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Melander E, Eriksson C, Wellens S, Hosseini K, Fredriksson R, Gosselet F, Culot M, Göransson U, Hammarlund-Udenaes M, Loryan I. Differential Blood-Brain Barrier Transport and Cell Uptake of Cyclic Peptides In Vivo and In Vitro. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15051507. [PMID: 37242750 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) poses major challenges to drug delivery to the CNS. SFTI-1 and kalata B1 are cyclic cell-penetrating peptides (cCPPs) with high potential to be used as scaffolds for drug delivery. We here studied their transport across the BBB and distribution within the brain to gauge the potential of these two cCPPs as scaffolds for CNS drugs. In a rat model, SFTI-1 exhibited, for a peptide, high extent of BBB transport with a partitioning of unbound SFTI-1 across the BBB, Kp,uu,brain, of 13%, while only 0.5% of kalata B1 equilibrated across the BBB. By contrast, kalata B1, but not SFTI-1, readily entered neural cells. SFTI-1, but not kalata B1, could be a potential CNS delivery scaffold for drugs directed to extracellular targets. These findings indicate that differences between the BBB transport and cellular uptake abilities of CPPs are crucial in the development of peptide scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Melander
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Camilla Eriksson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sara Wellens
- Laboratoire de la Barrière Hémato-Encéphalique (LBHE), Faculté des Sciences Jean Perrin, University of Artois, UR 2465, Rue Jean Souvraz SP18, F-62300 Lens, France
| | - Kimia Hosseini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Robert Fredriksson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Fabien Gosselet
- Laboratoire de la Barrière Hémato-Encéphalique (LBHE), Faculté des Sciences Jean Perrin, University of Artois, UR 2465, Rue Jean Souvraz SP18, F-62300 Lens, France
| | - Maxime Culot
- Laboratoire de la Barrière Hémato-Encéphalique (LBHE), Faculté des Sciences Jean Perrin, University of Artois, UR 2465, Rue Jean Souvraz SP18, F-62300 Lens, France
| | - Ulf Göransson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Irena Loryan
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden
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Atis M, Akcan U, Altunsu D, Ayvaz E, Uğur Yılmaz C, Sarıkaya D, Temizyürek A, Ahıshalı B, Girouard H, Kaya M. Targeting the blood-brain barrier disruption in hypertension by ALK5/TGF-Β type I receptor inhibitor SB-431542 and dynamin inhibitor dynasore. Brain Res 2022; 1794:148071. [PMID: 36058283 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2022.148071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In this study, we aimed to target two molecules, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) and dynamin to explore their roles in blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption in hypertension. METHODS For this purpose, angiotensin (ANG) II-induced hypertensive mice were treated with SB-431542, an inhibitor of the ALK5/TGF-β type I receptor, and dynasore, an inhibitor of dynamin. Albumin-Alexa fluor 594 was used to assess BBB permeability. The alterations in the expression of claudin-5, caveolin (Cav)-1, glucose transporter (Glut)-1, and SMAD4 in the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus were evaluated by quantification of immunofluorescence staining intensity. RESULTS ANG II infusion increased BBB permeability to albumin-Alexa fluor 594 which was reduced by SB-431542 (P < 0.01), but not by dynasore. In hypertensive animals treated with dynasore, claudin-5 immunofluorescence intensity increased in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus while it decreased in the cerebral cortex of SB-431542 treated hypertensive mice (P < 0.01). Both dynasore and SB-431542 prevented the increased Cav-1 immunofluorescence intensity in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of hypertensive animals (P < 0.01). SB-431542 and dynasore decreased Glut-1 immunofluorescence intensity in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of mice receiving ANG II (P < 0.01). SB-431542 increased SMAD4 immunofluorescence intensity in the cerebral cortex of hypertensive animals, while in the hippocampus a significant decrease was noted by both SB-431542 and dynasore (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION Our data suggest that inhibition of the TGFβ type I receptor prevents BBB disruption under hypertensive conditions. These results emphasize the therapeutic potential of targeting TGFβ signaling as a novel treatment modality to protect the brain of hypertensive patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muge Atis
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Koç University, 34450 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Uğur Akcan
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Koç University, 34450 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Deniz Altunsu
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Koç University, 34450 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ecem Ayvaz
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Koç University, 34450 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Canan Uğur Yılmaz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Bioscience, Biomedical Centrum, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Deniz Sarıkaya
- Department of Physiology, Koç University School of Medicine, 34450 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Arzu Temizyürek
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine, 34450 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Bülent Ahıshalı
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Koç University School of Medicine, 34450, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hélène Girouard
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Montreal University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Mehmet Kaya
- Department of Physiology, Koç University School of Medicine, 34450 Istanbul, Turkey; Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine, 34450 Istanbul, Turkey.
