1
|
A CRISPR-Cas9 screen identifies EXO1 as a formaldehyde resistance gene. Nat Commun 2023; 14:381. [PMID: 36693839 PMCID: PMC9873647 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-35802-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Fanconi Anemia (FA) is a rare, genome instability-associated disease characterized by a deficiency in repairing DNA crosslinks, which are known to perturb several cellular processes, including DNA transcription, replication, and repair. Formaldehyde, a by-product of metabolism, is thought to drive FA by generating DNA interstrand crosslinks (ICLs) and DNA-protein crosslinks (DPCs). However, the impact of formaldehyde on global cellular pathways has not been investigated thoroughly. Herein, using a pangenomic CRISPR-Cas9 screen, we identify EXO1 as a critical regulator of formaldehyde-induced DNA lesions. We show that EXO1 knockout cell lines exhibit formaldehyde sensitivity leading to the accumulation of replicative stress, DNA double-strand breaks, and quadriradial chromosomes, a typical feature of FA. After formaldehyde exposure, EXO1 is recruited to chromatin, protects DNA replication forks from degradation, and functions in parallel with the FA pathway to promote cell survival. In vitro, EXO1-mediated exonuclease activity is proficient in removing DPCs. Collectively, we show that EXO1 limits replication stress and DNA damage to counteract formaldehyde-induced genome instability.
Collapse
|
2
|
Jajosky RP, Wu SC, Zheng L, Jajosky AN, Jajosky PG, Josephson CD, Hollenhorst MA, Sackstein R, Cummings RD, Arthur CM, Stowell SR. ABO blood group antigens and differential glycan expression: Perspective on the evolution of common human enzyme deficiencies. iScience 2023; 26:105798. [PMID: 36691627 PMCID: PMC9860303 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymes catalyze biochemical reactions and play critical roles in human health and disease. Enzyme variants and deficiencies can lead to variable expression of glycans, which can affect physiology, influence predilection for disease, and/or directly contribute to disease pathogenesis. Although certain well-characterized enzyme deficiencies result in overt disease, some of the most common enzyme deficiencies in humans form the basis of blood groups. These carbohydrate blood groups impact fundamental areas of clinical medicine, including the risk of infection and severity of infectious disease, bleeding risk, transfusion medicine, and tissue/organ transplantation. In this review, we examine the enzymes responsible for carbohydrate-based blood group antigen biosynthesis and their expression within the human population. We also consider the evolutionary selective pressures, e.g. malaria, that may account for the variation in carbohydrate structures and the implications of this biology for human disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Philip Jajosky
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 630E New Research Building, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Biconcavity Inc, Lilburn, GA, USA
| | - Shang-Chuen Wu
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 630E New Research Building, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Leon Zheng
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 630E New Research Building, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Audrey N. Jajosky
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, West Henrietta, NY, USA
| | | | - Cassandra D. Josephson
- Cancer and Blood Disorders Institute and Blood Bank/Transfusion Medicine Division, Johns Hopkins All Children’s Hospital, St. Petersburg, FL, USA
- Departments of Oncology and Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Marie A. Hollenhorst
- Department of Pathology and Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Robert Sackstein
- Translational Glycobiology Institute, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Richard D. Cummings
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Connie M. Arthur
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 630E New Research Building, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sean R. Stowell
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 630E New Research Building, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Novel insights into alcoholic liver disease: Iron overload, iron sensing and hemolysis. J Transl Int Med 2022; 10:92-124. [PMID: 35959455 PMCID: PMC9328032 DOI: 10.2478/jtim-2021-0056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver is the major target organ of continued alcohol consumption at risk and resulting alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is the most common liver disease worldwide. The underlying molecular mechanisms are still poorly understood despite decades of scientific effort limiting our abilities to identify those individuals who are at risk to develop the disease, to develop appropriate screening strategies and, in addition, to develop targeted therapeutic approaches. ALD is predestined for the newly evolving translational medicine, as conventional clinical and health care structures seem to be constrained to fully appreciate this disease. This concept paper aims at summarizing the 15 years translational experience at the Center of Alcohol Research in Heidelberg, namely based on the long-term prospective and detailed characterization of heavy drinkers with mortality data. In addition, novel experimental findings will be presented. A special focus will be the long-known hepatic iron accumulation, the somewhat overlooked role of the hematopoietic system and novel insights into iron sensing and the role of hepcidin. Our preliminary work indicates that enhanced red blood cell (RBC) turnover is critical for survival in ALD patients. RBC turnover is not primarily due to vitamin deficiency but rather to ethanol toxicity directly targeted to erythrocytes but also to the bone marrow stem cell compartment. These novel insights also help to explain long-known aspects of ALD such as mean corpuscular volume of erythrocytes (MCV) and elevated aspartate transaminase (GOT/AST) levels. This work also aims at identifying future projects, naming unresolved observations, and presenting novel hypothetical concepts still requiring future validation.
