1
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Chen OCW, Siebel S, Colaco A, Nicoli ER, Platt N, Shepherd D, Newman S, Armitage AE, Farhat NY, Seligmann G, Smith C, Smith DA, Abdul-Sada A, Jeyakumar M, Drakesmith H, Porter FD, Platt FM. Defective iron homeostasis and hematological abnormalities in Niemann-Pick disease type C1. Wellcome Open Res 2023; 7:267. [PMID: 37065726 PMCID: PMC10090865 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.17261.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Niemann-Pick disease type C1 (NPC1) is a neurodegenerative lysosomal storage disorder characterized by the accumulation of multiple lipids in the late endosome/lysosomal system and reduced acidic store calcium. The lysosomal system regulates key aspects of iron homeostasis, which prompted us to investigate whether there are hematological abnormalities and iron metabolism defects in NPC1. Methods: Iron-related hematological parameters, systemic and tissue metal ion and relevant hormonal and proteins levels, expression of specific pro-inflammatory mediators and erythrophagocytosis were evaluated in an authentic mouse model and in a large cohort of NPC patients. Results: Significant changes in mean corpuscular volume and corpuscular hemoglobin were detected in Npc1 -/- mice from an early age. Hematocrit, red cell distribution width and hemoglobin changes were observed in late-stage disease animals. Systemic iron deficiency, increased circulating hepcidin, decreased ferritin and abnormal pro-inflammatory cytokine levels were also found. Furthermore, there is evidence of defective erythrophagocytosis in Npc1 -/- mice and in an in vitro NPC1 cellular model. Comparable hematological changes, including low normal serum iron and transferrin saturation and low cerebrospinal fluid ferritin were confirmed in NPC1 patients. Conclusions: These data suggest loss of iron homeostasis and hematological abnormalities in NPC1 may contribute to the pathophysiology of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar C W Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, Oxfordshire, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Stephan Siebel
- Division of Translational Medicine, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Alexandria Colaco
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, Oxfordshire, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Elena-Raluca Nicoli
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, Oxfordshire, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Nick Platt
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, Oxfordshire, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Dawn Shepherd
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, Oxfordshire, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Stephanie Newman
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, Oxfordshire, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Andrew E Armitage
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Nicole Y Farhat
- Division of Translational Medicine, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - George Seligmann
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, Oxfordshire, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Claire Smith
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, Oxfordshire, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - David A Smith
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, Oxfordshire, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Alaa Abdul-Sada
- Chemistry Department, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, Sussex, BN1 9QJ, UK
| | - Mylvaganam Jeyakumar
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, Oxfordshire, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Hal Drakesmith
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Forbes D Porter
- Division of Translational Medicine, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Frances M Platt
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, Oxfordshire, OX1 3QT, UK
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2
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Chen OCW, Siebel S, Colaco A, Nicoli ER, Platt N, Shepherd D, Newman S, Armitage AE, Farhat NY, Seligmann G, Smith C, Smith DA, Abdul-Sada A, Jeyakumar M, Drakesmith H, Porter FD, Platt FM. Defective iron homeostasis and hematological abnormalities in Niemann-Pick disease type C1. Wellcome Open Res 2022; 7:267. [PMID: 37065726 PMCID: PMC10090865 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.17261.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Niemann-Pick disease type C1 (NPC1) is a neurodegenerative lysosomal storage disorder characterized by the accumulation of multiple lipids in the late endosome/lysosomal system and reduced acidic store calcium. The lysosomal system regulates key aspects of iron homeostasis, which prompted us to investigate whether there are hematological abnormalities and iron metabolism defects in NPC1. Methods: Iron-related hematological parameters, systemic and tissue metal ion and relevant hormonal and proteins levels, expression of specific pro-inflammatory mediators and erythrophagocytosis were evaluated in an authentic mouse model and in a large cohort of NPC patients. Results: Significant changes in mean corpuscular volume and corpuscular hemoglobin were detected in Npc1 -/- mice from an early age. Hematocrit, red cell distribution width and hemoglobin changes were observed in late-stage disease animals. Systemic iron deficiency, increased circulating hepcidin, decreased ferritin and abnormal pro-inflammatory cytokine levels were also found. Furthermore, there is evidence of defective erythrophagocytosis in Npc1 -/- mice and in an in vitro NPC1 cellular model. Comparable hematological changes, including low normal serum iron and transferrin saturation and low cerebrospinal fluid ferritin were confirmed in NPC1 patients. Conclusions: These data suggest loss of iron homeostasis and hematological abnormalities in NPC1 may contribute to the pathophysiology of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar C W Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, Oxfordshire, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Stephan Siebel
