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Garcia Neto PG, Titon SCM, Muxel SM, Titon B, Figueiredo ACD, Floreste FR, Lima AS, Assis VR, Gomes FR. Immune and endocrine alterations at the early stage of inflammatory assemblage in toads after stimulation with heat-killed bacteria (Aeromonas hydrophila). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2024; 291:111606. [PMID: 38354902 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2024.111606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
The red-leg syndrome in amphibians is a condition commonly associated with the bacteria Aeromonas hydrophila and has led to population declines. However, there is little information concerning the inflammatory assemblage in infected anurans. We evaluated immune and endocrine alterations induced by stimulation with heat-killed A. hydrophila injected in Rhinella diptycha toads. Control animals were not manipulated, while the others were separated into groups that received intraperitoneal injection of 300 μl of saline or heat-killed bacteria: groups A1 (3 × 107 cells), A2 (3 × 108 cells), and A3 (3 × 109 cells). Animals were bled and euthanized six hours post-injection. We evaluated neutrophil: lymphocyte ratio (NLR), plasma bacterial killing ability (BKA), testosterone (T), melatonin (MEL), and corticosterone (CORT) plasma levels. Heat-killed A. hydrophila increased CORT and NLR, and decreased MEL, especially at higher concentrations. There was no effect of treatment on T and BKA. We then selected the saline and A3 groups to conduct mRNA expression of several genes including glucocorticoid receptor (GR), toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and IL-10. We found higher expression of IL-6, IL-1β, IL-10, and IFN-γ in group A3 compared to the saline group. These results indicate the beginning of an inflammatory assemblage, notably at the two highest concentrations of bacteria, and give a better understanding of how anurans respond to an infection within an integrated perspective, evaluating different physiological aspects. Future studies should investigate later phases of the immune response to elucidate more about the inflammation in amphibians challenged with A. hydrophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrício G Garcia Neto
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão - Travessa 14 - n° 101, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP CEP 05508-900, Brazil.
| | - Stefanny C M Titon
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão - Travessa 14 - n° 101, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP CEP 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Sandra M Muxel
- Laboratório de Neuroimunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes n° 1730, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP CEP 05508-000, Brazil.
| | - Braz Titon
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão - Travessa 14 - n° 101, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP CEP 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Aymam C de Figueiredo
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão - Travessa 14 - n° 101, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP CEP 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Felipe R Floreste
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão - Travessa 14 - n° 101, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP CEP 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Alan S Lima
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão - Travessa 14 - n° 101, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP CEP 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Vania R Assis
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão - Travessa 14 - n° 101, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP CEP 05508-900, Brazil; Global Health and Interdisciplinary Disease Research Center and Center for Genomics, College of Public Health, Interdisciplinary Research Building (IDRB), 3720 Spectrum Boulevard. Tampa, FL 33612-9415, United States. https://twitter.com/VaniaRAssis1
| | - Fernando R Gomes
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão - Travessa 14 - n° 101, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP CEP 05508-900, Brazil.
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Kang C, Jeong S, Kim J, Ju S, Im E, Heo G, Park S, Yoo JW, Lee J, Yoon IS, Jung Y. N-Acetylserotonin is an oxidation-responsive activator of Nrf2 ameliorating colitis in rats. J Pineal Res 2023; 74:e12835. [PMID: 36214640 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
N-Acetylserotonin (NAS) is an intermediate in the melatonin biosynthetic pathway. We investigated the anti-inflammatory activity of NAS by focusing on its chemical feature oxidizable to an electrophile. NAS was readily oxidized by reaction with HOCl, an oxidant produced in the inflammatory state. HOCl-reacted NAS (Oxi-NAS), but not NAS, activated the anti-inflammatory nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-heme oxygenase (HO)-1 pathway in cells. Chromatographic and mass analyses demonstrated that Oxi-NAS was the iminoquinone form of NAS and could react with N-acetylcysteine possessing a nucleophilic thiol to form a covalent adduct. Oxi-NAS bound to Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1, resulting in Nrf2 dissociation. Moreover, rectally administered NAS increased the levels of nuclear Nrf2 and HO-1 proteins in the inflamed colon of rats. Simultaneously, NAS was converted to Oxi-NAS in the inflamed colon. Rectal NAS mitigated colonic damage and inflammation. The anticolitic effects were significantly compromised by the coadministration of an HO-1 inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changyu Kang
