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Jensen-Cody CW, Crooke AK, Rotti PG, Ievlev V, Shahin W, Park SY, Lynch TJ, Engelhardt JF. Lef-1 controls cell cycle progression in airway basal cells to regulate proliferation and differentiation. Stem Cells 2021; 39:1221-1235. [PMID: 33932322 PMCID: PMC8785221 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian airways are lined by a continuous epithelial layer that is maintained by diverse populations of resident multipotent stem cells. These stem cells are responsible for replenishing the epithelium both at homeostasis and following injury, making them promising targets for stem cell and genetic-based therapies for a variety of respiratory diseases. However, the mechanisms that regulate when and how these stem cells proliferate, migrate, and differentiate remains incompletely understood. Here, we find that the high mobility group (HMG) domain transcription factor Lef-1 regulates proliferation and differentiation of mouse tracheal basal cells. We demonstrate that conditional deletion of Lef-1 stalls basal cell proliferation at the G1/S transition of the cell cycle, and that Lef-1 knockout cells are unable to maintain luminal tracheal cell types in long-term air-liquid interface culture. RNA sequencing analysis revealed that Lef-1 knockout (Lef-1KO) results in downregulation of key DNA damage response and cell cycle progression genes, including the kinase Chek1. Furthermore, chemical inhibition of Chek1 is sufficient to stall basal cell self-renewal in a similar fashion as Lef-1 deletion. Notably, the cell cycle block imposed by Lef-1KO in vitro is transient and basal cells eventually compensate to proliferate normally in a Chek1-independent manner. Finally, Lef-1KO cells were unable to fully regenerate tracheal epithelium following injury in vivo. These findings reveal that Lef-1 is essential for proper basal cell function. Thus, modulating Lef-1 function in airway basal cells may have applications in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandler W Jensen-Cody
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Adrianne K Crooke
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Pavana G Rotti
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Vitaly Ievlev
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Weam Shahin
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Soo-Yeun Park
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Thomas J Lynch
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - John F Engelhardt
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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Guo L, Glover J, Risner A, Wang C, Fulmer D, Moore K, Gensemer C, Rumph MK, Moore R, Beck T, Norris RA. Dynamic Expression Profiles of β-Catenin during Murine Cardiac Valve Development. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2020; 7:jcdd7030031. [PMID: 32824435 PMCID: PMC7570242 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd7030031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
β-catenin has been widely studied in many animal and organ systems across evolution, and gain or loss of function has been linked to a number of human diseases. Yet fundamental knowledge regarding its protein expression and localization remains poorly described. Thus, we sought to define whether there was a temporal and cell-specific regulation of β-catenin activities that correlate with distinct cardiac morphological events. Our findings indicate that activated nuclear β-catenin is primarily evident early in gestation. As development proceeds, nuclear β-catenin is down-regulated and becomes restricted to the membrane in a subset of cardiac progenitor cells. After birth, little β-catenin is detected in the heart. The co-expression of β-catenin with its main transcriptional co-factor, Lef1, revealed that Lef1 and β-catenin expression domains do not extensively overlap in the cardiac valves. These data indicate mutually exclusive roles for Lef1 and β-catenin in most cardiac cell types during development. Additionally, these data indicate diverse functions for β-catenin within the nucleus and membrane depending on cell type and gestational timing. Cardiovascular studies should take into careful consideration both nuclear and membrane β-catenin functions and their potential contributions to cardiac development and disease.