- Division of Translational Medicine, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Alexandria Colaco
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, Oxfordshire, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Elena-Raluca Nicoli
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, Oxfordshire, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Nick Platt
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, Oxfordshire, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Dawn Shepherd
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, Oxfordshire, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Stephanie Newman
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, Oxfordshire, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Andrew E Armitage
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Nicole Y Farhat
- Division of Translational Medicine, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - George Seligmann
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, Oxfordshire, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Claire Smith
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, Oxfordshire, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - David A Smith
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, Oxfordshire, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Alaa Abdul-Sada
- Chemistry Department, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, Sussex, BN1 9QJ, UK
| | - Mylvaganam Jeyakumar
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, Oxfordshire, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Hal Drakesmith
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Forbes D Porter
- Division of Translational Medicine, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Frances M Platt
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, Oxfordshire, OX1 3QT, UK
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3
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Meggyesy PM, Masaldan S, Clatworthy SAS, Volitakis I, Eyckens DJ, Aston-Mourney K, Cater MA. Copper Ionophores as Novel Antiobesity Therapeutics. Molecules 2020; 25:E4957. [PMID: 33120881 PMCID: PMC7672559 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25214957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic utility of the copper ionophore disulfiram was investigated in a diet-induced obesity mouse model (C57BL/6J background), both through administration in feed (0.05 to 1% (w/w)) and via oral gavage (150 mg/kg) for up to eight weeks. Mice were monitored for body weight, fat deposition (perigonadal fat pads), metabolic changes (e.g., glucose dyshomeostasis) and pathologies (e.g., hepatic steatosis, hyperglycaemia and hypertriglyceridemia) associated with a high-fat diet. Metal-related pharmacological effects across major organs and serums were investigated using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Disulfiram treatments (all modes) augmented hepatic copper in mice, markedly moderated body weight and abolished the deleterious systemic changes associated with a high-fat diet. Likewise, another chemically distinct copper ionophore H2(gtsm), administered daily (oral gavage), also augmented hepatic copper and moderated mouse body weight. Postmortem histological examinations of the liver and other major organs, together with serum aminotransferases, supported the reported therapeutic safety of disulfiram. Disulfiram specifically altered systemic copper in mice and altered hepatic copper metabolism, perturbing the incorporation of copper into ceruloplasmin (holo-ceruloplasmin biosynthesis) and subsequently reducing serum copper concentrations. Serum ceruloplasmin represents a biomarker for disulfiram activity. Our results establish copper ionophores as a potential class of antiobesity agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M. Meggyesy
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia; (P.M.M.); (S.M.); (S.A.S.C.)
| | - Shashank Masaldan
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia; (P.M.M.); (S.M.); (S.A.S.C.)
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia;
| | - Sharnel A. S. Clatworthy
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia; (P.M.M.); (S.M.); (S.A.S.C.)
| | - Irene Volitakis
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia;
| | - Daniel J. Eyckens
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia;
| | - Kathryn Aston-Mourney
- School of Medicine, IMPACT, Institute for Innovation in Physical and Mental Health and Clinical~Translation, Deakin University, Geelong 3220, Australia;
| | - Michael A. Cater
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia; (P.M.M.); (S.M.); (S.A.S.C.)