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongkeun Jeong
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaejeong Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghyun Ju
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunok Im
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwangbeom Heo
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Soyeong Park
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Wook Yoo
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Juho Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Soo Yoon
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunjin Jung
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
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Immunity, Infection, and the Zebrafish Clock. Infect Immun 2022; 90:e0058821. [PMID: 35972269 PMCID: PMC9476956 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00588-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Circadian clocks are universally used to coordinate biological processes with the Earth's 24-h solar day and are critical for the health and environmental success of an organism. Circadian rhythms in eukaryotes are driven by a cell-intrinsic transcription-translation feedback loop that controls daily oscillations in gene expression which regulate diverse physiological functions. Substantial evidence now exists demonstrating that immune activation and inflammatory responses during infection are under circadian control, however, the cellular mechanisms responsible for this are not well understood. The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a powerful model organism to study vertebrate circadian biology and immune function. Zebrafish contain homologs of mammalian circadian clock genes which, to our current knowledge, function similarly to impart timekeeping ability. Consistent with studies in mammalian models, several studies in fish have now demonstrated a bidirectional relationship between the circadian clock and inflammation: the circadian clock regulates immune activity, and inflammation can alter circadian rhythms. This review summarizes our current understanding of the molecular mechanisms of the zebrafish clock and the bi-directional relationship between the circadian clock and inflammation in fish.
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Markus RP, Sousa KS, da Silveira Cruz-Machado S, Fernandes PA, Ferreira ZS. Possible Role of Pineal and Extra-Pineal Melatonin in Surveillance, Immunity, and First-Line Defense. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12143. [PMID: 34830026 PMCID: PMC8620487 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Melatonin is a highly conserved molecule found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes that acts as the darkness hormone, translating environmental lighting to the whole body, and as a moderator of innate and acquired defense, migration, and cell proliferation processes. This review evaluates the importance of pineal activity in monitoring PAMPs and DAMPs and in mounting an inflammatory response or innate immune response. Activation of the immune-pineal axis, which coordinates the pro-and anti-inflammatory phases of an innate immune response, is described. PAMPs and DAMPs promote the immediate suppression of melatonin production by the pineal gland, which allows leukocyte migration. Monocyte-derived macrophages, important phagocytes of microbes, and cellular debris produce melatonin locally and thereby initiate the anti-inflammatory phase of the acute inflammatory response. The role of locally produced melatonin in organs that directly contact the external environment, such as the skin and the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts, is also discussed. In this context, as resident macrophages are self-renewing cells, we explore evidence indicating that, besides avoiding overreaction of the immune system, extra-pineal melatonin has a fundamental role in the homeostasis of organs and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina P. Markus
- Laboratory Chronopharmacology, Department Physiology, Institute Bioscience, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090, Brazil; (K.S.S.); (P.A.F.); (Z.S.F.)
| | - Kassiano S. Sousa
- Laboratory Chronopharmacology, Department Physiology, Institute Bioscience, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090, Brazil; (K.S.S.); (P.A.F.); (Z.S.F.)
| | - Sanseray da Silveira Cruz-Machado
- Laboratory of Molecular, Endocrine and Reproductive Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, UNIFESP, São Paulo 04044-020, Brazil;
| | - Pedro A. Fernandes
- Laboratory Chronopharmacology, Department Physiology, Institute Bioscience, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090, Brazil; (K.S.S.); (P.A.F.); (Z.S.F.)
| | - Zulma S. Ferreira
- Laboratory Chronopharmacology, Department Physiology, Institute Bioscience, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090, Brazil; (K.S.S.); (P.A.F.); (Z.S.F.)