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Gs T, Aa A, Lr T, D CL, Oc M, Rs A, Mc W, Em DS. Suppression of TGF-β/Smad2 signaling by GW788388 enhances DENV-2 clearance in macrophages. J Med Virol 2022; 94:4359-4368. [PMID: 35596058 PMCID: PMC9544077 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Dengue fever, caused by the dengue virus (DENV‐1, −2, −3, and −4), affects millions of people in the tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. Severe dengue is correlated with high viraemia and cytokine storm, such as high levels of transforming growth factor‐β1 (TGF‐β1) in the patient's serum. Here, the TGF‐β1 signaling was investigated in the context of in vitro viral clearance. Macrophages were infected with DENV‐2 at MOI 5 and treated with the TGF‐β receptor 1 and 2 inhibitor, GW788388. TGF‐β1 expression, signal transduction and viral load were evaluated 48 h after DENV‐2 infection by enzyme‐linked immunoassay, immunofluorescence, and RT‐qPCR assays. Total TGF‐β1 level was reduced in 15% after DENV‐2 infection, but the secretion of its biologically active form increased threefold during infection, which was followed by the phosphorylation of Smad2 protein. Phosphorylation of Smad2 was reduced by treatment with GW788388 and it was correlated with reduced cytokine production. Importantly, treatment led to a dose‐dependent reduction in viral load, ranging from 6.6 × 105 RNA copies/ml in untreated cultures to 2.3 × 103 RNA copies/ml in cultures treated with 2 ng/ml of GW788388. The anti‐TGF‐β1 antibody treatment also induced a significant reduction in viral load to 1.6 × 103 RNA copies/ml. On the other hand, the addition of recombinant TGF‐β1 in infected cultures promoted an increase in viral load to 7.0 × 106 RNA copies/ml. These results support that TGF‐β1 plays a significant role in DENV‐2 replication into macrophages and suggest that targeting TGF‐β1 may represent an alternative therapeutic strategy to be explored in dengue infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teixeira Gs
- Laboratório de Morfologia e Morfogênese Viral
| | | | | | - Couto-Lima D
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoário
| | - Moreira Oc
- Plataforma de PCR em Tempo Real RPT09A, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas
| | - Abreu Rs
- Laboratório de Genômica Funcional e Bioinformática; Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Waghabi Mc
- Laboratório de Genômica Funcional e Bioinformática; Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - de Souza Em
- Laboratório de Morfologia e Morfogênese Viral.,Laboratório de Virologia Molecular
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Ali Hammood Keelo RM, Elbe H, Bicer Y, Yigitturk G, Koca O, Karayakali M, Acar D, Altinoz E. Treatment with crocin suppresses diabetic nephropathy progression via modulating TGF-β1 and oxidative stress in an experimental model of pinealectomized diabetic rats. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 351:109733. [PMID: 34743986 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
One of the most common complications of diabetes is diabetic nephropathy (DN). Uncontrolled hyperglycemia leads to histopathologic alterations in the kidney that prevent normal renal function. This study aimed to explore the effects of crocin treatment via virtue of its numerous beneficial properties in streptozotocin-induced pinealectomized diabetic rats. The pinealectomy procedure was conducted on the first day of the study. On the 30th day following pinealectomy, streptozotocin (STZ) (50 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally in Wistar rats for induction of diabetes. Diabetes was confirmed on the 3rd day following STZ administration by determining the glucose levels. Daily crocin treatment intraperitoneally for 15 days (50 mg/kg) ameliorated impaired renal oxidant/antioxidant balance, reduced TGF-β1 immuno-staining around tubules, and promoted improvement of renal architecture. Moreover, crocin administration improved altered renal function parameters, including serum Cr and BUN, and also increased creatinine clearance. In conclusion, the protective effects of crocin on diabetic nephropathy might be associated with its powerful antioxidant properties, its ability to improve tissue antioxidant status, and its ability to prevent inflammatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hulya Elbe
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Mugla Sıtkı Kocman University, Mugla, Turkey
| | - Yasemin Bicer
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Karabuk University, Karabuk, Turkey
| | - Gurkan Yigitturk
