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da Cunha JI, Barauna AMD, Garcez RC. Prechordal structures act cooperatively in early trabeculae development of gnathostome skull. Cells Dev 2023; 176:203879. [PMID: 37844659 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdev.2023.203879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
The vertebrate skull is formed by mesoderm and neural crest (NC) cells. The mesoderm contributes to the skull chordal domain, with the notochord playing an essential role in this process. The NC contributes to the skull prechordal domain, prompting investigation into the embryonic structures involved in prechordal neurocranium cartilage formation. The trabeculae cartilage, a structure of the prechordal neurocranium, arises at the convergence of prechordal plate (PCP), ventral midline (VM) cells of the diencephalon, and dorsal oral ectoderm. This study examines the molecular participation of these embryonic structures in gnathostome trabeculae development. PCP-secreted SHH induces its expression in VM cells of the diencephalon, initiating a positive feedback loop involving SIX3 and GLI1. SHH secreted by the VM cells of the diencephalon acts on the dorsal oral ectoderm, stimulating condensation of NC cells to form trabeculae. SHH from the prechordal region affects the expression of SOX9 in NC cells. BMP7 and SHH secreted by PCP induce NKX2.1 expression in VM cells of the diencephalon, but this does not impact trabeculae formation. Molecular cooperation between PCP, VM cells of the diencephalon, and dorsal oral ectoderm is crucial for craniofacial development by NC cells in the prechordal domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaqueline Isoppo da Cunha
- Graduate Program of Cell and Developmental Biology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil; Stem Cell and Tissue Regeneration Laboratory (LACERT), Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Maria Duarte Barauna
- Graduate Program of Cell and Developmental Biology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil; Stem Cell and Tissue Regeneration Laboratory (LACERT), Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Castilho Garcez
- Graduate Program of Cell and Developmental Biology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil; Stem Cell and Tissue Regeneration Laboratory (LACERT), Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil; Department of Cell Biology, Embryology, and Genetics, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil.
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2
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Stanton E, Urata M, Chen JF, Chai Y. The clinical manifestations, molecular mechanisms and treatment of craniosynostosis. Dis Model Mech 2022; 15:dmm049390. [PMID: 35451466 PMCID: PMC9044212 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Craniosynostosis is a major congenital craniofacial disorder characterized by the premature fusion of cranial suture(s). Patients with severe craniosynostosis often have impairments in hearing, vision, intracranial pressure and/or neurocognitive functions. Craniosynostosis can result from mutations, chromosomal abnormalities or adverse environmental effects, and can occur in isolation or in association with numerous syndromes. To date, surgical correction remains the primary treatment for craniosynostosis, but it is associated with complications and with the potential for re-synostosis. There is, therefore, a strong unmet need for new therapies. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of our current understanding of craniosynostosis, including typical craniosynostosis types, their clinical manifestations, cranial suture development, and genetic and environmental causes. Based on studies from animal models, we present a framework for understanding the pathogenesis of craniosynostosis, with an emphasis on the loss of postnatal suture mesenchymal stem cells as an emerging disease-driving mechanism. We evaluate emerging treatment options and highlight the potential of mesenchymal stem cell-based suture regeneration as a therapeutic approach for craniosynostosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloise Stanton
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Mark Urata
- Division of Plastic and Maxillofacial Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Jian-Fu Chen
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Yang Chai
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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3
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Chen J, Tang W, Lin C, Hong Y, Mao C, Lai Y, Liao C, Lin M, Chen W. Defining the critical period of hedgehog pathway inhibitor-induced cranial base dysplasia in mice. Dev Dyn 2021; 250:527-541. [PMID: 33165989 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hedgehog signaling pathway is critical for developmental patterning of the limb, craniofacial and axial skeleton. Disruption of this pathway in mice leads to a series of structural malformations, but the exact role and critical period of the Hh pathway in the early development of the cranial base have been rarely described. RESULTS Embryos exposed to vismodegib from E7.5, E9.5, and E10.5 had a higher percentage of cranial base fenestra. The peak incidence of hypoplasia in sphenoid winglets and severe craniosynostosis in cranial base synchondroses was observed when vismodegib was administered between E9.5 and E10.5. Cranial base craniosynostosis results from accelerating terminal differentiation of chondrocytes and premature osteogenesis. CONCLUSIONS We define the critical periods for the induction of cranial base deformity by vismodegib administration at a meticulous temporal resolution. Our findings suggest that the Hh pathway may play a vital role in the early development of the cranial base. This research also establishes a novel and easy-to-establish mouse model of synostosis in the cranial base using a commercially available pathway-selective inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangping Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Stomatological Key lab of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Institute of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Wenbing Tang
