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Kumar M, Has C, Lam-Kamath K, Ayciriex S, Dewett D, Bashir M, Poupault C, Schuhmann K, Thomas H, Knittelfelder O, Raghuraman BK, Ahrends R, Rister J, Shevchenko A. Eye proteome of Drosophila melanogaster. Proteomics 2024; 24:e2300330. [PMID: 37963819 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.202300330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Drosophila melanogaster is a popular model organism to elucidate the molecular mechanisms that underlie the structure and function of the eye as well as the causes of retinopathies, aging, light-induced damage, or dietary deficiencies. Large-scale screens have isolated genes whose mutation causes morphological and functional ocular defects, which led to the discovery of key components of the phototransduction cascade. However, the proteome of the Drosophila eye is poorly characterized. Here, we used GeLC-MS/MS to quantify 3516 proteins, including the absolute (molar) quantities of 43 proteins in the eye of adult male Drosophila reared on standard laboratory food. This work provides a generic and expandable resource for further genetic, pharmacological, and dietary studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Kumar
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Canan Has
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Khanh Lam-Kamath
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Integrated Sciences Complex, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sophie Ayciriex
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Deepshe Dewett
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Integrated Sciences Complex, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mhamed Bashir
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Integrated Sciences Complex, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Clara Poupault
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Integrated Sciences Complex, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kai Schuhmann
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Henrik Thomas
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Oskar Knittelfelder
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Robert Ahrends
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jens Rister
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Integrated Sciences Complex, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andrej Shevchenko
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
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2
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Pleskač P, Fargeas CA, Veselska R, Corbeil D, Skoda J. Emerging roles of prominin-1 (CD133) in the dynamics of plasma membrane architecture and cell signaling pathways in health and disease. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2024; 29:41. [PMID: 38532366 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-024-00554-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Prominin-1 (CD133) is a cholesterol-binding membrane glycoprotein selectively associated with highly curved and prominent membrane structures. It is widely recognized as an antigenic marker of stem cells and cancer stem cells and is frequently used to isolate them from biological and clinical samples. Recent progress in understanding various aspects of CD133 biology in different cell types has revealed the involvement of CD133 in the architecture and dynamics of plasma membrane protrusions, such as microvilli and cilia, including the release of extracellular vesicles, as well as in various signaling pathways, which may be regulated in part by posttranslational modifications of CD133 and its interactions with a variety of proteins and lipids. Hence, CD133 appears to be a master regulator of cell signaling as its engagement in PI3K/Akt, Src-FAK, Wnt/β-catenin, TGF-β/Smad and MAPK/ERK pathways may explain its broad action in many cellular processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation, and migration or intercellular communication. Here, we summarize early studies on CD133, as they are essential to grasp its novel features, and describe recent evidence demonstrating that this unique molecule is involved in membrane dynamics and molecular signaling that affects various facets of tissue homeostasis and cancer development. We hope this review will provide an informative resource for future efforts to elucidate the details of CD133's molecular function in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Pleskač
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Christine A Fargeas
- Biotechnology Center (BIOTEC) and Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), Technische Universität Dresden, Tatzberg 47/49, 01307, Dresden, Germany
- Tissue Engineering Laboratories, Medizinische Fakultät der Technischen Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Renata Veselska
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Denis Corbeil
- Biotechnology Center (BIOTEC) and Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), Technische Universität Dresden, Tatzberg 47/49, 01307, Dresden, Germany.
- Tissue Engineering Laboratories, Medizinische Fakultät der Technischen Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Jan Skoda
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic.
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3
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Hoyos-Gonzalez N, Ochoa-Leyva A, Benitez-Cardoza CG, Brieba LG, Lukaszewicz G, Trasviña-Arenas CH, Sotelo-Mundo RR. Identification of a cryptic functional apolipophorin-III domain within the Prominin-1 gene of Litopenaeus vannamei. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2024; 270:110928. [PMID: 38043730 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2023.110928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
The Apolipophorin-III (apoLp-III) is reported as an essential protein element in lipids transport and incorporation in lepidopterans. Structurally, apoLp-III has an α-helix bundle structure composed of five α-helices. Interestingly, classic studies proposed a structural switch triggered by its interaction with lipids, where the α-helix bundle opens. Currently, the study of the apoLp-III has been limited to insects, with no homologs identified in other arthropods. By implementing a structure-based search with the Phyre2 algorithm surveying the shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei's transcriptome, we identified a putative apoLp-III in this farmed penaeid (LvApoLp-III). Unlike canonical apoLp-III, the LvApoLp-III was identified as an internal domain within the transmembrane protein Prominin-1. Structural modeling using the template-based Phyre2 and template-free AlphaFold algorithms rendered two distinct structural topologies: the α-helix bundle and a coiled-coil structure. Notably, the secondary structure composition on both models was alike, with differences in the orientation and distribution of the α-helices and hydrophobic moieties. Both models provide insights into the classical structural switch induced by lipids in apoLp-III. To corroborate structure/function inferences, we cloned the synthetic LvApoLp-III domain, overexpressed, and purified the recombinant protein. Circular dichroism measurements with the recombinant LvApoLp-III agreed with the structural models. In vitro liposome interaction demonstrated that the apoLp-III domain within the PROM1 of L.vannamei associated similarly to exchangeable apolipoproteins. Altogether, this work reports the presence of an apolipophorin-III domain in crustaceans for the first time and opens questions regarding its function and importance in lipid metabolism or the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nallely Hoyos-Gonzalez
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV), Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico. https://twitter.com/uga_langebio
| | - Adrian Ochoa-Leyva
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología (IBT), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, Mexico. https://twitter.com/ibt_unam
| | - Claudia G Benitez-Cardoza
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Biofísica Computacional, ENMH, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico. https://twitter.com/IPN_mx
| | - Luis G Brieba
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV), Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico. https://twitter.com/uga_langebio
| | - German Lukaszewicz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras, IIMyC, FCEyN, UNMdP, CONICET, Mar del Plata B7608FBY, Argentina. https://twitter.com/fceyn_unmdp
| | - Carlos H Trasviña-Arenas
- Centro de Investigación sobre Envejecimiento, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV) Unidad Sede Sur, Tlalpan, 14330 Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Rogerio R Sotelo-Mundo
- Laboratorio de Estructura Biomolecular, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C., Ejido La Victoria, Hermosillo, Sonora 83304, Mexico.
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4
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Kumar M, Has C, Lam-Kamath K, Ayciriex S, Dewett D, Bashir M, Poupault C, Schuhmann K, Knittelfelder O, Raghuraman BK, Ahrends R, Rister J, Shevchenko A. Eye proteome of Drosophila melanogaster. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.04.531088. [PMID: 36945598 PMCID: PMC10028839 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.04.531088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
The Drosophila melanogaster eye is a popular model to elucidate the molecular mechanisms that underlie the structure and function of the eye as well as the causes of retinopathies. For instance, the Drosophila eye has been used to investigate the impacts of ageing and environmental stresses such as light-induced damage or dietary deficiencies. Moreover, large-scale screens have isolated genes whose mutation causes morphological and functional ocular defects, which includes key components of the phototransduction cascade. However, the proteome of the Drosophila eye is poorly characterized. Here, we used GeLC-MS/MS to quantify 3516 proteins he adult Drosophila melanogaster eye and provide a generic and expandable resource for further genetic, pharmacological, and dietary studies.
