1
|
Ngernsaengsaruay C, Meeprom N, Boonthasak W, Attasook Y, Thunthawanich R. A taxonomic revision of Thai Fernandoa Welw. ex Seem. (Bignoniaceae). PhytoKeys 2023; 235:249-270. [PMID: 38033622 PMCID: PMC10688511 DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.235.112839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
A taxonomic revision of Fernandoa Welw. ex Seem. (Bignoniaceae) in Thailand is presented. Two species, F.adenophylla (Wall. ex G. Don) Steenis and F.collignonii (Dop) Steenis, are enumerated with updated morphological descriptions, illustrations and a taxonomic identification key, together with notes on distributions, distribution maps, habitats and ecology, phenology, conservation assessments, etymology, vernacular names, uses, and specimens examined. The collection of Wallich Cat. 6502A from Myanmar, Ava at G [G00133642] is designated here as the lectotype of F.adenophylla in a second step lectotypification. F.collignonii has a conservation status of Endangered [EN]. The leaf, stem, and wood anatomy and pollen morphology of F.adenophylla are also reported in this study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nattanon Meeprom
- Biodiversity Center, Kasetsart University (BDCKU), Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Weereesa Boonthasak
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Yanatshara Attasook
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Raweewan Thunthawanich
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhou X, Jia H, Zhang H, Wu K. Cross-Regional Pollination Behavior of Trichoplusia ni between China and the Indo-China Peninsula. Plants (Basel) 2023; 12:3778. [PMID: 37960134 PMCID: PMC10648395 DOI: 10.3390/plants12213778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Noctuid moths, a group of "non-bee" pollinators, are essential but frequently underappreciated. To elucidate their roles in cross-regional pollination, this study selected the agriculturally significant species, cabbage looper (CL) Trichoplusia ni, as a representative model. From 2017 to 2021, this study was conducted on Yongxing Island, situated at the center of the South China Sea. We investigated the flower-visiting activities of CL, including its occurrence, potential host species, and geographic distribution in the surrounding areas of the South China Sea. First, the potential transoceanic migratory behavior and regional distribution of CL were systematically monitored through a comprehensive integration of the data obtained from a searchlight trap. The transoceanic migratory behavior of CL was characterized by intermittent occurrence, with the major migratory periods and the peak outbreak yearly. Furthermore, trajectory analysis confirmed the ability of CL to engage in periodic, round-trip, migratory flights between Southeast Asian countries and China. More importantly, an observation of pollen on the body surface demonstrated that 95.59% (130/136) of the migrating individuals carried pollen. The proboscis and compound eyes were identified as the primary pollen-carrying parts, with no observable gender-based differences in pollen-carrying rates. Further, identifying the pollen carried by CL using morphological and molecular methods revealed a diverse range of pollen types from at least 17 plant families and 31 species. Notably, CL predominantly visited eudicot and herbaceous plants. In conclusion, this pioneering study has not only revealed the long-distance migration activities of these noctuid moths in the East Asian region but also provided direct evidence supporting their role as potential pollinators. These findings offer a critical theoretical basis to guide the development of scientific management strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xianyong Zhou
- Xianghu Lab, Hangzhou 311258, China;
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Huiru Jia
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (H.J.); (H.Z.)
| | - Haowen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (H.J.); (H.Z.)