- Department of Stomatology, Central Hospital of Guangdong Nongken, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Chengquan Lin
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Stomatological Key lab of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Institute of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yuhang Hong
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Stomatological Key lab of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Institute of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Chuanqing Mao
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Stomatological Key lab of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Institute of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yongzhen Lai
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Caiyu Liao
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Stomatological Key lab of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Institute of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Minkui Lin
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Stomatological Key lab of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Institute of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Weihui Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Stomatological Key lab of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Fujian Biological Materials Engineering and Technology Center of Stomatology, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
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4
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Galea GL, Zein MR, Allen S, Francis-West P. Making and shaping endochondral and intramembranous bones. Dev Dyn 2020; 250:414-449. [PMID: 33314394 PMCID: PMC7986209 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal elements have a diverse range of shapes and sizes specialized to their various roles including protecting internal organs, locomotion, feeding, hearing, and vocalization. The precise positioning, size, and shape of skeletal elements is therefore critical for their function. During embryonic development, bone forms by endochondral or intramembranous ossification and can arise from the paraxial and lateral plate mesoderm or neural crest. This review describes inductive mechanisms to position and pattern bones within the developing embryo, compares and contrasts the intrinsic vs extrinsic mechanisms of endochondral and intramembranous skeletal development, and details known cellular processes that precisely determine skeletal shape and size. Key cellular mechanisms are employed at distinct stages of ossification, many of which occur in response to mechanical cues (eg, joint formation) or preempting future load‐bearing requirements. Rapid shape changes occur during cellular condensation and template establishment. Specialized cellular behaviors, such as chondrocyte hypertrophy in endochondral bone and secondary cartilage on intramembranous bones, also dramatically change template shape. Once ossification is complete, bone shape undergoes functional adaptation through (re)modeling. We also highlight how alterations in these cellular processes contribute to evolutionary change and how differences in the embryonic origin of bones can influence postnatal bone repair. Compares and contrasts Endochondral and intramembranous bone development Reviews embryonic origins of different bones Describes the cellular and molecular mechanisms of positioning skeletal elements. Describes mechanisms of skeletal growth with a focus on the generation of skeletal shape
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel L Galea
- Developmental Biology and Cancer, UCL GOS Institute of Child Health, London, UK.,Comparative Bioveterinary Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - Mohamed R Zein
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Steven Allen
- Comparative Bioveterinary Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - Philippa Francis-West
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
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5
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Lézot F, Corre I, Morice S, Rédini F, Verrecchia F. SHH Signaling Pathway Drives Pediatric Bone Sarcoma Progression. Cells 2020; 9:cells9030536. [PMID: 32110934 PMCID: PMC7140443 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary bone tumors can be divided into two classes, benign and malignant. Among the latter group, osteosarcoma and Ewing sarcoma are the most prevalent malignant primary bone tumors in children and adolescents. Despite intensive efforts to improve treatments, almost 40% of patients succumb to the disease. Specifically, the clinical outcome for metastatic osteosarcoma or Ewing sarcoma remains poor; less than 30% of patients who present metastases will survive 5 years after initial diagnosis. One common and specific point of these bone tumors is their ability to deregulate bone homeostasis and remodeling and divert them to their benefit. Over the past years, considerable interest in the Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) pathway has taken place within the cancer research community. The activation of this SHH cascade can be done through different ways and, schematically, two pathways can be described, the canonical and the non-canonical. This review discusses the current knowledge about the involvement of the SHH signaling pathway in skeletal development, pediatric bone sarcoma progression and the related therapeutic options that may be possible for these tumors.