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5
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Sato K, Liu Y, Yamashita T, Ohuchi H. The medaka mutant deficient in eyes shut homolog exhibits opsin transport defects and enhanced autophagy in retinal photoreceptors. Cell Tissue Res 2023; 391:249-267. [PMID: 36418571 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-022-03702-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Eyes shut homolog (EYS) encodes a proteoglycan and the human mutation causes retinitis pigmentosa type 25 (RP25) with progressive retinal degeneration. RP25 most frequently affects autosomal recessive RP patients with many ethnic backgrounds. Although studies using RP models have facilitated the development of therapeutic medications, Eys has been lost in rodent model animals. Here we examined the roles for Eys in the maintenance of photoreceptor structure and function by generating eys-null medaka fish using the CRISPR-Cas9 system. Medaka EYS protein was present near the connecting cilium of wild-type photoreceptors, while it was absent from the eys-/- retina. The mutant larvae exhibited a reduced visual motor response compared with wild-type. In contrast to reported eys-deficient zebrafish at the similar stage, no retinal cell death was detected in the 8-month post-hatching (8-mph) medaka eys mutant. Immunohistochemistry showed a significant reduction in the length of cone outer segments (OSs), retention of OS proteins in the inner segments of photoreceptors, and abnormal filamentous actin network at the base of cone OSs in the mutant retina by 8 mph. Electron microscopy revealed aberrant structure of calyceal processes, numerous vesiculation and lamellar interruptions, and autophagosomes in the eys-mutant cone photoreceptors. In situ hybridization showed an autophagy component gene, gabarap, was ectopically expressed in the eys-null retina. These results suggest eys is required for regeneration of OS, especially of cone photoreceptors, and transport of OS proteins by regulating actin filaments. Enhanced autophagy may delay the progression of retinal degeneration when lacking EYS in the medaka retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Sato
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan.
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Takahiro Yamashita
- Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Hideyo Ohuchi
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan.
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6
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Rylee J, Mahato S, Aldrich J, Bergh E, Sizemore B, Feder LE, Grega S, Helms K, Maar M, Britt SG, Zelhof AC. A TRiP RNAi screen to identify molecules necessary for Drosophila photoreceptor differentiation. G3 GENES|GENOMES|GENETICS 2022; 12:6758253. [DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkac257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Drosophila rhabdomeric terminal photoreceptor differentiation is an extended process taking several days to complete. Following ommatidial patterning by the morphogenetic furrow, photoreceptors are sequentially recruited and specified, and terminal differentiation begins. Key events of terminal differentiation include the establishment of apical and basolateral domains, rhabdomere and stalk formation, inter-rhabdomeral space formation, and expression of phototransduction machinery. While many key regulators of these processes have been identified, the complete network of transcription factors to downstream effector molecules necessary for regulating each of these major events remains incomplete. Here, we report an RNAi screen to identify additional molecules and cellular pathways required for photoreceptor terminal differentiation. First, we tested several eye-specific GAL4 drivers for correct spatial and temporal specificity and identified Pph13-GAL4 as the most appropriate GAL4 line for our screen. We screened lines available through the Transgenic RNAi Project and isolated lines that when combined with Pph13-GAL4 resulted in the loss of the deep pseudopupil, as a readout for abnormal differentiation. In the end, we screened 6,189 lines, representing 3,971 genes, and have identified 64 genes, illuminating potential new regulatory molecules and cellular pathways for the differentiation and organization of Drosophila rhabdomeric photoreceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnathan Rylee
- Department of Biology, Indiana University , Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Simpla Mahato
- Department of Biology, Indiana University , Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - John Aldrich
- Department of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Dell Medical School, University of Texas , Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Emma Bergh
- Department of Biology, Indiana University , Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Brandon Sizemore
- Department of Biology, Indiana University , Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Lauren E Feder
- Department of Biology, Indiana University , Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Shaun Grega
- Department of Biology, Indiana University , Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Kennedy Helms
- Department of Biology, Indiana University , Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Megan Maar
- Department of Biology, Indiana University , Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Steven G Britt
- Department of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Dell Medical School, University of Texas , Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Andrew C Zelhof
- Department of Biology, Indiana University , Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
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7
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Ryu TH, Subramanian M, Yeom E, Yu K. The prominin-like Gene Expressed in a Subset of Dopaminergic Neurons Regulates Locomotion in Drosophila. Mol Cells 2022; 45:640-648. [PMID: 35993164 PMCID: PMC9448647 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2022.0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
CD133, also known as prominin-1, was first identified as a biomarker of mammalian cancer and neural stem cells. Previous studies have shown that the prominin-like (promL) gene, an orthologue of mammalian CD133 in Drosophila, plays a role in glucose and lipid metabolism, body growth, and longevity. Because locomotion is required for food sourcing and ultimately the regulation of metabolism, we examined the function of promL in Drosophila locomotion. Both promL mutants and pan-neuronal promL inhibition flies displayed reduced spontaneous locomotor activity. As dopamine is known to modulate locomotion, we also examined the effects of promL inhibition on the dopamine concentration and mRNA expression levels of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and DOPA decarboxylase (Ddc), the enzymes responsible for dopamine biosynthesis, in the heads of flies. Compared with those in control flies, the levels of dopamine and the mRNAs encoding TH and Ddc were lower in promL mutant and pan-neuronal promL inhibition flies. In addition, an immunostaining analysis revealed that, compared with control flies, promL mutant and pan-neuronal promL inhibition flies had lower levels of the TH protein in protocerebral anterior medial (PAM) neurons, a subset of dopaminergic neurons. Inhibition of promL in these PAM neurons reduced the locomotor activity of the flies. Overall, these findings indicate that promL expressed in PAM dopaminergic neurons regulates locomotion by controlling dopamine synthesis in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Hoon Ryu
- Metabolism and Neurophysiology Research Group, Disease Target Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Manivannan Subramanian
- Metabolism and Neurophysiology Research Group, Disease Target Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Eunbyul Yeom
- Metabolism and Neurophysiology Research Group, Disease Target Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- School of Life Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Kweon Yu
- Metabolism and Neurophysiology Research Group, Disease Target Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Korea
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8
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Wang W, Flury AG, Garrison JL, Brem RB. Cold Survival and Its Molecular Mechanisms in a Locally Adapted Nematode Population. Genome Biol Evol 2021; 13:evab188. [PMID: 34383891 PMCID: PMC8449824 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evab188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Since Darwin, evolutionary biologists have sought to understand the drivers and mechanisms of natural trait diversity. The field advances toward this goal with the discovery of phenotypes that vary in the wild, their relationship to ecology, and their underlying genes. Here, we established resistance to extreme low temperature in the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis briggsae as an ecological and evolutionary model system. We found that C. briggsae strains of temperate origin were strikingly more cold-resistant than those isolated from tropical localities. Transcriptional profiling revealed expression patterns unique to the resistant temperate ecotype, including dozens of genes expressed at high levels even after multiple days of cold-induced physiological slowdown. Mutational analysis validated a role in cold resistance for seven such genes. These findings highlight a candidate case of robust, genetically complex adaptation in an emerging model nematode, and shed light on the mechanisms at play.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenke Wang
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, UC Berkeley, USA
| | - Anna G Flury
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, UC Berkeley, USA
| | - Jennifer L Garrison
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California, USA
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, UC San Francisco, USA
- Global Consortium for Reproductive Longevity & Equality, Novato, California, USA
| | - Rachel B Brem
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, UC Berkeley, USA
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, USA
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9
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Garcia-Delgado AB, Valdes-Sanchez L, Morillo-Sanchez MJ, Ponte-Zuñiga B, Diaz-Corrales FJ, de la Cerda B. Dissecting the role of EYS in retinal degeneration: clinical and molecular aspects and its implications for future therapy. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2021; 16:222. [PMID: 34001227 PMCID: PMC8127272 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-021-01843-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the EYS gene are one of the major causes of autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa. EYS-retinopathy presents a severe clinical phenotype, and patients currently have no therapeutic options. The progress in personalised medicine and gene and cell therapies hold promise for treating this degenerative disease. However, lack of understanding and incomplete comprehension of disease's mechanism and the role of EYS in the healthy retina are critical limitations for the translation of current technical advances into real therapeutic possibilities. This review recapitulates the present knowledge about EYS-retinopathies, their clinical presentations and proposed genotype–phenotype correlations. Molecular details of the gene and the protein, mainly based on animal model data, are analysed. The proposed cellular localisation and roles of this large multi-domain protein are detailed. Future therapeutic approaches for EYS-retinopathies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana B Garcia-Delgado
- Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CABIMER), Avda. Americo Vespucio 24, 41092, Seville, Spain
| | - Lourdes Valdes-Sanchez
- Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CABIMER), Avda. Americo Vespucio 24, 41092, Seville, Spain
| | | | - Beatriz Ponte-Zuñiga
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Virgen Macarena, Seville, Spain.,Retics Oftared, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco J Diaz-Corrales
- Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CABIMER), Avda. Americo Vespucio 24, 41092, Seville, Spain.