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Eliason S, Sharp T, Sweat M, Sweat YY, Amendt BA. Ectodermal Organ Development Is Regulated by a microRNA-26b-Lef-1-Wnt Signaling Axis. Front Physiol 2020; 11:780. [PMID: 32760291 PMCID: PMC7372039 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The developmental role of Lef-1 in ectodermal organs has been characterized using Lef-1 murine knockout models. We generated a Lef-1 conditional over-expression (COEL) mouse to determine the role of Lef-1 expression in epithelial structures at later stages of development after endogenous expression switches to the mesenchyme. Lef-1 over expression (OE) in the oral epithelium creates a new dental epithelial stem cell niche that significantly increases incisor growth. These data indicate that Lef-1 expression is switched off in the dental epithelial at early stages to maintain the stem cell niche and regulate incisor growth. Bioinformatics analyses indicated that miR-26b expression increased coinciding with decreased Lef-1 expression in the dental epithelium. We generated a murine model over-expressing miR-26b that targets endogenous Lef-1 expression and Lef-1-related developmental mechanisms. miR-26b OE mice have ectodermal organ defects including a lack of incisors, molars, and hair similar to the Lef-1 null mice. miR-26b OE rescues the Lef-1 OE phenotype demonstrating a critical genetic and developmental role for miR-26b in the temporal and spatial expression of Lef-1 in epithelial tissues. Lef-1 expression regulates Wnt signaling and Wnt target genes as well as cell proliferation mechanisms, while miR-26b OE reduced the levels of Wnt target gene expression. The extra stem cell compartment in the COEL mice expressed Lef-1 suggesting that Lef-1 is a stem cell factor, which was absent in the miR-26b OE/COEL rescue mice. This is the first demonstration of a microRNA OE mouse model that has ectodermal organ defects. These findings demonstrate that the levels of Lef-1 are critical for development and establish a role for miR-26b in the regulation of ectodermal organ development through the control of Lef-1 expression and an endogenous stem cell niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Eliason
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States.,Craniofacial Anomalies Research Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Thad Sharp
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States.,Craniofacial Anomalies Research Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Mason Sweat
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States.,Craniofacial Anomalies Research Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Yan Y Sweat
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States.,Craniofacial Anomalies Research Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Brad A Amendt
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States.,Craniofacial Anomalies Research Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States.,Iowa Institute for Oral Health Research, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
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Hu X, Gao JH, Liao YJ, Tang SJ, Lu F. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin Delays Palatal Shelf Elevation and Suppresses Wnt5a and Lymphoid Enhancing-Binding Factor 1 Signaling in Developing Palate. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2018; 52:54-61. [PMID: 24555447 DOI: 10.1597/13-018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin contributes to cleft palate, but the cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for the deleterious effect on the developing palate are unclear. Because Wnt signaling is associated with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in organ development, we wondered whether the malformation of the palate also results from altered Wnt signaling. RESULTS The 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin administration affected cell proliferation of the anteroposterior axis of the palatal shelf and delayed shelf elevation in mice. The activity of Wnt5a and lymphoid enhancing-binding factor 1 was inhibited by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in the developing palate. CONCLUSIONS Downregulated Wnt5a and lymphoid enhancing-binding factor 1 are associated with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-induced cleft palate. Moreover, delayed shelf elevation by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin is the crucial mechanism contributing to the high incidence of cleft palate. Our findings may help in elucidating the mechanisms of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-induced cleft palate.
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Sun Z, Yu W, Sanz Navarro M, Sweat M, Eliason S, Sharp T, Liu H, Seidel K, Zhang L, Moreno M, Lynch T, Holton NE, Rogers L, Neff T, Goodheart MJ, Michon F, Klein OD, Chai Y, Dupuy A, Engelhardt JF, Chen Z, Amendt BA. Sox2 and Lef-1 interact with Pitx2 to regulate incisor development and stem cell renewal. Development 2016; 143:4115-4126. [PMID: 27660324 PMCID: PMC5117215 DOI: 10.1242/dev.138883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Sox2 marks dental epithelial stem cells (DESCs) in both mammals and reptiles, and in this article we demonstrate several Sox2 transcriptional mechanisms that regulate dental stem cell fate and incisor growth. Conditional Sox2 deletion in the oral and dental epithelium results in severe craniofacial defects, including impaired dental stem cell proliferation, arrested incisor development and abnormal molar development. The murine incisor develops initially but is absorbed independently of apoptosis owing to a lack of progenitor cell proliferation and differentiation. Tamoxifen-induced inactivation of Sox2 demonstrates the requirement of Sox2 for maintenance of the DESCs in adult mice. Conditional overexpression of Lef-1 in mice increases DESC proliferation and creates a new labial cervical loop stem cell compartment, which produces rapidly growing long tusk-like incisors, and Lef-1 epithelial overexpression partially rescues the tooth arrest in Sox2 conditional knockout mice. Mechanistically, Pitx2 and Sox2 interact physically and regulate Lef-1, Pitx2 and Sox2 expression during development. Thus, we have uncovered a Pitx2-Sox2-Lef-1 transcriptional mechanism that regulates DESC homeostasis and dental development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Sun
