1
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Qiao B, Liu X, Wang B, Wei S. The role of periostin in cardiac fibrosis. Heart Fail Rev 2024; 29:191-206. [PMID: 37870704 DOI: 10.1007/s10741-023-10361-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis, which is the buildup of proteins in the connective tissues of the heart, can lead to end-stage extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling and ultimately heart failure. Cardiac remodeling involves changes in gene expression in cardiac cells and ECM, which significantly leads to the morbidity and mortality in heart failure. However, despite extensive research, the elusive intricacies underlying cardiac fibrosis remain unidentified. Periostin, an extracellular matrix (ECM) protein of the fasciclin superfamily, acts as a scaffold for building complex architectures in the ECM, which improves intermolecular interactions and augments the mechanical properties of connective tissues. Recent research has shown that periostin not only contributes to normal ECM homeostasis in a healthy heart but also serves as a potent inducible regulator of cellular reorganization in cardiac fibrosis. Here, we reviewed the constitutive domain of periostin and its interaction with other ECM proteins. We have also discussed the critical pathophysiological functions of periostin in cardiac remodeling mechanisms, including two distinct yet potentially intertwined mechanisms. Furthermore, we will focus on the intrinsic complexities within periostin research, particularly surrounding the contentious issues observed in experimental findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao Qiao
- Department of Emergency and Chest Pain Center, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
- Clinical Research Center for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong Province, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
- Key Laboratory of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong Province, Key Laboratory of Cardiopulmonary-Cerebral Resuscitation Research of Shandong Province, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Xuehao Liu
- Department of Emergency and Chest Pain Center, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
- Clinical Research Center for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong Province, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
- Key Laboratory of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong Province, Key Laboratory of Cardiopulmonary-Cerebral Resuscitation Research of Shandong Province, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Bailu Wang
- Clinical Trial Center, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Shujian Wei
- Department of Emergency and Chest Pain Center, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
- Clinical Research Center for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong Province, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
- Key Laboratory of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong Province, Key Laboratory of Cardiopulmonary-Cerebral Resuscitation Research of Shandong Province, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
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2
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Carmona R, López-Sánchez C, Garcia-Martinez V, Garcia-López V, Muñoz-Chápuli R, Lozano-Velasco E, Franco D. Novel Insights into the Molecular Mechanisms Governing Embryonic Epicardium Formation. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2023; 10:440. [PMID: 37998498 PMCID: PMC10672416 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd10110440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The embryonic epicardium originates from the proepicardium, an extracardiac primordium constituted by a cluster of mesothelial cells. In early embryos, the embryonic epicardium is characterized by a squamous cell epithelium resting on the myocardium surface. Subsequently, it invades the subepicardial space and thereafter the embryonic myocardium by means of an epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Within the myocardium, epicardial-derived cells present multilineage potential, later differentiating into smooth muscle cells and contributing both to coronary vasculature and cardiac fibroblasts in the mature heart. Over the last decades, we have progressively increased our understanding of those cellular and molecular mechanisms driving proepicardial/embryonic epicardium formation. This study provides a state-of-the-art review of the transcriptional and emerging post-transcriptional mechanisms involved in the formation and differentiation of the embryonic epicardium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Carmona
- Department of Human Anatomy, Legal Medicine and History of Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain;
| | - Carmen López-Sánchez
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain; (C.L.-S.); (V.G.-M.)
| | - Virginio Garcia-Martinez
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain; (C.L.-S.); (V.G.-M.)
| | - Virginio Garcia-López
- Department of Medical and Surgical Therapeutics, Pharmacology Area, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain;
| | - Ramón Muñoz-Chápuli
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain;
| | - Estefanía Lozano-Velasco
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain;
| | - Diego Franco
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain;
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3
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Regulation of Epicardial Cell Fate during Cardiac Development and Disease: An Overview. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063220. [PMID: 35328640 PMCID: PMC8950551 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The epicardium is the outermost cell layer in the vertebrate heart that originates during development from mesothelial precursors located in the proepicardium and septum transversum. The epicardial layer plays a key role during cardiogenesis since a subset of epicardial-derived cells (EPDCs) undergo an epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT); migrate into the myocardium; and differentiate into distinct cell types, such as coronary vascular smooth muscle cells, cardiac fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and presumably a subpopulation of cardiomyocytes, thus contributing to complete heart formation. Furthermore, the epicardium is a source of paracrine factors that support cardiac growth at the last stages of cardiogenesis. Although several lineage trace studies have provided some evidence about epicardial cell fate determination, the molecular mechanisms underlying epicardial cell heterogeneity remain not fully understood. Interestingly, seminal works during the last decade have pointed out that the adult epicardium is reactivated after heart damage, re-expressing some embryonic genes and contributing to cardiac remodeling. Therefore, the epicardium has been proposed as a potential target in the treatment of cardiovascular disease. In this review, we summarize the previous knowledge regarding the regulation of epicardial cell contribution during development and the control of epicardial reactivation in cardiac repair after damage.
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4
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Gunawan F, Priya R, Stainier DYR. Sculpting the heart: Cellular mechanisms shaping valves and trabeculae. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2021; 73:26-34. [PMID: 34147705 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2021.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The transformation of the heart from a simple tube to a complex organ requires the orchestration of several morphogenetic processes. Two structures critical for cardiac function, the cardiac valves and the trabecular network, are formed through extensive tissue morphogenesis-endocardial cell migration, deadhesion and differentiation into fibroblast-like cells during valve formation, and cardiomyocyte delamination and apico-basal depolarization during trabeculation. Here, we review current knowledge of how these specialized structures acquire their shape by focusing on the underlying cellular behaviors and molecular mechanisms, highlighting findings from in vivo models and briefly discussing the recent advances in cardiac cell culture and organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Gunawan
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Ludwigstrasse 43, Bad Nauheim 61231, Germany; German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Bad Nauheim, Germany; Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Bad Nauheim, Frankfurt, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Rashmi Priya
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK.
| | - Didier Y R Stainier
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Ludwigstrasse 43, Bad Nauheim 61231, Germany; German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Bad Nauheim, Germany; Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Bad Nauheim, Frankfurt, Giessen, Germany.
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5
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Proteoglycans and Diseases of Soft Tissues. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1348:127-138. [PMID: 34807417 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-80614-9_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Proteoglycans consist of protein cores to which at least one glycosaminoglycan chain is attached. They play important roles in the physiology and biomechanical function of tendons, ligaments, cardiovascular system, and other systems through their involvement in regulation of assembly and maintenance of extracellular matrix, and through their participation in cell proliferation together with growth factors. They can be divided into two main groups, small and large proteoglycans. The small proteoglycans are also known as small leucine-rich proteoglycans (SLRPs) which are encoded by 18 genes and are further subclassified into Classes I-V. Several members of Class I and II, such as decorin and biglycan from Class I, and Class II fibromodulin and lumican, are known to regulate collagen fibrillogenesis. Decorin limits the diameter of collagen fibrils during fibrillogenesis. The function of biglycan in fibrillogenesis is similar to that of decorin. Though biomechanical function of tendon is compromised in decorin-deficient mice, decorin can substitute for lack of biglycan in biglycan-deficient mice. New data also indicate an important role for biglycan in disorders of the cardiovascular system, including aortic valve stenosis and aortic dissection. Two members of the Class II of SLRPs, fibromodulin and lumican bind to the same site within the collagen molecule and can substitute for each other in fibromodulin- or lumican-deficient mice.Aggrecan and versican are the major representatives of the large proteoglycans. Though they are mainly found in the cartilage where they provide resilience and toughness, they are present also in tensile portions of tendons and, in slightly different biochemical form in fibrocartilage. Degradation by aggrecanase is responsible for the appearance of different forms of aggrecan and versican in different parts of the tendon where these cleaved forms play different roles. In addition, they are important components of the ventricularis of cardiac valves. Mutations in the gene for versican or in the gene for elastin (which binds to versican ) lead to severe disruptions of normal developmental of the heart at least in mice.
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6
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Yuzhalin AE. Parallels between the extracellular matrix roles in developmental biology and cancer biology. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 128:90-102. [PMID: 34556419 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Interaction of a tumor with its microenvironment is an emerging field of investigation, and the crosstalk between cancer cells and the extracellular matrix is of particular interest, since cancer patients with abundant and stiff extracellular matrices display a poorer prognosis. At the post-juvenile stage, the extracellular matrix plays predominantly a structural role by providing support to cells and tissues; however, during development, matrix proteins exert a plethora of diverse signals to guide the movement and determine the fate of pluripotent cells. Taking a closer look at the communication between the extracellular matrix and cells of a developing body may bring new insights into cancer biology and identify cancer weaknesses. This review discusses parallels between the extracellular matrix roles during development and tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arseniy E Yuzhalin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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7
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Mahmoudian RA, Gharaie ML, Abbaszadegan MR, Alasti A, Forghanifard MM, Mansouri A, Gholamin M. Crosstalk between MMP-13, CD44, and TWIST1 and its role in regulation of EMT in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Mol Cell Biochem 2021; 476:2465-2478. [PMID: 33604811 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-021-04089-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play key roles in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) for the development of cancer cell invasion and metastasis. MMP-13 is an extracellular matrix (ECM)-degrading enzyme that plays crucial roles in angiogenesis, cell cycle regulation, niche maintenance, and transforming squamous epithelial cells in various tissues. CD44, a transmembrane glycoprotein expressed on esophageal tumor cells, is required for EMT induction and invasion in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). The transcription factor TWIST1, as EMT and stemness marker, regulates MMPs expression and is identified as the downstream target of CD44. In this study, we aimed to investigate the probable interplay between the expression of key genes contributing to ESCC development, including MMP-13, TWIST1, and CD44 with clinical features for introducing novel diagnostic and therapeutic targets in the disease. The gene expression profiling of MMP-13, TWIST1, and CD44 was performed using quantitative real-time PCR in tumor tissues from 50 ESCC patients compared to corresponding margin non-tumoral tissues. Significant overexpression of MMP-13, CD44S, CD44V3, CD44V6, and TWIST1 were observed in 74%, 36%, 44%, 44%, and 52% of ESCC tumor samples, respectively. Overexpression of MMP-13 was associated with stage of tumor progression, metastasis, and tumor location (P < 0.05). There was a significant correlation between TWIST1 overexpression and grade (P < 0.05). Furthermore, overexpression of CD44 variants was associated with stage of tumor progression, grade, tumor invasion, and location (P < 0.05). The results indicated the significant correlation between concomitant expression of MMP-13/TWIST1, TWIST1/CD44, and CD44/MMP-13 with each other in a variety of clinicopathological traits, including depth of tumor invasion, tumor location, stage of tumor, and lymph node involvement in ESCC tissue samples (P < 0.05). Collectively, our results indicate that the TWIST1-CD44-MMP-13 axis is involved in tumor aggressiveness, proposing these genes as regulators of EMT, diagnostic markers, and therapeutic targets in ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maryam Lotfi Gharaie
- Immunology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Division of Physiology, Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Ali Alasti
- Immunology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Atena Mansouri
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Innovated Medical Research Center and Department of Immunology, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mehran Gholamin
- Immunology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. .,Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Paramedical Sciences, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, P.O.Box 345-91357, Mashhad, Iran.