| | - Berta de la Cerda
- Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CABIMER), Avda. Americo Vespucio 24, 41092, Seville, Spain
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10
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Carr BJ, Stanar P, Moritz OL. Distinct roles for prominin-1 and photoreceptor cadherin in outer segment disc morphogenesis in CRISPR-altered X. laevis. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:jcs253906. [PMID: 33277376 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.253906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in prominin-1 (prom1) and photoreceptor cadherin (cdhr1) are associated with inherited retinal degenerative disorders but their functions remain unknown. Here, we used CRISPR-Cas9 to generate prom1-null, cdhr1-null, and prom1 plus cdhr1 double-null Xenopuslaevis and then documented the effects of these mutations on photoreceptor structure and function. Prom1-null mutations resulted in severely dysmorphic photoreceptors comprising overgrown and disorganized disc membranes. Cone outer segments were more severely affected than rods and had an impaired electroretinogram response. Cdhr1-null photoreceptors did not appear grossly dysmorphic, but ultrastructural analysis revealed that some disc membranes were overgrown or oriented vertically within the plasma membrane. Double-null mutants did not differ significantly from prom1-null mutants. Our results indicate that neither prom1 nor cdhr1 are necessary for outer segment disc membrane evagination or the fusion event that controls disc sealing. Rather, they are necessary for the higher-order organization of the outer segment. Prom1 may align and reinforce interactions between nascent disc leading edges, a function more critical in cones for structural support. Cdhr1 may secure discs in a horizontal orientation prior to fusion and regulate cone lamellae size.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany J Carr
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 330-2550 Willow St., Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 3N9, Canada
| | - Paloma Stanar
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 330-2550 Willow St., Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 3N9, Canada
| | - Orson L Moritz
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 330-2550 Willow St., Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 3N9, Canada
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11
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Takita S, Seko Y. eys +/- ; lrp5 +/- Zebrafish Reveals Lrp5 Can Be the Receptor of Retinol in the Visual Cycle. iScience 2020; 23:101762. [PMID: 33251495 PMCID: PMC7683268 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Vision is essential for vertebrates including humans. Sustained vision is accomplished by retinoid metabolism, the “visual cycle,” where all-trans retinol (atROL) is incorporated into the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) from photoreceptors presumably through decade-long missing receptor(s). Here, we show that the LDL-related receptor-5 (Lrp5) protein is linked to the retinol binding protein 1a (Rbp1a), the transporter of atROL in the visual cycle, by generating and analyzing the digenic eyes shut homolog+/-; lrp5+/− zebrafish, the same form of gene defect detected in a human case of inherited retinal degeneration. Global gene expression analysis followed by genetic study clarified that rbp1a played a role downstream of lrp5. Rbp1a protein was colocalized with Lrp5 protein at microvilli of RPE cells. Furthermore, Rbp1a directly bound to the C-terminal intracellular region of Lrp5 in vitro. Collectively, these results strongly suggest that Lrp5 is a potent candidate of the receptor of atROL in the visual cycle. eys+/-; lrp5+/− zebrafish showed mild photoreceptor degeneration Microarray analysis identified dramatical decrease of rbp1a expression Rbp1a protein was colocalized with Lrp5 protein at the microvilli of the RPE Rbp1a directly bound to the C-terminal intracellular region of Lrp5 in vitro
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimpei Takita
- Visual Functions Section, Department of Rehabilitation for Sensory Functions, Research Institute, National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with Disabilities, 4-1 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8555, Japan
| | - Yuko Seko
- Visual Functions Section, Department of Rehabilitation for Sensory Functions, Research Institute, National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with Disabilities, 4-1 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8555, Japan
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12
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Zelhof AC, Mahato S, Liang X, Rylee J, Bergh E, Feder LE, Larsen ME, Britt SG, Friedrich M. The brachyceran de novo gene PIP82, a phosphorylation target of aPKC, is essential for proper formation and maintenance of the rhabdomeric photoreceptor apical domain in Drosophila. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1008890. [PMID: 32579558 PMCID: PMC7340324 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Drosophila apical photoreceptor membrane is defined by the presence of two distinct morphological regions, the microvilli-based rhabdomere and the stalk membrane. The subdivision of the apical membrane contributes to the geometrical positioning and the stereotypical morphology of the rhabdomeres in compound eyes with open rhabdoms and neural superposition. Here we describe the characterization of the photoreceptor specific protein PIP82. We found that PIP82's subcellular localization demarcates the rhabdomeric portion of the apical membrane. We further demonstrate that PIP82 is a phosphorylation target of aPKC. PIP82 localization is modulated by phosphorylation, and in vivo, the loss of the aPKC/Crumbs complex results in an expansion of the PIP82 localization domain. The absence of PIP82 in photoreceptors leads to misshapped rhabdomeres as a result of misdirected cellular trafficking of rhabdomere proteins. Comparative analyses reveal that PIP82 originated de novo in the lineage leading to brachyceran Diptera, which is also characterized by the transition from fused to open rhabdoms. Taken together, these findings define a novel factor that delineates and maintains a specific apical membrane domain, and offers new insights into the functional organization and evolutionary history of the Drosophila retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C. Zelhof
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Simpla Mahato
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Xulong Liang
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Rylee
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Emma Bergh
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Lauren E. Feder
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Matthew E. Larsen
- Department of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Dell Medical School, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Steven G. Britt
- Department of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Dell Medical School, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Markus Friedrich
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
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13
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Wang X, Zheng H, Jia Z, Lei Z, Li M, Zhuang Q, Zhou H, Qiu Y, Fu Y, Yang X, Xi Y, Yan Q. Drosophila Prominin-like, a homolog of CD133, interacts with ND20 to maintain mitochondrial function. Cell Biosci 2019; 9:101. [PMID: 31890150 PMCID: PMC6923988 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-019-0365-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Drosophila Prominin-like is a homolog of mammalian CD133, which is recognized as a biomarker for stem cells. The interacting proteins of CD133 and their biological functions remain elusive. Results In this study, we using yeast two-hybrid assays, GST pull-down assay and co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) methods found that Drosophila Prominin-like interacts with ND20, a subunit of mitochondrial respiratory complex I. Bioinformatics analysis suggests that Prominin-like is a six-transmembrane glycoprotein which localizes on cellular membranes. Immunostaining and mitochondrial fractionation indicate that Drosophila Prominin-like could localize in the mitochondria. The knockdown of prominin-like in S2 cells resulted in transient mitochondrial dysfunctions as evidenced by reduced ATP production, elevated ROS generation and an accompanied reduction in mitochondrial proteins. Mitochondrial dysfunctions were detected in aged prominin-like mutant flies. Conclusion Our data indicates that Prominin-like acts to maintain mitochondrial function through its interaction with ND20 which, itself, is active in the mitochondrial electron transport chain. Our study provides insights into a novel molecular mechanism of Drosophila prominin-like and suggests a similar function of CD133 in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuexiang Wang