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Bastos PRO, Titon SCM, Titon Junior B, Gomes FR, Markus RP, Ferreira ZS. Daily and LPS-induced variation of endocrine mediators in cururu toads ( Rhinella icterica). Chronobiol Int 2021; 39:89-96. [PMID: 34503388 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2021.1974470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Increased plasma glucocorticoids (corticosterone - CORT, in amphibians) and melatonin (MEL) are associated with the daily activity phase and with environmental darkness, respectively. Besides, CORT and MEL also play pivotal immunomodulatory roles in several vertebrates. Herein we described the daily profile of plasma MEL and CORT for Rhinella icterica toads in captivity. Thereafter, we investigated the effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced systemic inflammation on the production of CORT and MEL in the R. icterica. Captive toads showed CORT and MEL diurnal variation typical of nocturnal species, with increased values for CORT at ZT12 (18 h) and MEL peak at ZT18 (24 h). LPS-induced hormonal changes included increased plasma CORT and decreased ocular and plasma MEL when compared to those from toads treated with saline 2 h post-injection. Our results demonstrated the presence of a diurnal CORT and MEL variation in toads. We also showed the crosstalk between CORT and MEL during the toad's systemic inflammation in response to an immune challenge with LPS. Additionally, our results demonstrated that anuran eyes' MEL production might be regulated during the inflammatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Braz Titon Junior
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Fernando Ribeiro Gomes
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Regina P Markus
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Zulma S Ferreira
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
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Ferreira LF, Garcia Neto PG, Titon SCM, Titon B, Muxel SM, Gomes FR, Assis VR. Lipopolysaccharide Regulates Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Cytokines, Corticosterone, and Melatonin in Toads. Integr Org Biol 2021; 3:obab025. [PMID: 34589667 PMCID: PMC8475549 DOI: 10.1093/iob/obab025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids and melatonin (MEL) show integrated and complex immunomodulatory effects, mostly described for endotherms, yet underexplored in amphibians. In this context, the RT-qPCR of molecules mediating inflammatory processes in amphibians is a valuable tool to explore the relationships among molecular biology, endocrine mediators, and immune response in these animals. In this study, toads (Rhinella diptycha) received an intraperitoneal saline injection or lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 2 mg/kg). Six hours post-injection, we analyzed plasma corticosterone (CORT) and MEL levels and pro- and anti-inflammatory molecules (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IFN-γ, and C1s). We found increased CORT and decreased MEL levels in response to LPS. Also, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10 were upregulated in LPS-injected toads compared with saline-injected toads. Overall, our results demonstrate an LPS-induced inflammatory response with endocrine and immune modulation in R. diptycha toads, exhibiting expected patterns for an inflammatory stimulus within this time frame (6 h post-injection). Toads were responsive to LPS by secreting different cytokines, such as proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-6, related to immune cell attraction to inflammatory sites and the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, which limits the rate of leukocyte infiltration, inflammation, and downregulates the expression of proinflammatory cytokines. Increased circulating CORT levels are probably associated with the activation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-interrenal axis by the LPS and the endocrine actions of IL-6. Furthermore, decreased circulating MEL levels are likely due to inhibited MEL secretion by the pineal gland by inflammatory stimuli, indicating the activation/existence of the immune-pineal axis in amphibians.
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Affiliation(s)
- L F Ferreira
- Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras do Centro Universitário Fundação Santo André, Avenida Príncipe de Gales, 821, Santo André, SP 09060-650, Brasil
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, trav. 14, 101, São Paulo, SP 05508-090, Brasil
| | - P G Garcia Neto
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, trav. 14, 101, São Paulo, SP 05508-090, Brasil
| | - S C M Titon
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, trav. 14, 101, São Paulo, SP 05508-090, Brasil
| | - B Titon
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, trav. 14, 101, São Paulo, SP 05508-090, Brasil
| | - S M Muxel
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, trav. 14, 101, São Paulo, SP 05508-090, Brasil
| | - F R Gomes
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, trav. 14, 101, São Paulo, SP 05508-090, Brasil
| | - V R Assis
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, trav. 14, 101, São Paulo, SP 05508-090, Brasil