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8
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Abstract
Aggrecan is a large proteoglycan that forms giant hydrated aggregates with hyaluronan in the extracellular matrix (ECM). The extraordinary resistance of these aggregates to compression explains their abundance in articular cartilage of joints where they ensure adequate load-bearing. In the brain, they provide mechanical buffering and contribute to formation of perineuronal nets, which regulate synaptic plasticity. Aggrecan is also present in cardiac jelly, developing heart valves, and blood vessels during cardiovascular development. Whereas aggrecan is essential for skeletal development, its function in the developing cardiovascular system remains to be fully elucidated. An excess of aggrecan was demonstrated in cardiovascular tissues in aortic aneurysms, atherosclerosis, vascular re-stenosis after injury, and varicose veins. It is a product of vascular smooth muscle and is likely to be an important component of pericellular matrix, where its levels are regulated by proteases. Aggrecan can contribute to specific biophysical and regulatory properties of cardiovascular ECM via the diverse interactions of its domains, and its accumulation is likely to have a significant role in developmental and disease pathways. Here, the established biological functions of aggrecan, its cardiovascular associations, and potential roles in cardiovascular development and disease are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Koch
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio.,Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Chan Mi Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio.,Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Suneel S Apte
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio
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9
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Guo L, Glover J, Risner A, Wang C, Fulmer D, Moore K, Gensemer C, Rumph MK, Moore R, Beck T, Norris RA. Dynamic Expression Profiles of β-Catenin during Murine Cardiac Valve Development. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2020; 7:jcdd7030031. [PMID: 32824435 PMCID: PMC7570242 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd7030031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
β-catenin has been widely studied in many animal and organ systems across evolution, and gain or loss of function has been linked to a number of human diseases. Yet fundamental knowledge regarding its protein expression and localization remains poorly described. Thus, we sought to define whether there was a temporal and cell-specific regulation of β-catenin activities that correlate with distinct cardiac morphological events. Our findings indicate that activated nuclear β-catenin is primarily evident early in gestation. As development proceeds, nuclear β-catenin is down-regulated and becomes restricted to the membrane in a subset of cardiac progenitor cells. After birth, little β-catenin is detected in the heart. The co-expression of β-catenin with its main transcriptional co-factor, Lef1, revealed that Lef1 and β-catenin expression domains do not extensively overlap in the cardiac valves. These data indicate mutually exclusive roles for Lef1 and β-catenin in most cardiac cell types during development. Additionally, these data indicate diverse functions for β-catenin within the nucleus and membrane depending on cell type and gestational timing. Cardiovascular studies should take into careful consideration both nuclear and membrane β-catenin functions and their potential contributions to cardiac development and disease.
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10
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Gunawan F, Gentile A, Gauvrit S, Stainier DYR, Bensimon-Brito A. Nfatc1 Promotes Interstitial Cell Formation During Cardiac Valve Development in Zebrafish. Circ Res 2020; 126:968-984. [PMID: 32070236 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.119.315992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The transcription factor NFATC1 (nuclear factor of activated T-cell 1) has been implicated in cardiac valve formation in humans and mice, but we know little about the underlying mechanisms. To gain mechanistic understanding of cardiac valve formation at single-cell resolution and insights into the role of NFATC1 in this process, we used the zebrafish model as it offers unique attributes for live imaging and facile genetics. OBJECTIVE To understand the role of Nfatc1 in cardiac valve formation. METHODS AND RESULTS Using the zebrafish atrioventricular valve, we focus on the valve interstitial cells (VICs), which confer biomechanical strength to the cardiac valve leaflets. We find that initially atrioventricular endocardial cells migrate collectively into the cardiac jelly to form a bilayered structure; subsequently, the cells that led this migration invade the ECM (extracellular matrix) between the 2 endocardial cell monolayers, undergo endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition as marked by loss of intercellular adhesion, and differentiate into VICs. These cells proliferate and are joined by a few neural crest-derived cells. VIC expansion and a switch from a promigratory to an elastic ECM drive valve leaflet elongation. Functional analysis of Nfatc1 reveals its requirement during VIC development. Zebrafish nfatc1 mutants form significantly fewer VICs due to reduced proliferation and impaired recruitment of endocardial and neural crest cells during the early stages of VIC development. With high-speed microscopy and echocardiography, we show that reduced VIC formation correlates with valvular dysfunction and severe retrograde blood flow that persist into adulthood. Analysis of downstream effectors reveals that Nfatc1 promotes the expression of twist1b-a well-known regulator of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. CONCLUSIONS Our study sheds light on the function of Nfatc1 in zebrafish cardiac valve development and reveals its role in VIC formation. It also further establishes the zebrafish as a powerful model to carry out longitudinal studies of valve formation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Gunawan
- From the Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany (F.G., A.G., S.G., D.Y.R.S., A.B.-B.).,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Bad Nauheim (F.G., S.G., D.Y.R.S., A.B.-B.)
| | - Alessandra Gentile
- From the Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany (F.G., A.G., S.G., D.Y.R.S., A.B.-B.)
| | - Sébastien Gauvrit
- From the Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany (F.G., A.G., S.G., D.Y.R.S., A.B.-B.).,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Bad Nauheim (F.G., S.G., D.Y.R.S., A.B.-B.)
| | - Didier Y R Stainier
- From the Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany (F.G., A.G., S.G., D.Y.R.S., A.B.-B.).,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Bad Nauheim (F.G., S.G., D.Y.R.S., A.B.-B.)
| | - Anabela Bensimon-Brito
- From the Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany (F.G., A.G., S.G., D.Y.R.S., A.B.-B.).,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Bad Nauheim (F.G., S.G., D.Y.R.S., A.B.-B.)
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11
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Souilhol C, Serbanovic-Canic J, Fragiadaki M, Chico TJ, Ridger V, Roddie H, Evans PC. Endothelial responses to shear stress in atherosclerosis: a novel role for developmental genes. Nat Rev Cardiol 2020; 17:52-63. [PMID: 31366922 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-41019-40239-41565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Flowing blood generates a frictional force called shear stress that has major effects on vascular function. Branches and bends of arteries are exposed to complex blood flow patterns that exert low or low oscillatory shear stress, a mechanical environment that promotes vascular dysfunction and atherosclerosis. Conversely, physiologically high shear stress is protective. Endothelial cells are critical sensors of shear stress but the mechanisms by which they decode complex shear stress environments to regulate physiological and pathophysiological responses remain incompletely understood. Several laboratories have advanced this field by integrating specialized shear-stress models with systems biology approaches, including transcriptome, methylome and proteome profiling and functional screening platforms, for unbiased identification of novel mechanosensitive signalling pathways in arteries. In this Review, we describe these studies, which reveal that shear stress regulates diverse processes and demonstrate that multiple pathways classically known to be involved in embryonic development, such as BMP-TGFβ, WNT, Notch, HIF1α, TWIST1 and HOX family genes, are regulated by shear stress in arteries in adults. We propose that mechanical activation of these pathways evolved to orchestrate vascular development but also drives atherosclerosis in low shear stress regions of adult arteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine Souilhol
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Jovana Serbanovic-Canic
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Maria Fragiadaki
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Timothy J Chico
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- Bateson Centre for Lifecourse Biology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Victoria Ridger
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Hannah Roddie
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Paul C Evans
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
- Bateson Centre for Lifecourse Biology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
- INSIGNEO Institute for In Silico Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
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12
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Souilhol C, Serbanovic-Canic J, Fragiadaki M, Chico TJ, Ridger V, Roddie H, Evans PC. Endothelial responses to shear stress in atherosclerosis: a novel role for developmental genes. Nat Rev Cardiol 2020; 17:52-63. [PMID: 31366922 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-019-0239-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Flowing blood generates a frictional force called shear stress that has major effects on vascular function. Branches and bends of arteries are exposed to complex blood flow patterns that exert low or low oscillatory shear stress, a mechanical environment that promotes vascular dysfunction and atherosclerosis. Conversely, physiologically high shear stress is protective. Endothelial cells are critical sensors of shear stress but the mechanisms by which they decode complex shear stress environments to regulate physiological and pathophysiological responses remain incompletely understood. Several laboratories have advanced this field by integrating specialized shear-stress models with systems biology approaches, including transcriptome, methylome and proteome profiling and functional screening platforms, for unbiased identification of novel mechanosensitive signalling pathways in arteries. In this Review, we describe these studies, which reveal that shear stress regulates diverse processes and demonstrate that multiple pathways classically known to be involved in embryonic development, such as BMP-TGFβ, WNT, Notch, HIF1α, TWIST1 and HOX family genes, are regulated by shear stress in arteries in adults. We propose that mechanical activation of these pathways evolved to orchestrate vascular development but also drives atherosclerosis in low shear stress regions of adult arteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine Souilhol
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Jovana Serbanovic-Canic
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Maria Fragiadaki
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Timothy J Chico
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- Bateson Centre for Lifecourse Biology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Victoria Ridger
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Hannah Roddie
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Paul C Evans
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
- Bateson Centre for Lifecourse Biology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