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6
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Fu R, Wang X, Xia L, Tan Y, Liu J, Yuan L, Yang Z, Fang B. ADAM10 modulates SOX9 expression via N1ICD during chondrogenesis at the cranial base. RSC Adv 2018; 8:38315-38323. [PMID: 35559110 PMCID: PMC9089825 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra05609a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The cranial base is the foundation of the craniofacial structure, and any interruption of the cranial base can lead to facial deformity. The cranial base develops from two synchondroses via endochondral ossification. Chondrogenesis is an important step in endochondral ossification. A disintegrin and metalloprotease (ADAM) 10 participates in the Notch1 signalling pathway, which has been reported to regulate chondrogenesis via a SOX9-dependent mechanism. However, little is known about the function of ADAM10 in chondrogenesis. In this study, adam10-conditional-knockout (cKO) mice exhibited sharper naso-labial angles and flatter skulls than wild-type (WT) mice. In the sagittal plane, SOX9 was more widespread in the cranial base in Adam10-cKO mice than in WT mice. For in vitro experiments, we used the ATDC5 cell line as a model to investigate the role of ADAM10 in chondrogenesis. Plasmid 129 was designed to decrease the expression of Adam10; the resulting downregulation of Adam10 reduced the production of N1ICD. Plasmid 129 increased the expression of SOX9 under chondrogenic induction, and this increase could be inhibited by transfection with exogenous N1ICD. Collectively, these results show that ADAM10 participates in chondrogenesis by negatively regulating SOX9 expression in an N1ICD-dependent manner during cranial base development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runqing Fu
- Department of Orthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University 500 Quxi Road Shanghai 200011 China
| | - Xiaoting Wang
- Department of Orthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University 500 Quxi Road Shanghai 200011 China
| | - Lunguo Xia
- Department of Orthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University 500 Quxi Road Shanghai 200011 China
| | - Yu Tan
- The Second Dental Center, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University 280 Mohe Road Shanghai 200011 China
| | - Jiaqiang Liu
- Department of Oral & Cranio-Maxillofacial Science, School of Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University 500 Quxi Road Shanghai 200011 China
| | - Lingjun Yuan
- Department of Orthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University 500 Quxi Road Shanghai 200011 China
| | - Zhi Yang
- Department of Oral & Cranio-Maxillofacial Science, School of Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University 500 Quxi Road Shanghai 200011 China
| | - Bing Fang
- Department of Orthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University 500 Quxi Road Shanghai 200011 China
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7
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Schneider RA. Neural crest and the origin of species-specific pattern. Genesis 2018; 56:e23219. [PMID: 30134069 PMCID: PMC6108449 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
For well over half of the 150 years since the discovery of the neural crest, the special ability of these cells to function as a source of species-specific pattern has been clearly recognized. Initially, this observation arose in association with chimeric transplant experiments among differentially pigmented amphibians, where the neural crest origin for melanocytes had been duly noted. Shortly thereafter, the role of cranial neural crest cells in transmitting species-specific information on size and shape to the pharyngeal arch skeleton as well as in regulating the timing of its differentiation became readily apparent. Since then, what has emerged is a deeper understanding of how the neural crest accomplishes such a presumably difficult mission, and this includes a more complete picture of the molecular and cellular programs whereby neural crest shapes the face of each species. This review covers studies on a broad range of vertebrates and describes neural-crest-mediated mechanisms that endow the craniofacial complex with species-specific pattern. A major focus is on experiments in quail and duck embryos that reveal a hierarchy of cell-autonomous and non-autonomous signaling interactions through which neural crest generates species-specific pattern in the craniofacial integument, skeleton, and musculature. By controlling size and shape throughout the development of these systems, the neural crest underlies the structural and functional integration of the craniofacial complex during evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A. Schneider
- Department of Orthopedic SurgeryUniversity of California at San Francisco, 513 Parnassus AvenueS‐1161San Francisco, California
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8
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Fernández-Gajardo R, Almeida JP, Suppiah S, Witterick I, Zadeh G. Ethmoid Meningoencephalocele in a Patient with Cerebrofacial Arteriovenous Metameric Syndrome. World Neurosurg 2018; 114:1-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2018.02.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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9
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Dancevic CM, Gibert Y, Berger J, Smith AD, Liongue C, Stupka N, Ward AC, McCulloch DR. The ADAMTS5 Metzincin Regulates Zebrafish Somite Differentiation. Int J Mol Sci 2018. [PMID: 29518972 PMCID: PMC5877627 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19030766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The ADAMTS5 metzincin, a secreted zinc-dependent metalloproteinase, modulates the extracellular matrix (ECM) during limb morphogenesis and other developmental processes. Here, the role of ADAMTS5 was investigated by knockdown of zebrafish adamts5 during embryogenesis. This revealed impaired Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) signaling during somite patterning and early myogenesis. Notably, synergistic regulation of myod expression by ADAMTS5 and Shh during somite differentiation was observed. These roles were not dependent upon the catalytic activity of ADAMTS5. These data identify a non-enzymatic function for ADAMTS5 in regulating an important cell signaling pathway that impacts on muscle development, with implications for musculoskeletal diseases in which ADAMTS5 and Shh have been associated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn M Dancevic
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia.
- Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia.
| | - Yann Gibert
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia.
- Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia.
| | - Joachim Berger
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
| | - Adam D Smith
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia.
- Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia.
| | - Clifford Liongue
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia.
- Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia.
| | - Nicole Stupka
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia.
- Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia.
| | - Alister C Ward
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia.
- Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia.
| | - Daniel R McCulloch
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia.
- Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia.
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10
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Maschner A, Krück S, Draga M, Pröls F, Scaal M. Developmental dynamics of occipital and cervical somites. J Anat 2016; 229:601-609. [PMID: 27380812 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of somites leading to somite compartments, sclerotome, dermomyotome and myotome, has been intensely investigated. Most knowledge on somite development, including the commonly used somite maturation stages, is based on data from somites at thoracic and lumbar levels. Potential regional differences in somite maturation dynamics have been indicated by a number of studies, but have not yet been comprehensively examined. Here, we present an overview on the developmental dynamics of somites at occipital and cervical levels in the chicken embryo. We show that in these regions, the onset of sclerotomal and myotomal compartment formation is later than at thoracolumbar levels, and is initiated simultaneously in multiple somites, which is in contrast to the serial cranial- to- caudal progression of somite maturation in the trunk. Our data suggest a variant spatiotemporal regulation of somite development in occipitocervical somites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Maschner
- Department of Molecular Embryology, Institute of Anatomy, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Krück
- Institute of Anatomy II, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Margarethe Draga
- Institute of Anatomy II, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Felicitas Pröls
- Institute of Anatomy II, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Martin Scaal
- Institute of Anatomy II, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany. .,Department of Molecular Embryology, Institute of Anatomy, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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11
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McCarthy N, Sidik A, Bertrand JY, Eberhart JK. An Fgf-Shh signaling hierarchy regulates early specification of the zebrafish skull. Dev Biol 2016; 415:261-277. [PMID: 27060628 PMCID: PMC4967541 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The neurocranium generates most of the craniofacial skeleton and consists of prechordal and postchordal regions. Although development of the prechordal is well studied, little is known of the postchordal region. Here we characterize a signaling hierarchy necessary for postchordal neurocranial development involving Fibroblast growth factor (Fgf) signaling for early specification of mesodermally-derived progenitor cells. The expression of hyaluron synthetase 2 (has2) in the cephalic mesoderm requires Fgf signaling and Has2 function, in turn, is required for postchordal neurocranial development. While Hedgehog (Hh)-deficient embryos also lack a postchordal neurocranium, this appears primarily due to a later defect in chondrocyte differentiation. Inhibitor studies demonstrate that postchordal neurocranial development requires early Fgf and later Hh signaling. Collectively, our results provide a mechanistic understanding of early postchordal neurocranial development and demonstrate a hierarchy of signaling between Fgf and Hh in the development of this structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil McCarthy
- Department of Molecular Biosciences; Institute of Cell and Molecular Biology, Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Alcohol Addiction Research, University of Texas, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Alfire Sidik
- Department of Molecular Biosciences; Institute of Cell and Molecular Biology, Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Alcohol Addiction Research, University of Texas, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Julien Y Bertrand
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Johann K Eberhart
- Department of Molecular Biosciences; Institute of Cell and Molecular Biology, Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Alcohol Addiction Research, University of Texas, Austin, TX, United States; Department of Molecular Biosciences; Institute of Neurobiology, University of Texas, Austin, TX, United States.