| | - Kongming Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (H.J.); (H.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Barnes CM, Power AL, Barber DG, Tennant RK, Jones RT, Lee GR, Hatton J, Elliott A, Zaragoza-Castells J, Haley SM, Summers HD, Doan M, Carpenter AE, Rees P, Love J. Deductive automated pollen classification in environmental samples via exploratory deep learning and imaging flow cytometry. New Phytol 2023; 240:1305-1326. [PMID: 37678361 PMCID: PMC10594409 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Pollen and tracheophyte spores are ubiquitous environmental indicators at local and global scales. Palynology is typically performed manually by microscopic analysis; a specialised and time-consuming task limited in taxonomical precision and sampling frequency, therefore restricting data quality used to inform climate change and pollen forecasting models. We build on the growing work using AI (artificial intelligence) for automated pollen classification to design a flexible network that can deal with the uncertainty of broad-scale environmental applications. We combined imaging flow cytometry with Guided Deep Learning to identify and accurately categorise pollen in environmental samples; here, pollen grains captured within c. 5500 Cal yr BP old lake sediments. Our network discriminates not only pollen included in training libraries to the species level but, depending on the sample, can classify previously unseen pollen to the likely phylogenetic order, family and even genus. Our approach offers valuable insights into the development of a widely transferable, rapid and accurate exploratory tool for pollen classification in 'real-world' environmental samples with improved accuracy over pure deep learning techniques. This work has the potential to revolutionise many aspects of palynology, allowing a more detailed spatial and temporal understanding of pollen in the environment with improved taxonomical resolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claire M. Barnes
- College of Engineering, Swansea University, Bay Campus, Swansea SA1 8EN, UK
| | - Ann L. Power
- Biosciences, Faculty of Life and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Daniel G. Barber
- Geography, Faculty of Environment, Science and Economics, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4RJ, UK
| | - Richard K. Tennant
- Geography, Faculty of Environment, Science and Economics, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4RJ, UK
| | | | - G. Rob Lee
- Biosciences, Faculty of Life and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Jackie Hatton
- Geography, Faculty of Environment, Science and Economics, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4RJ, UK
| | - Angela Elliott
- Geography, Faculty of Environment, Science and Economics, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4RJ, UK
| | - Joana Zaragoza-Castells
- Geography, Faculty of Environment, Science and Economics, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4RJ, UK
| | - Stephen M. Haley
- Geography, Faculty of Environment, Science and Economics, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4RJ, UK
| | - Huw D. Summers
- College of Engineering, Swansea University, Bay Campus, Swansea SA1 8EN, UK
| | - Minh Doan
- Bioimaging Analytics, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Upper Providence, PA 19426, United States
| | - Anne E. Carpenter
- Imaging Platform, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts MA 02142, United States
| | - Paul Rees
- College of Engineering, Swansea University, Bay Campus, Swansea SA1 8EN, UK
- Imaging Platform, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts MA 02142, United States
| | - John Love
- Biosciences, Faculty of Life and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Rull V, Blasco A, Calero MÁ, Blaauw M, Vegas-Vilarrúbia T. A Continuous Centennial Late Glacial-Early Holocene (15-10 cal kyr BP) Palynological Record from the Iberian Pyrenees and Regional Comparisons. Plants (Basel) 2023; 12:3644. [PMID: 37896107 PMCID: PMC10610058 DOI: 10.3390/plants12203644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents the first continuous (gap-free) Late Glacial-Early Holocene (LGEH) pollen record for the Iberian Pyrenees resolved at centennial resolution. The main aims are (i) to provide a standard chronostratigraphic correlation framework, (ii) to unravel the relationships between vegetation shifts, climatic changes and fire, and (iii) to obtain a regional picture of LGEH vegetation for the Pyrenees and the surrounding lowlands. Seven pollen assemblage zones were obtained and correlated with the stadial/interstadial phases of the Greenland ice cores that serve as a global reference. Several well-dated datums were also derived for keystone individual taxa that are useful for correlation purposes. Four vegetation types were identified, two of them corresponding to conifer and deciduous forests (Cf, Df) and two representing open vegetation types (O1, O2) with no modern analogs, dominated by Artemisia-Poaceae and Saxifraga-Cichorioideae, respectively. Forests dominated during interstadial phases (Bølling/Allerød and Early Holocene), whereas O1 dominated during stadials (Oldest Dryas and Younger Dryas), with O2 being important only in the first half of the Younger Dryas. The use of pollen-independent proxies for temperature and moisture allowed the reconstruction of paleoclimatic trends and the responses of the four vegetation types defined. The most relevant observation in this sense was the finding of wet climates during the Younger Dryas, which challenges the traditional view of arid conditions for this phase on the basis of former pollen records. Fire incidence was low until the Early Holocene, when regional fires were exacerbated, probably due to the combination of higher temperatures and forest biomass accumulation. These results are compared with the pollen records available for the whole Pyrenean range and the surrounding lowlands within the framework of elevational, climatic and biogeographical gradients. Some potential future developments are suggested on the basis of the obtained results, with an emphasis on the reconsideration of the LGEH spatiotemporal moisture patterns and the comparison of the Pyrenees with other European ranges from different climatic and biogeographical regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valentí Rull
- Botanic Institute of Barcelona, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Pg. Migdia s/n, 08038 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, C. Columnes ICTA-ICP Bld., 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Arnau Blasco
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (A.B.); (T.V.-V.)