- Department of Clinical Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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4
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Pergande MR, Nguyen TTA, Haney-Ball C, Davidson CD, Cologna SM. Quantitative, Label-Free Proteomics in the Symptomatic Niemann-Pick, Type C1 Mouse Model Using Standard Flow Liquid Chromatography and Thermal Focusing Electrospray Ionization. Proteomics 2019; 19:e1800432. [PMID: 30888112 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201800432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Niemann-Pick disease, type C1 (NPC1) is a fatal, autosomal recessive, neurodegenerative disorder caused by mutations in the NPC1 gene. As a result, there is accumulation of unesterified cholesterol and sphingolipids in the late endosomal/lysosomal system. This abnormal accumulation results in a cascade of pathophysiological events including progressive, cerebellar neurodegeneration, among others. While significant progress has been made to better understand NPC1, the downstream effects of cholesterol storage and the major mechanisms that drive neurodegeneration remain unclear. In the current study, a) the use of a commercial, highly efficient standard flow-ESI platform for protein biomarker identification is implemented and b) protein biomarkers are identified and evaluated at a terminal time point in the NPC1 null mouse model. In this study, alterations are observed in proteins related to fatty acid homeostasis, calcium binding and regulation, lysosomal regulation, and inositol biosynthesis and metabolism, as well as signaling by Rho family GTPases. New observations from this study include altered expression of Pcp2 and Limp2 in Npc1 mutant mice relative to control, with Pcp2 exhibiting multiple isoforms and specific to the cerebella. This study provides valuable insight into pathways altered in the late-stage pathophysiology of NPC1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa R Pergande
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Thu T A Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | | | - Cristin D Davidson
- Rose F. Kennedy Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Stephanie M Cologna
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
- Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
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5
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Baguña Torres J, Yu Z, Bordoloi J, Sunassee K, Smith D, Smith C, Chen O, Purchase R, Tuschl K, Spencer J, Platt F, Blower PJ. Imaging of changes in copper trafficking and redistribution in a mouse model of Niemann-Pick C disease using positron emission tomography. Biometals 2019; 32:293-306. [PMID: 30847690 PMCID: PMC6437134 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-019-00185-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Niemann-Pick C disease (NPC) is an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorder resulting from mutations in the NPC1 (95% of cases) or NPC2 genes. Disturbance of copper homeostasis has been reported in NPC1 disease. In this study we have used whole-body positron emission tomography (PET) and brain electronic autoradiography with copper-64 (64Cu), in the form of the copper(II) bis(thiosemicarbazonato) complex 64Cu-GTSM, to image short-term changes in copper trafficking after intravenous injection in a transgenic mouse model of NPC1 disease. 64Cu-GTSM is taken up in all tissues and dissociates rapidly inside cells, allowing monitoring of the subsequent efflux and redistribution of 64Cu from all tissues. Significantly enhanced retention of 64Cu radioactivity was observed in brain, lungs and blood at 15 h post-injection in symptomatic Npc1-/- transgenic mice compared to wildtype controls. The enhanced retention of 64Cu in brain was confirmed by electronic autoradiography, particularly in the midbrain, thalamus, medulla and pons regions. Positron emission tomography imaging with 64Cu in selected chemical forms could be a useful diagnostic and research tool for the management and understanding of NPC1 disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Baguña Torres
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Zilin Yu
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Jayanta Bordoloi
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Kavitha Sunassee
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - David Smith
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Claire Smith
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Oscar Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Rupert Purchase
- Department of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9QJ, UK
| | - Karin Tuschl
- MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology IoPPN, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - John Spencer
- Department of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9QJ, UK
| | - Frances Platt
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Philip J Blower
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK.
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6
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Cytochrome b561, copper, β-cleaved amyloid precursor protein and niemann-pick C1 protein are involved in ascorbate-induced release and membrane penetration of heparan sulfate from endosomal S-nitrosylated glypican-1. Exp Cell Res 2017; 360:171-179. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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7
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Oe S, Miyagawa K, Honma Y, Harada M. Copper induces hepatocyte injury due to the endoplasmic reticulum stress in cultured cells and patients with Wilson disease. Exp Cell Res 2016; 347:192-200. [PMID: 27502587 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Copper is an essential trace element, however, excess copper is harmful to human health. Excess copper-derived oxidants contribute to the progression of Wilson disease, and oxidative stress induces accumulation of abnormal proteins. It is known that the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) plays an important role in proper protein folding, and that accumulation of misfolded proteins disturbs ER homeostasis resulting in ER stress. However, copper-induced ER homeostasis disturbance has not been fully clarified. We treated human hepatoma cell line (Huh7) and immortalized-human hepatocyte cell line (OUMS29) with copper and chemical chaperones, including 4-phenylbutyrate and ursodeoxycholic acid. We examined copper-induced oxidative stress, ER stress and apoptosis by immunofluorescence microscopy and immunoblot analyses. Furthermore, we examined the effects of copper on carcinogenesis. Excess copper induced not only oxidative stress but also ER stress. Furthermore, excess copper induced DNA damage and reduced cell proliferation. Chemical chaperones reduced this copper-induced hepatotoxicity. Excess copper induced hepatotoxicity via ER stress. We also confirmed the abnormality of ultra-structure of the ER of hepatocytes in patients with Wilson disease. These findings show that ER stress plays a pivotal role in Wilson disease, and suggests that chemical chaperones may have beneficial effects in the treatment of Wilson disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Oe
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan.
