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Dagallier LPMJ, Mbago FM, Couderc M, Gaudeul M, Grall A, Loup C, Wieringa JJ, Sonké B, Couvreur TLP. Phylogenomic inference of the African tribe Monodoreae (Annonaceae) and taxonomic revision of Dennettia, Uvariodendron and Uvariopsis. PHYTOKEYS 2023; 233:1-200. [PMID: 37811332 PMCID: PMC10552675 DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.233.103096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Monodoreae (Annonaceae) is a tribe composed of 11 genera and 90 species restricted to the tropical African rain forests. All the genera are taxonomically well circumscribed except the species rich genera Uvariodendron and Uvariopsis which lack a recent taxonomic revision. Here, we used a robust phylogenomic approach, including all the 90 currently accepted species, with several specimens per species, and based on more than 300 Annonaceae-specific nuclear genes, to infer the phylogenetic tree of the Monodoreae and test the limits between the genera and species. We recover all the genera as monophyletic, except the genus Uvariopsis for which the species Uvariopsistripetala falls outside this clade. We thus reinstate the monotypic genus Dennettia for its single species Dennettiatripetala. We also erect a new tribe, Ophrypetaleae trib. nov., to accommodate the genera Ophrypetalum and Sanrafaelia, as we recover them excluded from the Monodoreae tribe with good support. Below the genus level, the genera Isolona, Monodora, Uvariastrum, Uvariodendron and Uvariopsis show weakly supported nodes and phylogenetic conflicts, suggesting that population level processes of evolution might occur in these clades. Our results also support, at the molecular level, the description of several new species of Uvariodendron and Uvariopsis, as well as several new synonymies. Finally, we present a taxonomic revision of the genera Dennettia, Uvariodendron and Uvariopsis, which contain one, 18 and 17 species respectively. We provide a key to the 11 genera of the Monodoraeae and describe four new species to science: Uvariodendronkimbozaense Dagallier & Couvreur, sp. nov., Uvariodendronmossambicense Robson ex Dagallier & Couvreur, sp. nov., Uvariodendronpilosicarpum Dagallier & Couvreur, sp. nov. and Uvariopsisoligocarpa Dagallier & Couvreur, sp. nov., and provide provisional descriptions of three putatively new species. We also present lectotypifications and nomenclatural changes implying synonymies and new combinations (Uvariodendroncitriodorum (Le Thomas) Dagallier & Couvreur, comb. et stat. nov., Uvariodendronfuscumvar.magnificum (Verdc.) Dagallier & Couvreur, comb. et stat. nov., Uvariopsiscongensisvar.angustifolia Dagallier & Couvreur, var. nov., Uvariopsisguineensisvar.globiflora (Keay) Dagallier & Couvreur, comb. et stat. nov., and Uvariopsissolheidiivar.letestui (Pellegr.) Dagallier & Couvreur, comb. et stat. nov.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Léo-Paul M. J. Dagallier
- DIADE, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
- Institute of Systematic Botany, The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York 10458, USA
| | - Frank M. Mbago
- The Herbarium, Botany Department, Box 35060, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Marie Couderc
- DIADE, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - Myriam Gaudeul
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle-CNRS-SU-EPHE-UA, 57 rue Cuvier, CP 39, 75231 Paris, Cedex 05, France
| | - Aurélie Grall
- Herbaria Basel, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Herbarium, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AE, UK
| | - Caroline Loup
- DIADE, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - Jan J. Wieringa
- Herbier MPU, DCSPH – CC 99010, Université de Montpellier, 163 rue A. Broussonnet, F-34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Bonaventure Sonké
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg 2, 2333 CR, Leiden, Netherlands
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Couvreur TLP, Dagallier LPMJ, Crozier F, Ghogue JP, Hoekstra PH, Kamdem NG, Johnson DM, Murray NA, Sonké B. Flora of Cameroon - Annonaceae Vol 45. PHYTOKEYS 2022; 207:1-532. [PMID: 36760862 PMCID: PMC9849070 DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.207.61432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Annonaceae is a major pantropical family with 113 genera and about 2550 species. Cameroon is one of the most biodiverse countries in Africa but its flora remains incompletely known. In this volume of the Flora of Cameroon, we describe 166 native taxa representing 163 species in 28 native genera within the family Annonaceae. A total of 22 species (about 13%) are endemic to the country. We provide keys to all native genera, species, and infraspecific taxa. For each species a detailed morphological description and a map of its distribution in Cameroon are provided. Distribution maps and diversity analyses are based on a taxonomically verified database of 2073 collections. Across Africa, Cameroon is a center of diversity for Annonaceae harboring one of the highest numbers of species and genera. For example, Cameroon harbors the highest number of African species for the only pantropical genus of Annonaceae, Xylopia. Annonaceae are found across all 10 administrative regions of Cameroon but diversity is concentrated within the tropical rain forest areas situated in the south and South-West. The areas around Bipindi and Mount Cameroon show the highest levels of diversity, but this is correlated with collection effort. Line drawings and/or photographs accompany most species. One species new to science Uvariopsisetugeana Dagallier & Couvreur sp. nov. is described. We also undertake a number of nomenclatural changes such as lectotypifications, six new synonymies and two new combinations (Uvariaanisotricha (Le Thomas) Couvreur, comb. nov.; Uvariodendronfuscumvar.giganteum (Engl.) Dagallier & Couvreur, comb. nov.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L. P. Couvreur
- IRD, DIADE, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, FranceNaturalis Biodiversity CenterLeidenNetherlands
- Université de Yaoundé I, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Département des Sciences Biologiques, Laboratoire de Botanique systématique et d’Ecologie, B.P. 047, Yaoundé, CameroonUniv MontpellierMontpellierFrance
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Botany Section, Darwinweg 2, 2333 CR Leiden, NetherlandsUniversité de Yaoundé IYaoundéCameroon
| | | | - Francoise Crozier
- IRD, DIADE, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, FranceNaturalis Biodiversity CenterLeidenNetherlands
| | - Jean-Paul Ghogue
- Université de Yaoundé I, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Département des Sciences Biologiques, Laboratoire de Botanique systématique et d’Ecologie, B.P. 047, Yaoundé, CameroonUniv MontpellierMontpellierFrance
- Green Connexion, Environmental Group, siège face GP Mélen, à côté de l’immeuble Palais des verres. Yaoundé, CamerounGreen ConnexionYaoundéCameroon