| | - Miguel Ángel Calero
- Department of Geography, Universitat de Barcelona, C. Montalegre 6, 08001 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Maarten Blaauw
- CHRONO Centre for Climate, the Environment and Chronology, School of Natural and Built Environment, Queen’s University Belfast, 42 Fitzwilliam St., Belfast BT7 1NN, UK;
| | - Teresa Vegas-Vilarrúbia
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (A.B.); (T.V.-V.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Li M, Tian CF, Idrees M, Pathak M, Xiong XH, Gao XF, Wang XR. Pollen Morphology in Sorbus L. (Rosaceae) and Its Taxonomic Implications. Plants (Basel) 2023; 12:3318. [PMID: 37765482 PMCID: PMC10534392 DOI: 10.3390/plants12183318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
The genus Sorbus L. in the Rosaceae family is taxonomically challenging due to its morphological variation, polyploidy, and interspecific hybridization. In this study, we used scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to observe the pollen morphology of eighty species, representing six subgenera, in order to assess the differences within the genus Sorbus and its pollen characteristics. We conducted a cluster analysis on three qualitative and four quantitative characteristics. The results demonstrated that the pollen grains of the studied Sorbus species are isopolar and tricolporate. We identified five types of pollen shapes: suboblate, spheroidal, subprolate, prolate, and perprolate. The pollen ornamentation of the investigated species could be classified into five types: striate-perforate, striate, cerebroid-perforate, cerebroid, and foveolate. Interestingly, within the same subgenera, different species exhibited multiple types of characters. The cluster analysis indicated that all 80 species could be divided into six groups, with group B consisting exclusively of species from the subgenus Sorbus. Although pollen micro-morphologies alone do not provide sufficient evidence to establish the taxonomic relationships of the subgenera within Sorbus, they do offer valuable information for species-level taxonomic treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Li
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (M.L.)
| | - Chang-Fen Tian
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (M.L.)
| | - Muhammad Idrees
- College of Life Science, Neijiang Normal University, Neijiang 641000, China;
| | - Mitra Pathak
- Plant Research Center, Salyan, Department of Plant Resources, Ministry of Forests and Environment, Kathmandu 44710, Nepal;
| | - Xian-Hua Xiong
- College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Mianyang Teachers’ College, Mianyang 621000, China;
| | - Xin-Fen Gao
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China;
| | - Xian-Rong Wang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (M.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Tourbez C, Gómez-Martínez C, González-Estévez MÁ, Lázaro A. Pollen analysis reveals the effects of uncovered interactions, pollen-carrying structures, and pollinator sex on the structure of wild bee-plant networks. Insect Sci 2023. [PMID: 37681316 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Pollination networks are increasingly used to model the complexity of interactions between pollinators and flowering plants in communities. Different methods exist to sample these interactions, with direct observations of plant-pollinator contacts in the field being by far the most common. Although the identification of pollen carried by pollinators allows uncovering interactions and increasing sample sizes, the methods used to build pollen-transport networks are variable and their effect on network structure remains unclear. To understand how interaction sampling influences the structure of networks, we analyzed the pollen found on wild bees from eight communities across Mallorca Island and investigated the differences in pollen loads between bee body parts (scopa vs. body) and sexes. We then assessed how these differences, as well as the uncovered interactions not detected in the field, influenced the structure of wild bee-plant networks. We identified a higher quantity and diversity of pollen in the scopa than in the rest of the female body, but these differences did not lead to differences in structure between plant-pollination (excluding scopa pollen) and bee-feeding interaction (including scopa pollen) networks. However, networks built with pollen data were richer in plant species and interactions and showed lower modularity and specialization (H2 '), and higher nestedness than visitation networks based on field observations. Female interactions with plants were stronger compared to those of males, although not richer. Accordingly, females were more generalist (low d') and tended to be more central in interaction networks, indicating their more key role structuring pollination networks in comparison to males. Our study highlights the importance of palynological data to increase the resolution of networks, as well as to understand important ecological questions such as the differences between plant-pollination and bee-feeding interaction networks, and the role of sexes in pollination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clément Tourbez
- Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies (UIB-CSIC), Global Change Research Group, Esporles, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Carmelo Gómez-Martínez
- Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies (UIB-CSIC), Global Change Research Group, Esporles, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel González-Estévez
- Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies (UIB-CSIC), Global Change Research Group, Esporles, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Amparo Lázaro
- Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies (UIB-CSIC), Global Change Research Group, Esporles, Balearic Islands, Spain
- Department of Biology, Ecology Area, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Booth RK, Schuurman GW, Lynch EA, Huff MG, Bebout JA, Montano NM. Paleoecology provides context for conserving culturally and ecologically important pine forest and barrens communities. Ecol Appl 2023; 33:e2901. [PMID: 37334723 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
In fire-prone ecosystems, knowledge of vegetation-fire-climate relationships and the history of fire suppression and Indigenous cultural burning can inform discussions of how to use fire as a management tool, particularly as climate continues to change rapidly. On Wiisaakodewan-minis/Stockton Island in the Apostle Islands National Lakeshore of Wisconsin, USA, structural changes in a pine-dominated natural area containing a globally rare barrens community occurred after the cessation of cultural burning by the Indigenous Ojibwe people and the imposition of fire-suppression policies, leading to questions about the historical role of fire in this culturally and ecologically important area. To help understand better the ecological context needed to steward these pine forest and barrens communities, we developed palaeoecological records of vegetation, fire, and hydrological change using pollen, charcoal, and testate amoebae preserved in peat and sediment cores collected from bog and lagoon sediments within the pine-dominated landscape. Results indicated that fire has been an integral part of Stockton Island ecology for at least 6000 years. Logging in the early 1900s led to persistent changes in island vegetation, and post-logging fires of the 1920s and 1930s were anomalous in the context of the past millennium, likely reflecting more severe and/or extensive burning than in the past. Before that, the composition and structure of pine forest and barrens had changed little, perhaps due to regular low-severity surface fires, which may have occurred with a frequency consistent with Indigenous oral histories (~4-8 years). Higher severity fire episodes, indicated by large charcoal peaks above background levels in the records, occurred predominantly during droughts, suggesting that more frequent or more intense droughts in the future may increase fire frequency and severity. The persistence of pine forest and barrens vegetation through past periods of climatic change indicates considerable ecological resistance and resilience. Future persistence in the face of climate changes outside this historical range of variability may depend in part on returning fire to these systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert K Booth
- Earth & Environmental Science Department, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Gregor W Schuurman
- United States National Park Service Climate Change Response Program, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | | | - Matthew G Huff
- Earth & Environmental Science Department, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Julia A Bebout
- Earth & Environmental Science Department, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nisogaabokwe Melonee Montano
- Tribal Member of Red Cliff Band of Lake Superior Chippewa, Bayfield, Wisconsin, USA
- Climate Change Program, Great Lakes Indian Fish & Wildlife Commission, Odanah, Wisconsin, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Bek J, Frojdová JV. Spore Evidence for the Origin of Isoetalean Lycopsids? Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1546. [PMID: 37511920 PMCID: PMC10381509 DOI: 10.3390/life13071546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
A new hypothesis about the origin of isoetalean lycopsids was proposed based on palynological data. The occurrence of three apical papillae on the proximal surfaces of miospores is a significant palynological feature that is clearly defined in both isoetalean and selaginellalean clades. Three apical papillae appeared for the first time within lower Silurian (Wenlockian ca. 430 My) and only in rhyniophytoid plants. Using this observation, we suggest that isoetalean lycopsids could have evolved directly from rhyniophytoids and not from protolepidodendralean lycopsids in the middle Devonian (Eifelian-Givetian) as previously suggested, because protolepidodendralean spores do not possess three apical papillae. Spores with three apical papillae, reported as dispersed as well as in situ, were recorded continuously from the lower Silurian (Wenlockian) through the Devonian, Carboniferous, Permian, Mesozoic to Cenozoic era and form a phylogenetically independent lineage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Bek