| | - Koichiro Miyagawa
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan.
| | - Yuichi Honma
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan.
| | - Masaru Harada
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan.
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8
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Harada M. Pathogenesis and management of Wilson disease. Hepatol Res 2014; 44:395-402. [PMID: 24450973 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.12301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Revised: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Hepatolenticular degeneration, commonly known as Wilson disease, is an autosomal recessive inherited disease of abnormal copper metabolism, characterized by the accumulation of copper in the body due to decreased biliary excretion of copper from hepatocytes. Wilson disease protein, ATP7B, functions in copper excretion into bile and in copper secretion to the bloodstream coupled with ceruloplasmin synthesis. Various kinds of mutations of ATP7B cause Wilson disease. Wilson disease is a rare genetic disease that can be treated pharmacologically. Recognition and prompt diagnosis are very important, because Wilson disease is fatal if left untreated. In this review, I summarize the pathogenesis and management of Wilson disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Harada
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
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9
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Hung YH, Faux NG, Killilea DW, Yanjanin N, Firnkes S, Volitakis I, Ganio G, Walterfang M, Hastings C, Porter FD, Ory DS, Bush AI. Altered transition metal homeostasis in Niemann-Pick disease, type C1. Metallomics 2014; 6:542-53. [PMID: 24343124 PMCID: PMC4178950 DOI: 10.1039/c3mt00308f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The loss of NPC1 protein function is the predominant cause of Niemann-Pick type C1 disease (NP-C1), a systemic and neurodegenerative disorder characterized by late-endosomal/lysosomal accumulation of cholesterol and other lipids. Limited evidence from post-mortem human tissues, an Npc1(-/-) mouse model, and cell culture studies also suggest failure of metal homeostasis in NP-C1. To investigate these findings, we performed a comprehensive transition metal analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), plasma and tissue samples from human NP-C1 patients and an Npc1(-/-) mouse model. NPC1 deficiency in the Npc1(-/-) mouse model resulted in a perturbation of transition metal homeostasis in the plasma and key organs (brain, liver, spleen, heart, lungs, and kidneys). Analysis of human patient CSF, plasma and post-mortem brain tissues also indicated disrupted metal homeostasis. There was a disparity in the direction of metal changes between the human and the Npc1(-/-) mouse samples, which may reflect species-specific metal metabolism. Nevertheless, common to both species is brain zinc accumulation. Furthermore, treatment with the glucosylceramide synthase inhibitor miglustat, the only drug shown in a controlled clinical trial to have some efficacy for NP-C1, did not correct the alterations in CSF and plasma transition metal and ceruloplasmin (CP) metabolism in NP-C1 patients. These findings highlight the importance of NPC1 function in metal homeostasis, and indicate that metal-targeting therapy may be of value as a treatment for NP-C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Hui Hung
- Oxidation Biology Unit, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Level 4, Kenneth Myer Building, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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10
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Pfaender S, Grabrucker AM. Characterization of biometal profiles in neurological disorders. Metallomics 2014; 6:960-77. [DOI: 10.1039/c4mt00008k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes the findings on dysregulation of metal ions in neurological diseases and tries to develop and predict specific biometal profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andreas M. Grabrucker
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology
- Ulm University
- Ulm, Germany
- WG Molecular Analysis of Synaptopathies
- Neurology Dept
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11
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Argüello G, Martinez P, Peña J, Chen O, Platt F, Zanlungo S, González M. Hepatic metabolic response to restricted copper intake in a Niemann–Pick C murine model. Metallomics 2014; 6:1527-39. [DOI: 10.1039/c4mt00056k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Niemann–Pick C disease (NPC) is a vesicular trafficking disorder primarily caused by mutations in theNpc1gene and characterized by liver dysfunction and neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graciela Argüello
- INTA
- Laboratorio de Bioinformática y Expresión Génica
- Universidad de Chile
- Santiago, Chile
- FONDAP-Center of Genome Regulation (CGR)
| | - Pablo Martinez
- Departamento de Gastroenterología