- INSIGNEO Institute for In Silico Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
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13
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Ren J, Zhang J, Rudemiller NP, Griffiths R, Wen Y, Lu X, Privratsky JR, Gunn MD, Crowley SD. Twist1 in Infiltrating Macrophages Attenuates Kidney Fibrosis via Matrix Metallopeptidase 13-Mediated Matrix Degradation. J Am Soc Nephrol 2019; 30:1674-1685. [PMID: 31315922 PMCID: PMC6727252 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2018121253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Following an acute insult, macrophages regulate renal fibrogenesis through the release of various factors that either encourage the synthesis of extracellular matrix synthesis or the degradation of matrix via endocytosis, proteolysis, or both. However, the roles of infiltrating versus resident myeloid cells in these opposing processes require elucidation. The transcription factor Twist1 controls diverse essential cellular functions through induction of several downstream targets, including matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). In macrophages, Twist1 can influence patterns of cytokine generation, but the role of macrophage Twist1 in renal fibrogenesis remains undefined. METHODS To study Twist1 functions in different macrophage subsets during kidney scar formation, we used two conditional mutant mouse models in which Twist1 was selectively ablated either in infiltrating, inflammatory macrophages or in resident tissue macrophages. We assessed fibrosis-related parameters, matrix metallopeptidase 13 (MMP13, or collagen 3, which catalyzes collagen degradation), inflammatory cytokines, and other factors in these Twist1-deficient mice compared with wild-type controls after subjecting the animals to unilateral ureteral obstruction. We also treated wild-type and Twist1-deficient mice with an MMP13 inhibitor after unilateral ureteral obstruction. RESULTS Twist1 in infiltrating inflammatory macrophages but not in resident macrophages limited kidney fibrosis after ureteral obstruction by driving extracellular matrix degradation. Moreover, deletion of Twist1 in infiltrating macrophages attenuated the expression of MMP13 in CD11b+Ly6Clo myeloid cells. Inhibition of MMP13 abrogated the protection from renal fibrosis afforded by macrophage Twist1. CONCLUSIONS Twist1 in infiltrating myeloid cells mitigates interstitial matrix accumulation in the injured kidney by promoting MMP13 production, which drives extracellular matrix degradation. These data highlight the complex cell-specific actions of Twist1 in the pathogenesis of kidney fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiafa Ren
- Divisions of Nephrology and
- Departments of Medicine and
| | | | | | | | - Yi Wen
- Divisions of Nephrology and
- Departments of Medicine and
| | - Xiaohan Lu
- Divisions of Nephrology and
- Departments of Medicine and
| | - Jamie R Privratsky
- Anesthesiology, Durham VA and Duke University Medical Centers, Durham, North Carolina
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14
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The Structure of the Periostin Gene, Its Transcriptional Control and Alternative Splicing, and Protein Expression. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1132:7-20. [PMID: 31037620 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-6657-4_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Although many studies have described the role of periostin in various diseases, the functions of periostin derived from alternative splicing and proteinase cleavage at its C-terminus remain unknown. Further experiments investigating the periostin structures that are relevant to diseases are essential for an in-depth understanding of their functions, which would accelerate their clinical applications by establishing new approaches for curing intractable diseases. Furthermore, this understanding would enhance our knowledge of novel functions of periostin related to stemness and response to mechanical stress .
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15
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Wislet S, Vandervelden G, Rogister B. From Neural Crest Development to Cancer and Vice Versa: How p75 NTR and (Pro)neurotrophins Could Act on Cell Migration and Invasion? Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:244. [PMID: 30190671 PMCID: PMC6115613 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR), also known as low-affinity nerve growth factor, belongs to the tumor necrosis factor family of receptors. p75NTR is widely expressed in the nervous system during the development, as well as, in the neural crest population, since p75NTR has been described as ubiquitously expressed and considered as a neural crest marker. Neural crest cells (NCCs) constitute an transient population accurately migrating and invading, with precision, defined sites of the embryo. During migration, NCCs are guided along distinct migratory pathways by specialized molecules present in the extracellular matrix or on the surfaces of those cells. Two main processes direct NCC migration during the development: (1) an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and (2) a process known as contact inhibition of locomotion. In adults, p75NTR remains expressed by NCCs and has been identified in an increasing number of cancer cells. Nonetheless, the regulation of the expression of p75NTR and the underlying mechanisms in stem cell biology or cancer cells have not yet been sufficiently addressed. The main objective of this review is therefore to analyze elements of our actual knowledge regarding p75NTR roles during the development (mainly focusing on neural crest development) and see how we can transpose that information from development to cancer (and vice versa) to better understand the link between p75NTR and cell migration and invasion. In this review, we successively analyzed the molecular mechanisms of p75NTR when it interacts with several coreceptors and/or effectors. We then analyzed which signaling pathways are the most activated or linked to NCC migration during the development. Regarding cancer, we analyzed the described molecular pathways underlying cancer cell migration when p75NTR was correlated to cancer cell migration and invasion. From those diverse sources of information, we finally summarized potential molecular mechanisms underlying p75NTR activation in cell migration and invasion that could lead to new research areas to develop new therapeutic protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Wislet
- GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | | | - Bernard Rogister
- GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.,Department of Neurology, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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16
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Identification of a multipotent Twist2-expressing cell population in the adult heart. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E8430-E8439. [PMID: 30127033 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1800526115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Twist transcription factors function as ancestral regulators of mesodermal cell fates in organisms ranging from Drosophila to mammals. Through lineage tracing of Twist2 (Tw2)-expressing cells with tamoxifen-inducible Tw2-CreERT2 and tdTomato (tdTO) reporter mice, we discovered a unique cell population that progressively contributes to cardiomyocytes (CMs), endothelial cells, and fibroblasts in the adult heart. Clonal analysis confirmed the ability of Tw2-derived tdTO+ (Tw2-tdTO+) cells to form CMs in vitro. Within the adult heart, Tw2-tdTO+ CMs accounted for ∼13% of total CMs, the majority of which resulted from fusion of Tw2-tdTO+ cells with existing CMs. Tw2-tdTO+ cells also contribute to cardiac remodeling after injury. We conclude that Tw2-tdTO+ cells participate in lifelong maintenance of cardiac function, at least in part through de novo formation of CMs and fusion with preexisting CMs, as well as in the genesis of other cellular components of the adult heart.
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17
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Peng Y, Song L, Li D, Kesterson R, Wang J, Wang L, Rokosh G, Wu B, Wang Q, Jiao K. Sema6D acts downstream of bone morphogenetic protein signalling to promote atrioventricular cushion development in mice. Cardiovasc Res 2018; 112:532-542. [PMID: 28172500 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvw200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yin Peng
- Department of Genetics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Lanying Song
- Department of Genetics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Ding Li
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Robert Kesterson
- Department of Genetics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Jianbo Wang
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Lizhong Wang
- Department of Genetics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Gregg Rokosh
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Bingruo Wu
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - Qin Wang
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Kai Jiao
- Department of Genetics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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18
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Zakariyah AF, Rajgara RF, Horner E, Cattin ME, Blais A, Skerjanc IS, Burgon PG. In Vitro Modeling of Congenital Heart Defects Associated with an NKX2-5 Mutation Revealed a Dysregulation in BMP/Notch-Mediated Signaling. Stem Cells 2018; 36:514-526. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.2766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Abeer F. Zakariyah
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa; Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Rashida F. Rajgara
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa; Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Ellias Horner
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa; Ottawa Ontario Canada
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa; Ottawa Ontario Canada
- Center for Neuromuscular Disease, University of Ottawa; Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | | | - Alexandre Blais
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa; Ottawa Ontario Canada
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa; Ottawa Ontario Canada
- Center for Neuromuscular Disease, University of Ottawa; Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Ilona S. Skerjanc
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa; Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Patrick G. Burgon
- Center for Neuromuscular Disease, University of Ottawa; Ottawa Ontario Canada
- Department of Medicine (Division of Cardiology); University of Ottawa; Ottawa Ontario Canada
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute; Ottawa Ontario Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa; Ottawa Ontario Canada
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19
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Kudo A. Introductory review: periostin-gene and protein structure. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:4259-4268. [PMID: 28884327 PMCID: PMC11107487 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2643-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Although many studies have described the role of periostin in various diseases, the function of the periostin protein structures derived from alternative splicing and proteinase cleavage at the C-terminal remain unknown. Further experiments revealing the protein structures that are highly related to diseases are essential to understand the function of periostin in depth, which would accelerate its clinical application by establishing new approaches for curing intractable diseases. Furthermore, this understanding would enhance our knowledge of novel functions of periostin related to stemness and response to mechanical stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Kudo
- International Frontier, Tokyo Institute of Technology, S3-8, 2-12-1 Oookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan.
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan.