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Mugla Sıtkı Kocman University, Mugla, Turkey
| | - Oguzhan Koca
- Department of Biochemistry, Karabuk University Education and Research Hospital, Karabuk, Turkey
| | - Melike Karayakali
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Karabuk University, Karabuk, Turkey
| | - Derya Acar
- Department of Anatomy, Vocational School of Health Services, Karabuk University, Karabuk, Turkey
| | - Eyup Altinoz
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Karabuk University, Karabuk, Turkey.
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András IE, Sewell BB, Toborek M. HIV-1 and Amyloid Beta Remodel Proteome of Brain Endothelial Extracellular Vesicles. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21082741. [PMID: 32326569 PMCID: PMC7215366 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloid beta (Aβ) depositions are more abundant in HIV-infected brains. The blood-brain barrier, with its backbone created by endothelial cells, is assumed to be a core player in Aβ homeostasis and may contribute to Aβ accumulation in the brain. Exposure to HIV increases shedding of extracellular vesicles (EVs) from human brain endothelial cells and alters EV-Aβ levels. EVs carrying various cargo molecules, including a complex set of proteins, can profoundly affect the biology of surrounding neurovascular unit cells. In the current study, we sought to examine how exposure to HIV, alone or together with Aβ, affects the surface and total proteomic landscape of brain endothelial EVs. By using this unbiased approach, we gained an unprecedented, high-resolution insight into these changes. Our data suggest that HIV and Aβ profoundly remodel the proteome of brain endothelial EVs, altering the pathway networks and functional interactions among proteins. These events may contribute to the EV-mediated amyloid pathology in the HIV-infected brain and may be relevant to HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorders.
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András IE, Garcia-Contreras M, Yanick C, Perez P, Sewell B, Durand L, Toborek M. Extracellular vesicle-mediated amyloid transfer to neural progenitor cells: implications for RAGE and HIV infection. Mol Brain 2020; 13:21. [PMID: 32066471 PMCID: PMC7027073 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-020-0562-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloid beta (Aβ) deposition was demonstrated to be elevated in the brains of HIV-infected patients and associated with neurocognitive decline; however, the mechanisms of these processes are poorly understood. The goal of the current study was to address the hypothesis that Aβ can be transferred via extracellular vesicles (ECVs) from brain endothelial cells to neural progenitor cells (NPCs) and that this process can contribute to abnormal NPC differentiation. Mechanistically, we focused on the role of the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) and activation of the inflammasome in these events. ECVs loaded with Aβ (Aβ-ECVs) were readily taken up by NPCs and Aβ partly colocalized with the inflammasome markers ASC and NLRP3 in the nuclei of the recipient NPCs. This colocalization was affected by HIV and RAGE inhibition by a high-affinity specific inhibitor FPS-ZM1. Blocking RAGE resulted also in an increase in ECV number produced by brain endothelial cells, decreased Aβ content in ECVs, and diminished Aβ-ECVs transfer to NPC nuclei. Interestingly, both Aβ-ECVs and RAGE inhibition altered NPC differentiation. Overall, these data indicate that RAGE inhibition affects brain endothelial ECV release and Aβ-ECVs transfer to NPCs. These events may modulate ECV-mediated amyloid pathology in the HIV-infected brain and contribute to the development of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibolya E. András
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami School of Medicine, 1011 NW 15th Street, Gautier Building, Room 528, Miami, FL 33136-1019 USA
| | - Marta Garcia-Contreras
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami School of Medicine, 1450 NW 10th Ave, Miami, FL 33136-1011 USA
| | - Christopher Yanick
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami School of Medicine, 1011 NW 15th Street, Gautier Building, Room 528, Miami, FL 33136-1019 USA
| | - Paola Perez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami School of Medicine, 1011 NW 15th Street, Gautier Building, Room 528, Miami, FL 33136-1019 USA
| | - Brice Sewell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami School of Medicine, 1011 NW 15th Street, Gautier Building, Room 528, Miami, FL 33136-1019 USA