- 1College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 Zhejiang China.,2Institute of Medical Sciences, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250000 Shandong China
| | - Huimei Zheng
- 3Division of Human Reproduction and Developmental Genetics, The Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang China.,4Institute of Genetics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 Zhejiang China
| | - Zexiao Jia
- 1College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 Zhejiang China
| | - Zhaoying Lei
- 1College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 Zhejiang China
| | - Mengyao Li
- 1College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 Zhejiang China
| | - Qianqian Zhuang
- 1College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 Zhejiang China
| | - Hui Zhou
- 1College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 Zhejiang China
| | - Yue Qiu
- 1College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 Zhejiang China
| | - Yong Fu
- 5The Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310052 Zhejiang China
| | - Xiaohang Yang
- 3Division of Human Reproduction and Developmental Genetics, The Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang China.,4Institute of Genetics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 Zhejiang China
| | - Yongmei Xi
- 3Division of Human Reproduction and Developmental Genetics, The Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang China.,4Institute of Genetics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 Zhejiang China
| | - Qingfeng Yan
- 1College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 Zhejiang China.,4Institute of Genetics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 Zhejiang China.,6The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003 Zhejiang China.,Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310058 Zhejiang China
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14
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Blond F, Léveillard T. Functional Genomics of the Retina to Elucidate its Construction and Deconstruction. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E4922. [PMID: 31590277 PMCID: PMC6801968 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The retina is the light sensitive part of the eye and nervous tissue that have been used extensively to characterize the function of the central nervous system. The retina has a central position both in fundamental biology and in the physiopathology of neurodegenerative diseases. We address the contribution of functional genomics to the understanding of retinal biology by reviewing key events in their historical perspective as an introduction to major findings that were obtained through the study of the retina using genomics, transcriptomics and proteomics. We illustrate our purpose by showing that most of the genes of interest for retinal development and those involved in inherited retinal degenerations have a restricted expression to the retina and most particularly to photoreceptors cells. We show that the exponential growth of data generated by functional genomics is a future challenge not only in terms of storage but also in terms of accessibility to the scientific community of retinal biologists in the future. Finally, we emphasize on novel perspectives that emerge from the development of redox-proteomics, the new frontier in retinal biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Blond
- Department of Genetics, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, F-75012 Paris, France.
| | - Thierry Léveillard
- Department of Genetics, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, F-75012 Paris, France.
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15
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Takita S, Miyamoto-Matsui K, Seko Y. Intra- and interspecies comparison of EYS transcripts highlights its characteristics in the eye. FASEB J 2019; 33:9422-9433. [PMID: 31120796 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201900056rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Inherited mutations in the eyes shut homolog (EYS) gene cause retinitis pigmentosa. Although knock out of eys in zebrafish is pathogenic, the molecular function of EYS in vertebrate photoreceptors is poorly understood. Here, we show that the 5' portion of EYS is eye-specific across vertebrates. We previously determined that a 3' fragment of EYS with an unknown transcription start site is expressed in human dermal fibroblasts (HDF). To obtain insights into the molecular function of EYS in vertebrate photoreceptors, we extensively analyzed EYS (eys) expression in the human fibroblast cell line HDF-adult (HDF-a), the Y79 retinoblastoma cell line, and in zebrafish eyes using rapid amplification of cDNA end, cap analysis of gene expression, RNA sequencing, and RT-PCR. In HDF-a cells, we identified a novel transcript variant (tv), tv5, transcribed from exon 37. In Y79 cells and zebrafish eyes, EYS (eys) was predominantly transcribed from exon 1 or 2, whereas it was transcribed exclusively from exon 37 in HDF-a cells. In the zebrafish eye, there were splice variants that introduced stop codons, resulting in complete loss of the 3' portion of the RNA. These comparative approaches indicate that the 5' portion of the EYS (eys) mRNA appears to be photoreceptor-specific and that the compositions of the deduced EYS proteins in the eye are well-conserved across vertebrates.-Takita, S., Miyamoto-Matsui, K., Seko, Y. Intra- and interspecies comparison of EYS transcripts highlights its characteristics in the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimpei Takita
- Visual Functions Section, Department of Rehabilitation for Sensory Functions, Research Institute, National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with Disabilities, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Kiyoko Miyamoto-Matsui
- Visual Functions Section, Department of Rehabilitation for Sensory Functions, Research Institute, National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with Disabilities, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Yuko Seko
- Visual Functions Section, Department of Rehabilitation for Sensory Functions, Research Institute, National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with Disabilities, Tokorozawa, Japan
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16
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Liang J, She X, Chen J, Zhai Y, Liu Y, Zheng K, Gong Y, Zhu H, Luo X, Sun X. Identification of novel PROM1 mutations responsible for autosomal recessive maculopathy with rod-cone dystrophy. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2018; 257:619-628. [PMID: 30588538 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-018-04206-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To characterize two patients with macular and rod-cone dystrophy and identify the genetic basis for disease. METHOD Ophthalmic examinations were performed for the family and the peripheral blood samples were collected for whole exome sequencing. The mutated sequences of PROM1 gene were cloned and expressed in cultured cell lines after transient transfection followed by analysis with confocal microscopy and bridge-PCR. RESULT We reported that two patients, brothers in a family, were diagnosed with macular and rod-cone dystrophy. Phenotypically, both patients experience progressive visual impairment and nyctalopia. The fundus examination showed macular and choroid dystrophy with pigment deposits in the macular region. Functionally, photoreceptor response to electrophysiological stimulation was significantly compromised with more severe decline in rods. Genetic analysis by whole exome sequencing revealed two novel compound heterogeneous point mutations in PROM1 gene that co-segregate with patients in an autosomal recessive manner. Specifically, the c.C1902G(p.Y634X) nonsense mutation results in a truncated, labile, and mislocalized protein, while the c.C1682+3A>G intronic mutation disrupts messenger RNA splicing. CONCLUSION Our findings have identified two novel deleterious mutations in PROM1 gene that are associated with hereditary macular and rod-cone dystrophy in human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Liang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai, 200080, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Diseases, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Xiangjun She
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Jieqiong Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Yuanqi Zhai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai, 200080, China.,Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Kairong Zheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Yuanyuan Gong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Hong Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai, 200080, China.,Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Xueting Luo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai, 200080, China. .,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Diseases, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai, 200080, China. .,Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai, 200080, China.