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12
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Expression Profile of Sonic Hedgehog Pathway Members in the Developing Human Fetal Brain. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:494269. [PMID: 26266257 PMCID: PMC4523658 DOI: 10.1155/2015/494269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2015] [Revised: 03/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) pathway plays a central role in the developing mammalian CNS. In our study, we aimed to investigate the spatiotemporal SHH pathway expression pattern in human fetal brains. We analyzed 22 normal fetal brains for Shh, Patched, Smoothened, and Gli1-3 expression by immunohistochemistry. In the telencephalon, strongest expression of Shh, Smoothened, and Gli2 was found in the cortical plate (CP) and ventricular zone. Patched was strongly upregulated in the ventricular zone and Gli1 in the CP. In the cerebellum, SHH pathway members were strongly expressed in the external granular layer (EGL). SHH pathway members significantly decreased over time in the ventricular and subventricular zone and in the cerebellar EGL, while increasing levels were found in more superficial telencephalic layers. Our findings show that SHH pathway members are strongly expressed in areas important for proliferation and differentiation and indicate a temporal expression gradient in telencephalic and cerebellar layers probably due to decreased proliferation of progenitor cells and increased differentiation. Our data about the spatiotemporal expression of SHH pathway members in the developing human brain serves as a base for the understanding of both normal and pathological CNS development.
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13
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Reid SN, Ziermann JM, Gondré-Lewis MC. Genetically induced abnormal cranial development in human trisomy 18 with holoprosencephaly: comparisons with the normal tempo of osteogenic-neural development. J Anat 2015; 227:21-33. [PMID: 26018729 PMCID: PMC4475356 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Craniofacial malformations are common congenital defects caused by failed midline inductive signals. These midline defects are associated with exposure of the fetus to exogenous teratogens and with inborn genetic errors such as those found in Down, Patau, Edwards' and Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndromes. Yet, there are no studies that analyze contributions of synchronous neurocranial and neural development in these disorders. Here we present the first in-depth analysis of malformations of the basicranium of a holoprosencephalic (HPE) trisomy 18 (T18; Edwards' syndrome) fetus with synophthalmic cyclopia and alobar HPE. With a combination of traditional gross dissection and state-of-the-art computed tomography, we demonstrate the deleterious effects of T18 caused by a translocation at 18p11.31. Bony features included a single developmentally unseparated frontal bone, and complete dual absence of the anterior cranial fossa and ethmoid bone. From a superior view with the calvarium plates removed, there was direct visual access to the orbital foramen and hard palate. Both the eyes and the pituitary gland, normally protected by bony structures, were exposed in the cranial cavity and in direct contact with the brain. The middle cranial fossa was shifted anteriorly, and foramina were either missing or displaced to an abnormal location due to the absence or misplacement of its respective cranial nerve (CN). When CN development was conserved in its induction and placement, the respective foramen developed in its normal location albeit with abnormal gross anatomical features, as seen in the facial nerve (CNVII) and the internal acoustic meatus. More anteriorly localized CNs and their foramina were absent or heavily disrupted compared with posterior ones. The severe malformations exhibited in the cranial fossae, orbital region, pituitary gland and sella turcica highlight the crucial involvement of transcription factors such as TGIF, which is located on chromosome 18 and contributes to neural patterning, in the proper development of neural and cranial structures. Our study of a T18 specimen emphasizes the intricate interplay between bone and brain development in midline craniofacial abnormalities in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaina N Reid
- Laboratory for Neurodevelopment, Department of Anatomy, Howard University College of MedicineWashington, DC, USA
| | - Janine M Ziermann
- Laboratory for Neurodevelopment, Department of Anatomy, Howard University College of MedicineWashington, DC, USA
| | - Marjorie C Gondré-Lewis
- Laboratory for Neurodevelopment, Department of Anatomy, Howard University College of MedicineWashington, DC, USA
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION The skull base represents a central and complex bone structure of the skull and forms the floor of the cranial cavity on which the brain lies. Anatomical knowledge of this particular region is important for understanding several pathologic conditions as well as for planning surgical procedures. Embryology of the cranial base is of great interest due to its pronounced impact on the development of adjacent regions including the brain, neck, and craniofacial skeleton. MATERIALS AND METHODS Information from human and comparative anatomy, anthropology, embryology, surgery, and computed modelling was integrated to provide a perspective to interpret skull base formation and variability within the cranial functional and structural system. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The skull base undergoes an elaborate sequence of development stages and represents a key player in skull, face and brain development. Furthering our holistic understanding of the embryology of the skull base promises to expand our knowledge and enhance our ability to treat associated anomalies.