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20
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Xing J, Cao Y, Yu Y, Li H, Song Z, Yu H. In Vitro Micropatterned Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Test (µP-hPST) for Morphometric-Based Teratogen Screening. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8491. [PMID: 28819231 PMCID: PMC5561212 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09178-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to teratogenic chemicals during pregnancy may cause severe birth defects. Due to high inter-species variation of drug responses as well as financial and ethical burdens, despite the widely use of in vivo animal tests, it’s crucial to develop highly predictive human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-based in vitro assays to identify potential teratogens. Previously we have shown that the morphological disruption of mesoendoderm patterns formed by geometrically-confined cell differentiation and migration using hPSCs could potentially serve as a sensitive morphological marker in teratogen detection. Here, a micropatterned human pluripotent stem cell test (µP-hPST) assay was developed using 30 pharmaceutical compounds. A simplified morphometric readout was developed to quantify the mesoendoderm pattern changes and a two-step classification rule was generated to identify teratogens. The optimized µP-hPST could classify the 30 compounds with 97% accuracy, 100% specificity and 93% sensitivity. Compared with metabolic biomarker-based hPSC assay by Stemina, the µP-hPST could successfully identify misclassified drugs Bosentan, Diphenylhydantoin and Lovastatin, and show a higher accuracy and sensitivity. This scalable µP-hPST may serve as either an independent assay or a complement assay for existing assays to reduce animal use, accelerate early discovery-phase drug screening and help general chemical screening of human teratogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangwa Xing
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, A*STAR, The Nanos, #04-01, 31 Biopolis Way, Singapore, 138669, Singapore.
| | - Yue Cao
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, A*STAR, The Nanos, #04-01, 31 Biopolis Way, Singapore, 138669, Singapore.,Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, T-Lab, #05-01, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117411, Singapore
| | - Yang Yu
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, A*STAR, The Nanos, #04-01, 31 Biopolis Way, Singapore, 138669, Singapore.,BioSyM, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Enterprise Wing 04-13/14 and B1, 1 Create Way, Singapore, 138602, Singapore.,Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, MD9-04-11, 2 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Huan Li
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, A*STAR, The Nanos, #04-01, 31 Biopolis Way, Singapore, 138669, Singapore
| | - Ziwei Song
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, A*STAR, The Nanos, #04-01, 31 Biopolis Way, Singapore, 138669, Singapore.,Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, MD9-04-11, 2 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Hanry Yu
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, A*STAR, The Nanos, #04-01, 31 Biopolis Way, Singapore, 138669, Singapore. .,Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, T-Lab, #05-01, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117411, Singapore. .,BioSyM, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Enterprise Wing 04-13/14 and B1, 1 Create Way, Singapore, 138602, Singapore. .,Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, MD9-04-11, 2 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117597, Singapore. .,Gastroenterology Department, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
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21
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BMP2 expression in the endocardial lineage is required for AV endocardial cushion maturation and remodeling. Dev Biol 2017; 430:113-128. [PMID: 28790014 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Revised: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Distal outgrowth, maturation and remodeling of the endocardial cushion mesenchyme in the atrioventricular (AV) canal are the essential morphogenetic events during four-chambered heart formation. Mesenchymalized AV endocardial cushions give rise to the AV valves and the membranous ventricular septum (VS). Failure of these processes results in several human congenital heart defects. Despite this clinical relevance, the mechanisms governing how mesenchymalized AV endocardial cushions mature and remodel into the membranous VS and AV valves have only begun to be elucidated. The role of BMP signaling in the myocardial and secondary heart forming lineage has been well studied; however, little is known about the role of BMP2 expression in the endocardial lineage. To fill this knowledge gap, we generated Bmp2 endocardial lineage-specific conditional knockouts (referred to as Bmp2 cKOEndo) by crossing conditionally-targeted Bmp2flox/flox mice with a Cre-driver line, Nfatc1Cre, wherein Cre-mediated recombination was restricted to the endocardial cells and their mesenchymal progeny. Bmp2 cKOEndo mouse embryos did not exhibit failure or delay in the initial AV endocardial cushion formation at embryonic day (ED) 9.5-11.5; however, significant reductions in AV cushion size were detected in Bmp2 cKOEndo mouse embryos when compared to control embryos at ED13.5 and ED16.5. Moreover, deletion of Bmp2 from the endocardial lineage consistently resulted in membranous ventricular septal defects (VSDs), and mitral valve deficiencies, as evidenced by the absence of stratification of mitral valves at birth. Muscular VSDs were not found in Bmp2 cKOEndo mouse hearts. To understand the underlying morphogenetic mechanisms leading to a decrease in cushion size, cell proliferation and cell death were examined for AV endocardial cushions. Phospho-histone H3 analyses for cell proliferation and TUNEL assays for apoptotic cell death did not reveal significant differences between control and Bmp2 cKOEndo in AV endocardial cushions. However, mRNA expression of the extracellular matrix components, versican, Has2, collagen 9a1, and periostin was significantly reduced in Bmp2 cKOEndo AV cushions. Expression of transcription factors implicated in the cardiac valvulogenesis, Snail2, Twist1 and Sox9, was also significantly reduced in Bmp2 cKOEndo AV cushions. These data provide evidence that BMP2 expression in the endocardial lineage is essential for the distal outgrowth, maturation and remodeling of AV endocardial cushions into the normal membranous VS and the stratified AV valves.
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22
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Kardon G, Ackerman KG, McCulley DJ, Shen Y, Wynn J, Shang L, Bogenschutz E, Sun X, Chung WK. Congenital diaphragmatic hernias: from genes to mechanisms to therapies. Dis Model Mech 2017; 10:955-970. [PMID: 28768736 PMCID: PMC5560060 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.028365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital diaphragmatic hernias (CDHs) and structural anomalies of the diaphragm are a common class of congenital birth defects that are associated with significant morbidity and mortality due to associated pulmonary hypoplasia, pulmonary hypertension and heart failure. In ∼30% of CDH patients, genomic analyses have identified a range of genetic defects, including chromosomal anomalies, copy number variants and sequence variants. The affected genes identified in CDH patients include transcription factors, such as GATA4, ZFPM2, NR2F2 and WT1, and signaling pathway components, including members of the retinoic acid pathway. Mutations in these genes affect diaphragm development and can have pleiotropic effects on pulmonary and cardiac development. New therapies, including fetal endoscopic tracheal occlusion and prenatal transplacental fetal treatments, aim to normalize lung development and pulmonary vascular tone to prevent and treat lung hypoplasia and pulmonary hypertension, respectively. Studies of the association between particular genetic mutations and clinical outcomes should allow us to better understand the origin of this birth defect and to improve our ability to predict and identify patients most likely to benefit from specialized treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Kardon
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Kate G Ackerman
- Departments of Pediatrics (Critical Care) and Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - David J McCulley
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Yufeng Shen
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Julia Wynn
- Departments of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Linshan Shang
- Departments of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Eric Bogenschutz
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Xin Sun
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Wendy K Chung
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
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23
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Pang KL, Parnall M, Loughna S. Effect of altered haemodynamics on the developing mitral valve in chick embryonic heart. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2017; 108:114-126. [PMID: 28576718 PMCID: PMC5529288 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2017.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Intracardiac haemodynamics is crucial for normal cardiogenesis, with recent evidence showing valvulogenesis is haemodynamically dependent and inextricably linked with shear stress. Although valve anomalies have been associated with genetic mutations, often the cause is unknown. However, altered haemodynamics have been suggested as a pathogenic contributor to bicuspid aortic valve disease. Conversely, how abnormal haemodynamics impacts mitral valve development is still poorly understood. In order to analyse altered blood flow, the outflow tract of the chick heart was constricted using a ligature to increase cardiac pressure overload. Outflow tract-banding was performed at HH21, with harvesting at crucial valve development stages (HH26, HH29 and HH35). Although normal valve morphology was found in HH26 outflow tract banded hearts, smaller and dysmorphic mitral valve primordia were seen upon altered haemodynamics in histological and stereological analysis at HH29 and HH35. A decrease in apoptosis, and aberrant expression of a shear stress responsive gene and extracellular matrix markers in the endocardial cushions were seen in the chick HH29 outflow tract banded hearts. In addition, dysregulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins fibrillin-2, type III collagen and tenascin were further demonstrated in more mature primordial mitral valve leaflets at HH35, with a concomitant decrease of ECM cross-linking enzyme, transglutaminase-2. These data provide compelling evidence that normal haemodynamics are a prerequisite for normal mitral valve morphogenesis, and abnormal blood flow could be a contributing factor in mitral valve defects, with differentiation as a possible underlying mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kar Lai Pang
- School of Life Sciences, Medical School, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Matthew Parnall
- School of Life Sciences, Medical School, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Siobhan Loughna
- School of Life Sciences, Medical School, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.