- Institute of Geology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Rozvojová 269, 16500 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Votočková Frojdová
- Institute of Geology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Rozvojová 269, 16500 Prague, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
This review explores the evolution of extant South American tropical biomes, focusing on when and why they developed. Tropical vegetation experienced a radical transformation from being dominated by non-angiosperms at the onset of the Cretaceous to full angiosperm dominance nowadays. Cretaceous tropical biomes do not have extant equivalents; lowland forests, dominated mainly by gymnosperms and ferns, lacked a closed canopy. This condition was radically transformed following the massive extinction event at the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary. The extant lowland tropical rainforests first developed at the onset of the Cenozoic with a multistratified forest, an angiosperm-dominated closed canopy, and the dominance of the main families of the tropics including legumes. Cenozoic rainforest diversity has increased during global warming and decreased during global cooling. Tropical dry forests emerged at least by the late Eocene, whereas other Neotropical biomes including tropical savannas, montane forests, páramo/puna, and xerophytic forest are much younger, greatly expanding during the late Neogene, probably at the onset of the Quaternary, at the expense of the rainforest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Jaramillo
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancón, Panama City, Panama
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Rull V. Human Settlement and Landscape Anthropization of Remote Oceanic Islands: A Comparison between Rapa Nui (Pacific Ocean) and the Azores (Atlantic Ocean). Plants (Basel) 2023; 12:plants12112089. [PMID: 37299069 DOI: 10.3390/plants12112089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The flora and vegetation of oceanic islands have been deeply affected by human settlement and further landscape modifications during prehistoric and historical times. The study of these transformations is of interest not only for understanding how current island biotas and ecological communities have been shaped but also for informing biodiversity and ecosystem conservation. This paper compares two oceanic insular entities of disparate geographical, environmental, biological, historical and cultural characteristics-Rapa Nui (Pacific Ocean) and the Azores Islands (Atlantic Ocean)-in terms of human settlement and further landscape anthropization. The similarities and differences between these islands/archipelagos are discussed considering their permanent colonization, the possibility of earlier settlements, the removal of the original forests and the further landscape transformations leading to either full floristic/vegetational degradation (Rapa Nui) or major replacement (Azores). This comparison uses evidence from varied disciplines, notably paleoecology, archaeology, anthropology and history, to obtain a holistic view of the development of the respective socioecological systems from a human ecodynamic perspective. The most relevant issues still to be resolved are identified and some prospects for future research are suggested. The cases of Rapa Nui and Azores Islands may help set a conceptual basis for ocean-wide global comparisons among oceanic islands/archipelagos.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valentí Rull
- Botanic Institute of Barcelona, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Pg. Migdia s/n, 08038 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bld. ICTA-ICP, C. Columnes s/n, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Nunes SPDQ, França MC, Cohen MCL, Pessenda LCR, Rodrigues ESF, Magalhães EAS, Silva FAB. Assessment the Impacts of Sea-Level Changes on Mangroves of Ceará-Mirim Estuary, Northeastern Brazil, during the Holocene and Anthropocene. Plants (Basel) 2023; 12:1721. [PMID: 37111944 PMCID: PMC10141466 DOI: 10.3390/plants12081721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Predictions of the effects of modern Relative Sea-Level (RSL) rise on mangroves should be based on decadal-millennial mangrove dynamics and the particularities of each depositional environment under past RSL changes. This work identified inland and seaward mangrove migrations along the Ceará-Mirim estuary (Rio Grande do Norte, northeastern Brazil) during the mid-late Holocene and Anthropocene based on sedimentary features, palynological, and geochemical (δ13C, δ15N, C/N) data integrated with spatial-temporal analysis based on satellite images. The data indicated three