| | - Paul H. Hoekstra
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Botany Section, Darwinweg 2, 2333 CR Leiden, NetherlandsUniversité de Yaoundé IYaoundéCameroon
| | - Narcisse G. Kamdem
- Université de Yaoundé I, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Département des Sciences Biologiques, Laboratoire de Botanique systématique et d’Ecologie, B.P. 047, Yaoundé, CameroonUniv MontpellierMontpellierFrance
| | - David M. Johnson
- Department of Botany-Microbiology, Ohio Wesleyan University, Delaware, OH, 43015, USAOhio Wesleyan UniversityDelawareUnited States of America
| | - Nancy A. Murray
- Department of Botany-Microbiology, Ohio Wesleyan University, Delaware, OH, 43015, USAOhio Wesleyan UniversityDelawareUnited States of America
| | - Bonaventure Sonké
- Université de Yaoundé I, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Département des Sciences Biologiques, Laboratoire de Botanique systématique et d’Ecologie, B.P. 047, Yaoundé, CameroonUniv MontpellierMontpellierFrance
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Grzywacz B, Warchałowska-Śliwa E, Kociński M, Heller KG, Hemp C. Diversification of the Balloon bushcrickets (Orthoptera, Hexacentrinae, Aerotegmina) in the East African mountains. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9878. [PMID: 33972656 PMCID: PMC8110521 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89364-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
East African mountains constitute a network of isolated habitat islands among dry savannah and are thus ideal for studying species diversification processes. This study elucidated the phylogenetic and phylogeographic relationships of all bushcricket species comprising the genus Aerotegmina. Our analysis indicated that large-scale climatic and topographic processes in Africa are likely to have driven speciation in this group, and revealed the cytogenetic traits of the species. Molecular phylogeny supported the monophyly of Aerotegmina and showed that the genus probably originated in the old Eastern Arc Mountains of Tanzania and Kenya. Two lineages were distinguished: small- and large-sized species with geographically distinct habitats. The underlying processes are thought to be eight dispersals, ten vicariance events, and one extinction event linked to repeated fragmentation of the African rainforest. Those processes, in conjunction with habitat change, probably also led to the spatial separation of the species into a northern clade with a diploid number of chromosomes 2n = 32 + X0 or 2n = 30 + neo-XY and a southern clade with a reduced number of chromosomes (2n = 28 + X0 or 24 + neo-X1X2Y). Karyotype analysis suggests that Aerotegmina is currently in the process of speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Grzywacz
- grid.413454.30000 0001 1958 0162Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sławkowska 17, 31-016 Kraków, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Warchałowska-Śliwa
- grid.413454.30000 0001 1958 0162Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sławkowska 17, 31-016 Kraków, Poland
| | - Maciej Kociński
- grid.413454.30000 0001 1958 0162Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sławkowska 17, 31-016 Kraków, Poland
| | | | - Claudia Hemp
- grid.7384.80000 0004 0467 6972Department Plant Systematics, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
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Phillips HR, Landis JB, Specht CD. Revisiting floral fusion: the evolution and molecular basis of a developmental innovation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:3390-3404. [PMID: 32152629 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Throughout the evolution of the angiosperm flower, developmental innovations have enabled the modification or elaboration of novel floral organs enabling subsequent diversification and expansion into new niches, for example the formation of novel pollinator relationships. One such developmental innovation is the fusion of various floral organs to form complex structures. Multiple types of floral fusion exist; each type may be the result of different developmental processes and is likely to have evolved multiple times independently across the angiosperm tree of life. The development of fused organs is thought to be mediated by the NAM/CUC3 subfamily of NAC transcription factors, which mediate boundary formation during meristematic development. The goal of this review is to (i) introduce the development of fused floral organs as a key 'developmental innovation', facilitated by a change in the expression of NAM/CUC3 transcription factors; (ii) provide a comprehensive overview of floral fusion phenotypes amongst the angiosperms, defining well-known fusion phenotypes and applying them to a systematic context; and (iii) summarize the current molecular knowledge of this phenomenon, highlighting the evolution of the NAM/CUC3 subfamily of transcription factors implicated in the development of fused organs. The need for a network-based analysis of fusion is discussed, and a gene regulatory network responsible for directing fusion is proposed to guide future research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather R Phillips
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Biology and the L.H. Bailey Hortorium, Cornell University, Ithaca NY, USA
| | - Jacob B Landis
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Biology and the L.H. Bailey Hortorium, Cornell University, Ithaca NY, USA
| | - Chelsea D Specht
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Biology and the L.H. Bailey Hortorium, Cornell University, Ithaca NY, USA
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Xue B, Guo X, Landis JB, Sun M, Tang CC, Soltis PS, Soltis DE, Saunders RMK. Accelerated diversification correlated with functional traits shapes extant diversity of the early divergent angiosperm family Annonaceae. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2019; 142:106659. [PMID: 31639525 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2019.106659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A major goal of phylogenetic systematics is to understand both the patterns of diversification and the processes by which these patterns are formed. Few studies have focused on the ancient, species-rich Magnoliales clade and its diversification pattern. Within Magnoliales, the pantropically distributed Annonaceae are by far the most genus-rich and species-rich family-level clade, with c. 110 genera and c. 2,400 species. We investigated the diversification patterns across Annonaceae and identified traits that show varied associations with diversification rates using a time-calibrated phylogeny of 835 species (34.6% sampling) and 11,211 aligned bases from eight regions of the plastid genome (rbcL, matK, ndhF, psbA-trnH, trnL-F, atpB-rbcL, trnS-G, and ycf1). Twelve rate shifts were identified using BAMM: in Annona, Artabotrys, Asimina, Drepananthus, Duguetia, Goniothalamus, Guatteria, Uvaria, Xylopia, the tribes Miliuseae and Malmeeae, and the Desmos-Dasymaschalon-Friesodielsia-Monanthotaxis clade. TurboMEDUSA and method-of-moments estimator analyses showed largely congruent results. A positive relationship between species richness and diversification rate is revealed using PGLS. Our results show that the high species richness in Annonaceae is likely the result of recent increased diversification rather than the steady accumulation of species via the 'museum model'. We further explore the possible role of selected traits (habit, pollinator trapping, floral sex expression, pollen dispersal unit, anther septation, and seed dispersal unit) in shaping diversification patterns, based on inferences of BiSSE, MuSSE, HiSSE, and FiSSE analyses. Our results suggest that the liana habit, the presence of circadian pollinator trapping, androdioecy, and the dispersal of seeds as single-seeded monocarp fragments are closely correlated with higher diversification rates; pollen aggregation and anther septation, in contrast, are associated with lower diversification rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Xue
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, Guangdong, China; Division of Ecology & Biodiversity, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, Guangdong, China
| | - X Guo
- Division of Ecology & Biodiversity, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China; Current address: State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Beishan Industrial Zone, Shenzhen, China
| | - J B Landis
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - M Sun
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - C C Tang
- Division of Ecology & Biodiversity, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - P S Soltis
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Biodiversity Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - D E Soltis
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Biodiversity Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - R M K Saunders
- Division of Ecology & Biodiversity, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China.
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Couvreur TLP, Helmstetter AJ, Koenen EJM, Bethune K, Brandão RD, Little SA, Sauquet H, Erkens RHJ. Phylogenomics of the Major Tropical Plant Family Annonaceae Using Targeted Enrichment of Nuclear Genes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 9:1941. [PMID: 30687347 PMCID: PMC6334231 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Targeted enrichment and sequencing of hundreds of nuclear loci for phylogenetic reconstruction is becoming an important tool for plant systematics and evolution. Annonaceae is a major pantropical plant family with 110 genera and ca. 2,450 species, occurring across all major and minor tropical forests of the world. Baits were designed by sequencing the transcriptomes of five species from two of the largest Annonaceae subfamilies. Orthologous loci were identified. The resulting baiting kit was used to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships at two different levels using concatenated and gene tree approaches: a family wide Annonaceae analysis sampling 65 genera and a species level analysis of tribe Piptostigmateae sampling 29 species with multiple individuals per species. DNA extraction was undertaken mainly on silicagel dried leaves, with two samples from herbarium dried leaves. Our kit targets 469 exons (364,653 bp of sequence data), successfully capturing sequences from across Annonaceae. Silicagel dried and herbarium DNA worked equally well. We present for the first time a nuclear gene-based phylogenetic tree at the generic level based on 317 supercontigs. Results mainly confirm previous chloroplast based studies. However, several new relationships are found and discussed. We show significant differences in branch lengths between the two large subfamilies Annonoideae and Malmeoideae. A new tribe, Annickieae, is erected containing a single African genus Annickia. We also reconstructed a well-resolved species-level phylogenetic tree of the Piptostigmteae tribe. Our baiting kit is useful for reconstructing well-supported phylogenetic relationships within Annonaceae at different taxonomic levels. The nuclear genome is mainly concordant with plastome information with a few exceptions. Moreover, we find that substitution rate heterogeneity between the two subfamilies is also found within the nuclear compartment, and not just plastomes and ribosomal DNA as previously shown. Our results have implications for understanding the biogeography, molecular dating and evolution of Annonaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Erik J. M. Koenen
- Institute of Systematic Botany, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kevin Bethune
- IRD, UMR DIADE, Univ. Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Rita D. Brandão
- Maastricht Science Programme, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Stefan A. Little
- Ecologie Systématique Evolution, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université-Paris Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Hervé Sauquet
- Ecologie Systématique Evolution, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université-Paris Saclay, Orsay, France
- National Herbarium of New South Wales (NSW), Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Roy H. J. Erkens
- Maastricht Science Programme, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
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Testing the impact of morphological rate heterogeneity on ancestral state reconstruction of five floral traits in angiosperms. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9473. [PMID: 29930308 PMCID: PMC6013437 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27750-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Ancestral state reconstruction is an important tool to study morphological evolution and often involves estimating transition rates among character states. However, various factors, including taxonomic scale and sampling density, may impact transition rate estimation and indirectly also the probability of the state at a given node. Here, we test the influence of rate heterogeneity using maximum likelihood methods on five binary perianth characters, optimized on a phylogenetic tree of angiosperms including 1230 species sampled from all families. We compare the states reconstructed by an equal-rate (Mk1) and a two-rate model (Mk2) fitted either with a single set of rates for the whole tree or as a partitioned model, allowing for different rates on five partitions of the tree. We find strong signal for rate heterogeneity among the five subdivisions for all five characters, but little overall impact of the choice of model on reconstructed ancestral states, which indicates that most of our inferred ancestral states are the same whether heterogeneity is accounted for or not.