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, and the Craniofacial Anomalies Research Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Wenjie Yu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, and the Craniofacial Anomalies Research Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Maria Sanz Navarro
- Developmental Biology Program, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mason Sweat
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, and the Craniofacial Anomalies Research Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Steven Eliason
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, and the Craniofacial Anomalies Research Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Thad Sharp
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, and the Craniofacial Anomalies Research Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Huan Liu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, and the Craniofacial Anomalies Research Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedicine of Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, P.R.China
| | - Kerstin Seidel
- Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143-0442, USA
| | - Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedicine of Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, P.R.China
| | - Myriam Moreno
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, and the Craniofacial Anomalies Research Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Thomas Lynch
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, and the Craniofacial Anomalies Research Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Nathan E Holton
- Iowa Institute for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Laura Rogers
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, and the Craniofacial Anomalies Research Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Traci Neff
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, and the Craniofacial Anomalies Research Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Michael J Goodheart
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Frederic Michon
- Developmental Biology Program, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ophir D Klein
- Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143-0442, USA
| | - Yang Chai
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Adam Dupuy
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, and the Craniofacial Anomalies Research Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - John F Engelhardt
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, and the Craniofacial Anomalies Research Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Zhi Chen
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedicine of Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, P.R.China
| | - Brad A Amendt
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, and the Craniofacial Anomalies Research Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Iowa Institute for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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Abstract
The skin of patients with an extensive deep burn injury is repaired by a process that leaves a hypertrophic scar without sweat glands and therefore loses the function of perspiration. The aim of this study was to identify whether the key factors related to sweat gland development could directly reprogram fibroblasts into sweat gland-like cells. After introducing the NF-κB and Lef-1 genes into fibroblasts, we found that stably transfected fibroblasts expressed specific markers of sweat glands, including CEA, CK7, CK14 and CK19, both at the protein and mRNA levels. The immunofluorescence staining also showed positive expression of CEA, CK7, CK14 and CK19 in induced fibroblasts, but there were no positive cells in the control groups. The expression of Shh and Cyclin D1, downstream genes of NF-κB and Lef-1, were also significantly increased during regeneration. The induced fibroblasts were implanted into an animal model. Twenty days later, iodine-starch perspiration tests showed that 7 out of the 10 cell-treated paws were positive for perspiration, with a distinctive black point-like area appearing in the center of the paw. Contralateral paws tested negative. Histological examination of skin biopsies from experimental and control paws revealed that sweat glands were fully reconstructed in the test paws, with integral, secretory and ductal portions, but were not present in the control paws. This is the first report of successful reprogramming of fibroblasts into sweat gland-like cells, which will provide a new cell source for sweat gland regeneration in patients with extensive deep burns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiliang Zhao
- a Would Healing and Cell Biology Laboratory; Institute of Basic Medical Science; General Hospital of PLA ; Beijing , China.,b Department of Plastic Surgery ; General Hospital of The Second Artillery Corps ; Beijing , China
| | - Mengyao Xu
- c Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics ; General Hospital of Shenyang Military Region ; Shenyang , China
| | - Meng Wu
- d Department of Plastic Surgery ; General Hospital of PLA ; Beijing , China
| | - Kui Ma
- e Key Laboratory of Wound Repair and Regeneration of PLA; The first affiliated hospital; General Hospital of PLA ; Beijing , China
| | - Mengli Sun
- e Key Laboratory of Wound Repair and Regeneration of PLA; The first affiliated hospital; General Hospital of PLA ; Beijing , China
| | - Xiaocheng Tian
- b Department of Plastic Surgery ; General Hospital of The Second Artillery Corps ; Beijing , China
| | - Cuiping Zhang
- e Key Laboratory of Wound Repair and Regeneration of PLA; The first affiliated hospital; General Hospital of PLA ; Beijing , China
| | - Xiaobing Fu