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24
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Di Liddo R, Aguiari P, Barbon S, Bertalot T, Mandoli A, Tasso A, Schrenk S, Iop L, Gandaglia A, Parnigotto PP, Conconi MT, Gerosa G. Nanopatterned acellular valve conduits drive the commitment of blood-derived multipotent cells. Int J Nanomedicine 2016; 11:5041-5055. [PMID: 27789941 PMCID: PMC5068475 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s115999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Considerable progress has been made in recent years toward elucidating the correlation among nanoscale topography, mechanical properties, and biological behavior of cardiac valve substitutes. Porcine TriCol scaffolds are promising valve tissue engineering matrices with demonstrated self-repopulation potentiality. In order to define an in vitro model for investigating the influence of extracellular matrix signaling on the growth pattern of colonizing blood-derived cells, we cultured circulating multipotent cells (CMC) on acellular aortic (AVL) and pulmonary (PVL) valve conduits prepared with TriCol method and under no-flow condition. Isolated by our group from Vietnamese pigs before heart valve prosthetic implantation, porcine CMC revealed high proliferative abilities, three-lineage differentiative potential, and distinct hematopoietic/endothelial and mesenchymal properties. Their interaction with valve extracellular matrix nanostructures boosted differential messenger RNA expression pattern and morphologic features on AVL compared to PVL, while promoting on both matrices the commitment to valvular and endothelial cell-like phenotypes. Based on their origin from peripheral blood, porcine CMC are hypothesized in vivo to exert a pivotal role to homeostatically replenish valve cells and contribute to hetero- or allograft colonization. Furthermore, due to their high responsivity to extracellular matrix nanostructure signaling, porcine CMC could be useful for a preliminary evaluation of heart valve prosthetic functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Di Liddo
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova; Foundation for Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Tissue Engineering and Signaling ONLUS
| | - Paola Aguiari
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Silvia Barbon
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova; Foundation for Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Tissue Engineering and Signaling ONLUS
| | - Thomas Bertalot
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova
| | - Amit Mandoli
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova
| | - Alessia Tasso
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova
| | - Sandra Schrenk
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova
| | - Laura Iop
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Alessandro Gandaglia
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Pier Paolo Parnigotto
- Foundation for Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Tissue Engineering and Signaling ONLUS
| | - Maria Teresa Conconi
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova; Foundation for Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Tissue Engineering and Signaling ONLUS
| | - Gino Gerosa
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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25
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Ayoub S, Ferrari G, Gorman RC, Gorman JH, Schoen FJ, Sacks MS. Heart Valve Biomechanics and Underlying Mechanobiology. Compr Physiol 2016; 6:1743-1780. [PMID: 27783858 PMCID: PMC5537387 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c150048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Heart valves control unidirectional blood flow within the heart during the cardiac cycle. They have a remarkable ability to withstand the demanding mechanical environment of the heart, achieving lifetime durability by processes involving the ongoing remodeling of the extracellular matrix. The focus of this review is on heart valve functional physiology, with insights into the link between disease-induced alterations in valve geometry, tissue stress, and the subsequent cell mechanobiological responses and tissue remodeling. We begin with an overview of the fundamentals of heart valve physiology and the characteristics and functions of valve interstitial cells (VICs). We then provide an overview of current experimental and computational approaches that connect VIC mechanobiological response to organ- and tissue-level deformations and improve our understanding of the underlying functional physiology of heart valves. We conclude with a summary of future trends and offer an outlook for the future of heart valve mechanobiology, specifically, multiscale modeling approaches, and the potential directions and possible challenges of research development. © 2016 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 6:1743-1780, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma Ayoub
- Center for Cardiovascular Simulation, Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, USA
| | - Giovanni Ferrari
- Gorman Cardiovascular Research Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Robert C. Gorman
- Gorman Cardiovascular Research Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Joseph H. Gorman
- Gorman Cardiovascular Research Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Frederick J. Schoen
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael S. Sacks
- Center for Cardiovascular Simulation, Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, USA
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Krainock M, Toubat O, Danopoulos S, Beckham A, Warburton D, Kim R. Epicardial Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition in Heart Development and Disease. J Clin Med 2016; 5:jcm5020027. [PMID: 26907357 PMCID: PMC4773783 DOI: 10.3390/jcm5020027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The epicardium is an epithelial monolayer that plays a central role in heart development and the myocardial response to injury. Recent developments in our understanding of epicardial cell biology have revealed this layer to be a dynamic participant in fundamental processes underlying the development of the embryonic ventricles, the coronary vasculature, and the cardiac valves. Likewise, recent data have identified the epicardium as an important contributor to reparative and regenerative processes in the injured myocardium. These essential functions of the epicardium rely on both non-cell autonomous and cell-autonomous mechanisms, with the latter featuring the process of epicardial Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT). This review will focus on the induction and regulation of epicardial EMT, as it pertains to both cardiogenesis and the response of the myocardium to injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Krainock
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA.
| | - Omar Toubat
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA.
| | - Soula Danopoulos
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA.
| | - Allison Beckham
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA.
| | - David Warburton
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA.
| | - Richard Kim
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA.
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27
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Nakano A, Nakano H, Smith KA, Palpant NJ. The developmental origins and lineage contributions of endocardial endothelium. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2016; 1863:1937-47. [PMID: 26828773 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Endocardial development involves a complex orchestration of cell fate decisions that coordinate with endoderm formation and other mesodermal cell lineages. Historically, investigations into the contribution of endocardium in the developing embryo was constrained to the heart where these cells give rise to the inner lining of the myocardium and are a major contributor to valve formation. In recent years, studies have continued to elucidate the complexities of endocardial fate commitment revealing a much broader scope of lineage potential from developing endocardium. These studies cover a wide range of species and model systems and show direct contribution or fate potential of endocardium giving rise to cardiac vasculature, blood, fibroblast, and cardiomyocyte lineages. This review focuses on the marked expansion of knowledge in the area of endocardial fate potential. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Cardiomyocyte Biology: Integration of Developmental and Environmental Cues in the Heart edited by Marcus Schaub and Hughes Abriel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Nakano
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Haruko Nakano
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kelly A Smith
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Nathan J Palpant
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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28
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Goodnough LH, Dinuoscio GJ, Atit RP. Twist1 contributes to cranial bone initiation and dermal condensation by maintaining Wnt signaling responsiveness. Dev Dyn 2015; 245:144-56. [PMID: 26677825 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Specification of cranial bone and dermal fibroblast progenitors in the supraorbital arch mesenchyme is Wnt/β-catenin signaling-dependent. The mechanism underlying how these cells interpret instructive signaling cues and differentiate into these two lineages is unclear. Twist1 is a target of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and is expressed in cranial bone and dermal lineages. RESULTS Here, we show that onset of Twist1 expression in the mouse cranial mesenchyme is dependent on ectodermal Wnts and mesenchymal β-catenin activity. Conditional deletion of Twist1 in the supraorbital arch mesenchyme leads to cranial bone agenesis and hypoplastic dermis, as well as craniofacial malformation of eyes and palate. Twist1 is preferentially required for cranial bone lineage commitment by maintaining Wnt responsiveness. In the conditional absence of Twist1, the cranial dermis fails to condense and expand apically leading to extensive cranial dermal hypoplasia with few and undifferentiated hair follicles. CONCLUSIONS Thus, Twist1, a target of canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling, also functions to maintain Wnt responsiveness and is a key effector for cranial bone fate selection and dermal condensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Henry Goodnough
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Gregg J Dinuoscio
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Radhika P Atit
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.,Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.,Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
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Deng X, Pan H, Wang J, Wang B, Cheng Z, Cheng L, Zhao L, Li H, Ma X. Functional Analysis of Two Novel Mutations in TWIST1 Protein Motifs Found in Ventricular Septal Defect Patients. Pediatr Cardiol 2015; 36:1602-9. [PMID: 25981568 DOI: 10.1007/s00246-015-1202-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the possible genetic effect of sequence variations in TWIST1 on the pathogenesis of ventricular septal defect in humans. We examined the coding region of TWIST1 in a cohort of 196 Chinese people with non-syndromic ventricular septal defect patients and 200 healthy individuals as the controls. We identified two novel potential disease-associated mutations, NM_000474.3:c.247G>A (G83S) and NM_000474.3:c.283A>G (S95G). Both of them were identified for the first time and were not observed in the 200 controls without congenital heart disease. Using a dual-luciferase reporter assay, we showed that both of the mutations significantly down-regulated the repressive effect of TWIST1 on the E-cadherin promoter. Furthermore, a mammalian two-hybrid assay showed that both of the mutations significantly affected the interaction between TWIST1 and KAT2B. New mutations in the transcription factor TWIST1 that affect protein function were identified in 1.0 % (2/196) of Chinese patients with ventricular septal defect. Our data show, for the first time, that TWIST1 has a potential causative effect on the development of ventricular septal defect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Deng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No.36, Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Hong Pan
- Graduate School, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100080, China.,Center for Genetics, National Research Institute for Family Planning, 12 Dahuisi Road, Haidian, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Graduate School, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100080, China.,Center for Genetics, National Research Institute for Family Planning, 12 Dahuisi Road, Haidian, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Binbin Wang
- Graduate School, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100080, China.,Center for Genetics, National Research Institute for Family Planning, 12 Dahuisi Road, Haidian, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Zhi Cheng
- Graduate School, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100080, China.,Center for Genetics, National Research Institute for Family Planning, 12 Dahuisi Road, Haidian, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Longfei Cheng
- Graduate School, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100080, China.,Center for Genetics, National Research Institute for Family Planning, 12 Dahuisi Road, Haidian, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Lixi Zhao
- Graduate School, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100080, China.,Center for Genetics, National Research Institute for Family Planning, 12 Dahuisi Road, Haidian, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No.36, Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004, China.
| | - Xu Ma
- Graduate School, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100080, China. .,Center for Genetics, National Research Institute for Family Planning, 12 Dahuisi Road, Haidian, Beijing, 100081, China. .,World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Research in Human Reproduction, Beijing, 100081, China.