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang T, Wang T, Niu Q, Zheng X, Li H, Gao X, Chen Y, Gao H, Zhang L, Liu GE, Li J, Xu L. Comparative transcriptomic analysis reveals region-specific expression patterns in different beef cuts. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:387. [PMID: 35596128 PMCID: PMC9123670 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08527-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Beef cuts in different regions of the carcass have different meat quality due to their distinct physiological function. The objective of this study was to characterize the region-specific expression differences using comparative transcriptomics analysis among five representative beef cuts (tenderloin, longissimus lumborum, rump, neck, chuck). RESULTS We obtained 15,701 expressed genes in 30 muscle samples across five regions from carcass meat. We identified a total of 80 region-specific genes (RSGs), ranging from three (identified in the rump cut) to thirty (identified in the longissimus lumborum cut), and detected 25 transcription factors (TFs) for RSGs. Using a co-expression network analysis, we detected seven region-specific modules, including three positively correlated modules and four negatively correlated modules. We finally obtained 91 candidate genes related to meat quality, and the functional enrichment analyses showed that these genes were mainly involved in muscle fiber structure (e.g., TNNI1, TNNT1), fatty acids (e.g., SCD, LPL), amino acids (ALDH2, IVD, ACADS), ion channel binding (PHPT1, SNTA1, SUMO1, CNBP), protein processing (e.g., CDC37, GAPDH, NRBP1), as well as energy production and conversion (e.g., ATP8, COX8B, NDUFB6). Moreover, four candidate genes (ALDH2, CANX, IVD, PHPT1) were validated using RT-qPCR analyses which further supported our RNA-seq results. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide valuable insights into understanding the transcriptome regulation of meat quality in different beef cuts, and these findings may further help to improve the selection for health-beneficial meat in beef cattle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tianliu Zhang
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2#, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Tianzhen Wang
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2#, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Qunhao Niu
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2#, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xu Zheng
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2#, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Haipeng Li
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2#, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xue Gao
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2#, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2#, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Huijiang Gao
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2#, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Lupei Zhang
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2#, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - George E Liu
- Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Services, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Junya Li
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2#, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Lingyang Xu
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2#, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Alcohol Consumption, ALDH2 Polymorphism as Risk Factors for Upper Aerodigestive Tract Cancer Progression and Prognosis. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12030348. [PMID: 35330099 PMCID: PMC8956056 DOI: 10.3390/life12030348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The upper aerodigestive tract (UADT) is highly susceptible to multiple primary cancers originated from squamous epithelia and constitutes a field of cancerization. Patients with head and neck cancer (head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, HNSCC) are at high risk of developing multiple cancers in the esophagus (esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, ESCC). Conversely, esophageal cancer patients are prone to develop multiple primary tumors in the head and neck region. The East Asian-specific dysfunctional ALDH2*2 missense mutation is a genetic risk factor for UADT cancer. It is not only associated with increased incidences of UADT cancer, but is also implicated in faster cancer progression and poorer prognosis. Alcohol use is a major lifestyle risk factor which causes UADT cancer among ALDH2*2 carriers. The accumulation of the immediate metabolite of alcohol, acetaldehyde, is likely the genotoxic agents that is involved in the process of tumorigenesis. This review summarizes recent publications on the risk and association of ALDH2*2 mutation, alcohol consumption in synchronous, metachronous UADT cancer. Possible molecular mechanisms involved in cancer initiation, progress and prognosis are discussed. The review also highlights a need for precision medicine-based preventive and therapeutic strategies by integrating lifestyle and genetic risk factors, such as alcohol consumption, genotypes of the alcohol metabolizing genes, ADH1B and ALDH2, into a risk assessment model for better screening, surveillance and treatment outcome.
Collapse
|
6
|
Groarke EM, Calado RT, Liu JM. Cell senescence and malignant transformation in the inherited bone marrow failure syndromes: Overlapping pathophysiology with therapeutic implications. Semin Hematol 2022; 59:30-37. [PMID: 35491056 PMCID: PMC9062194 DOI: 10.1053/j.seminhematol.2022.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Fanconi anemia, telomeropathies and ribosomopathies are members of the inherited bone marrow failure syndromes, rare genetic disorders that lead to failure of hematopoiesis, developmental abnormalities, and cancer predisposition. While each disorder is caused by different genetic defects in seemingly disparate processes of DNA repair, telomere maintenance, or ribosome biogenesis, they appear to lead to a common pathway characterized by premature senescence of hematopoietic stem cells. Here we review the experimental data on senescence and inflammation underlying marrow failure and malignant transformation. We conclude with a critical assessment of current and future therapies targeting these pathways in inherited bone marrow failure syndromes patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma M Groarke
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.