| | - Leonardo Durand
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami School of Medicine, 1011 NW 15th Street, Gautier Building, Room 528, Miami, FL 33136-1019 USA
| | - Michal Toborek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami School of Medicine, 1011 NW 15th Street, Gautier Building, Room 528, Miami, FL 33136-1019 USA
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HIV Infection Induces Extracellular Cathepsin B Uptake and Damage to Neurons. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8006. [PMID: 31142756 PMCID: PMC6541605 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44463-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders prevail in 20-50 percent of infected individuals. Macrophages transmigrate through the blood brain barrier during HIV-1 infection, triggering neuronal dysfunction. HIV-infected macrophages secrete cathepsin B (CATB), and serum amyloid p component (SAPC), inducing neuronal apoptosis by an unknown mechanism. We hypothesized that HIV infection facilitates CATB/SAPC secretion from macrophages followed by neuronal internalization, promoting dysfunction. SK-N-SH neuronal cells were exposed to active recombinant histidine-tagged cathepsin B (His-CATB). His-CATB entry was tracked by intracellular flow cytometry, and neuronal dysfunction was verified by western blot. Macrophage-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) were tested for the presence of CATB and SAPC. Neurons internalized His-CATB, an effect that was partially decreased by pre-treatment with anti-CATB antibody. Pre-treatment with CATB and SAPC antibodies decreased cleavage of caspase-3 and restored synaptophysin in neurons. Neurons exposed to macrophage-conditioned media differentially internalized His-CATB, dependent on the HIV replication levels. Finally, CATB and SAPC were secreted in EVs. We report for the first time that CATB is secreted from macrophages both free and in EVs, and is internalized by neurons. Moreover, HIV-replication levels modulate the amount of CATB neuronal uptake, and neuronal dysfunction can be decreased with CATB antibodies. In conclusion, the CATB/SAPC complex represents a novel target against HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders.
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Role of Cav-1 in HIV-1 Tat-Induced Dysfunction of Tight Junctions and A β-Transferring Proteins. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:3403206. [PMID: 31217837 PMCID: PMC6537002 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3403206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the role of caveolin-1 (Cav-1) in HIV-1 Tat-induced dysfunction of tight junction and amyloid β-peptide- (Aβ-) transferring proteins. Methods A Cav-1 shRNA interference target sequence was cloned into the lentiviral vector pHBLV-U6-Scramble-ZsGreen-Puro and verified by double enzyme digestion and DNA sequencing. Human cerebral microvascular endothelium (HBEC-5i) cells were transduced with viral particles made in 293T cells by transfection with lentiviral packaging plasmids. HBEC-5i cells transduced with Cav-1 shRNA or Ctr shRNA were exposed to HIV-1 Tat for 24 h, and the protein and mRNA levels of the tight junction protein occludin, Aβ-transferring protein, receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein- (LRP-) 1, and RhoA were evaluated with Western blot and real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) assays, respectively. Results After sequencing, an RNA interference recombinant lentivirus expressing a vector targeting Cav-1 was successfully established. The recombined lentiviral particles were made by using 293T cells to package the recombined lentiviral vector. A stable monoclonal cell line with strong GFP expression was acquired with a Cav-1 knockdown rate of 85.7%. The occludin protein and mRNA levels in the Ctr shRNA group were decreased with HIV-1 Tat exposure but were upregulated in the Cav-1 shRNA group. The HIV-1 Tat-induced alterations of RAGE and LRP-1 protein and mRNA levels in the Ctr shRNA group were attenuated in the Cav-1 shRNA group. The RhoA protein levels in the Ctr shRNA group were upregulated by HIV-1 Tat exposure but were downregulated in the Cav-1 shRNA group. Conclusion These results show that HIV-1 Tat-induced downregulation of occludin and LRP-1 and upregulation of RAGE and RhoA may result in the accumulation of Aβ in the brain. Silencing the Cav-1 gene with shRNA plays a key role in the protection against HIV-1 Tat-induced dysfunction of the blood-brain barrier and Aβ accumulation.