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Hoekstra PH, Wieringa JJ, Smets E, Brandão RD, Lopes JDC, Erkens RHJ, Chatrou LW. Correlated evolutionary rates across genomic compartments in Annonaceae. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2017; 114:63-72. [PMID: 28578201 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2017.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The molecular clock hypothesis is an important concept in biology. Deviations from a constant rate of nucleotide substitution have been found widely among lineages, genomes, genes and individual sites. Phylogenetic research can accommodate for these differences in applying specific models of evolution. Lineage-specific rate heterogeneity however can generate bi- or multimodal distributions of substitution rates across the branches of a tree and this may mislead phylogenetic inferences with currently available models. The plant family Annonaceae is an excellent case to study lineage-specific rate heterogeneity. The two major sister subfamilies, Annonoideae and Malmeoideae, have shown great discrepancies in branch lengths. We used high-throughput sequencing data of 72 genes, 99 spacers and 16 introns from 24 chloroplast genomes and nuclear ribosomal DNA of 23 species to study the molecular rate of evolution in Annonaceae. In all analyses, longer branch lengths and/or higher substitution rates were found for the Annonoideae compared to the Malmeoideae. The Annonaceae had wide variability in chloroplast length, ranging from minimal 175,684bp to 201,723 for Annonoideae and minimal 152,357 to 170,985bp in Malmeoideae, mostly reflecting variation in inverted-repeat length. The Annonoideae showed a higher GC-content in the conserved parts of the chloroplast genome and higher omega (dN/dS)-ratios than the Malmeoideae, which could indicate less stringent purifying selection, a pattern that has been found in groups with small population sizes. This study generates new insights into the processes causing lineage-specific rate heterogeneity, which could lead to improved phylogenetic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul H Hoekstra
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, National Herbarium of the Netherlands, Darwinweg 2, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands; Wageningen University & Research, Biosystematics Group, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Jan J Wieringa
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, National Herbarium of the Netherlands, Darwinweg 2, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands; Wageningen University & Research, Biosystematics Group, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Erik Smets
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, National Herbarium of the Netherlands, Darwinweg 2, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands; Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Ecology, Evolution and Biodiversity Conservation Section, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, Box 2435, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Rita D Brandão
- Maastricht University, Maastricht Science Programme, Kapoenstraat 2, 6211 KW Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Jenifer de Carvalho Lopes
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Botânica, Rua do Matão 277, 05508-090 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Roy H J Erkens
- Maastricht University, Maastricht Science Programme, Kapoenstraat 2, 6211 KW Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Lars W Chatrou
- Wageningen University & Research, Biosystematics Group, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Beenken L, Berndt R. Rust fungi on Annonaceae: the genusSphaerophragmium. Mycologia 2017; 102:650-63. [DOI: 10.3852/09-173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Reinhard Berndt
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Integrative Biology, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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Lens F, Vos RA, Charrier G, van der Niet T, Merckx V, Baas P, Aguirre Gutierrez J, Jacobs B, Chacon Dória L, Smets E, Delzon S, Janssens SB. Scalariform-to-simple transition in vessel perforation plates triggered by differences in climate during the evolution of Adoxaceae. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2016; 118:1043-1056. [PMID: 27498812 PMCID: PMC5055826 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcw151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims Angiosperms with simple vessel perforations have evolved many times independently of species having scalariform perforations, but detailed studies to understand why these transitions in wood evolution have happened are lacking. We focus on the striking difference in wood anatomy between two closely related genera of Adoxaceae, Viburnum and Sambucus, and link the anatomical divergence with climatic and physiological insights. Methods After performing wood anatomical observations, we used a molecular phylogenetic framework to estimate divergence times for 127 Adoxaceae species. The conditions under which the genera diversified were estimated using ancestral area reconstruction and optimization of ancestral climates, and xylem-specific conductivity measurements were performed. Key Results Viburnum, characterized by scalariform vessel perforations (ancestral), diversified earlier than Sambucus, having simple perforations (derived). Ancestral climate reconstruction analyses point to cold temperate preference for Viburnum and warm temperate for Sambucus. This is reflected in the xylem-specific conductivity rates of the co-occurring species investigated, showing that Viburnum lantana has rates much lower than Sambucus nigra. Conclusions The lack of selective pressure for high conductive efficiency during early diversification of Viburnum and the potentially adaptive value of scalariform perforations in frost-prone cold temperate climates have led to retention of the ancestral vessel perforation type, while higher temperatures during early diversification of Sambucus have triggered the evolution of simple vessel perforations, allowing more efficient long-distance water transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Lens
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9517, 2300RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rutger A. Vos
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9517, 2300RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Timo van der Niet
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9517, 2300RA Leiden, The Netherlands
- School of Life Sciences, University of Kwazulu-Natal, P. Bag X01, 3209, Scottsville, South Africa
| | - Vincent Merckx
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9517, 2300RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter Baas
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9517, 2300RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jesus Aguirre Gutierrez
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9517, 2300RA Leiden, The Netherlands
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, Computation Geo-Ecology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bart Jacobs
- Section Ecology, Evolution and Biodiversity Conservation, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Larissa Chacon Dória
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9517, 2300RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Erik Smets
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9517, 2300RA Leiden, The Netherlands
- Section Ecology, Evolution and Biodiversity Conservation, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sylvain Delzon
- INRA, University of Bordeaux, UMR BIOGECO, F-33450 Talence, France
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Couvreur TL, Niangadouma R. New species of Uvariopsis (Annonaceae) and Laccosperma (Arecaceae/Palmae) from Monts de Cristal, Gabon. PHYTOKEYS 2016; 68:1-8. [PMID: 27698570 PMCID: PMC5029126 DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.68.9576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Monts de Cristal National Park in northwest Gabon is one of the most species rich places in Central Africa. Here, we describe two new species, one in Annonaceae and one in palms. Uvariopsis citrata Couvreur & Niangadouma, sp. nov. is unique in the genus by emitting a strong lemon scent from the crushed leaves and young branches. Laccosperma cristalensis Couvreur & Niangadouma, sp. nov. is a rattan that lacks acanthophylls on the cirrus and has few pinnae. Complete descriptions, photographic illustrations, ecological information and preliminary IUCN conservation status are provided. For both species a data deficient (DD) status is proposed. These new species underline once again that the Monts de Cristal National Park is yet incompletely known botanically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L.P. Couvreur