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Chustecka M, Blügental N, Majewski PM, Adamska I. 24 hour patterning in gene expression of pineal neurosteroid biosynthesis in young chickens ( Gallus gallus domesticus L.). Chronobiol Int 2020; 38:46-60. [PMID: 32990093 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2020.1823404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The pineal gland, one of the three equivalent avian biological clock structures, is also the site of intensive neurosteroid synthesis (7α-hydroxypregnenolone and allopregnanolone). Pineal neurosteroid biosynthesis involves six enzymes: cytochrome P450 side-chain cleavage - Cyp11a1 encoded, cytochrome P4507α - Cyp7b1, 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase - Hsd3b2, 5α-reductase - Srd5a1, 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase - Akr1d1, and 5β-reductase - Srd5a3. Regulation of neurosteroid biosynthesis is not fully understood; although it is known that the E4BP4 transcription factor induces activation of biosynthetic cholesterol genes, which are the targets for SREBP (element-binding protein transcription factor). SREBP principal activity in the pineal gland is suppression and inhibition of the Period2 canonical clock gene, suggesting our hypothesis that genes encoding enzymes involved in neurosteroidogenesis are under circadian clock control and are the Clock Control Genes (CCGs). Therefore, through investigation of daily changes in Cyp11a1, Cyp7b1, Hsd3b2, Akr1d1, Srd5a1, and Srd5a3, pineal genes were tested in vivo and in vitro, in cultured pinealocytes. Experiments were carried out on pineal glands taken from 16-day-old chickens in vivo or using in vitro cultures of pinealocytes collected from 16-day-old animals. Both the birds in the in vivo experiments and the pinealocytes were kept under controlled light conditions (LD 12:12) or in constant darkness (DD). Subsequently, materials were prepared for RT-qPCR analysis. Results revealed that three of the six tested genes: Cyp11a1, Cyp7b1, and Srd5a3 demonstrated significant 24-hour variation in in vivo and in vitro. Findings of this study confirm that these genes could be under clock control and satisfy many of the requirements to be identified as CCGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Chustecka
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw , Warsaw, Poland
| | - Natalia Blügental
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw , Warsaw, Poland
| | - Pawel Marek Majewski
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw , Warsaw, Poland
| | - Iwona Adamska
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw , Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract
This review concerns the current knowledge of melatonin and alcohol-related disorders. Chronobiological effects of ethanol are related to melatonin suppression and in relation to inflammation, stress, free radical scavenging, autophagy and cancer risk. It is postulated that both alcohol- and inflammation-induced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) alters cell membrane properties leading to tissue dysfunction and, subsequent further ROS production. Lysosomal enzymes are often used to assess the relationships between intensified inflammation states caused by alcohol abuse and oxidative stress as well as level of tissue damage estimated by the increased release of cellular enzymes into the extracellular space. Studies have established a link between alcoholism and desynchronosis (circadian disruption). Desynchronosis results from the disorganization of the body's circadian time structure and is an aspect of the pathology of chronic alcohol intoxication. The inflammatory conditions and the activity of lysosomal enzymes in acute alcohol poisoning or chronic alcohol-dependent diseases are in most cases interrelated. Inflammation can increase the activity of lysosomal enzymes, which can be regarded as a marker of lysosomal dysfunction and abnormal cellular integrity. Studies show alcohol toxicity is modulated by the melatonin (Mel) circadian rhythm. This hormone, produced by the pineal gland, is the main regulator of 24 h (sleep-wake cycle) and seasonal biorhythms. Mel exhibits antioxidant properties and may be useful in the prevention of oxidative stress reactions known to be responsible for alcohol-related diseases. Naturally produced Mel and exogenous sources in food can act in free radical reactions and activate the endogenous defense system. Mel plays an important role in the normalization of the post-stress state by its influence on neurotransmitter systems and the synchronization of circadian rhythms. Acting simultaneously on the neuroendocrine and immune systems, Mel optimizes homeostasis and provides protection against stress. Abbreviations: ROS, reactive oxygen species; Mel, melatonin; SRV, resveratrol; NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; ANT, arylalkylamine-N-acetyltransferase; EC cells, gastrointestinal enterochromaffin cells; MT1, melatonin high-affinity nanomolecular receptor site; MT2, melatonin low-affinity nanomolecular receptor site; ROR/RZR, orphan nuclear retinoid receptors; SOD, superoxide dismutase; CAT, catalase; GPx, glutathione peroxidase; GR, glutathione reductase; GSH, reduced form of glutathione; GSSG, oxidized form of glutathione; TAC, total antioxidant capacity; ONOO∙-, peroxynitrite radical; NCAM, neural cell adhesion molecules; LPO, lipid peroxidation; α-KG, α-ketoglutarate, HIF-1α, Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-α, IL-2, interleukin-2; HPA axis, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis; Tph1, tryptophan hydroxylase 1; AA-NAT, arylalkylamine-N-acetyltransferase; AS-MT, acetylserotonin O-methyltransferase; NAG, N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase; HBA1c glycated hemoglobin; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; AAP, alanyl-aminopeptidase; β-GR, β-glucuronidase; β-GD, β-galactosidase; LAP, leucine aminopeptidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Kurhaluk