| | - Rodrigo T Calado
- Department of Medical Imaging, Hematology, and Oncology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Johnson M Liu
- Division of Hematology, Maine Medical Center, Portland, ME
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Dan H, Haichao Z, Ziyang Y, Di Z, Shuihan Z. Protective effects of Fufang Ejiao Jiang against aplastic anemia assessed by network pharmacology and metabolomics strategy. DIGITAL CHINESE MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dcmed.2021.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
|
8
|
Baldari S, Manni I, Di Rocco G, Paolini F, Palermo B, Piaggio G, Toietta G. Reduction of Cell Proliferation by Acute C 2H 6O Exposure. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13194999. [PMID: 34638483 PMCID: PMC8508324 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13194999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Alcoholic beverages and acetaldehyde formed during their metabolism are carcinogenic to humans. Alcohol drinking may affect bone marrow stem cell niche, suppressing physiological hematopoiesis and ultimately reducing the organism’s capacity to fight against cancer, infections, and to promote tissue regeneration. To elucidate in vivo the cellular mechanisms associated with alcohol intake toxicity, we used a mouse model in which proliferating cells produce the firefly’s light-emitting protein. In this animal, alcohol exposure transiently “turns off the light”, indicating a negative effect on cell proliferation in the bone marrow and spleen. Pharmacological treatment with substances interfering with ethanol metabolism, reducing acetaldehyde production, partially restores the physiological cell proliferation rate. Over 560 million people worldwide have increased susceptibility to acetaldehyde toxicity and 4% of cancer deaths are attributable to alcohol. Our model might provide a suitable tool to further investigate in vivo the effects of alcohol metabolism and aldehydes production on carcinogenesis. Abstract Endogenous acetaldehyde production from the metabolism of ingested alcohol exposes hematopoietic progenitor cells to increased genotoxic risk. To develop possible therapeutic strategies to prevent or reverse alcohol abuse effects, it would be critical to determine the temporal progression of acute ethanol toxicity on progenitor cell numbers and proliferative status. We followed the variation of the cell proliferation rate in bone marrow and spleen in response to acute ethanol intoxication in the MITO-Luc mouse, in which NF-Y-dependent cell proliferation can be assessed in vivo by non-invasive bioluminescent imaging. One week after ethanol administration, bioluminescent signals in bone marrow and spleen decreased below the level corresponding to physiological proliferation, and they progressively resumed to pre-treatment values in approximately 4 weeks. Boosting acetaldehyde catabolism by administration of an aldehyde dehydrogenase activity activator or administration of polyphenols with antioxidant activity partially restored bone marrow cells’ physiological proliferation. These results indicate that in this mouse model, bioluminescent alteration reflects the reduction of the physiological proliferation rate of bone marrow progenitor cells due to the toxic effect of aldehydes generated by alcohol oxidation. In summary, this study presents a novel view of the impact of acute alcohol intake on bone marrow cell proliferation in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Baldari
- Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy Unit, IRCCS-Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy; (S.B.); (F.P.); (B.P.)
| | - Isabella Manni
- Stabilimento Allevatore Fornitore Utilizzatore (SAFU), IRCCS-Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy; (I.M.); (G.P.)
| | - Giuliana Di Rocco
- Unit of Cellular Networks and Molecular Therapeutic Targets, IRCCS-Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy;
| | - Francesca Paolini
- Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy Unit, IRCCS-Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy; (S.B.); (F.P.); (B.P.)
| | - Belinda Palermo
- Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy Unit, IRCCS-Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy; (S.B.); (F.P.); (B.P.)
| | - Giulia Piaggio
- Stabilimento Allevatore Fornitore Utilizzatore (SAFU), IRCCS-Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy; (I.M.); (G.P.)
| | - Gabriele Toietta
- Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy Unit, IRCCS-Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy; (S.B.); (F.P.); (B.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-06-5266-2604
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Okuyama C, Higashi T, Ishizu K, Takahashi M, Kusano K, Kagawa S, Saga T, Yamauchi H. Physiologically decreased F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose uptake in the lower vertebrae associated with daily drinking habit in Japanese men with alcohol flushing reaction. Alcohol 2021; 95:15-23. [PMID: 33711409 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2021.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol flushing reaction (AFR) is known as one of the risks for esophageal squamous cell cancer, and scientists have been elucidating this issue. However, little attention has been given to relevant imaging features. This study aims to investigate whether physiological 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake patterns in vertebrae are associated with drinking habits or AFR. Japanese male patients who underwent FDG positron emission computed tomography for evaluation of their known or suspected malignancies or inflammatory diseases were asked about their drinking habits and AFR. Altogether, 192 patients, 139 every-day drinkers and 53 non-drinkers were evaluated. Comparing the FDG uptake between that in the thoracic region and that in the lumbar region, vertebral uptake was visually classified into four patterns: Ld, dominant in lumbar region; TL, almost equal in both regions; BL, slightly higher in thoracic region (borderline pattern); Td, dominant in thoracic region. The uptake patterns were evaluated according to drinking habit (every-day drinker or non-drinker), AFR (flusher or non-flusher), and the combination of these two factors (habit/reaction: every-day drinker/flusher, every-day drinker/non-flusher, non-drinker/flusher, or non-drinker/non-flusher). There were 95 flushers (51 every-day drinkers and 44 non-drinkers) and 97 non-flushers (88 every-day drinkers and 9 non-drinkers). Ld, TL, BL, and Td patterns were observed in 0, 109 (56.8%), 31 (16.1%), and 52 (27.1%) patients, respectively. Td and BL patterns were more frequently observed in every-day drinkers compared with non-drinkers (p = 0.0467). Though the uptake patterns did not differ between flushers and non-flushers (p = 0.116), the Td pattern was more frequently observed in every-day drinkers/flushers (51%) compared with every-day drinkers/non-flushers (20.5%), non-drinkers/flushers (13.6%), and non-drinkers/non-flushers (22.2%) (p = 0.0014). The Td pattern was observed in patients with various diseases, with higher frequency in esophageal cancer, head and neck cancer, and lung cancer compared with other diseases. In conclusion, drinking habits and AFR were related to the vertebral uptake pattern with decreased uptake in the lumbar region in Japanese male patients.