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30
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Garside VC, Cullum R, Alder O, Lu DY, Vander Werff R, Bilenky M, Zhao Y, Jones SJM, Marra MA, Underhill TM, Hoodless PA. SOX9 modulates the expression of key transcription factors required for heart valve development. Development 2015; 142:4340-50. [PMID: 26525672 DOI: 10.1242/dev.125252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Heart valve formation initiates when endothelial cells of the heart transform into mesenchyme and populate the cardiac cushions. The transcription factor SOX9 is highly expressed in the cardiac cushion mesenchyme, and is essential for heart valve development. Loss of Sox9 in mouse cardiac cushion mesenchyme alters cell proliferation, embryonic survival, and valve formation. Despite this important role, little is known about how SOX9 regulates heart valve formation or its transcriptional targets. Therefore, we mapped putative SOX9 binding sites by ChIP-Seq in E12.5 heart valves, a stage at which the valve mesenchyme is actively proliferating and initiating differentiation. Embryonic heart valves have been shown to express a high number of genes that are associated with chondrogenesis, including several extracellular matrix proteins and transcription factors that regulate chondrogenesis. Therefore, we compared regions of putative SOX9 DNA binding between E12.5 heart valves and E12.5 limb buds. We identified context-dependent and context-independent SOX9-interacting regions throughout the genome. Analysis of context-independent SOX9 binding suggests an extensive role for SOX9 across tissues in regulating proliferation-associated genes including key components of the AP-1 complex. Integrative analysis of tissue-specific SOX9-interacting regions and gene expression profiles on Sox9-deficient heart valves demonstrated that SOX9 controls the expression of several transcription factors with previously identified roles in heart valve development, including Twist1, Sox4, Mecom and Pitx2. Together, our data identify SOX9-coordinated transcriptional hierarchies that control cell proliferation and differentiation during valve formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria C Garside
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada V5Z 1L3 Program in Cell and Developmental Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Rebecca Cullum
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada V5Z 1L3
| | - Olivia Alder
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada V5Z 1L3
| | - Daphne Y Lu
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada V5Z 1L3
| | - Ryan Vander Werff
- Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Mikhail Bilenky
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada V5Z 1L3
| | - Yongjun Zhao
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada V5Z 1L3
| | - Steven J M Jones
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada V5Z 1L3 Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada V6T 1Z4 Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada V5A 1S6
| | - Marco A Marra
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada V5Z 1L3 Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - T Michael Underhill
- Program in Cell and Developmental Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada V6T 1Z4 Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada V6T 1Z4 Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Pamela A Hoodless
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada V5Z 1L3 Program in Cell and Developmental Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada V6T 1Z4 Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada V6T 1Z4
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31
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Peng B, Zhu H, Ma L, Wang YL, Klausen C, Leung PCK. AP-1 Transcription Factors c-FOS and c-JUN Mediate GnRH-Induced Cadherin-11 Expression and Trophoblast Cell Invasion. Endocrinology 2015; 156:2269-77. [PMID: 25794160 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
GnRH is expressed in first-trimester human placenta and increases cell invasion in extravillous cytotrophoblasts (EVTs). Invasive phenotypes have been reported to be regulated by transcription factor activator protein 1 (AP-1) and mesenchymal cadherin-11. The aim of our study was to investigate the roles of AP-1 components (c-FOS/c-JUN) and cadherin-11 in GnRH-induced cell invasion in human EVT cells. Phosphorylated c-FOS and phosphorylated c-JUN were detected in the cell column regions of human first-trimester placental villi by immunohistochemistry. GnRH treatment increased c-FOS, c-JUN, and cadherin-11 mRNA and protein levels in immortalized EVT (HTR-8/SVneo) cells. Moreover, GnRH treatment induced c-FOS and c-JUN protein phosphorylation and nuclear accumulation. Pretreatment with antide, a GnRH antagonist, attenuated GnRH-induced cadherin-11 expression. Importantly, basal and GnRH-induced cadherin-11 expression and cell invasion were reduced by small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of c-FOS, c-JUN, and cadherin-11 in HTR-8/SVneo cells. Our results suggest that GnRH induces the expression and phosphorylation of the AP-1 transcription factors c-FOS and c-JUN in trophoblast cells, which contributes to GnRH-induced elevation of cadherin-11 expression and cell invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Peng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (B.P., H.Z., C.K., P.C.K.L.), Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V5Z 4H4; and State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology (L.M., Y.W.), Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
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32
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Wang Y, Wang Q, Guo C, Wang S, Qiu Y, Li H, Ma X. Decreased mRNA and protein expression of TWIST1 in myocardial tissue of fetuses with ventricular septal defects. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:3089-94. [PMID: 25955272 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Ventricular septal defect (VSD) is the most common type of congenital heart disease (CHD). The single gene mutations or absences that contribute to VSD development are well established; however, the aim of the present study was to measure gene expression variation between VSDs and normal fetal myocardial tissue. TWIST1, an important tumor biomarker, is a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor that regulates cell proliferation, migration and differentiation in embryonic development and transformed tumor cells. Although growing evidence demonstrates that TWIST1 participates in a variety of human neoplastic diseases, the role of TWIST1 in VSD has remained elusive. Twenty-six VSD fetal myocardial tissue samples and 12 normal samples at matched gestational weeks (22-28 weeks) were included in the present study. Using reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and real-time PCR, it was demonstrated that TWIST1 mRNA was reduced by almost two-fold in the VSD samples compared with the normal samples. Western blot analysis also revealed that TWIST1 expression was decreased by ~three-fold (P=0.001) in the VSD samples compared with that in the normal samples. Of note, five complete ventricular (also called functionally univentricular or single ventricular) septal ageneses were identified among the specimens. For the five complete ventricular septal agenesis samples, similar results to those for other VSD fetal myocardial tissues were obtained. In conclusion, the results of the present study showed that TWIST1 mRNA and protein levels were reduced in VSDs. The present study was the first, to the best of our knowledge, to report that TWIST1 is not only a tumor biomarker, but may also be involved in the pathogenesis of VSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Qidi Wang
- Department of Genetics, National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
| | - Changlong Guo
- Department of Genetics, National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Yue Qiu
- Department of Genetics, National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Xu Ma
- Department of Genetics, National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
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33
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Bosman A, Letourneau A, Sartiani L, Del Lungo M, Ronzoni F, Kuziakiv R, Tohonen V, Zucchelli M, Santoni F, Guipponi M, Dumevska B, Hovatta O, Antonarakis SE, Jaconi ME. Perturbations of Heart Development and Function in Cardiomyocytes from Human Embryonic Stem Cells with Trisomy 21. Stem Cells 2015; 33:1434-46. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.1961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Bosman
- Department of Pathology and Immunology; Faculty of Medicine; University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute; Darlinghurst New South Wales Australia
| | - Audrey Letourneau
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development; Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
| | - Laura Sartiani
- Department of Neuroscience; Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, Center of Molecular Medicine, University of Florence; Florence Italy
| | - Martina Del Lungo
- Department of Neuroscience; Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, Center of Molecular Medicine, University of Florence; Florence Italy
| | - Flavio Ronzoni
- Department of Pathology and Immunology; Faculty of Medicine; University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
| | - Rostyslav Kuziakiv
- Department of Pathology and Immunology; Faculty of Medicine; University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
| | - Virpi Tohonen
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition; Karolinska Institute; Huddinge Sweden
| | - Marco Zucchelli
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition; Karolinska Institute; Huddinge Sweden
| | - Federico Santoni
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development; Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
| | - Michel Guipponi
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development; Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
| | | | - Outi Hovatta
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Department of Clinical Science; Karolinska Institute; Huddinge Stockholm Sweden
| | - Stylianos E. Antonarakis
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development; Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
- iGE3 Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
| | - Marisa E. Jaconi
- Department of Pathology and Immunology; Faculty of Medicine; University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
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34
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Uribe V, Badía-Careaga C, Casanova JC, Domínguez JN, de la Pompa JL, Sanz-Ezquerro JJ. Arid3b is essential for second heart field cell deployment and heart patterning. Development 2014; 141:4168-81. [PMID: 25336743 DOI: 10.1242/dev.109918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Arid3b, a member of the conserved ARID family of transcription factors, is essential for mouse embryonic development but its precise roles are poorly understood. Here, we show that Arid3b is expressed in the myocardium of the tubular heart and in second heart field progenitors. Arid3b-deficient embryos show cardiac abnormalities, including a notable shortening of the poles, absence of myocardial differentiation and altered patterning of the atrioventricular canal, which also lacks epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Proliferation and death of progenitors as well as early patterning of the heart appear normal. However, DiI labelling of second heart field progenitors revealed a defect in the addition of cells to the heart. RNA microarray analysis uncovered a set of differentially expressed genes in Arid3b-deficient tissues, including Bhlhb2, a regulator of cardiomyocyte differentiation, and Lims2, a gene involved in cell migration. Arid3b is thus required for heart development by regulating the motility and differentiation of heart progenitors. These findings identify Arid3b as a candidate gene involved in the aetiology of human congenital malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Uribe
- Departamento de Desarrollo y Reparación Cardiovascular, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Claudio Badía-Careaga
- Departamento de Desarrollo y Reparación Cardiovascular, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Jesús C Casanova
- Departamento de Desarrollo y Reparación Cardiovascular, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Jorge N Domínguez
- Departamento de Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Jaén, CU Las Lagunillas, Jáen 23071, Spain
| | - José Luis de la Pompa
- Departamento de Desarrollo y Reparación Cardiovascular, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Juan José Sanz-Ezquerro
- Departamento de Desarrollo y Reparación Cardiovascular, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3, Madrid 28029, Spain Departamento de Biología Molecular y Celular, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CSIC), Darwin, 3, Madrid 28049, Spain
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35
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Lee MP, Ratner N, Yutzey KE. Genome-wide Twist1 occupancy in endocardial cushion cells, embryonic limb buds, and peripheral nerve sheath tumor cells. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:821. [PMID: 25262113 PMCID: PMC4190347 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor Twist1 has well-documented roles in progenitor populations of the developing embryo, including endocardial cushions (ECC) and limb buds, and also in cancer. Whether Twist1 regulates the same transcriptional targets in different tissue types is largely unknown. Results The tissue-specificity of Twist1 genomic occupancy was examined in mouse ECCs, limb buds, and peripheral nerve sheath tumor (PNST) cells using chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by sequencing (Chip-seq) analysis. Consistent with known Twist1 functions during development and in cancer cells, Twist1-DNA binding regions associated with genes related to cell migration and adhesion were detected in all three tissues. However, the vast majority of Twist1 binding regions were specific to individual tissue types. Thus, while Twist1 has similar functions in ECCs, limb buds, and PNST cells, the specific genomic sequences occupied by Twist1 were different depending on cellular context. Subgroups of shared genes, also predominantly related to cell adhesion and migration, were identified in pairwise comparisons of ECC, limb buds and PNST cells. Twist1 genomic occupancy was detected for six binding regions in all tissue types, and Twist1-binding sequences associated with Chst11, Litaf, Ror2, and Spata5 also bound the potential Twist1 cofactor RREB1. Pathway analysis of the genes associated with Twist1 binding suggests that Twist1 may regulate genes associated with the Wnt signaling pathway in ECCs and limb buds. Conclusions Together, these data indicate that Twist1 interacts with genes that regulate adhesion and migration in different tissues, potentially through distinct sets of target genes. In addition, there is a small subset of genes occupied by Twist1 in all three tissues that may represent a core group of Twist1 target genes in multiple cell types. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-821) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Katherine E Yutzey
- Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA.