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR-DIADE, BP 64501, F-34394 Montpellier cedex 5, France
- University of Yaoundé I, Higher Teacher’s Training College, Plant Systematic and Ecology Laboratory, P.O. Box 047, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Naturalis Biodiversity Centre, Botany Section, Darwinweg 2, 2333 CR Leiden, The Netherlands
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Li PS, Thomas DC, Saunders RMK. Phylogenetic Reconstruction, Morphological Diversification and Generic Delimitation of Disepalum (Annonaceae). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143481. [PMID: 26630651 PMCID: PMC4668016 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Taxonomic delimitation of Disepalum (Annonaceae) is contentious, with some researchers favoring a narrow circumscription following segregation of the genus Enicosanthellum. We reconstruct the phylogeny of Disepalum and related taxa based on four chloroplast and two nuclear DNA regions as a framework for clarifying taxonomic delimitation and assessing evolutionary transitions in key morphological characters. Maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods resulted in a consistent, well-resolved and strongly supported topology. Disepalum s.l. is monophyletic and strongly supported, with Disepalum s.str. and Enicosanthellum retrieved as sister groups. Although this topology is consistent with both taxonomic delimitations, the distribution of morphological synapomorphies provides greater support for the inclusion of Enicosanthellum within Disepalum s.l. We propose a novel infrageneric classification with two subgenera. Subgen. Disepalum (= Disepalum s.str.) is supported by numerous synapomorphies, including the reduction of the calyx to two sepals and connation of petals. Subgen. Enicosanthellum lacks obvious morphological synapomorphies, but possesses several diagnostic characters (symplesiomorphies), including a trimerous calyx and free petals in two whorls. We evaluate changes in petal morphology in relation to hypotheses of the genetic control of floral development and suggest that the compression of two petal whorls into one and the associated fusion of contiguous petals may be associated with the loss of the pollination chamber, which in turn may be associated with a shift in primary pollinator. We also suggest that the formation of pollen octads may be selectively advantageous when pollinator visits are infrequent, although this would only be applicable if multiple ovules could be fertilized by each octad; since the flowers are apocarpous, this would require an extragynoecial compitum to enable intercarpellary growth of pollen tubes. We furthermore infer that the monocarp fruit stalks are likely to have evolved independently from those in other Annonaceae genera and may facilitate effective dispersal by providing a color contrast within the fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pui-Sze Li
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Daniel C. Thomas
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Richard M. K. Saunders
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
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Manos PS, Meireles JE. Biogeographic analysis of the woody plants of the Southern Appalachians: Implications for the origins of a regional flora. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2015; 102:780-804. [PMID: 26022491 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1400530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY We investigated the origins of 252 Southern Appalachian woody species representing 158 clades to analyze larger patterns of biogeographic connectivity around the northern hemisphere. We tested biogeographic hypotheses regarding the timing of species disjunctions to eastern Asia and among areas of North America. METHODS We delimited species into biogeographically informative clades, compiled sister-area data, and generated graphic representations of area connections across clades. We calculated taxon diversity within clades and plotted divergence times. KEY RESULTS Of the total taxon diversity, 45% were distributed among 25 North American endemic clades. Sister taxa within eastern North America and eastern Asia were proportionally equal in frequency, accounting for over 50% of the sister-area connections. At increasing phylogenetic depth, connections to the Old World dominated. Divergence times for 65 clades with intercontinental disjunctions were continuous, whereas 11 intracontinental disjunctions to western North America and nine to eastern Mexico were temporally congruent. CONCLUSIONS Over one third of the clades have likely undergone speciation within the region of eastern North America. The biogeographic pattern for the region is asymmetric, consisting of mostly mixed-aged, low-diversity clades connecting to the Old World, and a minority of New World clades. Divergence time data suggest that climate change in the Late Miocene to Early Pliocene generated disjunct patterns within North America. Continuous splitting times during the last 45 million years support the hypothesis that widespread distributions formed repeatedly during favorable periods, with serial cooling trends producing pseudocongruent area disjunctions between eastern North America and eastern Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul S Manos
- Department of Biology, Box 90338 Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0338 USA
| | - José Eduardo Meireles
- Department of Biology, Box 90338 Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0338 USA
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Couvreur TL, Niangadouma R, Sonké B, Sauquet H. Sirdavidia, an extraordinary new genus of Annonaceae from Gabon. PHYTOKEYS 2015; 46:1-19. [PMID: 25878546 PMCID: PMC4391954 DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.46.8937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
A distinctive new monotypic genus from Gabon is described in the tropical plant family Annonaceae: Sirdavidia, in honor to Sir David Attenborough. Molecular phylogenetic analyses confirm that Sirdavidia, which is very distinct from a morphological standpoint, is not nested in any existing genus of Annonaceae and belongs to tribe Piptostigmateae (subfamily Malmeoideae), which now contains a total of six genera. The genus is characterized by long acuminate leaves, fully reflexed red petals, 16-19 bright yellow, loosely arranged stamens forming a cone, and a single carpel topped by a conspicuous stigma. With just three known collections, a preliminary IUCN conservation status assessment is provided as "endangered" as well as a distribution map. The discovery of Sirdavidia is remarkable at several levels. First, it was collected near the road in one of the botanically best-known regions of Gabon: Monts de Cristal National Park. Second, its sister group is the genus Mwasumbia, also monotypic, endemic to a small area in a forest in Tanzania, some 3000 km away. Finally, the floral morphology is highly suggestive of a buzz pollination syndrome. If confirmed, this would be the first documentation of such a pollination syndrome in Magnoliidae and early-diverging angiosperms in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L.P. Couvreur
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR-DIADE, BP 64501, F-34394 Montpellier cedex 5, France
- University of Yaoundé I, Higher Teacher’s Training College, Plant Systematic and Ecology Laboratory, P.O. Box 047, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Naturalis Biodiversity Centre, Botany Section, Darwinweg 2, 2333 CR Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Bonaventure Sonké
- University of Yaoundé I, Higher Teacher’s Training College, Plant Systematic and Ecology Laboratory, P.O. Box 047, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Missouri Botanical Garden, Africa & Madagascar Department, P.O. Box 299, St. Louis, Missouri 63166-0299, USA