Collapse
|
10
|
Feriel J, Tchipeva D, Depasse F. Effects of circadian variation, lifestyle and environment on hematological parameters: A narrative review. Int J Lab Hematol 2021; 43:917-926. [PMID: 34019728 DOI: 10.1111/ijlh.13590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The complete blood count (CBC) is the most widely prescribed laboratory test. It plays a key role in screening, diagnosing, and monitoring a variety of medical disorders. Preanalytical and analytical variables are responsible for more than 50% of laboratory errors that may lead to spurious CBC results. The effects of blood sampling, transport, storage, and analytical errors on hematological parameters have been well described. Circadian variation and changes in lifestyle and environment can also affect blood cells. It has been extensively studied in the past, but highly variable methodology and the presence of confounding factors have provided scattered and inconsistent results. We have investigated the literature to define the impact of circadian variation, modification of the sleep-wake cycle, acute and chronic exercise, eating habits, alcohol, tobacco, drugs of abuse, high-altitude, heat/cold exposure, and air pollution on CBC results. The affected cell type along with the intensity and duration of changes are detailed for each condition. We aim at providing a comprehensive overview of which situations may induce clinically significant changes and have to be taken into account by healthcare professionals before considering a hematological parameter as pathological and requesting complementary tests.
Collapse
|
11
|
Animal models of Fanconi anemia: A developmental and therapeutic perspective on a multifaceted disease. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 113:113-131. [PMID: 33558144 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is a genetic disorder characterized by developmental abnormalities, progressive bone marrow failure, and increased susceptibility to cancer. FA animal models have been useful to understand the pathogenesis of the disease. Herein, we review FA developmental models that have been developed to simulate human FA, focusing on zebrafish and mouse models. We summarize the recapitulated phenotypes observed in these in vivo models including bone, gametogenesis and sterility defects, as well as marrow failure. We also discuss the relevance of aldehydes in pathogenesis of FA, emphasizing on hematopoietic defects. In addition, we provide a summary of potential therapeutic agents, such as aldehyde scavengers, TGFβ inhibitors, and gene therapy for FA. The diversity of FA animal models makes them useful for understanding FA etiology and allows the discovery of new therapies.
Collapse
|
12
|
García-de-Teresa B, Rodríguez A, Frias S. Chromosome Instability in Fanconi Anemia: From Breaks to Phenotypic Consequences. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E1528. [PMID: 33371494 PMCID: PMC7767525 DOI: 10.3390/genes11121528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA), a chromosomal instability syndrome, is caused by inherited pathogenic variants in any of 22 FANC genes, which cooperate in the FA/BRCA pathway. This pathway regulates the repair of DNA interstrand crosslinks (ICLs) through homologous recombination. In FA proper repair of ICLs is impaired and accumulation of toxic DNA double strand breaks occurs. To repair this type of DNA damage, FA cells activate alternative error-prone DNA repair pathways, which may lead to the formation of gross structural chromosome aberrations of which radial figures are the hallmark of FA, and their segregation during cell division are the origin of subsequent aberrations such as translocations, dicentrics and acentric fragments. The deficiency in DNA repair has pleiotropic consequences in the phenotype of patients with FA, including developmental alterations, bone marrow failure and an extreme risk to develop cancer. The mechanisms leading to the physical abnormalities during embryonic development have not been clearly elucidated, however FA has features of premature aging with chronic inflammation mediated by pro-inflammatory cytokines, which results in tissue attrition, selection of malignant clones and cancer onset. Moreover, chromosomal instability and cell death are not exclusive of the somatic compartment, they also affect germinal cells, as evidenced by the infertility observed in patients with FA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benilde García-de-Teresa
- Laboratorio de Citogenética, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Ciudad de México 04530, Mexico;
- Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Alfredo Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Citogenética, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Ciudad de México 04530, Mexico;
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Sara Frias
- Laboratorio de Citogenética, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Ciudad de México 04530, Mexico;
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Rageul J, Kim H. Fanconi anemia and the underlying causes of genomic instability. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2020; 61:693-708. [PMID: 31983075 PMCID: PMC7778457 DOI: 10.1002/em.22358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is a rare genetic disorder, characterized by birth defects, progressive bone marrow failure, and a predisposition to cancer. This devastating disease is caused by germline mutations in any one of the 22 known FA genes, where the gene products are primarily responsible for the resolution of DNA interstrand cross-links (ICLs), a type of DNA damage generally formed by cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agents. However, the identity of endogenous mutagens that generate DNA ICLs remains largely elusive. In addition, whether DNA ICLs are indeed the primary cause behind FA phenotypes is still a matter of debate. Recent genetic studies suggest that naturally occurring reactive aldehydes are a primary source of DNA damage in hematopoietic stem cells, implicating that they could play a role in genome instability and FA. Emerging lines of evidence indicate that the FA pathway constitutes a general surveillance mechanism for the genome by protecting against a variety of DNA replication stresses. Therefore, understanding the DNA repair signaling that is regulated by the FA pathway, and the types of DNA lesions underlying the FA pathophysiology is crucial for the treatment of FA and FA-associated cancers. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of the relationship between reactive aldehydes, bone marrow dysfunction, and FA biology in the context of signaling pathways triggered during FA-mediated DNA repair and maintenance of the genomic integrity. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 2020. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Rageul
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Hyungjin Kim
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
- Stony Brook Cancer Center, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
- Correspondence to: Hyungjin Kim, Ph.D., Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Basic Sciences Tower 8-125, 100 Nicolls Rd., Stony Brook, NY 11794, Phone: 631-444-3134, FAX: 631-444-3218,
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Chen CH, Ferreira JCB, Joshi AU, Stevens MC, Li SJ, Hsu JHM, Maclean R, Ferreira ND, Cervantes PR, Martinez DD, Barrientos FL, Quintanares GHR, Mochly-Rosen D. Novel and prevalent non-East Asian ALDH2 variants; Implications for global susceptibility to aldehydes' toxicity. EBioMedicine 2020; 55:102753. [PMID: 32403082 PMCID: PMC7218264 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) catalyzes the detoxification of aliphatic aldehydes, including acetaldehyde. About 45% of Han Chinese (East Asians), accounting for 8% of humans, carry a single point mutation in ALDH2*2 (E504K) that leads to accumulation of toxic reactive aldehydes. METHODS Sequencing of a small Mexican cohort and a search in the ExAC genomic database for additional ALDH2 variants common in various ethnic groups was set to identify missense variants. These were evaluated in vitro, and in cultured cells expressing these new and common variants. FINDINGS In a cohort of Hispanic donors, we identified 2 novel mutations in ALDH2. Using the ExAC genomic database, we found these identified variants and at least three other ALDH2 variants with a single point mutation among Latino, African, South Asian, and Finnish ethnic groups, at a frequency of >5/1000. Although located in different parts of the ALDH2 molecule, these common ALDH2 mutants exhibited a significant reduction in activity compared with the wild type enzyme in vitro and in 3T3 cells overexpressing each of the variants, and a greater ethanol-induced toxicity. As Alda-1, previously identified activator, did not activate some of the new mutant ALDH2 enzymes, we continued the screen and identified Alda-64, which is effective in correcting the loss of activity in most of these new and common ALDH2 variants. INTERPRETATION Since ~80% of the world population consumes ethanol and since acetaldehyde accumulation contributes to a variety of diseases, the identification of additional inactivating variants of ALDH2 in different ethnic groups may help develop new 'precision medicine' for carriers of these inactive ALDH2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Che-Hong Chen
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA, USA
| | - Julio C B Ferreira
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA, USA; Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Amit U Joshi
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA, USA
| | - Matthew C Stevens
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA, USA
| | - Sin-Jin Li
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA, USA; Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jade H-M Hsu
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA, USA; Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Rory Maclean
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA, USA
| | - Nikolas D Ferreira
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pilar R Cervantes
- Translational Medicine and Innovation Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México City, México
| | - Diana D Martinez
- Translational Medicine and Innovation Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México City, México
| | - Fernando L Barrientos
- Translational Medicine and Innovation Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México City, México
| | - Gibran H R Quintanares
- Translational Medicine and Innovation Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México City, México
| | - Daria Mochly-Rosen
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Nicoletti E, Rao G, Bueren JA, Río P, Navarro S, Surrallés J, Choi G, Schwartz JD. Mosaicism in Fanconi anemia: concise review and evaluation of published cases with focus on clinical course of blood count normalization. Ann Hematol 2020; 99:913-924. [PMID: 32065290 PMCID: PMC7196946 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-020-03954-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is a DNA repair disorder resulting from mutations in genes encoding for FA DNA repair complex components and is characterized by variable congenital abnormalities, bone marrow failure (BMF), and high incidences of malignancies. FA mosaicism arises from reversion or other compensatory mutations in hematopoietic cells and may be associated with BMF reversal and decreased blood cell sensitivity to DNA-damaging agents (clastogens); this sensitivity is a phenotypic and diagnostic hallmark of FA. Uncertainty regarding the clinical significance of FA mosaicism persists; in some