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HIV-1 Transactivator Protein Induces ZO-1 and Neprilysin Dysfunction in Brain Endothelial Cells via the Ras Signaling Pathway. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:3160360. [PMID: 28553432 PMCID: PMC5434241 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3160360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid beta (Aβ) deposition is increased in human immunodeficiency virus-1- (HIV-1-) infected brain, but the mechanisms are not fully understood. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the role of Ras signaling in HIV-1 transactivator protein- (Tat-) induced Aβ accumulation in human cerebral microvascular endothelial cells (HBEC-5i). Cell viability assay showed that 1 μg/mL Tat and 20 μmol/L of the Ras inhibitor farnesylthiosalicylic acid (FTS) had no significant effect on HBEC-5i cell viability after 24 h exposure. Exposure to Tat decreased protein and mRNA levels of zonula occludens- (ZO-) 1 and Aβ-degrading enzyme neprilysin (NEP) in HBEC-5i cells as determined by western blotting and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Exposure to Tat also increased transendothelial transfer of Aβ and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels; however, these effects were attenuated by FTS. Collectively, these results suggest that the Ras signaling pathway is involved in HIV-1 Tat-induced changes in ZO-1 and NEP, as well as Aβ deposition in HBEC-5i cells. FTS partially protects blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity and inhibits Aβ accumulation.
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András IE, Leda A, Contreras MG, Bertrand L, Park M, Skowronska M, Toborek M. Extracellular vesicles of the blood-brain barrier: Role in the HIV-1 associated amyloid beta pathology. Mol Cell Neurosci 2016; 79:12-22. [PMID: 28040512 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2016.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-infected brains are characterized by increased amyloid beta (Aβ) deposition. It is believed that the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is critical for Aβ homeostasis and contributes to Aβ accumulation in the brain. Extracellular vesicles (ECV), like exosomes, recently gained a lot of attention as potentially playing a significant role in Aβ pathology. In addition, HIV-1 hijacks the exosomal pathway for budding and release. Therefore, we investigated the involvement of BBB-derived ECV in the HIV-1-induced Aβ pathology in the brain. Our results indicate that HIV-1 increases ECV release from brain endothelial cells as well as elevates their Aβ cargo when compared to controls. Interestingly, brain endothelial cell-derived ECV transferred Aβ to astrocytes and pericytes. Infusion of brain endothelial ECV carrying fluorescent Aβ into the internal carotid artery of mice resulted in Aβ fluorescence associated with brain microvessels and in the brain parenchyma. These results suggest that ECV carrying Aβ can be successfully transferred across the BBB into the brain. Based on these observations, we conclude that HIV-1 facilitates the shedding of brain endothelial ECV carrying Aβ; a process that may increase Aβ exposure of cells of neurovascular unit, and contribute to amyloid deposition in HIV-infected brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibolya E András
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1011 NW 15th Street, Gautier Building, Room 528, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136-1019, USA.
| | - Ana Leda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1011 NW 15th Street, Gautier Building, Room 528, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136-1019, USA
| | - Marta Garcia Contreras
- Diabetes Research Institute, 1450 NW 10th Ave, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136-1011, USA
| | - Luc Bertrand
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1011 NW 15th Street, Gautier Building, Room 528, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136-1019, USA
| | - Minseon Park
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1011 NW 15th Street, Gautier Building, Room 528, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136-1019, USA
| | - Marta Skowronska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1011 NW 15th Street, Gautier Building, Room 528, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136-1019, USA
| | - Michal Toborek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1011 NW 15th Street, Gautier Building, Room 528, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136-1019, USA.