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Herbarium et Bibliothèque de Botanique africaine, CP 169, Av. F. Roosevelt 50, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hervé Sauquet
- Université Paris-Sud, Laboratoire Écologie, Systématique, Évolution, CNRS UMR 8079, 91405 Orsay, France
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Chaowasku T, Thomas DC, van der Ham RWJM, Smets EF, Mols JB, Chatrou LW. A plastid DNA phylogeny of tribe Miliuseae: insights into relationships and character evolution in one of the most recalcitrant major clades of Annonaceae. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2014; 101:691-709. [PMID: 24688057 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1300403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Tribe Miliuseae (∼25 genera and ∼510 species) includes a substantial part of the species and generic diversity in the pantropical flowering-plant family Annonaceae (∼108 genera and ∼2400 species). Previous molecular phylogenetic analyses have failed to resolve the backbone phylogeny of the tribe, impeding biogeographical and evolutionary studies. We use a dense generic taxon sample (∼89% of generic diversity in Miliuseae) and plastid DNA sequence data (∼7 kb) to clarify the phylogenetic relationships of and within the tribe. METHODS Parsimony and Bayesian phylogenetic reconstructions and ancestral character-state reconstructions of several reproductive characters were performed. KEY RESULTS Dendrokingstoniae, Monocarpieae, and Miliuseae are recovered in a strongly supported clade, and each tribe is strongly supported as monophyletic. Miliuseae are characterized by a synapomorphic cryptoaperturate/disulculate pollen apertural system. Stenanona is shown to be nested within the paraphyletic genus Desmopsis. The only Neotropical clade (Sapranthus, Tridimeris, Desmopsis, and Stenanona) in the predominantly Asian Miliuseae is shown to be closely related to an undescribed genus from continental Southeast Asia and the Indo-Malayan and Austral-Pacific genus Meiogyne. Ancestral character-state reconstructions of several reproductive characters that are diagnostically important at the generic level indicate a considerable degree of homoplasy. CONCLUSIONS The results improve our understanding of the relationships of and within Miliuseae, but parts of the backbone of the phylogeny remain poorly supported. Additional data from variable nuclear markers or reduced-genome-representation approaches seem to be required to further resolve relationships within this recalcitrant clade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanawat Chaowasku
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center (section NHN), Leiden University, Einsteinweg 2, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
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Massoni J, Forest F, Sauquet H. Increased sampling of both genes and taxa improves resolution of phylogenetic relationships within Magnoliidae, a large and early-diverging clade of angiosperms. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2014; 70:84-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2013.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Revised: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Couvreur TL. Revision of the African genus Uvariastrum (Annonaceae). PHYTOKEYS 2014:1-40. [PMID: 24526846 PMCID: PMC3921557 DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.33.5907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The genus Uvariastrum (Annonaceae) is restricted to continental Africa and is characterized by sepals with folded margins, few carpels and numerous stamens. The genus is mainly found in the tropical lowland rain forests of Africa, with one species growing in a drier woodland habitat. The species name Uvariastrum pynaertii De Wild is reduced into synonymy with Uvariastrum zenkeri Engl. & Diels. Uvaraistrum neglectum Paiva and Uvariastrum modestum Dielsare transferred to the genus Uvaria leading to two new combinations: Uvaria modesta (Diels) Couvreur, comb. nov. and Uvaria paivana Couvreur, nom. nov. Five species are currently recognized in Uvariastrum. The present revision, the first of the genus for over 100 years, provides an overview of previously published information and discussions on morphology, taxonomy and palynology. Preliminary conservation status assessments are provided for each species, as well as diagnostic keys for fruiting and flowering material as well as detailed species descriptions. Furthermore, all species are illustrated by line drawings and all species are mapped.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L.P. Couvreur
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR-DIADE, BP 64501, F-34394 Montpellier cedex 5, France
- Université de Yaoundé I, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Département des Sciences Biologiques, Laboratoire de Botanique systématique et d’Ecologie, B.P. 047, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center (section NHN), Wageningen University, Generaal Foulkesweg 37, 6703 BL, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Kablan L, Dade J, Okpekon T, Roblot F, Djakouré LA, Champy P. Alkaloids from the leaves of Monodora crispata Engl. and Diels and M. brevipes Benth. (Annonaceae). BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2012.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Couvreur TLP, Porter-Morgan H, Wieringa JJ, Chatrou LW. Little ecological divergence associated with speciation in two African rain forest tree genera. BMC Evol Biol 2011; 11:296. [PMID: 21985574 PMCID: PMC3203876 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-11-296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The tropical rain forests (TRF) of Africa are the second largest block of this biome after the Amazon and exhibit high levels of plant endemism and diversity. Two main hypotheses have been advanced to explain speciation processes that have led to this high level of biodiversity: allopatric speciation linked to geographic isolation and ecological speciation linked to ecological gradients. Both these hypotheses rely on ecology: in the former conservation of ecological niches through time is implied, while in the latter adaptation via selection to alternative ecological niches would be a prerequisite. Here, we investigate the role of ecology in explaining present day species diversity in African TRF using a species level phylogeny and ecological niche modeling of two predominantly restricted TRF tree genera, Isolona and Monodora (Annonaceae). Both these genera, with 20 and 14 species, respectively, are widely distributed in African TRFs, with a few species occurring in slightly less humid regions such as in East Africa. RESULTS A total of 11 sister species pairs were identified most of them occurring in allopatry or with little geographical overlap. Our results provide a mixed answer on the role of ecology in speciation. Although no sister species have identical niches, just under half of the tests suggest that sister species do have more similar niches than expected by chance. PCA analyses also support little ecological differences between sister species. Most speciation events within both genera predate the Pleistocene, occurring during the Late Miocene and Pliocene periods. CONCLUSIONS Ecology is almost always involved in speciation, however, it would seem to have had a little role in species generation within Isolona and Monodora at the scale analyzed here. This is consistent with the geographical speciation model for TRF diversification. These results contrast to other studies for non-TRF plant species where ecological speciation was found to be an important factor of diversification. The Pliocene period appears to be a vital time in the generation of African TRF diversity, whereas Pleistocene climatic fluctuations have had a smaller role on speciation than previously thought.Ecological niche modeling, species level phylogeny, ecological speciation, African tropics, Isolona, Monodora, Annonaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L P Couvreur
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR DIA-DE, DYNADIV researche group, 911, avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, F-34394 Montpellier cedex 5, France.