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36
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Wirrig EE, Yutzey KE. Conserved transcriptional regulatory mechanisms in aortic valve development and disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014; 34:737-41. [PMID: 24665126 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.113.302071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence for activation of developmental transcriptional regulatory pathways in heart valve disease. Here, we review molecular regulatory mechanisms involved in heart valve progenitor development, leaflet morphogenesis, and extracellular matrix organization that also are active in diseased aortic valves. These include regulators of endothelial-to-mesenchymal transitions, such as the Notch pathway effector RBPJ, and the valve progenitor markers Twist1, Msx1/2, and Sox9. Little is known of the potential reparative or pathological functions of these developmental mechanisms in adult aortic valves, but it is tempting to speculate that valve progenitor cells could contribute to repair in the context of disease. Likewise, loss of either RBPJ or Sox9 leads to aortic valve calcification in mice, supporting a potential therapeutic role in prevention of disease. During aortic valve calcification, transcriptional regulators of osteogenic development are activated in addition to valve progenitor regulatory programs. Specifically, the transcription factor Runx2 and its downstream target genes are induced in calcified valves. Runx2 and osteogenic genes also are induced with vascular calcification, but activation of valve progenitor markers and the cellular context of expression are likely to be different for valve and vascular calcification. Additional research is necessary to determine whether developmental mechanisms contribute to valve repair or whether these pathways can be harnessed for new treatments of heart valve disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine E Wirrig
- From The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
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37
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Zhang H, von Gise A, Liu Q, Hu T, Tian X, He L, Pu W, Huang X, He L, Cai CL, Camargo FD, Pu WT, Zhou B. Yap1 is required for endothelial to mesenchymal transition of the atrioventricular cushion. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:18681-92. [PMID: 24831012 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.554584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac malformations due to aberrant development of the atrioventricular (AV) valves are among the most common forms of congenital heart diseases. Normally, heart valve mesenchyme is formed from an endothelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) of endothelial cells of the endocardial cushions. Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1) has been reported to regulate EMT in vitro, in addition to its known role as a major regulator of organ size and cell proliferation in vertebrates, leading us to hypothesize that YAP1 is required for heart valve development. We tested this hypothesis by conditional inactivation of YAP1 in endothelial cells and their derivatives. This resulted in markedly hypocellular endocardial cushions due to impaired formation of heart valve mesenchyme by EMT and to reduced endocardial cell proliferation. In endothelial cells, TGFβ induces nuclear localization of Smad2/3/4 complex, which activates expression of Snail, Twist1, and Slug, key transcription factors required for EMT. YAP1 interacts with this complex, and loss of YAP1 disrupts TGFβ-induced up-regulation of Snail, Twist1, and Slug. Together, our results identify a role of YAP1 in regulating EMT through modulation of TGFβ-Smad signaling and through proliferative activity during cardiac cushion development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- From the Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Alexander von Gise
- the Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, the Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Intensive Care, MHH-Hannover Medical School, 30669 Hannover, Germany
| | - Qiaozhen Liu
- From the Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Tianyuan Hu
- From the Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xueying Tian
- From the Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Lingjuan He
- From the Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Wenjuan Pu
- From the Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xiuzhen Huang
- From the Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Liang He
- From the Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Chen-Leng Cai
- the Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Center for Molecular Cardiology of the Child Health and Development Institute, the Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029
| | - Fernando D Camargo
- the Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, and
| | - William T Pu
- From the Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Bin Zhou
- From the Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China,
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Rahme GJ, Israel MA. Id4 suppresses MMP2-mediated invasion of glioblastoma-derived cells by direct inactivation of Twist1 function. Oncogene 2014; 34:53-62. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Zhou J, Bowen C, Lu G, Knapp Iii C, Recknagel A, Norris RA, Butcher JT. Cadherin-11 expression patterns in heart valves associate with key functions during embryonic cushion formation, valve maturation and calcification. Cells Tissues Organs 2013; 198:300-10. [PMID: 24356423 DOI: 10.1159/000356762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Proper fibroblast cell migration and differentiation are critical for valve formation and homeostasis, but uncontrolled myofibroblastic activation may precede osteogenic differentiation and calcification. Cadherin-11 (cad-11) is a cell-cell adhesion protein classically expressed at mesenchymal-osteoblast interfaces that participates in mesenchymal differentiation to osteochondral lineages. This suggests cad-11 may have an important role in heart valve development and pathogenesis, but its expression patterns in valves are largely unknown. In this study, we profiled the spatial and temporal expression patterns of cad-11 in embryonic chick and mouse heart development. We determined that cad-11 is expressed in both endocardial and mesenchymal cells of the atrioventricular and outflow tract cushions (pre-HH30/E14), but becomes restricted to the valve endocardial/endothelial cells during late fetal remodeling and throughout postnatal life. We then investigated changes in cad-11 expression in a murine aortic valve disease model (the ApoE(-/-)). Unlike wild-type mice, cad-11 becomes dramatically re-expressed in the interstitium. Similarly, in calcified human aortic valve leaflets, cad-11 loses endothelial confinement and becomes significantly re-expressed in the valve interstitium. Double labeling identified that 91% of myofibroblastic and 96% of osteoblastic cells in calcified aortic valves were also cad-11 positive. Collectively, our results suggest that cad-11 is important for proper embryonic cushion formation and remodeling, but may also participate in aortic valve pathogenesis if re-expressed in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E. Yutzey
- From the Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
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41
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Abstract
Epicardial derivatives, including vascular smooth muscle cells and cardiac fibroblasts, are crucial for proper development of the coronary vasculature and cardiac fibrous matrix, both of which support myocardial integrity and function in the normal heart. Epicardial formation, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and epicardium-derived cell (EPDC) differentiation are precisely regulated by complex interactions among signaling molecules and transcription factors. Here we review the roles of critical transcription factors that are required for specific aspects of epicardial development, EMT, and EPDC lineage specification in development and disease. Epicardial cells and subepicardial EPDCs express transcription factors including Wt1, Tcf21, Tbx18, and Nfatc1. As EPDCs invade the myocardium, epicardial progenitor transcription factors such as Wt1 are downregulated. EPDC differentiation into SMC and fibroblast lineages is precisely regulated by a complex network of transcription factors, including Tcf21 and Tbx18. These and other transcription factors also regulate epicardial EMT, EPDC invasion, and lineage maturation. In addition, there is increasing evidence that epicardial transcription factors are reactivated with adult cardiac ischemic injury. Determining the function of reactivated epicardial cells in myocardial infarction and fibrosis may improve our understanding of the pathogenesis of heart disease.
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Abstract
The heart as a functional organ first appeared in bilaterians as a single peristaltic pump and evolved through arthropods, fish, amphibians, and finally mammals into a four-chambered engine controlling blood-flow within the body. The acquisition of cardiac complexity in the evolving heart was a product of gene duplication events and the co-option of novel signaling pathways to an ancestral cardiac-specific gene network. T-box factors belong to an evolutionary conserved family of transcriptional regulators with diverse roles in development. Their regulatory functions are integral in the initiation and potentiation of heart development, and mutations in these genes are associated with congenital heart defects. In this review we will discuss the evolutionary conserved cardiac regulatory functions of this family as well as their implication in disease in an aim to facilitate future gene-targeted and regenerative therapeutic remedies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadi Hariri
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale, Centre-ville Montréal, Quebec, H3C3J7, Canada
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Twist1 transcriptional targets in the developing atrio-ventricular canal of the mouse. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40815. [PMID: 22815831 PMCID: PMC3397961 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Malformations of the cardiovascular system are the most common type of birth defect in humans, frequently affecting the formation of valves and septa. During heart valve and septa formation, cells from the atrio-ventricular canal (AVC) and outflow tract (OFT) regions of the heart undergo an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transformation (EMT) and invade the underlying extracellular matrix to give rise to endocardial cushions. Subsequent maturation of newly formed mesenchyme cells leads to thin stress-resistant leaflets. TWIST1 is a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor expressed in newly formed mesenchyme cells of the AVC and OFT that has been shown to play roles in cell survival, cell proliferation and differentiation. However, the downstream targets of TWIST1 during heart valve formation remain unclear. To identify genes important for heart valve development downstream of TWIST1, we performed global gene expression profiling of AVC, OFT, atria and ventricles of the embryonic day 10.5 mouse heart by tag-sequencing (Tag-seq). Using this resource we identified a novel set of 939 genes, including 123 regulators of transcription, enriched in the valve forming regions of the heart. We compared these genes to a Tag-seq library from the Twist1 null developing valves revealing significant gene expression changes. These changes were consistent with a role of TWIST1 in controlling differentiation of mesenchymal cells following their transformation from endothelium in the mouse. To study the role of TWIST1 at the DNA level we performed chromatin immunoprecipitation and identified novel direct targets of TWIST1 in the developing heart valves. Our findings support a role for TWIST1 in the differentiation of AVC mesenchyme post-EMT in the mouse, and suggest that TWIST1 can exert its function by direct DNA binding to activate valve specific gene expression.