| | - Xiaodong Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai, 200080, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Diseases, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai, 200080, China.,Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai, 200080, China
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17
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Gaspar P, Almudi I, Nunes MDS, McGregor AP. Human eye conditions: insights from the fly eye. Hum Genet 2018; 138:973-991. [PMID: 30386938 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-018-1948-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster has served as an excellent model to study and understand the genetics of many human diseases from cancer to neurodegeneration. Studying the regulation of growth, determination and differentiation of the compound eyes of this fly, in particular, have provided key insights into a wide range of diseases. Here we review the regulation of the development of fly eyes in light of shared aspects with human eye development. We also show how understanding conserved regulatory pathways in eye development together with the application of tools for genetic screening and functional analyses makes Drosophila a powerful model to diagnose and characterize the genetics underlying many human eye conditions, such as aniridia and retinitis pigmentosa. This further emphasizes the importance and vast potential of basic research to underpin applied research including identifying and treating the genetic basis of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Gaspar
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Isabel Almudi
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, CSIC/ Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Carretera de Utrera Km1, 41013, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Maria D S Nunes
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Alistair P McGregor
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK.
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18
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Zheng H, Zhang Y, Chen Y, Guo P, Wang X, Yuan X, Ge W, Yang R, Yan Q, Yang X, Xi Y. Prominin-like, a homolog of mammalian CD133, suppresses di lp6 and TOR signaling to maintain body size and weight in Drosophila. FASEB J 2018; 33:2646-2658. [PMID: 30307770 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201800123r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
CD133 (AC133/prominin-1) has been identified as a stem cell marker and a putative cancer stem cell marker in many solid tumors. Its biologic function and molecular mechanisms remain largely elusive. Here, we show that a fly mutant for prominin-like, a homolog of mammalian CD133, shows a larger body size and excess weight accompanied with higher fat deposits as compared with the wild type. The expression levels of prominin-like are mediated by ecdysone signaling where its protein levels increase dramatically in the fat body during metamorphosis. Prominin-like mutants exhibit higher Drosophila insulin-like peptide 6 (di lp6) levels during nonfeeding stages and increased Akt/ Drosophila target of rapamycin (dTOR) signaling. On an amino acid-restricted diet, prominin-like mutants exhibit a significantly larger body size than the wild type does, similar to that which occurs upon the activation of the dTOR pathway in the fat body. Our data suggest that prominin-like functions by suppressing TOR and dilp6 signaling to control body size and weight. The identification of the physiologic function of prominin-like in Drosophila may provide valuable insight into the understanding of the metabolic function of CD133 in mammals.-Zheng, H., Zhang, Y., Chen, Y., Guo, P., Wang, X., Yuan, X., Ge, W., Yang, R., Yan, Q., Yang, X., Xi, Y. Prominin-like, a homolog of mammalian CD133, suppresses di lp6 and TOR signaling to maintain body size and weight in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimei Zheng
- Division of Human Reproduction and Developmental Genetics, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Genetics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Genetics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yafei Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Beijing Genomics Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuchen Chen
- Division of Human Reproduction and Developmental Genetics, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Genetics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Genetics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Pengfei Guo
- Division of Human Reproduction and Developmental Genetics, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Genetics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Genetics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuexiang Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xin Yuan
- Division of Human Reproduction and Developmental Genetics, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Genetics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Genetics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wanzhong Ge
- Division of Human Reproduction and Developmental Genetics, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Genetics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Genetics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ru Yang
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; and
| | - Qingfeng Yan
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohang Yang
- Division of Human Reproduction and Developmental Genetics, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Genetics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Genetics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang University-University of Toronto Joint Institute of Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yongmei Xi
- Division of Human Reproduction and Developmental Genetics, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Genetics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Genetics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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19
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Mahato S, Nie J, Plachetzki DC, Zelhof AC. A mosaic of independent innovations involving eyes shut are critical for the evolutionary transition from fused to open rhabdoms. Dev Biol 2018; 443:188-202. [PMID: 30243673 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A fundamental question in evolutionary biology is how developmental processes are modified to produce morphological innovations while abiding by functional constraints. Here we address this question by investigating the cellular mechanism responsible for the transition between fused and open rhabdoms in ommatidia of apposition compound eyes; a critical step required for the development of visual systems based on neural superposition. Utilizing Drosophila and Tribolium as representatives of fused and open rhabdom morphology in holometabolous insects respectively, we identified three changes required for this innovation to occur. First, the expression pattern of the extracellular matrix protein Eyes Shut (EYS) was co-opted and expanded from mechanosensory neurons to photoreceptor cells in taxa with open rhabdoms. Second, EYS homologs obtained a novel extension of the amino terminus leading to the internalization of a cleaved signal sequence. This amino terminus extension does not interfere with cleavage or function in mechanosensory neurons, but it does permit specific targeting of the EYS protein to the apical photoreceptor membrane. Finally, a specific interaction evolved between EYS and a subset of Prominin homologs that is required for the development of open, but not fused, rhabdoms. Together, our findings portray a case study wherein the evolution of a set of molecular novelties has precipitated the origin of an adaptive photoreceptor cell arrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simpla Mahato
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Jing Nie
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - David C Plachetzki
- Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA.