- Facultad de Medicina
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile
- Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Peña
- INTA
- Laboratorio de Bioinformática y Expresión Génica
- Universidad de Chile
- Santiago, Chile
| | - Oscar Chen
- Department of Pharmacology
- University of Oxford
- Oxford OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Frances Platt
- Department of Pharmacology
- University of Oxford
- Oxford OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Silvana Zanlungo
- FONDAP-Center of Genome Regulation (CGR)
- Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Gastroenterología
- Facultad de Medicina
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile
| | - Mauricio González
- INTA
- Laboratorio de Bioinformática y Expresión Génica
- Universidad de Chile
- Santiago, Chile
- FONDAP-Center of Genome Regulation (CGR)
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12
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Linder MC. The relationship of copper to DNA damage and damage prevention in humans. Mutat Res 2013; 733:83-91. [PMID: 23463874 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2012.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Copper ions are well suited to facilitate formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that can damage biomolecules, including DNA and chromatin. That this can occur in vitro with isolated DNA or chromatin,or by exposure of cultured mammalian cells to copper complexed with various agents, has been well demonstrated. Whether that is likely to occur in vivo is not as clear. This review addresses the question of whether and how copper ions or complexes – in forms that could be present in vivo, damage DNA and chromosome structure and/or promote epigenetic changes that can lead to pathology and diseases, including cancer and neurological conditions such as Alzheimer's disease, Lewy body dementias, and spongiform encephalopathies. This question is considered in light of our knowledge that copper-dependent enzymes are important contributors to antioxidant defense, and that the mammalian organism has robust mechanisms for maintaining constant levels of copper not only in body fluids but in its major organs. Overall,and except in unusual genetic states that lead to copper overload in specific cells (particularly those in liver), it appears that excessive intake of copper is not a significant factor in the development of disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C Linder
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Fullerton, CA 92834-6866, USA.
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13
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Abstract
Copper is an essential trace metal that is required for the catalysis of several important cellular enzymes. However, since an excess of copper can also harm cells due to its potential to catalyze the generation of toxic reactive oxygen species, transport of copper and the cellular copper content are tightly regulated. This chapter summarizes the current knowledge on the importance of copper for cellular processes and on the mechanisms involved in cellular copper uptake, storage and export. In addition, we will give an overview on disturbances of copper homeostasis that are characterized by copper overload or copper deficiency or have been connected with neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivo Scheiber
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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Oxidative stress: a pathogenic mechanism for Niemann-Pick type C disease. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2012; 2012:205713. [PMID: 22720116 PMCID: PMC3374944 DOI: 10.1155/2012/205713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Revised: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Niemann-Pick type C (NPC) disease is a neurovisceral atypical lipid storage disorder involving the accumulation of cholesterol and other lipids in the late endocytic pathway. The pathogenic mechanism that links the accumulation of intracellular cholesterol with cell death in NPC disease in both the CNS and the liver is currently unknown. Oxidative stress has been observed in the livers and brains of NPC mice and in different NPC cellular models. Moreover, there is evidence of an elevation of oxidative stress markers in the serumof NPC patients. Recent evidence strongly suggests that mitochondrial dysfunction plays an important role in NPC pathogenesis and that mitochondria could be a significant source of oxidative stress in this disease. In this context, the accumulation of vitamin E in the late endosomal/lysosomal compartments in NPC could lead to a potential decrease of its bioavailability and could be another possible cause of oxidative damage. Another possible source of reactive species in NPC is the diminished activity of different antioxidant enzymes. Moreover, because NPC is mainly caused by the accumulation of free cholesterol, oxidized cholesterol derivatives produced by oxidative stress may contribute to the pathogenesis of the disease.