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de Vlaming A, Sauls K, Hajdu Z, Visconti RP, Mehesz AN, Levine RA, Slaugenhaupt SA, Hagège A, Chester AH, Markwald RR, Norris RA. Atrioventricular valve development: new perspectives on an old theme. Differentiation 2012; 84:103-16. [PMID: 22579502 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2012.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Revised: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 04/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Atrioventricular valve development commences with an EMT event whereby endocardial cells transform into mesenchyme. The molecular events that induce this phenotypic change are well understood and include many growth factors, signaling components, and transcription factors. Besides their clear importance in valve development, the role of these transformed mesenchyme and the function they serve in the developing prevalve leaflets is less understood. Indeed, we know that these cells migrate, but how and why do they migrate? We also know that they undergo a transition to a mature, committed cell, largely defined as an interstitial fibroblast due to their ability to secrete various matrix components including collagen type I. However, we have yet to uncover mechanisms by which the matrix is synthesized, how it is secreted, and how it is organized. As valve disease is largely characterized by altered cell number, cell activation, and matrix disorganization, answering questions of how the valves are built will likely provide us with information of real clinical relevance. Although expression profiling and descriptive or correlative analyses are insightful, to advance the field, we must now move past the simplicity of these assays and ask fundamental, mechanistic based questions aimed at understanding how valves are "built". Herein we review current understandings of atrioventricular valve development and present what is known and what isn't known. In most cases, basic, biological questions and hypotheses that were presented decades ago on valve development still are yet to be answered but likely hold keys to uncovering new discoveries with relevance to both embryonic development and the developmental basis of adult heart valve diseases. Thus, the goal of this review is to remind us of these questions and provide new perspectives on an old theme of valve development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemarieke de Vlaming
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Cardiovascular Developmental Biology Center, Children's Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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45
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VanDusen NJ, Firulli AB. Twist factor regulation of non-cardiomyocyte cell lineages in the developing heart. Differentiation 2012; 84:79-88. [PMID: 22516205 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2012.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Revised: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The heart is a complex organ that is composed of numerous cell types, which must integrate their programs for proper specification, differentiation and cardiac morphogenesis. During cardiogenesis members of the Twist-family of basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors play distinct roles within cardiac lineages such as the endocardium and extra-cardiac lineages such as the cardiac neural crest (cNCC) and epicardium. While the study of these cell populations is often eclipsed by that of cardiomyocytes, the contributions of non-cardiomyocytes to development and disease are increasingly being appreciated as both dynamic and essential. This review summarizes what is known regarding Twist-family bHLH function in extra-cardiac cell populations and the endocardium, with a focus on regulatory mechanisms, downstream targets, and expression profiles. Improving our understanding of the molecular pathways that Twist-family bHLH factors mediate in these lineages will be necessary to ascertain how their dysfunction leads to congenital disease and adult pathologies such as myocardial infarctions and cardiac fibroblast induced fibrosis. Indeed, this knowledge will prove to be critical to clinicians seeking to improve current treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan J VanDusen
- Riley Heart Research Center, Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana Medical School, 1044 W. Walnut St., Indianapolis, IN 46202-5225, USA
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Zhang Y, Blackwell EL, McKnight MT, Knutsen GR, Vu WT, Ruest LB. Specific inactivation of Twist1 in the mandibular arch neural crest cells affects the development of the ramus and reveals interactions with hand2. Dev Dyn 2012; 241:924-40. [PMID: 22411303 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.23776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor Twist1 fulfills an essential function in neural crest cell formation, migration, and survival and is associated with the craniosynostic Saethre-Chotzen syndrome in humans. However, its functions during mandibular development, when it may interact with other bHLH transcription factors like Hand2, are unknown because mice homozygous for the Twist1 null mutation die in early embryogenesis. To determine the role of Twist1 during mandibular development, we used the Hand2-Cre transgene to conditionally inactivate the gene in the neural crest cells populating the mandibular pharyngeal arch. RESULTS The mutant mice exhibited a spectrum of craniofacial anomalies, including mandibular hypoplasia, altered middle ear development, and cleft palate. It appears that Twist1 is essential for the survival of the neural crest cells involved in the development of the mandibular ramal elements. Twist1 plays a role in molar development and cusp formation by participating in the reciprocal signaling needed for the formation of the enamel knot. This gene is also needed to control the ossification of the mandible, a redundant role shared with Hand2. CONCLUSION Twist1, along with Hand2, is essential for the proximodistal patterning and development of the mandible and ossification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, TAMHSC-Baylor College of Dentistry, Dallas, Texas, USA
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47
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Chen Q, Zhou Y, Zhao X, Zhang M. Effect of dual-specificity protein phosphatase 5 on pluripotency maintenance and differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells. J Cell Biochem 2012; 112:3185-93. [PMID: 21732408 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.23244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The MAPK/Erk signaling pathway is considered as a key regulator of the pluripotency and differentiation of embryonic stem (ES) cells, while dual-specificity protein phosphatases (DUSPs) are negative regulators of MAPK. Although DUSPs are potential embryogenesis regulators, their functions in the regulation of ES cell differentiation have not been demonstrated. The present study revealed that Dusp5 was expressed in mouse ES (mES) cells and that its expression was correlated with the undifferentiated state of these cells. Exogenous Dusp5 expression enhanced mES cell clonogenicity and suppressed mES cell differentiation by maintaining Nanog expression via the inhibition of the Erk pathway. Following Dusp5 knockdown, Nanog and Oct4 expression was significantly attenuated and the Erk signaling pathway was activated. Additionally, EBs derived from Dusp5 knockdown mES cells (KDEBs) exhibited a weak adherence capability, very little outgrowth, and a reduction in the number of epithelial-like cells. The expression of Gata6 (an endodermal marker) and Flk1 and Twist1 (mesodermal markers) was inhibited in KDEBs, which indicated that Dusp5 influenced the differentiation of these germ layers during EB development. Collectively, this study suggested that Dusp5 plays an important role in the maintenance of pluripotency in mES cells, and that Dusp5 may be required for EB development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Chen
- Institute of Cell Biology and Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, 388 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
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Shelton EL, Poole SD, Reese J, Bader DM. Omental grafting: a cell-based therapy for blood vessel repair. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2012; 7:421-33. [PMID: 22318999 DOI: 10.1002/term.528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Revised: 07/18/2011] [Accepted: 09/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Clinicians regularly transplant omental pedicles to repair a wide variety of injured tissues, but the basic mechanism underlying this efficacious procedure is not understood. One possibility that has not been addressed is the ability of omentum to directly contribute regenerative cells to injured tissues. We hypothesized that if omental progenitor cells could be mobilized to incorporate into damaged tissue, the power of this therapy would be greatly expanded. Labelled omental grafts were transplanted into a murine carotid artery injury model. Selected grafts were treated with thymosin β4 (Tβ4) prior to transplantation to investigate the effects of chemical potentiation on healing. We found treatment of grafts with Tβ4-induced progenitor cells to fully integrate into the wall of injured vessels and differentiate into vascular smooth muscle. Myographic studies determined that arteries receiving Tβ4-stimulated grafts were functionally indistinguishable from uninjured controls. Concurrent in vitro analyses showed that Tβ4 promoted proliferation, migration and trans-differentiation of cells via AKT signalling. This study is the first to demonstrate that omentum can provide progenitor cells for repair, thus revealing a novel and naturally occurring source of vascular smooth muscle for use in cell-based therapies. Furthermore, our data show that this system can be optimized with inducing factors, highlighting a more powerful therapeutic potential than that of its current clinical application. This is a paradigm-setting concept that lays the foundation for the use of chemical genetics to enhance therapeutic outcomes in a myriad of fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine L Shelton
- Stahlman Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, Program for Developmental Biology and Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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Cheek JD, Wirrig EE, Alfieri CM, James JF, Yutzey KE. Differential activation of valvulogenic, chondrogenic, and osteogenic pathways in mouse models of myxomatous and calcific aortic valve disease. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2012; 52:689-700. [PMID: 22248532 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2011.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Revised: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 12/29/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Studies of human diseased aortic valves have demonstrated increased expression of genetic markers of valve progenitors and osteogenic differentiation associated with pathogenesis. Three potential mouse models of valve disease were examined for cellular pathology, morphology, and induction of valvulogenic, chondrogenic, and osteogenic markers. Osteogenesis imperfecta murine (Oim) mice, with a mutation in Col1a2, have distal leaflet thickening and increased proteoglycan composition characteristic of myxomatous valve disease. Periostin null mice also exhibit dysregulation of the ECM with thickening in the aortic midvalve region, but do not have an overall increase in valve leaflet surface area. Klotho null mice are a model for premature aging and exhibit calcific nodules in the aortic valve hinge-region, but do not exhibit leaflet thickening, ECM disorganization, or inflammation. Oim/oim mice have increased expression of valve progenitor markers Twist1, Col2a1, Mmp13, Sox9 and Hapln1, in addition to increased Col10a1 and Asporin expression, consistent with increased proteoglycan composition. Periostin null aortic valves exhibit relatively normal gene expression with slightly increased expression of Mmp13 and Hapln1. In contrast, Klotho null aortic valves have increased expression of Runx2, consistent with the calcified phenotype, in addition to increased expression of Sox9, Col10a1, and osteopontin. Together these studies demonstrate that oim/oim mice exhibit histological and molecular characteristics of myxomatous valve disease and Klotho null mice are a new model for calcific aortic valve disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Cheek
- The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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50
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Lee MP, Yutzey KE. Twist1 directly regulates genes that promote cell proliferation and migration in developing heart valves. PLoS One 2011; 6:e29758. [PMID: 22242143 PMCID: PMC3248441 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Twist1, a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor, is expressed in mesenchymal precursor populations during embryogenesis and in metastatic cancer cells. In the developing heart, Twist1 is highly expressed in endocardial cushion (ECC) valve mesenchymal cells and is down regulated during valve differentiation and remodeling. Previous studies demonstrated that Twist1 promotes cell proliferation, migration, and expression of primitive extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules in ECC mesenchymal cells. Furthermore, Twist1 expression is induced in human pediatric and adult diseased heart valves. However, the Twist1 downstream target genes that mediate increased cell proliferation and migration during early heart valve development remain largely unknown. Candidate gene and global gene profiling approaches were used to identify transcriptional targets of Twist1 during heart valve development. Candidate target genes were analyzed for evolutionarily conserved regions (ECRs) containing E-box consensus sequences that are potential Twist1 binding sites. ECRs containing conserved E-box sequences were identified for Twist1 responsive genes Tbx20, Cdh11, Sema3C, Rab39b, and Gadd45a. Twist1 binding to these sequences in vivo was determined by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays, and binding was detected in ECCs but not late stage remodeling valves. In addition identified Twist1 target genes are highly expressed in ECCs and have reduced expression during heart valve remodeling in vivo, which is consistent with the expression pattern of Twist1. Together these analyses identify multiple new genes involved in cell proliferation and migration that are differentially expressed in the developing heart valves, are responsive to Twist1 transcriptional function, and contain Twist1-responsive regulatory sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary P. Lee
- Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Katherine E. Yutzey
- Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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