cases, patients have survived multiple decades without BMF or hematologic malignancy, and in others hematologic failure occurred despite the presence of clastogen-resistant cell populations. Assessment of mosaicism is further complicated because clinical evaluation is frequently based on clastogen resistance in lymphocytes, which may arise from reversion events both in lymphoid-specific lineages and in more pluripotent hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs). In this review, we describe diagnostic methods and outcomes in published mosaicism series, including the substantial intervals (1-6 years) over which blood counts normalized, and the relatively favorable clinical course in cases where clastogen resistance was demonstrated in bone marrow progenitors. We also analyzed published FA mosaic cases with emphasis on long-term clinical outcomes when blood count normalization was identified. Blood count normalization in FA mosaicism likely arises from reversion events in long-term primitive HSPCs and is associated with low incidences of BMF or hematologic malignancy. These observations have ramifications for current investigational therapeutic programs in FA intended to enable gene correction in long-term repopulating HSPCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gayatri Rao
- Rocket Pharmaceuticals, Inc., New York, NY, USA
| | - Juan A Bueren
- Hematopoietic Innovative Therapies Division, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Madrid, Spain
| | - Paula Río
- Hematopoietic Innovative Therapies Division, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Navarro
- Hematopoietic Innovative Therapies Division, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jordi Surrallés
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
- Genome Instability and DNA Repair Syndromes Group, Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
- Servicio de Genética e Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas del Hospital de Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Grace Choi
- Rocket Pharmaceuticals, Inc., New York, NY, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Matsumura Y, Li N, Alwaseem H, Pagovich OE, Crystal RG, Greenblatt MB, Stiles KM. Systemic Adeno-Associated Virus-Mediated Gene Therapy Prevents the Multiorgan Disorders Associated with Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 2 Deficiency and Chronic Ethanol Ingestion. Hum Gene Ther 2020; 31:163-182. [PMID: 31801381 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2019.268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Aldehyde dehydrogenase type 2 (ALDH2), a key enzyme in ethanol metabolism, processes toxic acetaldehyde to nontoxic acetate. ALDH2 deficiency affects 8% of the world population and 35-45% of East Asians. The ALDH2*2 allele common genetic variant has a glutamic acid-to-lysine substitution at position 487 (E487K) that reduces the oxidizing ability of the enzyme resulting in systemic accumulation of acetaldehyde with ethanol ingestion. With chronic ethanol ingestion, mutations in ALDH2 are associated with a variety of hematological, neurological, and dermatological abnormalities, and an increased risk for esophageal cancer and osteoporosis. Based on our prior studies demonstrating that a one-time administration of an adeno-associated virus (AAV) serotype rh.10 gene transfer vector expressing the human ALDH2 cDNA (AAVrh.10hALDH2) prevents the acute effects of ethanol administration (the "Asian flush syndrome"), we hypothesized that AAVrh.10hALDH2 would also prevent the chronic disorders associated with ALDH2 deficiency and chronic ethanol ingestion. To assess this hypothesis, AAVrh.10hALDH2 (1011 genome copies) was administered intravenously to two models of ALDH2 deficiency, Aldh2 knockout homozygous (Aldh2-/-) and knockin homozygous (Aldh2E487K+/+) mice (n = 10 per group). Four weeks after vector administration, mice were given drinking water with 10-15% ethanol for 12 weeks. Strikingly, compared with nonethanol drinking littermates, AAVrh.10hALDH2 administration prevented chronic ethanol-induced serum acetaldehyde accumulation and elevated liver malondialdehyde levels, loss of body weight, reduced hemoglobin levels, reduced performance in locomotor activity tests, accumulation of esophageal DNA damage and DNA adducts, and development of osteopenia. AAVrh.10hALDH2 should be considered as a preventative therapy for the increased risk of chronic disorders associated with ALDH2 deficiency and chronic alcohol exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Matsumura
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Na Li
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Hanan Alwaseem
- Proteomics Resource Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York
| | - Odelya E Pagovich
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Ronald G Crystal
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Matthew B Greenblatt
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
- Research Division, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York
| | - Katie M Stiles
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Casin KM, Kohr MJ. An emerging perspective on sex differences: Intersecting S-nitrosothiol and aldehyde signaling in the heart. Redox Biol 2020; 31:101441. [PMID: 32007450 PMCID: PMC7212482 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of the death for both men and women. Although baseline heart physiology and the response to disease are known to differ by sex, little is known about sex differences in baseline molecular signaling, especially with regard to redox biology. In this review, we describe current research on sex differences in cardiac redox biology with a focus on the regulation of nitric oxide and aldehyde signaling. Furthermore, we argue for a new perspective on cardiovascular sex differences research, one that focuses on baseline redox biology without the elimination or disruption of sex hormones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Casin