phases for the mangrove development: (1°) mangrove expansion on tidal flats with estuarine organic matter between >4420 and ~2870 cal yrs BP, under the influence of the mid-Holocene sea-level highstand; (2°) mangrove contraction with an increased contribution of C3 terrestrial plants between ~2870 and ~84 cal yrs BP due to an RSL fall, and (3°) mangrove expansion onto the highest tidal flats since ~84 cal yr BP due to a relative sea-level rise. However, significant mangrove areas were converted to fish farming before 1984 CE. Spatial-temporal analysis also indicated a mangrove expansion since 1984 CE due to mangrove recolonization of shrimp farming areas previously deforested for pisciculture. This work mainly evidenced a trend of mangrove expansion due to RSL rise preceding the effects of anthropogenic emissions of CO2 in the atmosphere and the resilience of these forests in the face of anthropogenic interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sérgio. P. D. Q. Nunes
- Laboratory of Coastal Dynamics, Graduate Program of Geology and Geochemistry, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil
| | - Marlon C. França
- Laboratory of Coastal Dynamics, Graduate Program of Geology and Geochemistry, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil
- Federal Institute of Espírito Santo, Piúma 29285-000, ES, Brazil
| | - Marcelo C. L. Cohen
- Laboratory of Coastal Dynamics, Graduate Program of Geology and Geochemistry, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil
- Department of Oceanography and Coastal Sciences, College of the Coast and Environment, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Luiz C. R. Pessenda
- CENA/14C Laboratory, University of São Paulo, Av. Centenário 303, Piracicaba 13400-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Erika S. F. Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Coastal Dynamics, Graduate Program of Geology and Geochemistry, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil
| | - Evandro A. S. Magalhães
- CENA/14C Laboratory, University of São Paulo, Av. Centenário 303, Piracicaba 13400-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernando A. B. Silva
- Laboratory of Coastal Dynamics, Graduate Program of Geology and Geochemistry, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Povilauskas LK, Tranchida MC. Palynology and mycology as biological evidence in a homicide case. J Forensic Sci 2023; 68:1064-1072. [PMID: 37031349 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.15249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2023]
Abstract
Criminal cases are studied from several disciplines to link a suspect with a criminal act. In this case, a man was reported missing in a coastal area in Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. The victim's relatives pointed to a possible suspect, and the local police carried out the investigation. We contributed to this research by applying palynological and mycological techniques. Palynomorphs and fungal spores offer valuable trace evidence, as they can be easily transferred between objects and crime scenes due to their minute size and persist on them for a long time. The victim was found 25 days later, lying on sandy soil, which partially covered the body, 35 km from where the suspect was arrested. Comparative samples were collected from the crime scene and the suspect's home and belongings (clothes, footwear, and seized vehicle). The palynological associations obtained from the crime scene and the defendant's belongings were dominated by diatoms and acritarchs (Acantomorphitae), all elements of marine origin, and a high CFU number of Bipolaris cynodontis, which allowed the defendant's clothing to be related to the place of corpse discovery. Soil from the defendant's home had an entirely continental composition, and the fungal biota was characteristic of prairie areas which were different from those of the crime scene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Karina Povilauskas
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo Universidad Nacional de La Plata, RIIF (Red Iberoamericana de Investigadores Forenses, CYTED), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Cecilia Tranchida
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo Universidad Nacional de La Plata, RIIF (Red Iberoamericana de Investigadores Forenses, CYTED), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET-CCT La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Stegner MA, Hadly EA, Barnosky AD, La Selle S, Sherrod B, Anderson RS, Redondo SA, Viteri MC, Weaver KL, Cundy AB, Gaca P, Rose NL, Yang H, Roberts SL, Hajdas I, Black BA, Spanbauer TL. The Searsville Lake Site (California, USA) as a candidate Global boundary Stratotype Section and Point for the Anthropocene series. Anthropocene Rev 2023; 10:116-145. [PMID: 37213212 PMCID: PMC10193828 DOI: 10.1177/20530196221144098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Cores from Searsville Lake within Stanford University's Jasper Ridge Biological Preserve, California, USA, are examined to identify a potential GSSP for the