| | - Andrew C Zelhof
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
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20
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Dowland SN, Madawala RJ, Poon CE, Lindsay LA, Murphy CR. Prominin-1 glycosylation changes throughout early pregnancy in uterine epithelial cells under the influence of maternal ovarian hormones. Reprod Fertil Dev 2018; 29:1194-1208. [PMID: 27166505 DOI: 10.1071/rd15432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In preparation for uterine receptivity, the uterine epithelial cells (UECs) exhibit a loss of microvilli and glycocalyx and a restructuring of the actin cytoskeleton. The prominin-1 protein contains large, heavily glycosylated extracellular loops and is usually restricted to apical plasma membrane (APM) protrusions. The present study examined rat UECs during early pregnancy using immunofluorescence, western blotting and deglycosylation analyses. Ovariectomised rats were injected with oestrogen and progesterone to examine how these hormones affect prominin-1. At the time of fertilisation, prominin-1 was located diffusely in the apical domain of UECs and 147- and 120-kDa glycoforms of prominin-1 were identified, along with the 97-kDa core protein. At the time of implantation, prominin-1 concentrates towards the APM and densitometry revealed that the 120-kDa glycoform decreased (P<0.05), but there was an increase in the 97-kDa core protein (P<0.05). Progesterone treatment of ovariectomised rats resulted in prominin-1 becoming concentrated towards the APM. The 120-kDa glycoform was increased after oestrogen treatment (P<0.0001), whereas the 97-kDa core protein was increased after progesterone treatment (P<0.05). Endoglycosidase H analysis demonstrated that the 120-kDa glycoform is in the endoplasmic reticulum, undergoing protein synthesis. These results indicate that oestrogen stimulates prominin-1 production, whereas progesterone stimulates the deglycosylation and concentration of prominin-1 to the apical region of the UECs. This likely presents the deglycosylated extracellular loops of prominin-1 to the extracellular space, where they may interact with the implanting blastocyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samson N Dowland
- Cell and Reproductive Biology Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences (Discipline of Anatomy and Histology) and The Bosch Institute, Room N364, F13 Anderson Stuart Building, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Romanthi J Madawala
- Cell and Reproductive Biology Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences (Discipline of Anatomy and Histology) and The Bosch Institute, Room N364, F13 Anderson Stuart Building, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Connie E Poon
- Cell and Reproductive Biology Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences (Discipline of Anatomy and Histology) and The Bosch Institute, Room N364, F13 Anderson Stuart Building, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Laura A Lindsay
- Cell and Reproductive Biology Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences (Discipline of Anatomy and Histology) and The Bosch Institute, Room N364, F13 Anderson Stuart Building, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Christopher R Murphy
- Cell and Reproductive Biology Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences (Discipline of Anatomy and Histology) and The Bosch Institute, Room N364, F13 Anderson Stuart Building, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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21
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Yablonovitch AL, Fu J, Li K, Mahato S, Kang L, Rashkovetsky E, Korol AB, Tang H, Michalak P, Zelhof AC, Nevo E, Li JB. Regulation of gene expression and RNA editing in Drosophila adapting to divergent microclimates. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1570. [PMID: 29146998 PMCID: PMC5691062 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01658-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Determining the mechanisms by which a species adapts to its environment is a key endeavor in the study of evolution. In particular, relatively little is known about how transcriptional processes are fine-tuned to adjust to different environmental conditions. Here we study Drosophila melanogaster from 'Evolution Canyon' in Israel, which consists of two opposing slopes with divergent microclimates. We identify several hundred differentially expressed genes and dozens of differentially edited sites between flies from each slope, correlate these changes with genetic differences, and use CRISPR mutagenesis to validate that an intronic SNP in prominin regulates its editing levels. We also demonstrate that while temperature affects editing levels at more sites than genetic differences, genetically regulated sites tend to be less affected by temperature. This work shows the extent to which gene expression and RNA editing differ between flies from different microclimates, and provides insights into the regulation responsible for these differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arielle L Yablonovitch
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,Biophysics Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Jeremy Fu
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Kexin Li
- Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Haifa, 3498838, Israel.,Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100093, Beijing, China
| | - Simpla Mahato
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Lin Kang
- Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, USA
| | | | - Abraham B Korol
- Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Haifa, 3498838, Israel
| | - Hua Tang
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Pawel Michalak
- Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, USA.,Biocomplexity Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.,Center for One Health Research, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, USA
| | - Andrew C Zelhof
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Eviatar Nevo
- Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Haifa, 3498838, Israel.
| | - Jin Billy Li
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA. .,Biophysics Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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EYS Is a Protein Associated with the Ciliary Axoneme in Rods and Cones. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166397. [PMID: 27846257 PMCID: PMC5112921 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Mutations in the EYS gene are a common cause of autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa (arRP), yet the role of the EYS protein in humans is presently unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the isoform structure, expression and potential function of EYS in the mammalian retina in order to better understand its involvement in the pathogenesis of arRP. Methods To achieve the objective, we examined the expression of mRNA transcripts of EYS isoforms in human tissues and cell lines by RT-PCR. We also investigated the localisation of EYS in cultured cells and retinal cryo-sections by confocal fluorescence microscopy and Western blot analysis. Results RT-PCR analysis confirmed that EYS has at least four isoforms. In addition to the previously reported EYS isoforms 1 and 4, we present the experimental validation of two smaller variants referred to as EYS isoforms 2 and 3. All four isoforms are expressed in the human retina and Y79 cells and the short variants were additionally detected in the testis. Immunofluorescent confocal microscopy and Western blot analysis revealed that all EYS isoforms preferentially localise to the cytoplasm of Y79 and HeLa cells. Moreover, an enrichment of the endogenous protein was observed near the centrosomes in Y79 cells. Interestingly, EYS was observed at the ciliary axoneme in Y79 ciliated cells. In macaque retinal cryosections, EYS was found to localise in the region of the photoreceptor ciliary axoneme in both rods and cones as well as in the cytoplasm of the ganglion cells. Conclusion The results obtained in this study lead us to speculate that, in photoreceptor cells, EYS could be a protein involved in maintaining the stability of the ciliary axoneme in both rods and cones. The variability of its isoform structure suggests that other roles are also possible and yet to be established.
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Abstract
Retinal photoreceptor cells contain a specialized outer segment (OS) compartment that functions in the capture of light and its conversion into electrical signals in a process known as phototransduction. In rods, photoisomerization of 11-cis to all-trans retinal within rhodopsin triggers a biochemical cascade culminating in the closure of cGMP-gated channels and hyperpolarization of the cell. Biochemical reactions return the cell to its 'dark state' and the visual cycle converts all-trans retinal back to 11-cis retinal for rhodopsin regeneration. OS are continuously renewed, with aged membrane removed at the distal end by phagocytosis and new membrane added at the proximal end through OS disk morphogenesis linked to protein trafficking. The molecular basis for disk morphogenesis remains to be defined in detail although several models have been proposed, and molecular mechanisms underlying protein trafficking are under active investigation. The aim of this Cell Science at a Glance article and the accompanying poster is to highlight our current understanding of photoreceptor structure, phototransduction, the visual cycle, OS renewal, protein trafficking and retinal degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Molday
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Centre for Macular Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3 Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Centre for Macular Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V5Z 3N9
| | - Orson L Moritz
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Centre for Macular Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V5Z 3N9
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Goldberg AFX, Moritz OL, Williams DS. Molecular basis for photoreceptor outer segment architecture. Prog Retin Eye Res 2016; 55:52-81. [PMID: 27260426 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
To serve vision, vertebrate rod and cone photoreceptors must detect photons, convert the light stimuli into cellular signals, and then convey the encoded information to downstream neurons. Rods and cones are sensory neurons that each rely on specialized ciliary organelles to detect light. These organelles, called outer segments, possess elaborate architectures that include many hundreds of light-sensitive membranous disks arrayed one atop another in precise register. These stacked disks capture light and initiate the chain of molecular and cellular events that underlie normal vision. Outer segment organization is challenged by an inherently dynamic nature; these organelles are subject to a renewal process that replaces a significant fraction of their disks (up to ∼10%) on a daily basis. In addition, a broad range of environmental and genetic insults can disrupt outer segment morphology to impair photoreceptor function and viability. In this chapter, we survey the major progress that has been made for understanding the molecular basis of outer segment architecture. We also discuss key aspects of organelle lipid and protein composition, and highlight distributions, interactions, and potential structural functions of key OS-resident molecules, including: kinesin-2, actin, RP1, prominin-1, protocadherin 21, peripherin-2/rds, rom-1, glutamic acid-rich proteins, and rhodopsin. Finally, we identify key knowledge gaps and challenges that remain for understanding how normal outer segment architecture is established and maintained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew F X Goldberg
- Eye Research Institute, Oakland University, 417 Dodge Hall, Rochester, MI, 48309, USA.