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Mark J Kohr
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zhang H, Chen Z, Ye Y, Ye Z, Cao D, Xiong Y, Srivastava M, Feng X, Tang M, Wang C, Tainer JA, Chen J. SLX4IP acts with SLX4 and XPF-ERCC1 to promote interstrand crosslink repair. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 47:10181-10201. [PMID: 31495888 PMCID: PMC6821277 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interstrand crosslinks (ICLs) are highly toxic DNA lesions that are repaired via a complex process requiring the coordination of several DNA repair pathways. Defects in ICL repair result in Fanconi anemia, which is characterized by bone marrow failure, developmental abnormalities, and a high incidence of malignancies. SLX4, also known as FANCP, acts as a scaffold protein and coordinates multiple endonucleases that unhook ICLs, resolve homologous recombination intermediates, and perhaps remove unhooked ICLs. In this study, we explored the role of SLX4IP, a constitutive factor in the SLX4 complex, in ICL repair. We found that SLX4IP is a novel regulatory factor; its depletion sensitized cells to treatment with ICL-inducing agents and led to accumulation of cells in the G2/M phase. We further discovered that SLX4IP binds to SLX4 and XPF-ERCC1 simultaneously and that disruption of one interaction also disrupts the other. The binding of SLX4IP to both SLX4 and XPF-ERCC1 not only is vital for maintaining the stability of SLX4IP protein, but also promotes the interaction between SLX4 and XPF-ERCC1, especially after DNA damage. Collectively, these results demonstrate a new regulatory role for SLX4IP in maintaining an efficient SLX4-XPF-ERCC1 complex in ICL repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Zhang
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Zhen Chen
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yin Ye
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Zu Ye
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Dan Cao
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yun Xiong
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mrinal Srivastava
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xu Feng
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mengfan Tang
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - John A Tainer
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Junjie Chen
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Tiwari V, Wilson DM. DNA Damage and Associated DNA Repair Defects in Disease and Premature Aging. Am J Hum Genet 2019; 105:237-257. [PMID: 31374202 PMCID: PMC6693886 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2019.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic information is constantly being attacked by intrinsic and extrinsic damaging agents, such as reactive oxygen species, atmospheric radiation, environmental chemicals, and chemotherapeutics. If DNA modifications persist, they can adversely affect the polymerization of DNA or RNA, leading to replication fork collapse or transcription arrest, or can serve as mutagenic templates during nucleic acid synthesis reactions. To combat the deleterious consequences of DNA damage, organisms have developed complex repair networks that remove chemical modifications or aberrant base arrangements and restore the genome to its original state. Not surprisingly, inherited or sporadic defects in DNA repair mechanisms can give rise to cellular outcomes that underlie disease and aging, such as transformation, apoptosis, and senescence. In the review here, we discuss several genetic disorders linked to DNA repair defects, attempting to draw correlations between the nature of the accumulating DNA damage and the pathological endpoints, namely cancer, neurological disease, and premature aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Tiwari
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Suite 100, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
| | - David M Wilson
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Suite 100, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
Granulocytes are the major type of phagocytes constituting the front line of innate immune defense against bacterial infection. In adults, granulocytes are derived from hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow. Alcohol is the most frequently abused substance in human society. Excessive alcohol consumption injures hematopoietic tissue, impairing bone marrow production of granulocytes through disrupting homeostasis of granulopoiesis and the granulopoietic response. Because of the compromised immune defense function, alcohol abusers are susceptible to infectious diseases, particularly septic infection. Alcoholic patients with septic infection and granulocytopenia have an exceedingly high mortality rate. Treatment of serious infection in alcoholic patients with bone marrow inhibition continues to be a major challenge. Excessive alcohol consumption also causes diseases in other organ systems, particularly severe alcoholic hepatitis which is life threatening. Corticosteroids are the only therapeutic option for improving short-term survival in patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis. The existence of advanced alcoholic liver diseases and administration of corticosteroids make it more difficult to treat serious infection in alcoholic patients with the disorder of granulopoieis. This article reviews the recent development in understanding alcohol-induced disruption of marrow granulopoiesis and the granulopoietic response with the focus on progress in delineating cell signaling mechanisms underlying the alcohol-induced injury to hematopoietic tissue. Efforts in exploring effective therapy to improve patient care in this field will also be discussed.