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HIV-1 Tat Regulates Occludin and Aβ Transfer Receptor Expression in Brain Endothelial Cells via Rho/ROCK Signaling Pathway. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:4196572. [PMID: 27563375 PMCID: PMC4985576 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4196572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 transactivator protein (Tat) has been shown to play an important role in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the relationship between occludin and amyloid-beta (Aβ) transfer receptors in human cerebral microvascular endothelial cells (hCMEC/D3) in the context of HIV-1-related pathology. The protein expressions of occludin, receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), and low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) in hCMEC/D3 cells were examined using western blotting and immunofluorescent staining. The mRNA levels of occludin, RAGE, and LRP1 were measured using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. HIV-1 Tat at 1 µg/mL and the Rho inhibitor hydroxyfasudil (HF) at 30 µmol/L, with 24 h exposure, had no significant effect on hCMEC/D3 cell viability. Treatment with HIV-1 Tat protein decreased mRNA and protein levels of occludin and LRP1 and upregulated the expression of RAGE; however, these effects were attenuated by HF. These data suggest that the Rho/ROCK signaling pathway is involved in HIV-1 Tat-mediated changes in occludin, RAGE, and LRP1 in hCMEC/D3 cells. HF may have a beneficial influence by protecting the integrity of the blood-brain barrier and the expression of Aβ transfer receptors.
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De Bock M, Van Haver V, Vandenbroucke RE, Decrock E, Wang N, Leybaert L. Into rather unexplored terrain-transcellular transport across the blood-brain barrier. Glia 2016; 64:1097-123. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.22960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marijke De Bock
- Physiology Group, Department of Basic Medical Sciences; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
| | - Valérie Van Haver
- Physiology Group, Department of Basic Medical Sciences; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
| | - Roosmarijn E. Vandenbroucke
- Inflammation Research Center, VIB; Ghent Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
| | - Elke Decrock
- Physiology Group, Department of Basic Medical Sciences; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
| | - Nan Wang
- Physiology Group, Department of Basic Medical Sciences; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
| | - Luc Leybaert
- Physiology Group, Department of Basic Medical Sciences; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
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Yu R, Mao J, Yang Y, Zhang Y, Tian Y, Zhu J. Protective effects of calcitriol on diabetic nephropathy are mediated by down regulation of TGF-β1 and CIP4 in diabetic nephropathy rat. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2015; 8:3503-3512. [PMID: 26097534 PMCID: PMC4466921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the protective effects of calcitriol on diabetic nephropathy by modulating the expressions of transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) and Cdc42 interacting protein-4 (CIP4). METHODS Streptozotocin-induced diabetic nephropathy rats (n=36) were randomly divided into control group (control-H, control-M, control-L) and calcitriol group (calcitriol-H, calcitriol-M, calcitriol-L). The expression of TGF-β1 gradually decreased in control-H, control-M and control-L subgroups by injection of different virus vectors. Peanut oil and calcitriol were given to control and calcitriol group, respectively. The expressions of TGF-β1 and CIP4 in kidney, the pathology, and the renal function and lipid profiles were compared between control and calcitriol treatment groups. RESULTS In the control group, the higher level of TGF-β1 was associated with more severe glomerular pathology (P<0.05). There is a positive correlation between the expression of CIP4 and TGF-β1. Control-H subgroup had significant more severe kidney disease, higher levels of cholesterol, triglyceride, blood glucose, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (Cr) than control-M and control-L subgroups. After calcitriol treatment, the expression of TGF-β1 and CIP4 were significantly decreased compared to the corresponding control subgroups (all P<0.05). Renal fibrosis and pathological changes were markedly improved. The levels of cholesterol, triglyceride, blood glucose, BUN and Cr were significantly reduced (P<0.05). CONCLUSION Calcitriol may protect diabetic nephropathy from fibrosis via inhibition of TGF-β1 and CIP4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Yu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical UniversityUrumqi 830054, China