- Department of Zoology and Animal Physiology, Institute of Biology and Earth Sciences, Pomeranian University in Słupsk , Słupsk, Poland
| | - Halyna Tkachenko
- Department of Zoology and Animal Physiology, Institute of Biology and Earth Sciences, Pomeranian University in Słupsk , Słupsk, Poland
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Markus RP, Fernandes PA, Kinker GS, da Silveira Cruz-Machado S, Marçola M. Immune-pineal axis - acute inflammatory responses coordinate melatonin synthesis by pinealocytes and phagocytes. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 175:3239-3250. [PMID: 29105727 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Melatonin is well known for its circadian production by the pineal gland, and there is a growing body of data showing that it is also produced by many other cells and organs, including immune cells. The chronobiotic role of pineal melatonin, as well as its protective effects in vitro and in vivo, have been extensively explored. However, the interaction between the chronobiotic and defence functions of endogenous melatonin has been little investigated. This review details the current knowledge regarding the coordinated shift in melatonin synthesis from the pineal gland (circadian and monitoring roles) to the regulation of acute immune responses via immune cell production and autocrine effects, producing systemic interactions termed the immune-pineal axis. An acute inflammatory response drives the transcription factor, NFκB, to switch melatonin synthesis from pinealocytes to macrophages/microglia and, upon acute inflammatory resolution, back to pinealocytes. The potential pathophysiological relevance of immune-pineal axis dysregulation is highlighted, with both research and clinical implications, across several medical conditions, including host/parasite interaction, neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on Recent Developments in Research of Melatonin and its Potential Therapeutic Applications. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v175.16/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina P Markus
- Laboratory of Chronopharmacology and Laboratory of Neuroimmunomodulation - Department of Physiology, Institute of Bioscience, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pedro A Fernandes
- Laboratory of Chronopharmacology and Laboratory of Neuroimmunomodulation - Department of Physiology, Institute of Bioscience, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriela S Kinker
- Laboratory of Chronopharmacology and Laboratory of Neuroimmunomodulation - Department of Physiology, Institute of Bioscience, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sanseray da Silveira Cruz-Machado
- Laboratory of Chronopharmacology and Laboratory of Neuroimmunomodulation - Department of Physiology, Institute of Bioscience, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marina Marçola
- Laboratory of Chronopharmacology and Laboratory of Neuroimmunomodulation - Department of Physiology, Institute of Bioscience, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Herman AP, Wojtulewicz K, Bochenek J, Krawczyńska A, Antushevich H, Pawlina B, Zielińska-Górska M, Herman A, Romanowicz K, Tomaszewska-Zaremba D. Endotoxin-induced inflammation disturbs melatonin secretion in ewe. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2017; 30:1784-1795. [PMID: 28728370 PMCID: PMC5666183 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.17.0196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study examined the effect of intravenous administration of bacterial endotoxin-lipopolysaccharide (LPS) -on the nocturnal secretion of melatonin and on the expression of enzymes of the melatonin biosynthetic pathway in the pineal gland of ewes, taking into account two different photoperiodic conditions: short-night (SN; n = 12) and long-night (LN; n = 12). METHODS In both experiments, animals (n = 12) were randomly divided into two groups: control (n = 6) and LPS-treated (n = 6) one. Two hours after sunset, animals received an injection of LPS or saline. Blood samples were collected starting one hour after sunset and continuing for 3 hours after the treatment. The ewes were euthanized 3 hours after LPS/saline treatment. The concentration of hormones in plasma was assayed by radioimmunoassay. In the pineal gland, the content of serotonin and its metabolite was determined by HPLC; whereas the expression of examined genes and protein was assayed using real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western Blot, respectively. RESULTS Endotoxin administration lowered (p<0.05) levels of circulating melatonin in animals from LN photoperiod only during the first hour after treatment, while in ewes from SN photoperiod only in the third hour after the injection. Inflammation more substantially suppressed biosynthesis of melatonin in ewes from SN photoperiod, which were also characterised by lower (p<0.05) cortisol concentrations after LPS treatment compared with animals from LN photoperiod. In the pineal gland of ewes subjected to SN photoperiod, LPS reduced (p<0.05) serotonin content and the expression of melatonin biosynthetic pathway enzymes, such as tryptophan hydroxylase and arylalkylamine-N-acetyltransferase. Pineal activity may be disturbed by circulating LPS and proinflammatory cytokines because the expression of mRNAs encoding their corresponding receptors was determined in this gland. CONCLUSION The present study showed that peripheral inflammation reduces the secretion of melatonin, but this effect may be influenced by the photoperiod.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Przemysław Herman