Anthropocene: core JRBP2018-VC01B (944.5 cm-long) and tightly correlated JRBP2018-VC01A (852.5 cm-long). Spanning from 1900 CE ± 3 years to 2018 CE, a secure chronology resolved to the sub-annual level allows detailed exploration of the Holocene-Anthropocene transition. We identify the primary GSSP marker as first appearance of 239,240Pu (372-374 cm) in JRBP2018-VC01B and designate the GSSP depth as the distinct boundary between wet and dry season at 366 cm (6 cm above the first sample containing 239,240Pu) and corresponding to October-December 1948 CE. This is consistent with a lag of 1-2 years between ejection of 239,240Pu into the atmosphere and deposition. Auxiliary markers include: first appearance of 137Cs in 1958; late 20th-century decreases in δ15N; late 20th-century elevation in SCPs, Hg, Pb, and other heavy metals; and changes in abundance and presence of ostracod, algae, rotifer and protozoan microfossils. Fossil pollen document anthropogenic landscape changes related to logging and agriculture. As part of a major university, the Searsville site has long been used for research and education, serves users locally to internationally, and is protected yet accessible for future studies and communication about the Anthropocene. Plain Word Summary The Global boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the proposed Anthropocene Series/Epoch is suggested to lie in sediments accumulated over the last ~120 years in Searsville Lake, Woodside, California, USA. The site fulfills all of the ideal criteria for defining and placing a GSSP. In addition, the Searsville site is particularly appropriate to mark the onset of the Anthropocene, because it was anthropogenic activities-the damming of a watershed-that created a geologic record that now preserves the very signals that can be used to recognize the Anthropocene worldwide.
Collapse
|
14
|
Palli J, Mensing SA, Schoolman EM, Solano F, Piovesan G. Historical ecology identifies long-term rewilding strategy for conserving Mediterranean mountain forests in south Italy. Ecol Appl 2023; 33:e2758. [PMID: 36193873 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In the context of global decline in old-growth forest, historical ecology is a valuable tool to derive insights into vegetation legacies and dynamics and develop new conservation and restoration strategies. In this cross-disciplinary study, we integrate palynology (Lago del Pesce record), history, dendrochronology, and historical and contemporary land cover maps to assess drivers of vegetation change over the last millennium in a Mediterranean mountain forest (Pollino National Park, southern Italy) and discuss implications in conservation ecology. The study site hosts a remnant beech-fir (Fagus sylvatica-Abies alba) mixed forest, a priority habitat for biodiversity conservation in Europe. In the 10th century, the pollen record showed an open environment that was quickly colonized by silver fir when sociopolitical instabilities reduced anthropogenic pressures in mountain forests. The highest forest cover and biomass was reached between the 14th and the 17th centuries following land abandonment due to recurring plague pandemics. This rewilding process is also reflected in the recruitment history of Bosnian pine (Pinus heldreichii) in the subalpine elevation belt. Our results show that human impacts have been one of the main drivers of silver fir population contraction in the last centuries in the Mediterranean, and that the removal of direct human pressure led to ecosystem renovation. Since 1910, the Rubbio State Forest has locally protected and restored the mixed beech-fir forest. The institutions in 1972 for the Rubbio Natural Reserve and in 1993 for Pollino National Park have guaranteed the survival of the silver fir population, demonstrating the effectiveness of targeted conservation and restoration policies despite a warming climate. Monitoring silver fir populations can measure the effectiveness of conservation measures. In the last decades, the abandonment of rural environments (rewilding) along the mountains of southern Italy has reduced the pressure on ecosystems, thus boosting forest expansion. However, after four decades of natural regeneration and increasing biomass, pollen influx and forest composition are still far from the natural attributes of the medieval forest ecosystem. We conclude that long-term forest planning encouraging limited direct human disturbance will lead toward rewilding and renovation of carbon-rich and highly biodiverse Mediterranean old-growth forests, which will be more resistant and resilient to future climate change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Palli
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences (DEB), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Scott A Mensing
- Department of Geography, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | | | - Francesco Solano
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences (DEB), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Gianluca Piovesan