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Vázquez MC, Martínez P, Alvarez AR, González M, Zanlungo S. Increased copper levels in in vitro and in vivo models of Niemann-Pick C disease. Biometals 2012; 25:777-86. [DOI: 10.1007/s10534-012-9546-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2011] [Accepted: 03/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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16
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Connemann BJ, Gahr M, Schmid M, Runz H, Freudenmann RW. Low ceruloplasmin in a patient with Niemann-Pick Type C disease. J Clin Neurosci 2012; 19:620-1. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2011.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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17
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Lysosomal vitamin E accumulation in Niemann–Pick type C disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2012; 1822:150-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2011.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Revised: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Vázquez MC, del Pozo T, Robledo FA, Carrasco G, Pavez L, Olivares F, González M, Zanlungo S. Alteration of gene expression profile in Niemann-Pick type C mice correlates with tissue damage and oxidative stress. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28777. [PMID: 22216111 PMCID: PMC3245218 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2010] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Niemann-Pick type C disease (NPC) is a neurovisceral lipid storage disorder mainly characterized by unesterified cholesterol accumulation in lysosomal/late endosomal compartments, although there is also an important storage for several other kind of lipids. The main tissues affected by the disease are the liver and the cerebellum. Oxidative stress has been described in various NPC cells and tissues, such as liver and cerebellum. Although considerable alterations occur in the liver, the pathological mechanisms involved in hepatocyte damage and death have not been clearly defined. Here, we assessed hepatic tissue integrity, biochemical and oxidative stress parameters of wild-type control (Npc1(+/+); WT) and homozygous-mutant (Npc1(-/-); NPC) mice. In addition, the mRNA abundance of genes encoding proteins associated with oxidative stress, copper metabolism, fibrosis, inflammation and cholesterol metabolism were analyzed in livers and cerebella of WT and NPC mice. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We analyzed various oxidative stress parameters in the liver and hepatic and cerebellum gene expression in 7-week-old NPC1-deficient mice compared with control animals. We found signs of inflammation and fibrosis in NPC livers upon histological examination. These signs were correlated with increased levels of carbonylated proteins, diminished total glutathione content and significantly increased total copper levels in liver tissue. Finally, we analyzed liver and cerebellum gene expression patterns by qPCR and microarray assays. We found a correlation between fibrotic tissue and differential expression of hepatic as well as cerebellar genes associated with oxidative stress, fibrosis and inflammation in NPC mice. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE In NPC mice, liver disease is characterized by an increase in fibrosis and in markers associated with oxidative stress. NPC is also correlated with altered gene expression, mainly of genes involved in oxidative stress and fibrosis. These findings correlate with similar parameters in cerebellum, as has been previously reported in the NPC mice model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary C. Vázquez
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Talía del Pozo
- Laboratorio de Bioinformática y Expresión Génica, INTA, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- FONDAP-Center of Genome Regulation (CGR), Santiago, Chile
| | - Fermín A. Robledo
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Leonardo Pavez
- Laboratorio de Bioinformática y Expresión Génica, INTA, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe Olivares
- Laboratorio de Bioinformática y Expresión Génica, INTA, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mauricio González
- Laboratorio de Bioinformática y Expresión Génica, INTA, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Laboratorio de Bioinformática y Matemáticas del Genoma, Centro de Modelamiento Matemático (CMM), Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- FONDAP-Center of Genome Regulation (CGR), Santiago, Chile
| | - Silvana Zanlungo
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- FONDAP-Center of Genome Regulation (CGR), Santiago, Chile
- * E-mail:
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Yanagimoto C, Harada M, Kumemura H, Abe M, Koga H, Sakata M, Kawaguchi T, Terada K, Hanada S, Taniguchi E, Ninomiya H, Ueno T, Sugiyama T, Sata M. Copper incorporation into ceruloplasmin is regulated by Niemann-Pick C1 protein. Hepatol Res 2011; 41:484-91. [PMID: 21518405 DOI: 10.1111/j.1872-034x.2011.00788.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