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15
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Attanasio C, Nord AS, Zhu Y, Blow MJ, Li Z, Liberton DK, Morrison H, Plajzer-Frick I, Holt A, Hosseini R, Phouanenavong S, Akiyama JA, Shoukry M, Afzal V, Rubin EM, FitzPatrick DR, Ren B, Hallgrímsson B, Pennacchio LA, Visel A. Fine tuning of craniofacial morphology by distant-acting enhancers. Science 2013; 342:1241006. [PMID: 24159046 PMCID: PMC3991470 DOI: 10.1126/science.1241006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The shape of the human face and skull is largely genetically determined. However, the genomic basis of craniofacial morphology is incompletely understood and hypothesized to involve protein-coding genes, as well as gene regulatory sequences. We used a combination of epigenomic profiling, in vivo characterization of candidate enhancer sequences in transgenic mice, and targeted deletion experiments to examine the role of distant-acting enhancers in craniofacial development. We identified complex regulatory landscapes consisting of enhancers that drive spatially complex developmental expression patterns. Analysis of mouse lines in which individual craniofacial enhancers had been deleted revealed significant alterations of craniofacial shape, demonstrating the functional importance of enhancers in defining face and skull morphology. These results demonstrate that enhancers are involved in craniofacial development and suggest that enhancer sequence variation contributes to the diversity of human facial morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catia Attanasio
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720,
USA
| | - Alex S. Nord
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720,
USA
| | - Yiwen Zhu
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720,
USA
| | | | - Zirong Li
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, and Department of
Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of
Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA
| | - Denise K. Liberton
- Dept. of Cell Biology & Anatomy, McCaig Bone and
Joint Institute and the Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute,
University of Calgary, Canada
| | - Harris Morrison
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute for Genetic and
Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | | | - Amy Holt
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720,
USA
| | - Roya Hosseini
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720,
USA
| | | | | | - Malak Shoukry
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720,
USA
| | - Veena Afzal
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720,
USA
| | - Edward M. Rubin
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720,
USA
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA
| | - David R. FitzPatrick
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute for Genetic and
Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Bing Ren
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, and Department of
Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of
Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA
| | - Benedikt Hallgrímsson
- Dept. of Cell Biology & Anatomy, McCaig Bone and
Joint Institute and the Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute,
University of Calgary, Canada
| | - Len A. Pennacchio
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720,
USA
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA
| | - Axel Visel
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720,
USA
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA
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16
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Feng W, Choi I, Clouthier DE, Niswander L, Williams T. The Ptch1(DL) mouse: a new model to study lambdoid craniosynostosis and basal cell nevus syndrome-associated skeletal defects. Genesis 2013; 51:677-89. [PMID: 23897749 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.22416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mouse models provide valuable opportunities for probing the underlying pathology of human birth defects. By using an N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea-based screen for recessive mutations affecting craniofacial anatomy, we isolated a mouse strain, Dogface-like (DL), with abnormal skull and snout morphology. Examination of the skull indicated that these mice developed craniosynostosis of the lambdoid suture. Further analysis revealed skeletal defects related to the pathology of basal cell nevus syndrome (BCNS) including defects in development of the limbs, scapula, ribcage, secondary palate, cranial base, and cranial vault. In humans, BCNS is often associated with mutations in the Hedgehog receptor PTCH1 and genetic mapping in DL identified a point mutation at a splice donor site in Ptch1. By using genetic complementation analysis we determined that DL is a hypomorphic allele of Ptch1, leading to increased Hedgehog signaling. Two aberrant transcripts are generated by the mutated Ptch1(DL) gene, which would be predicted to reduce significantly the levels of functional Patched1 protein. This new Ptch1 allele broadens the mouse genetic reagents available to study the Hedgehog pathway and provides a valuable means to study the underlying skeletal abnormalities in BCNS. In addition, these results strengthen the connection between elevated Hedgehog signaling and craniosynostosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiguo Feng
