This is the first study that demonstrates prediction of particle size independent of API for a wide range of formulation and process parameters at pilot and commercial scale. Additionally we developed a strategy with formulation and target particle size as inputs to define a set of "first to try" process parameters. An ensemble machine learning model was created to predict dried particle size across pilot and production scale spray dryers, with prediction errors between -7.7% and 18.6% (25th/75th percentiles) for a hold-out evaluation set. Shapley additive explanations identified how changes in formulation and process parameters drove variations in model predictions of dried particle size and were found to be consistent with mechanistic understanding of the particle formation process. Additionally, an optimization strategy used the predictive model to determine initial estimates for process parameter values that best achieve a target particle size for a provided formulation. The optimization strategy was employed to estimate process parameters in the hold-out evaluation set and to illustrate selection of process parameters during scale-up. The results of this study illustrate how trained regression models can reduce the experimental effort required to create an in-silico design space for new molecules during early-stage process development and subsequent scale-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M. Schmitt
- Computational Science, Lonza, 1201 NW Wall St, Bend, OR 97703 USA
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Disrupting 3D printing of medicines with machine learning. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2021; 42:745-757. [PMID: 34238624 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2021.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
3D printing (3DP) is a progressive technology capable of transforming pharmaceutical development. However, despite its promising advantages, its transition into clinical settings remains slow. To make the vital leap to mainstream clinical practice and improve patient care, 3DP must harness modern technologies. Machine learning (ML), an influential branch of artificial intelligence, may be a key partner for 3DP. Together, 3DP and ML can utilise intelligence based on human learning to accelerate drug product development, ensure stringent quality control (QC), and inspire innovative dosage-form design. With ML's capabilities, streamlined 3DP drug delivery could mark the next era of personalised medicine. This review details how ML can be applied to elevate the 3DP of pharmaceuticals and importantly, how it can expedite 3DP's integration into mainstream healthcare.
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Đuriš J, Kurćubić I, Ibrić S. Review of machine learning algorithms' application in pharmaceutical technology. ARHIV ZA FARMACIJU 2021. [DOI: 10.5937/arhfarm71-32499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Machine learning algorithms, and artificial intelligence in general, have a wide range of applications in the field of pharmaceutical technology. Starting from the formulation development, through a great potential for integration within the Quality by design framework, these data science tools provide a better understanding of the pharmaceutical formulations and respective processing. Machine learning algorithms can be especially helpful with the analysis of the large volume of data generated by the Process analytical technologies. This paper provides a brief explanation of the artificial neural networks, as one of the most frequently used machine learning algorithms. The process of the network training and testing is described and accompanied with illustrative examples of machine learning tools applied in the context of pharmaceutical formulation development and related technologies, as well as an overview of the future trends. Recently published studies on more sophisticated methods, such as deep neural networks and light gradient boosting machine algorithm, have been described. The interested reader is also referred to several official documents (guidelines) that pave the way for a more structured representation of the machine learning models in their prospective submissions to the regulatory bodies.
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