AIM Wilson disease is a genetic disorder of copper metabolism characterized by impaired biliary copper excretion. Wilson disease gene product (ATP7B) functions in copper incorporation to ceruloplasmin (Cp) and biliary copper excretion. Our previous study showed the late endosome localization of ATP7B and described the copper transport pathway from the late endosome to trans-Golgi network (TGN). However, the cellular localization of ATP7B and copper metabolism in hepatocytes remains controversial. The present study was performed to evaluate the role of Niemann-Pick type C (NPC) gene product NPC1 on intracellular copper transport in hepatocytes. METHODS We induced the NPC phenotype using U18666A to modulate the vesicle traffic from the late endosome to TGN. Then, we examined the effect of NPC1 overexpression on the localization of ATP7B and secretion of holo-Cp, a copper-binding mature form of Cp. RESULTS Overexpression of NPC1 increased holo-Cp secretion to culture medium of U18666A-treated cells, but did not affect the secretion of albumin. Manipulation of NPC1 function affected the localization of ATP7B and late endosome markers, but did not change the localization of a TGN marker. ATP7B co-localized with the late endosome markers, but not with the TGN marker. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that ATP7B localizes in the late endosomes and that copper in the late endosomes is transported to the secretory compartment via an NPC1-dependent pathway and incorporated into Cp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chikatoshi Yanagimoto
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine and Research Center for Innovative Cancer Therapy of the 21st Century COE Program for Medical Science, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume Yanagimoto-naika, Itoshima The Third Department of Internal Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan School of Medicine, Kitakyushu Department of Medicine, Onoba Hospital Biochemistry, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita Department of Neurobiology, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago, Japan
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Goez HR, Jacob FD, Fealey RD, Patterson MC, Ramaswamy V, Persad R, Johnson ES, Yager JY. An unusual presentation of copper metabolism disorder and a possible connection with Niemann-Pick type C. J Child Neurol 2011; 26:518-21. [PMID: 21273508 DOI: 10.1177/0883073810383983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal copper metabolism has been linked with neurological disorders, such as Wilson and Menkes disease. Another disorder causing symptoms similar to copper metabolism disorder is Niemann-Pick type C. However, a definite pathophysiological connection between Niemann-Pick type C and copper metabolism disorders has never been established. The authors present an adolescent with an unusual presentation of copper deficiency-dysarthria, ataxia, and vertical gaze paresis, without significant cognitive degeneration or pathological magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The patient was found to carry 2 mutations in the NPC1 gene. A possible link, explaining how copper deficiency might induce the Niemann-Pick phenotype might involve overproduction of cholesterol and inhibition of acid sphingomyelinase. We suggest that copper metabolism disorders be included in the differential diagnosis for ataxia and dysarthria, even in cases with unusual presentations. Moreover, should the connection between copper and Niemann-Pick be validated, screening for copper metabolism disorders may be advisable in Niemann-Pick type C patients and vice-versa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helly R Goez
- Stollery Children’s Hospital in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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Harada M, Miyagawa K, Honma Y, Hiura M, Shibata M, Matsuhashi T, Abe S, Harada R, Tabaru A. Excess copper chelating therapy for Wilson disease induces anemia and liver dysfunction. Intern Med 2011; 50:1461-4. [PMID: 21757830 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.50.5209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A 37-year-old man was diagnosed with Wilson disease at the age of 14. His first manifestations were neurological. He was treated with trientine for more than 10 years and suffered from anemia and liver dysfunction. Wilson disease is a genetic disorder characterized by accumulation of copper in the body. Excess copper is toxic, but copper is an essential trace element. Copper-binding ceruloplasmin is important for iron metabolism. Excess copper chelating treatment-induced anemia and iron deposition in the liver was suspected. Proper monitoring of copper status is important for the management of Wilson disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Harada
- The Third Department of Internal Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan School of Medicine, Japan.