- The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jabłonna 05-110, Poland
| | - Karolina Wojtulewicz
- The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jabłonna 05-110, Poland
| | - Joanna Bochenek
- The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jabłonna 05-110, Poland
| | - Agata Krawczyńska
- The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jabłonna 05-110, Poland
| | - Hanna Antushevich
- The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jabłonna 05-110, Poland
| | - Bartosz Pawlina
- The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jabłonna 05-110, Poland
| | - Marlena Zielińska-Górska
- The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jabłonna 05-110, Poland
| | - Anna Herman
- Faculty of Cosmetology, The Academy of Cosmetics and Health Care, Warsaw 00-252, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Romanowicz
- The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jabłonna 05-110, Poland
| | - Dorota Tomaszewska-Zaremba
- The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jabłonna 05-110, Poland
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Markowska M, Majewski PM, Skwarło-Sońta K. Avian biological clock - Immune system relationship. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 66:130-138. [PMID: 27235884 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Biological rhythms in birds are driven by the master clock, which includes the suprachiasmatic nucleus, the pineal gland and the retina. Light/dark cycles are the cues that synchronize the rhythmic changes in physiological processes, including immunity. This review summarizes our investigations on the bidirectional relationships between the chicken pineal gland and the immune system. We demonstrated that, in the chicken, the main pineal hormone, melatonin, regulates innate immunity, maintains the rhythmicity of immune reactions and is involved in the seasonal changes in immunity. Using thioglycollate-induced peritonitis as a model, we showed that the activated immune system regulates the pineal gland by inhibition of melatonin production at the level of the key enzyme in its biosynthetic pathway, arylalkylamine-N-acetyltransferase (AANAT). Interleukin 6 and interleukin 18 seem to be the immune mediators influencing the pineal gland, directly inhibiting Aanat gene transcription and modulating expression of the clock genes Bmal1 and Per3, which in turn regulate Aanat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Markowska
- University of Warsaw, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Zoology, Department of Animal Physiology, Miecznikowa 1 Str., 02-096, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Paweł M Majewski
- University of Warsaw, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Zoology, Department of Animal Physiology, Miecznikowa 1 Str., 02-096, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krystyna Skwarło-Sońta
- University of Warsaw, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Zoology, Department of Animal Physiology, Miecznikowa 1 Str., 02-096, Warsaw, Poland
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Central Interleukin-1β Suppresses the Nocturnal Secretion of Melatonin. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:2589483. [PMID: 27212805 PMCID: PMC4861797 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2589483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In vertebrates, numerous processes occur in a rhythmic manner. The hormonal signal reliably reflecting the environmental light conditions is melatonin. Nocturnal melatonin secretion patterns could be disturbed in pathophysiological states, including inflammation, Alzheimer's disease, and depression. All of these states share common elements in their aetiology, including the overexpression of interleukin- (IL-) 1β in the central nervous system. Therefore, the present study was designed to determine the effect of the central injection of exogenous IL-1β on melatonin release and on the expression of the enzymes of the melatonin biosynthetic pathway in the pineal gland of ewe. It was found that intracerebroventricular injections of IL-1β (50 µg/animal) suppressed (P < 0.05) nocturnal melatonin secretion in sheep regardless of the photoperiod. This may have resulted from decreased (P < 0.05) synthesis of the melatonin intermediate serotonin, which may have resulted, at least partially, from a reduced expression of tryptophan hydroxylase. IL-1β also inhibited (P < 0.05) the expression of the melatonin rhythm enzyme arylalkylamine-N-acetyltransferase and hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase. However, the ability of IL-1β to affect the expression of these enzymes was dependent upon the photoperiod. Our study may shed new light on the role of central IL-1β in the aetiology of disruptions in melatonin secretion.