- Department of Craniofacial Biology and Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
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Percival CJ, Richtsmeier JT. Angiogenesis and intramembranous osteogenesis. Dev Dyn 2013; 242:909-22. [PMID: 23737393 PMCID: PMC3803110 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.23992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Revised: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Angiogenesis is likely critical for the process of intramembranous osteogenesis; however, the developmental relationship between blood vessels and bone mineralization is not well studied within intramembranous bones. Given its importance, changes in angiogenesis regulation are likely to contribute to evolutionarily and medically relevant craniofacial variation. RESULTS We summarize what is known about the association between angiogenesis and intramembranous osteogenesis, supplementing with information from the better-studied processes of endochondral ossification and distraction osteogenesis. Based on this review, we introduce a model of angiogenesis during early intramembranous osteogenesis as well as a series of null hypotheses to be tested. CONCLUSIONS This model can serve as a basis of future research on the spatio-temporal association and regulatory interactions of mesenchymal, vascular, and bone cells, which will be required to illuminate the potential effects of angiogenesis dysregulation on craniofacial skeletal phenotypes.
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18
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Khonsari RH, Seppala M, Pradel A, Dutel H, Clément G, Lebedev O, Ghafoor S, Rothova M, Tucker A, Maisey JG, Fan CM, Kawasaki M, Ohazama A, Tafforeau P, Franco B, Helms J, Haycraft CJ, David A, Janvier P, Cobourne MT, Sharpe PT. The buccohypophyseal canal is an ancestral vertebrate trait maintained by modulation in sonic hedgehog signaling. BMC Biol 2013; 11:27. [PMID: 23537390 PMCID: PMC3635870 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7007-11-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The pituitary gland is formed by the juxtaposition of two tissues: neuroectoderm arising from the basal diencephalon, and oral epithelium, which invaginates towards the central nervous system from the roof of the mouth. The oral invagination that reaches the brain from the mouth is referred to as Rathke’s pouch, with the tip forming the adenohypophysis and the stalk disappearing after the earliest stages of development. In tetrapods, formation of the cranial base establishes a definitive barrier between the pituitary and oral cavity; however, numerous extinct and extant vertebrate species retain an open buccohypophyseal canal in adulthood, a vestige of the stalk of Rathke’s pouch. Little is currently known about the formation and function of this structure. Here we have investigated molecular mechanisms driving the formation of the buccohypophyseal canal and their evolutionary significance. Results We show that Rathke’s pouch is located at a boundary region delineated by endoderm, neural crest-derived oral mesenchyme and the anterior limit of the notochord, using CD1, R26R-Sox17-Cre and R26R-Wnt1-Cre mouse lines. As revealed by synchrotron X-ray microtomography after iodine staining in mouse embryos, the pouch has a lobulated three-dimensional structure that embraces the descending diencephalon during pituitary formation. Polarisfl/fl; Wnt1-Cre, Ofd1-/- and Kif3a-/- primary cilia mouse mutants have abnormal sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling and all present with malformations of the anterior pituitary gland and midline structures of the anterior cranial base. Changes in the expressions of Shh downstream genes are confirmed in Gas1-/- mice. From an evolutionary perspective, persistence of the buccohypophyseal canal is a basal character for all vertebrates and its maintenance in several groups is related to a specific morphology of the midline that can be related to modulation in Shh signaling. Conclusion These results provide insight into a poorly understood ancestral vertebrate structure. It appears that the opening of the buccohypophyseal canal depends upon Shh signaling and that modulation in this pathway most probably accounts for its persistence in phylogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman H Khonsari
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Research, Comprehensive Biomedical Research Center, Dental Institute, King's College London, London, UK.
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