| | - Jiangfeng Mao
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College HospitalBeijing 100730, China
| | - Ye Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical UniversityUrumqi 830054, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical UniversityUrumqi 830054, China
| | - Yanyan Tian
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical UniversityUrumqi 830054, China
| | - Jun Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical UniversityUrumqi 830054, China
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Compounds blocking methylglyoxal-induced protein modification and brain endothelial injury. Arch Med Res 2014; 45:753-64. [PMID: 25446614 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2014.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Elevated levels of reactive carbonyl species such as methylglyoxal triggers carbonyl stress and activates a series of inflammatory responses leading to accelerated vascular damage. Carbonyl stress is implicated in conditions and diseases like aging, diabetes mellitus, Alzheimer's disease and cardiovascular diseases. Our aim was to examine the effects of methylglyoxal on human hCMEC/D3 brain endothelial cells and search for protective molecules to prevent endothelial damage. METHODS Methylglyoxal-induced modification of albumin was tested in a cell-free assay. Endothelial cell viability was monitored by impedance measurement in real-time. The following compounds were tested in cell-free and viability assays: β-alanine, all-trans-retinoic acid, aminoguanidine, ascorbic acid, L-carnosine, GW-3333, indapamide, piracetam, γ-tocopherol, U0126, verapamil. Barrier function of brain endothelial monolayers was characterized by permeability measurements and visualized by immunohistochemistry for β-catenin. mRNA expression level of 60 selected blood-brain barrier-related genes in hCMEC/D3 cells was investigated by a custom Taqman gene array. RESULTS Methylglyoxal treatment significantly elevated protein modification, exerted toxicity, reduced barrier integrity, increased permeability for markers FITC-dextran and albumin and caused higher production of reactive oxygen species in hCMEC/D3 endothelial cells. Changes in the mRNA expression of 30 genes coding tight junction proteins, transporters and enzymes were observed in methylglyoxal-treated hCMEC/D3 cells. From the tested 11 compounds only all-trans-retinoic acid, an antioxidant and antiglycation agent, U0126, a MAP/ERK kinase inhibitor and aminoguanidine attenuated methylglyoxal-induced damage in hCMEC/D3 cells. CONCLUSIONS All-trans-retinoic acid and inhibition of the MAP/ERK signaling pathway may be protective in carbonyl stress induced brain endothelial damage.
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András IE, Rampersaud E, Eum SY, Toborek M. Transcriptional profile of HIV-induced nuclear translocation of amyloid β in brain endothelial cells. Arch Med Res 2014; 45:744-52. [PMID: 25446617 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Increased amyloid deposition in HIV-infected brains may contribute to the pathogenesis of neurocognitive dysfunction in infected patients. We have previously shown that exposure to HIV results in enhanced amyloid β (Aβ) levels in human brain microvascular endothelial cells, suggesting that brain endothelial cells contribute to accumulation of Aβ in HIV-infected brains. Importantly, Aβ not only accumulates in the cytoplasm of HIV-exposed cells but also enters the nuclei of brain endothelial cells. METHODS cDNA microarray analysis was performed in order to examine changes in the transcriptional profile associated with Aβ nuclear entry in the presence of HIV-1. RESULTS Gene network analysis indicated that inhibition of nuclear entry of Aβ resulted in enrichment in gene sets involved in apoptosis and survival, endoplasmic reticulum stress response, immune response, cell cycle, DNA damage, oxidative stress, cytoskeleton remodeling and transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) receptor signaling. CONCLUSIONS The obtained data indicate that HIV-induced Aβ nuclear uptake affects several cellular stress-related pathways relevant for HIV-induced Aβ pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibolya E András
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida.
| | - Evadnie Rampersaud
- Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miami, Florida
| | - Sung Yong Eum
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Michal Toborek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
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