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Couvreur TLP, Gort G, Richardson JE, Sosef MSM, Chatrou LW. Insights into the influence of priors in posterior mapping of discrete morphological characters: a case study in Annonaceae. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10473. [PMID: 20479935 PMCID: PMC2866660 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2010] [Accepted: 04/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Posterior mapping is an increasingly popular hierarchical Bayesian based method used to infer character histories and reconstruct ancestral states at nodes of molecular phylogenies, notably of morphological characters. As for all Bayesian analyses specification of prior values is an integrative and important part of the analysis. He we provide an example of how alternative prior choices can seriously influence results and mislead interpretations. Methods/Principal Findings For two contrasting discrete morphological characters, namely a slow and a fast evolving character found in the plant family Annonaceae, we specified a total of eight different prior distributions per character. We investigated how these prior settings affected important summary statistics. Our analyses showed that the different prior distributions had marked effects on the results in terms of average number of character state changes. These differences arise because priors play a crucial role in determining which areas of parameter space the values of the simulation will be drawn from, independent of the data at hand. However, priors seemed to fit the data better if they would result in a more even sampling of parameter space (normal posterior distribution), in which case alternative standard deviation values had little effect on the results. The most probable character history for each character was affected differently by the prior. For the slower evolving character, the same character history always had the highest posterior probability independent of the priors used. In contrast, the faster evolving character showed different most probable character histories depending on the prior. These differences could be related to the level of homoplasy exhibited by each character. Conclusions Although our analyses were restricted to two morphological characters within a single family, our results underline the importance of carefully choosing prior values for posterior mapping. Prior specification will be of crucial importance when interpreting the results in a meaningful way. It is hard to suggest a statistically sound method for prior specification without more detailed studies. Meanwhile, we propose that the data could be used to estimate the prior value of the gamma distribution placed on the transformation rate in posterior mapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L P Couvreur
- The New York Botanical Garden, New York City, New York, United States of America.
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Saunders RMK. Floral evolution in the Annonaceae: hypotheses of homeotic mutations and functional convergence. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2009; 85:571-91. [PMID: 20015311 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-185x.2009.00116.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The recent publication of hypotheses explaining the homeotic control of floral organ identity together with the availability of increasingly comprehensive and well-resolved molecular phylogenies presents an ideal opportunity for reassessing current knowledge of floral diversity and evolution in the Annonaceae. This review summarizes currently available information on selected aspects of floral structure and function, including: changes in the number of perianth whorls and the number of perianth parts per whorl; the evolution of sympetaly; the diversity and evolution of pollination chambers (with a novel classification of seven main structural forms of floral chamber based on the different arrangement, size and shape of petals); the evolution of perianth glands; floral unisexuality and hypotheses explaining the unexpectedly high frequency of occurrence of androdioecy; the origin and possible function of inner and outer staminodes; the evolution of stamen connective diversity and theca septation; and the origin of 'true' syncarpy and functionally equivalent extragynoecial compita. In each case, current ideas on the origin, evolution and function are discussed. The information presented in this review enables two main conclusions to be drawn. The first is that changes in the homeotic control of floral organ identity may have had a profound impact on floral structure in several disparate lineages in the family. This is most obvious in Fenerivia, in which a centrifugal shift of floral organ identity has occurred, and in Dasymaschalon, in which a reverse (centripetal) shift has occurred. Other genera that have gained or lost entire perianth whorls are likely to have undergone similar homeotic changes. Attention is also drawn to the extensive functional convergence in Annonaceae flowers, with widespread homoplasy in many characters that have previously been emphasized in higher-level classifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M K Saunders
- Division of Ecology & Biodiversity, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China.