- e Key Laboratory of Wound Repair and Regeneration of PLA; The first affiliated hospital; General Hospital of PLA ; Beijing , China
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Xie W, Lynch TJ, Liu X, Tyler SR, Yu S, Zhou X, Luo M, Kusner DM, Sun X, Yi Y, Zhang Y, Goodheart MJ, Parekh KR, Wells JM, Xue HH, Pevny LH, Engelhardt JF. Sox2 modulates Lef-1 expression during airway submucosal gland development. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2014; 306:L645-60. [PMID: 24487391 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00157.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tracheobronchial submucosal glands (SMGs) are derived from one or more multipotent glandular stem cells that coalesce to form a placode in surface airway epithelium (SAE). Wnt/β-catenin-dependent induction of lymphoid enhancer factor (Lef-1) gene expression during placode formation is an early event required for SMG morphogenesis. We discovered that Sox2 expression is repressed as Lef-1 is induced within airway SMG placodes. Deletion of Lef-1 did not activate Sox2 expression in SMG placodes, demonstrating that Lef-1 activation does not directly inhibit Sox2 expression. Repression of Sox2 protein in SMG placodes occurred posttranscriptionally, since the activity of its endogenous promoter remained unchanged in SMG placodes. Thus we hypothesized that Sox2 transcriptionally represses Lef-1 expression in the SAE and that suppression of Sox2 in SMG placodes activates Wnt/β-catenin-dependent induction of Lef-1 during SMG morphogenesis. Consistent with this hypothesis, transcriptional reporter assays, ChIP analyses, and DNA-protein binding studies revealed a functional Sox2 DNA binding site in the Lef-1 promoter that is required for suppressing β-catenin-dependent transcription. In polarized primary airway epithelium, Wnt induction enhanced Lef-1 expression while also inhibiting Sox2 expression. Conditional deletion of Sox2 also enhanced Lef-1 expression in polarized primary airway epithelium, but this induction was significantly augmented by Wnt stimulation. Our findings provide the first evidence that Sox2 acts as a repressor to directly modulate Wnt-responsive transcription of the Lef-1 gene promoter. These studies support a model whereby Wnt signals and Sox2 dynamically regulate the expression of Lef-1 in airway epithelia and potentially also during SMG development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiliang Xie
- Rm. 1-111 BSB, Dept. of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Univ. of Iowa, 51 Newton Rd., Iowa City, IA 52242.
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Wang J, Sun Z, Zhang Z, Saadi I, Wang J, Li X, Gao S, Engle JJ, Kuburas A, Fu X, Yu W, Klein WH, Russo AF, Amendt BA. Protein inhibitors of activated STAT (Pias1 and Piasy) differentially regulate pituitary homeobox 2 (PITX2) transcriptional activity. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:12580-95. [PMID: 23515314 PMCID: PMC3642306 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.374561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Revised: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein inhibitors of activated STAT (Pias) proteins can act independent of sumoylation to modulate the activity of transcription factors and Pias proteins interacting with transcription factors can either activate or repress their activity. Pias proteins are expressed in many tissues and cells during development and we asked if Pias proteins regulated the pituitary homeobox 2 (PITX2) homeodomain protein, which modulates developmental gene expression. Piasy and Pias1 proteins are expressed during craniofacial/tooth development and directly interact and differentially regulate PITX2 transcriptional activity. Piasy and Pias1 are co-expressed in craniofacial tissues with PITX2. Yeast two-hybrid, co-immunoprecipitation and pulldown experiments demonstrate Piasy and Pias1 interactions with the PITX2 protein. Piasy interacts with the PITX2 C-terminal tail to attenuate its transcriptional activity. In contrast, Pias1 interacts with the PITX2 C-terminal tail to increase PITX2 transcriptional activity. The E3 ligase activity associated with the RING domain in Piasy is not required for the attenuation of PITX2 activity, however, the RING domain of Pias1 is required for enhanced PITX2 transcriptional activity. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays reveal PITX2 interactions with Piasy and Pias1 in the nucleus. Piasy represses the synergistic activation of PITX2 with interacting co-factors and Piasy represses Pias1 activation of PITX2 transcriptional activity. In contrast, Pias1 did not affect the synergistic interaction of PITX2 with transcriptional co-factors. Last, we demonstrate that Pias proteins form a complex with PITX2 and Lef-1, and PITX2 and β-catenin. Lef-1, β-catenin, and Pias interactions with PITX2 provide new molecular mechanisms for the regulation of PITX2 transcriptional activity and the activity of Pias proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbo Wang
- From the Center for Environmental and Genetic Medicine, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Zhao Sun
- From the Center for Environmental and Genetic Medicine, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Zichao Zhang
- From the Center for Environmental and Genetic Medicine, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Irfan Saadi
- the Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics
| | - Jun Wang
- the Center for Stem Cell Engineering, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, Texas 77030, and
| | - Xiao Li
- Anatomy and Cell Biology, and
| | - Shan Gao
- From the Center for Environmental and Genetic Medicine, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | | | - Adisa Kuburas
- the Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics
| | - Xueyao Fu
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | | | - William H. Klein
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | | | - Brad A. Amendt
- Anatomy and Cell Biology, and
- Craniofacial Anomalies Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
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