Collapse
|
21
|
Haas OA. Primary Immunodeficiency and Cancer Predisposition Revisited: Embedding Two Closely Related Concepts Into an Integrative Conceptual Framework. Front Immunol 2019; 9:3136. [PMID: 30809233 PMCID: PMC6379258 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.03136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Common understanding suggests that the normal function of a "healthy" immune system safe-guards and protects against the development of malignancies, whereas a genetically impaired one might increase the likelihood of their manifestation. This view is primarily based on and apparently supported by an increased incidence of such diseases in patients with specific forms of immunodeficiencies that are caused by high penetrant gene defects. As I will review and discuss herein, such constellations merely represent the tip of an iceberg. The overall situation is by far more varied and complex, especially if one takes into account the growing difficulties to define what actually constitutes an immunodeficiency and what defines a cancer predisposition. The enormous advances in genome sequencing, in bioinformatic analyses and in the functional in vitro and in vivo assessment of novel findings together with the availability of large databases provide us with a wealth of information that steadily increases the number of sequence variants that concur with clinically more or less recognizable immunological problems and their consequences. Since many of the newly identified hard-core defects are exceedingly rare, their tumor predisposing effect is difficult to ascertain. The analyses of large data sets, on the other hand, continuously supply us with low penetrant variants that, at least in statistical terms, are clearly tumor predisposing, although their specific relevance for the respective carriers still needs to be carefully assessed on an individual basis. Finally, defects and variants that affect the same gene families and pathways in both a constitutional and somatic setting underscore the fact that immunodeficiencies and cancer predisposition can be viewed as two closely related errors of development. Depending on the particular genetic and/or environmental context as well as the respective stage of development, the same changes can have either a neutral, predisposing and, in some instances, even a protective effect. To understand the interaction between the immune system, be it "normal" or "deficient" and tumor predisposition and development on a systemic level, one therefore needs to focus on the structure and dynamic functional organization of the entire immune system rather than on its isolated individual components alone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oskar A. Haas
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
Fanconi anemia is an inherited disease characterized by genomic instability, hypersensitivity to DNA cross-linking agents, bone marrow failure, short stature, skeletal abnormalities, and a high relative risk of myeloid leukemia and epithelial malignancies. The 21 Fanconi anemia genes encode proteins involved in multiple nuclear biochemical pathways that effect DNA interstrand crosslink repair. In the past, bone marrow failure was attributed solely to the failure of stem cells to repair DNA. Recently, non-canonical functions of many of the Fanconi anemia proteins have been described, including modulating responses to oxidative stress, viral infection, and inflammation as well as facilitating mitophagic responses and enhancing signals that promote stem cell function and survival. Some of these functions take place in non-nuclear sites and do not depend on the DNA damage response functions of the proteins. Dysfunctions of the canonical and non-canonical pathways that drive stem cell exhaustion and neoplastic clonal selection are reviewed, and the potential therapeutic importance of fully investigating the scope and interdependences of the canonical and non-canonical pathways is emphasized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grover Bagby
- Departments of Medicine and Molecular and Medical Genetics, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Gu S, Nguyen BN, Rao S, Li S, Shetty K, Rashid A, Shukla V, Deng CX, Mishra L, Mishra B. Alcohol, stem cells and cancer. Genes Cancer 2017; 8:695-700. [PMID: 29234487 PMCID: PMC5724803 DOI: 10.18632/genesandcancer.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Dosage, gender, and genetic susceptibility to the effects of alcohol remained only partially elucidated. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of the mechanisms underlying the role of alcohol in liver and gastrointestinal cancers. In addition, two recent pathways- DNA repair and TGF-β signaling which provide new insights into alcohol in the regulation of cancers and stem cells are also discussed here.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shoujun Gu
- Department of Surgery, Center for Translational Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Bao-Ngoc Nguyen
- Department of Surgery, Center for Translational Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Shuyun Rao
- Department of Surgery, Center for Translational Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Shulin Li
- Departments of Pediatrics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Kirti Shetty
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Asif Rashid
- Departments of Gastroenterology and Liver Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Vivek Shukla
- Thoracic and Gastrointestinal Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Chu-Xia Deng
- Department of Surgery, Center for Translational Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Lopa Mishra
- Department of Surgery, Center for Translational Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.,Surgical Service, Veterans Affairs Medicale Center, Washington DC, USA
| | - Bibhuti Mishra
- Department of Surgery, Center for Translational Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
ALDHs in normal and malignant hematopoietic cells: Potential new avenues for treatment of AML and other blood cancers. Chem Biol Interact 2017. [PMID: 28645468 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2017.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Multiple studies have demonstrated that ALDH1A1 is elevated in hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). As a means to better characterize such cells, we previously developed the fluorescent ALDH1A1 substrate Aldefluor to facilitate HSC identification and isolation. This has proven useful for counting and isolating HSCs from human bone marrow, peripheral blood and cord blood as well as stem cells in other tissues and organisms. Given the high level expression of ALDH1A1, we explored its biology and that of other ALDHs in HSCs and found that ALDH1A1 and ALDH3A1 were important in metabolizing reactive aldehydes (RAlds) and reactive oxygen species (ROS). In murine models, loss of these two isoforms resulted in a variety of effects on HSC biology, increased DNA damage and predisposition to leukemia formation when combined with a genetic driver of HSC proliferation and self-renewal. Loss of ALDH activity may also predispose to marrow failure and AML in Fanconi's anemia (FA). ALDHs also have importance in mediating drug resistance in AML, may be useful in the identification of leukemia stem cells (LSCs) and ALDH activity levels may have prognostic significance. Together these findings suggest that further studying ALDH biology in AML and other blood cancers may provide important insights into malignant transformation and may point the way to the development of novel diagnostics and therapies.
Collapse
|
25
|
Genetic Effects on Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Prognosis and Outcomes: More Than Just Histocompatibility. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2017; 23:1227-1228. [PMID: 28603068 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2017.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
|