| | - Orson L Moritz
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - David S Williams
- Department of Ophthalmology and Jules Stein Eye Institute, Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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25
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Two temporal functions of Glass: Ommatidium patterning and photoreceptor differentiation. Dev Biol 2016; 414:4-20. [PMID: 27105580 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2015] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Much progress has been made in elucidating the molecular networks required for specifying retinal cells, including photoreceptors, but the downstream mechanisms that maintain identity and regulate differentiation remain poorly understood. Here, we report that the transcription factor Glass has a dual role in establishing a functional Drosophila eye. Utilizing conditional rescue approaches, we confirm that persistent defects in ommatidium patterning combined with cell death correlate with the overall disruption of eye morphology in glass mutants. In addition, we reveal that Glass exhibits a separable role in regulating photoreceptor differentiation. In particular, we demonstrate the apparent loss of glass mutant photoreceptors is not only due to cell death but also a failure of the surviving photoreceptors to complete differentiation. Moreover, the late reintroduction of Glass in these developmentally stalled photoreceptors is capable of restoring differentiation in the absence of correct ommatidium patterning. Mechanistically, transcription profiling at the time of differentiation reveals that Glass is necessary for the expression of many genes implicated in differentiation, i.e. rhabdomere morphogenesis, phototransduction, and synaptogenesis. Specifically, we show Glass directly regulates the expression of Pph13, which encodes a transcription factor necessary for opsin expression and rhabdomere morphogenesis. Finally, we demonstrate the ability of Glass to choreograph photoreceptor differentiation is conserved between Drosophila and Tribolium, two holometabolous insects. Altogether, our work identifies a fundamental regulatory mechanism to generate the full complement of cells required for a functional rhabdomeric visual system and provides a critical framework to investigate the basis of differentiation and maintenance of photoreceptor identity.
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26
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Nie J, Mahato S, Zelhof AC. Imaging the Drosophila retina: zwitterionic buffers PIPES and HEPES induce morphological artifacts in tissue fixation. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2015; 15:10. [PMID: 25645690 PMCID: PMC4320506 DOI: 10.1186/s12861-015-0056-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Background Tissue fixation is crucial for preserving the morphology of biological structures and cytological details to prevent postmortem degradation and autolysis. Improper fixation conditions could lead to artifacts and thus incorrect conclusions in immunofluorescence or histology experiments. To resolve reported structural anomalies with respect to Drosophila photoreceptor cell organization we developed and utilized a combination of live imaging and fixed samples to investigate the exact biogenesis and to identify the underlying source for the reported discrepancies in structure. Results We found that piperazine-N,N’-bis(ethanesulfonic acid) (PIPES) and 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid (HEPES), two zwitterionic buffers commonly used in tissue fixation, can cause severe lumen and cell morphological defects in Drosophila pupal and adult retina; the inter-rhabdomeral lumen becomes dilated and the photoreceptor cells are significantly reduced in size. Correspondingly, the localization pattern of Eyes shut (EYS), a luminal protein, is severely altered. In contrast, tissues fixed in the phosphate buffered saline (PBS) buffer results in lumen and cell morphologies that are consistent with live imaging. Conclusions We suggest that PIPES and HEPES buffers should be utilized with caution for fixation when examining the interplay between cells and their extracellular environment, especially in Drosophila pupal and adult retina research. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12861-015-0056-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Nie
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, 1001 East Third St, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA. .,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
| | - Simpla Mahato
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, 1001 East Third St, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.
| | - Andrew C Zelhof
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, 1001 East Third St, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.
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Haltom AR, Lee TV, Harvey BM, Leonardi J, Chen YJ, Hong Y, Haltiwanger RS, Jafar-Nejad H. The protein O-glucosyltransferase Rumi modifies eyes shut to promote rhabdomere separation in Drosophila. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004795. [PMID: 25412384 PMCID: PMC4238978 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein O-glucosyltransferase Rumi/POGLUT1 regulates Drosophila Notch signaling by adding O-glucose residues to the Notch extracellular domain. Rumi has other predicted targets including Crumbs (Crb) and Eyes shut (Eys), both of which are involved in photoreceptor development. However, whether Rumi is required for the function of Crb and Eys remains unknown. Here we report that in the absence of Rumi or its enzymatic activity, several rhabdomeres in each ommatidium fail to separate from one another in a Notch-independent manner. Mass spectral analysis indicates the presence of O-glucose on Crb and Eys. However, mutating all O-glucosylation sites in a crb knock-in allele does not cause rhabdomere attachment, ruling out Crb as a biologically-relevant Rumi target in this process. In contrast, eys and rumi exhibit a dosage-sensitive genetic interaction. In addition, although in wild-type ommatidia most of the Eys protein is found in the inter-rhabdomeral space (IRS), in rumi mutants a significant fraction of Eys remains in the photoreceptor cells. The intracellular accumulation of Eys and the IRS defect worsen in rumi mutants raised at a higher temperature, and are accompanied by a ∼50% decrease in the total level of Eys. Moreover, removing one copy of an endoplasmic reticulum chaperone enhances the rhabdomere attachment in rumi mutant animals. Altogether, our data suggest that O-glucosylation of Eys by Rumi ensures rhabdomere separation by promoting proper Eys folding and stability in a critical time window during the mid-pupal stage. Human EYS, which is mutated in patients with autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa, also harbors multiple Rumi target sites. Therefore, the role of O-glucose in regulating Eys may be conserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda R. Haltom
- Program in Genes & Development, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Molecular & Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Tom V. Lee
- Department of Molecular & Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Beth M. Harvey
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Jessica Leonardi
- Department of Molecular & Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Yi-Jiun Chen
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Yang Hong
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Robert S. Haltiwanger
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Hamed Jafar-Nejad
- Program in Genes & Development, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Molecular & Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Nie J, Mahato S, Zelhof AC. The actomyosin machinery is required for Drosophila retinal lumen formation. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004608. [PMID: 25233220 PMCID: PMC4168998 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Multicellular tubes consist of polarized cells wrapped around a central lumen and are essential structures underlying many developmental and physiological functions. In Drosophila compound eyes, each ommatidium forms a luminal matrix, the inter-rhabdomeral space, to shape and separate the key phototransduction organelles, the rhabdomeres, for proper visual perception. In an enhancer screen to define mechanisms of retina lumen formation, we identified Actin5C as a key molecule. Our results demonstrate that the disruption of lumen formation upon the reduction of Actin5C is not linked to any discernible defect in microvillus formation, the rhabdomere terminal web (RTW), or the overall morphogenesis and basal extension of the rhabdomere. Second, the failure of proper lumen formation is not the result of previously identified processes of retinal lumen formation: Prominin localization, expansion of the apical membrane, or secretion of the luminal matrix. Rather, the phenotype observed with Actin5C is phenocopied upon the decrease of the individual components of non-muscle myosin II (MyoII) and its upstream activators. In photoreceptor cells MyoII localizes to the base of the rhabdomeres, overlapping with the actin filaments of the RTW. Consistent with the well-established roll of actomyosin-mediated cellular contraction, reduction of MyoII results in reduced distance between apical membranes as measured by a decrease in lumen diameter. Together, our results indicate the actomyosin machinery coordinates with the localization of apical membrane components and the secretion of an extracellular matrix to overcome apical membrane adhesion to initiate and expand the retinal lumen. Biological tubes are integral units of tissues and organs such as lung, kidney, and the cardiovascular system. The fundamental design of tubes involves a central lumen wrapped by a sheet of cells. To function properly, the tubes require a precise genetic control over their creation, the diametric growth and maintenance of the lumen during development. In the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, the photoreceptor cells of the eye form a tubular structure. The formation of the retinal lumen is critical for separating and positioning the light sensing organelles of each photoreceptor cell to achieve visual sensitivity. In an effort to investigate the mechanisms of Drosophila retinal lumen formation, we identified a contractile machinery that was present at the apical portion of photoreceptor cells. Our data is consistent with the idea that a contractile force contributes to the initial separation of the juxtaposed apical membranes and subsequent enlargement of the luminal space. Our work suggests that building a biological tube requires not only an extrinsic pushing force provided by the growing central lumen, but also a cell intrinsic pulling force powered by contraction of cells lining the lumen. Our findings expand and demonstrate the coordination of several molecular mechanisms to generate a tube.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Nie