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Turkowska E, Adamska I, Niedziolka S, Majewski PM, Skwarlo-Sonta K. Seasonality of inflammation in the chicken: clock vs. melatonin control over the pro-inflammatory cytokine gene transcription. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2015.1073486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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14
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Interleukin-1 β Modulates Melatonin Secretion in Ovine Pineal Gland: Ex Vivo Study. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:526464. [PMID: 26339621 PMCID: PMC4538322 DOI: 10.1155/2015/526464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The study was designed to determine the effect of proinflammatory cytokine, interleukin- (IL-) 1β, on melatonin release and expression enzymes essential for this hormone synthesis: arylalkylamine-N-acetyltransferase (AA-NAT) and hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase (HIOMT) in ovine pineal gland, taking into account the immune status of animals before sacrificing. Ewes were injected by lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 400 ng/kg) or saline, two hours after sunset during short day period (December). Animals were euthanized three hours after the injection. Next, the pineal glands were collected and divided into four explants. The explants were incubated with (1) medium 199 (control explants), (2) norepinephrine (NE; 10 µM), (3) IL-1β (75 pg/mL), or (4) NE + IL-1β. It was found that IL-1β abolished (P < 0.05) NE-induced increase in melatonin release. Treatment with IL-1β also reduced (P < 0.05) expression of AA-NAT enzyme compared to NE-treated explants. There was no effect of NE or IL-1β treatment on gene expression of HIOMT; however, the pineal fragments isolated from LPS-treated animals were characterized by elevated (P < 0.05) expression of HIOMT mRNA and protein compared to the explants from saline-treated ewes. Our study proves that IL-1β suppresses melatonin secretion and its action seems to be targeted on the reduction of pineal AA-NAT protein expression.
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Piesiewicz A, Kedzierska U, Turkowska E, Adamska I, Majewski PM. Seasonal postembryonic maturation of the diurnal rhythm of serotonin in the chicken pineal gland. Chronobiol Int 2014; 32:59-70. [DOI: 10.3109/07420528.2014.955185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Lee S, Lim B, Lee J, Kim YC, Kim H, Priyathilaka TT, Wickramaarachchi WDN, Kim SJ, Kim SK, Jeong HB. Up-regulation of the arginine vasotocin precursor gene from Paralichthys olivaceus: isolation and expression upon acute pathogen invasion. Genes Genomics 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13258-014-0178-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Chojnacki C, Popławski T, Blasiak J, Chojnacki J, Reiter RJ, Klupinska G. Expression of melatonin synthesizing enzymes in Helicobacter pylori infected gastric mucosa. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:845032. [PMID: 23936850 PMCID: PMC3722974 DOI: 10.1155/2013/845032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori colonization of gastric mucosa causes pain of unknown etiology in about 15-20% of infected subjects. The aim of the present work was to determine the level of expression of enzymes involved in the synthesis of melatonin in gastric mucosa of asymptomatic and symptomatic H. pylori infected patients. To diagnose H. pylori infection, histological analysis and the urea breath test (UBT C13) were performed. The levels of mRNA expression of arylalkylamine-N-acetyltransferase (AA-NAT) and acetylserotonin methyltransferase (ASMT) were estimated in gastric mucosa with RT-PCR. The level of AA-NAT expression and AMST was decreased in H. pylori infected patients and was increased after H. pylori eradication. We conclude that decreased expression of melatonin synthesizing enzymes, AA-NAT and ASMT, in patients with symptomatic H. pylori infection returns to normal level after H. pylori eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cezary Chojnacki
- Department of Gastroenterology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
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Melatonin: buffering the immune system. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:8638-83. [PMID: 23609496 PMCID: PMC3645767 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14048638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 419] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 04/06/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Melatonin modulates a wide range of physiological functions with pleiotropic effects on the immune system. Despite the large number of reports implicating melatonin as an immunomodulatory compound, it still remains unclear how melatonin regulates immunity. While some authors argue that melatonin is an immunostimulant, many studies have also described anti-inflammatory properties. The data reviewed in this paper support the idea of melatonin as an immune buffer, acting as a stimulant under basal or immunosuppressive conditions or as an anti-inflammatory compound in the presence of exacerbated immune responses, such as acute inflammation. The clinical relevance of the multiple functions of melatonin under different immune conditions, such as infection, autoimmunity, vaccination and immunosenescence, is also reviewed.
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