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22
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Csepeggi C, Jiang M, Kojima F, Crofford LJ, Frolov A. Somatic cell plasticity and Niemann-Pick type C2 protein: fibroblast activation. J Biol Chem 2010; 286:2078-87. [PMID: 21084287 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.135897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A growing body of evidence points toward activated fibroblasts, also known as myofibroblasts, as one of the leading mediators in several major human pathologies including proliferative fibrotic disorders, invasive tumor growth, rheumatoid arthritis, and atherosclerosis. Niemann-Pick Type C2 (NPC2) protein has been recently identified as a product of the second gene in NPC disease. It encodes ubiquitous, highly conserved, secretory protein with the poorly defined function. Here we show that NPC2 deficiency in human fibroblasts confers their activation. The activation phenomenon was not limited to fibroblasts as it was also observed in aortic smooth muscle cells upon silencing NPC2 gene by siRNA. More importantly, activated synovial fibroblasts isolated from patients with rheumatoid arthritis were also identified as NPC2-deficient at both the NPC2 mRNA and protein levels. The molecular mechanism responsible for activation of NPC2-null cells was shown to be a sustained phosphorylation of ERK 1/2 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), which fulfills both the sufficient and necessary fibroblast activation criteria. All of these findings highlight a novel mechanism where NPC2 by negatively regulating ERK 1/2 MAPK phosphorylation may efficiently suppress development of maladaptive tissue remodeling and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad Csepeggi
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, USA
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Crisponi G, Nurchi VM, Fanni D, Gerosa C, Nemolato S, Faa G. Copper-related diseases: From chemistry to molecular pathology. Coord Chem Rev 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2009.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Lutsenko S. Human copper homeostasis: a network of interconnected pathways. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2010; 14:211-7. [PMID: 20117961 PMCID: PMC6365103 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2010.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 313] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2009] [Revised: 12/15/2009] [Accepted: 01/06/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Copper plays an essential role in normal human physiology. Copper misbalance affects heart development, CNS and liver function, influences lipid metabolism, inflammation, and resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs. Recent studies yielded new information on the structure, function, and regulation of human copper transporters, uncovered unanticipated functions for copper chaperones, and established connections between copper homeostasis and other metabolic pathways. It has become apparent that the copper trafficking machinery is regulated at several levels and that the cross-talk between cell compartments contributes to the intracellular copper balance. The human copper regulon is emerging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Lutsenko
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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25
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Abnormal gene expression in cerebellum of Npc1-/- mice during postnatal development. Brain Res 2010; 1325:128-40. [PMID: 20153740 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2009] [Revised: 01/31/2010] [Accepted: 02/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Niemann-Pick Type C (NPC) disease is an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder with abnormal lipid storage as the major cellular pathologic hallmark. Genetic analyses have identified mutations in NPC1 gene in the great majority of cases, while mutations in NPC2 account for the remainders. Yet little is known regarding the cellular mechanisms responsible for NPC pathogenesis, especially for neurodegeneration, which is the usual cause of death. To identify critical steps that could account for the pathological manifestations of the disease in one of the most affected brain structures, we performed global gene expression analysis in the cerebellum from 3-week old Npc1+/+ and Npc1-/- mice with two different microarray platforms (Agilent and Illumina). Differentially expressed genes identified by both microarray platforms were then subjected to KEGG pathway analysis. Expression of genes in six pathways was significantly altered in Npc1-/- mice; functionally, these signaling pathways belong to the following three categories: (1) steroid and terpenoid biosynthesis, (2) immune response, and (3) cell adhesion/motility. In addition, the expression of several proteins involved in lipid transport was significantly altered in Npc1-/- mice. Our results provide novel molecular insight regarding the mechanisms of pathogenesis in NPC disease and reveal potential new therapeutic targets.
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27
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Kolter T, Sandhoff K. Lysosomal degradation of membrane lipids. FEBS Lett 2009; 584:1700-12. [PMID: 19836391 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2009.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2009] [Accepted: 10/09/2009] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The constitutive degradation of membrane components takes place in the acidic compartments of a cell, the endosomes and lysosomes. Sites of lipid degradation are intralysosomal membranes that are formed in endosomes, where the lipid composition is adjusted for degradation. Cholesterol is sorted out of the inner membranes, their content in bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate increases, and, most likely, sphingomyelin is degraded to ceramide. Together with endosomal and lysosomal lipid-binding proteins, the Niemann-Pick disease, type C2-protein, the GM2-activator, and the saposins sap-A, -B, -C, and -D, a suitable membrane lipid composition is required for degradation of complex lipids by hydrolytic enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kolter
- LiMES - Life and Medical Sciences Institute, Membrane Biology and Lipid Biochemistry Unit, c/o Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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