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Simpla Mahato
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Andrew C. Zelhof
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Mahato S, Morita S, Tucker AE, Liang X, Jackowska M, Friedrich M, Shiga Y, Zelhof AC. Common transcriptional mechanisms for visual photoreceptor cell differentiation among Pancrustaceans. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004484. [PMID: 24991928 PMCID: PMC4084641 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A hallmark of visual rhabdomeric photoreceptors is the expression of a rhabdomeric opsin and uniquely associated phototransduction molecules, which are incorporated into a specialized expanded apical membrane, the rhabdomere. Given the extensive utilization of rhabdomeric photoreceptors in the eyes of protostomes, here we address whether a common transcriptional mechanism exists for the differentiation of rhabdomeric photoreceptors. In Drosophila, the transcription factors Pph13 and Orthodenticle (Otd) direct both aspects of differentiation: rhabdomeric opsin transcription and rhabdomere morphogenesis. We demonstrate that the orthologs of both proteins are expressed in the visual systems of the distantly related arthropod species Tribolium castaneum and Daphnia magna and that their functional roles are similar in these species. In particular, we establish that the Pph13 homologs have the ability to bind a subset of Rhodopsin core sequence I sites and that these sites are present in key phototransduction genes of both Tribolium and Daphnia. Furthermore, Pph13 and Otd orthologs are capable of executing deeply conserved functions of photoreceptor differentiation as evidenced by the ability to rescue their respective Drosophila mutant phenotypes. Pph13 homologs are equivalent in their ability to direct both rhabdomere morphogenesis and opsin expression within Drosophila, whereas Otd paralogs demonstrate differential abilities to regulate photoreceptor differentiation. Finally, loss-of-function analyses in Tribolium confirm the conserved requirement of Pph13 and Otd in regulating both rhabdomeric opsin transcription and rhabdomere morphogenesis. Taken together, our data identify components of a regulatory framework for rhabdomeric photoreceptor differentiation in Pancrustaceans, providing a foundation for defining ancestral regulatory modules of rhabdomeric photoreceptor differentiation. Visual systems are populated by one of two fundamental types of photoreceptors, ciliary and rhabdomeric. Each photoreceptor type is defined by the opsin molecule expressed and the final morphological form adapted to house the phototransduction machinery. Here we address whether a common transcriptional mechanisms exists for the differentiation of rhabdomeric photoreceptors. We demonstrate that orthologs of two Drosophila (fruit fly) transcription factors, Pph13 and Orthodenticle, are expressed in photoreceptors of Pancrustaceans, Tribolium (red flour beetle) and Daphnia (water flea), and are capable of executing conserved functions of rhabdomeric photoreceptor differentiation. In particular, Tribolium and Daphnia orthologs are capable of substituting and rescuing the photoreceptor differentiation defects observed in their corresponding Drosophila mutants. Furthermore, loss of function analysis in Tribolium of both Pph13 and orthodenticle genes demonstrate they regulate opsin transcription and morphogenesis of the photoreceptor apical membrane. Our data illuminate a framework for rhabdomeric photoreceptor differentiation and provide the foundation for defining the ancestral regulatory modules for rhabdomeric differentiation and potential modifications that underlie the functional diversity observed in rhabdomeric photoreceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simpla Mahato
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Shinichi Morita
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Abraham E. Tucker
- Department of Biology, Southern Arkansas University, Magnolia, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Xulong Liang
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Magdalena Jackowska
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Markus Friedrich
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University, School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Yasuhiro Shiga
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Andrew C. Zelhof
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Russo MT, Racioppi C, Zanetti L, Ristoratore F. Expression of a single prominin homolog in the embryo of the model chordate Ciona intestinalis. Gene Expr Patterns 2014; 15:38-45. [PMID: 24755348 DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Prominins are a family of pentaspan transmembrane glycoproteins, expressed in various types of cells, including stem and cancer stem cells in mammals. Prominin-1 is critical in generating and maintaining the structure of the photoreceptors in the eye since mutations in the PROM1 gene are associated with retinal and macular degeneration in human. In this study, we identified a single prominin homolog, Ci-prom1/2, in the model chordate the ascidian Ciona intestinalis and characterized Ci-prom1/2 expression profile in relation to photoreceptor differentiation during Ciona embryonic development. In situ hybridization experiments show Ci-prom1/2 transcripts localized in the developing central nervous system, predominantly in photoreceptor cell precursors as early as neurula stage and expression is maintained through larva stage in photoreceptor cells around the simple eye. We also isolated the regulatory region responsible for the specific spatio-temporal expression of the Ci-prom1/2 in photoreceptor cell lineage. Collectively, we report that Ci-prom1/2 is a novel molecular marker for ascidian photoreceptor cells and might represent a potential source to enlarge the knowledge about the function of prominin family in photoreceptor cell evolution and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monia T Russo
- Cellular and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dorhn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy
| | - Claudia Racioppi
- Cellular and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dorhn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy
| | - Laura Zanetti
- Cellular and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dorhn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy
| | - Filomena Ristoratore
- Cellular and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dorhn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy.
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Gurudev N, Yuan M, Knust E. chaoptin, prominin, eyes shut and crumbs form a genetic network controlling the apical compartment of Drosophila photoreceptor cells. Biol Open 2014; 3:332-41. [PMID: 24705015 PMCID: PMC4021355 DOI: 10.1242/bio.20147310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The apical surface of epithelial cells is often highly specialised to fulfil cell type-specific functions. Many epithelial cells expand their apical surface by forming microvilli, actin-based, finger-like membrane protrusions. The apical surface of Drosophila photoreceptor cells (PRCs) forms tightly packed microvilli, which are organised into the photosensitive rhabdomeres. As previously shown, the GPI-anchored adhesion protein Chaoptin is required for the stability of the microvilli, whereas the transmembrane protein Crumbs is essential for proper rhabdomere morphogenesis. Here we show that chaoptin synergises with crumbs to ensure optimal rhabdomere width. In addition, reduction of crumbs ameliorates morphogenetic defects observed in PRCs mutant for prominin and eyes shut, known antagonists of chaoptin. These results suggest that these four genes provide a balance of adhesion and anti-adhesion to maintain microvilli development and maintenance. Similar to crumbs mutant PRCs, PRCs devoid of prominin or eyes shut undergo light-dependent retinal degeneration. Given the observation that human orthologues of crumbs, prominin and eyes shut result in progressive retinal degeneration and blindness, the Drosophila eye is ideally suited to unravel the genetic and cellular mechanisms that ensure morphogenesis of PRCs and their maintenance under light-mediated stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagananda Gurudev
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Michaela Yuan
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Knust
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
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