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Chatrou LW, Escribano MP, Viruel MA, Maas JW, Richardson JE, Hormaza JI. Flanking regions of monomorphic microsatellite loci provide a new source of data for plant species-level phylogenetics. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2009; 53:726-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2009.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2009] [Revised: 07/16/2009] [Accepted: 07/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Evolutionary divergence times in the Annonaceae: evidence of a late Miocene origin of Pseuduvaria in Sundaland with subsequent diversification in New Guinea. BMC Evol Biol 2009; 9:153. [PMID: 19573225 PMCID: PMC2722625 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-9-153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2009] [Accepted: 07/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Phylogenetic analyses of the Annonaceae consistently identify four clades: a basal clade consisting of Anaxagorea, and a small 'ambavioid' clade that is sister to two main clades, the 'long branch clade' (LBC) and 'short branch clade' (SBC). Divergence times in the family have previously been estimated using non-parametric rate smoothing (NPRS) and penalized likelihood (PL). Here we use an uncorrelated lognormal (UCLD) relaxed molecular clock in BEAST to estimate diversification times of the main clades within the family with a focus on the Asian genus Pseuduvaria within the SBC. Two fossil calibration points are applied, including the first use of the recently discovered Annonaceae fossil Futabanthus. The taxonomy and morphology of Pseuduvaria have been well documented, although no previous dating or biogeographical studies have been undertaken. Ancestral areas at internal nodes within Pseuduvaria are determined using dispersal-vicariance analysis (DIVA) and weighted ancestral area analysis (WAAA). Results The divergence times of the main clades within the Annonaceae were found to deviate slightly from previous estimates that used different calibration points and dating methods. In particular, our estimate for the SBC crown (55.2-26.9 Mya) is much younger than previous estimates (62.5-53.1 ± 3.6 Mya and ca. 58.76 Mya). Early diversification of Pseuduvaria was estimated to have occurred 15-8 Mya, possibly associated with the 'mid-Miocene climatic optimum.' Pseuduvaria is inferred to have originated in Sundaland in the late Miocene, ca. 8 Mya; subsequent migration events were predominantly eastwards towards New Guinea and Australia, although several migratory reversals are also postulated. Speciation of Pseuduvaria within New Guinea may have occurred after ca. 6.5 Mya, possibly coinciding with the formation of the Central Range orogeny from ca. 8 Mya. Conclusion Our divergence time estimates within the Annonaceae are likely to be more precise as we used a UCLD clock model and calibrated the phylogeny using new fossil evidence. Pseuduvaria is shown to have dispersed from Sundaland after the late Miocene. The present-day paleotropical distribution of Pseuduvaria may have been achieved by long-distance dispersal, and speciation events might be explained by global climatic oscillations, sea level fluctuations, and tectonic activity.
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Goodrich KR, Raguso RA. The olfactory component of floral display in Asimina and Deeringothamnus (Annonaceae). THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2009; 183:457-469. [PMID: 19594704 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02868.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Floral scent is a key component of floral display, and probably one of the first floral attractants linking insect pollinators to the radiation of Angiosperms. In this article, we investigate floral scent in two extra-tropical genera of Annonaceae. We discuss floral scent in the context of differing pollination strategies in these genera, and compare their scent to that of a close tropical relative. Floral volatiles were collected for Annona glabra, Asimina and Deeringothamnus whole flowers and dissected floral organs, using a standardized static-headspace solid phase microextraction method. Scents were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and identified using known standards. The floral scents of these species are highly dynamic, varying between floral organs, sexual stages and species. Maroon-flowered species of Asimina produce 'yeasty' odors, dominated by fermentation volatiles and occasionally containing sulfurous or nitrogenous compounds. White-flowered species of Asimina and Deeringothamnus produce pleasant odors characterized by lilac compounds, benzenoids and hydrocarbons. Annona glabra produces a strong, fruity-acetonic scent dominated by 3-pentanyl acetate and 1,8-cineole. The fermented/decaying scents of maroon-flowered species of Asimina suggest mimicry-based pollination strategies similar to aroids and stapeliads, whereas the pleasant scents of white-flowered species of Asimina suggest honest, reward-based pollination strategies. The scent of Annona glabra is typical of specialized beetle pollination systems common to tropical Annonaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R Goodrich
- University of South Carolina, Coker Life Science Building, 700 Sumter St., Columbia, SC 29208, USA
- Present address: Widener University, Department of Biology, 1 University Place, Chester, PA 19034, USA
| | - Robert A Raguso
- University of South Carolina, Coker Life Science Building, 700 Sumter St., Columbia, SC 29208, USA
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Couvreur TLP, Chatrou LW, Sosef MSM, Richardson JE. Molecular phylogenetics reveal multiple tertiary vicariance origins of the African rain forest trees. BMC Biol 2008; 6:54. [PMID: 19087283 PMCID: PMC2628871 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7007-6-54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2008] [Accepted: 12/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tropical rain forests are the most diverse terrestrial ecosystems on the planet. How this diversity evolved remains largely unexplained. In Africa, rain forests are situated in two geographically isolated regions: the West-Central Guineo-Congolian region and the coastal and montane regions of East Africa. These regions have strong floristic affinities with each other, suggesting a former connection via an Eocene pan-African rain forest. High levels of endemism observed in both regions have been hypothesized to be the result of either 1) a single break-up followed by a long isolation or 2) multiple fragmentation and reconnection since the Oligocene. To test these hypotheses the evolutionary history of endemic taxa within a rain forest restricted African lineage of the plant family Annonaceae was studied. Molecular phylogenies and divergence dates were estimated using a Bayesian relaxed uncorrelated molecular clock assumption accounting for both calibration and phylogenetic uncertainties. Results Our results provide strong evidence that East African endemic lineages of Annonaceae have multiple origins dated to significantly different times spanning the Oligocene and Miocene epochs. Moreover, these successive origins (c. 33, 16 and 8 million years – Myr) coincide with known periods of aridification and geological activity in Africa that would have recurrently isolated the Guineo-Congolian rain forest from the East African one. All East African taxa were found to have diversified prior to Pleistocene times. Conclusion Molecular phylogenetic dating analyses of this large pan-African clade of Annonaceae unravels an interesting pattern of diversification for rain forest restricted trees co-occurring in West/Central and East African rain forests. Our results suggest that repeated reconnections between the West/Central and East African rain forest blocks allowed for biotic exchange while the break-ups induced speciation via vicariance, enhancing the levels of endemicity. These results provide an explanation for present day distribution patterns and origins of endemicity for African rain forest trees. Moreover, given the pre-Pleistocene origins of all the studied endemic East African genera and species, these results also offer important insights for setting conservation priorities in these highly diversified but threatened ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L P Couvreur
- Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Wageningen branch, Biosystematics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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