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences (DEB), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Bailey CP, Sonter CA, Jones JL, Pandey S, Haberle S, Santos KCBS, Absy ML, Rader R. Does sorting by color using visible and high-energy violet light improve classification of taxa in honey bee pollen pellets? Appl Plant Sci 2023; 11:e11514. [PMID: 37051582 PMCID: PMC10083439 DOI: 10.1002/aps3.11514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Pollen collected by honey bees from different plant species often differs in color, and this has been used as a basis for plant identification. The objective of this study was to develop a new, low-cost protocol to sort pollen pellets by color using high-energy violet light and visible light to determine whether pollen pellet color is associated with variations in plant species identity. METHODS AND RESULTS We identified 35 distinct colors and found that 52% of pollen subsamples (n = 200) were dominated by a single taxon. Among these near-pure pellets, only one color consistently represented a single pollen taxon (Asteraceae: Cichorioideae). Across the spectrum of colors spanning yellows, oranges, and browns, similarly colored pollen pellets contained pollen from multiple plant families ranging from two to 13 families per color. CONCLUSIONS Sorting pollen pellets illuminated under high-energy violet light lit from four directions within a custom-made light box aided in distinguishing pellet composition, especially in pellets within the same color.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charlie P. Bailey
- School of Environmental and Rural ScienceUniversity of New EnglandArmidaleNew South Wales2351Australia
| | - Carolyn A. Sonter
- School of Environmental and Rural ScienceUniversity of New EnglandArmidaleNew South Wales2351Australia
| | - Jeremy L. Jones
- School of Environmental and Rural ScienceUniversity of New EnglandArmidaleNew South Wales2351Australia
| | - Sabu Pandey
- School of Environmental and Rural ScienceUniversity of New EnglandArmidaleNew South Wales2351Australia
| | - Simon Haberle
- School of Culture, History and LanguageAustralian National UniversityCanberraAustralian Capital Territory2600Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and HeritageAustralian National UniversityCanberraAustralian Capital Territory2600Australia
| | - Karen C. B. S. Santos
- School of Environmental and Rural ScienceUniversity of New EnglandArmidaleNew South Wales2351Australia
| | - Maria L. Absy
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), PetrópolisManausAmazonas69067‐375Brazil
| | - Romina Rader
- School of Environmental and Rural ScienceUniversity of New EnglandArmidaleNew South Wales2351Australia
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
The olive tree (Olea europaea L. subsp. europaea var. europaea) is one of the most important crops across the Mediterranean, particularly the southern Levant. Its regional economic importance dates at least to the Early Bronze Age (~3600 BCE) and its cultivation contributed significantly to the culture and heritage of ancient civilizations in the region. In the southern Levant, pollen, pits and wood remains of wild olives (O. europaea subsp. europaea var. sylvestris) has been found in Middle Pleistocene sediments dating to approximately 780 kya, and are present in numerous palynological sequences throughout the Pleistocene and into the Holocene. Archeological evidence indicates the olive oil production from at least the Pottery Neolithic to Chalcolithic transition (~7600-7000 BP), and clear evidence for cultivation by, 7000 BP. It is hypothesized that olive cultivation began through the selection of local genotypes of the wild var. sylvestris. Local populations of naturally growing trees today have thus been considered wild relatives of the olive. However, millennia of cultivation raises questions about whether genuine populations of var. sylvestris remain in the region. Ancient olive landraces might thus represent an ancient genetic stock closer to the ancestor gene pool. This review summarizes the evidence supporting the theory that olives were first cultivated in the southern Levant and reviews our genetic work characterizing local ancient cultivars. The significance and importance of old cultivars and wild populations are discussed, given the immediate need to adapt agricultural practices and crops to environmental degradation and global climate change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oz Barazani
- Agricultural Research Organization, Institute of Plant Sciences, Department of Vegetables and Field Crops, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Arnon Dag
- Agricultural Research Organization, Institute of Plant Sciences, Department of Fruit Tree Sciences, Gilat Research Center, Gilat, Israel
| | - Zachary Dunseth
- Joukowsky Institute for Archaeology and the Ancient World, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Capparelli S, Pieracci Y, Coppola F, Marchioni I, Sagona S, Felicioli A, Pistelli L, Pistelli L. The colors of Tuscan bee pollen: phytochemical profile and antioxidant activity. Nat Prod Res 2023:1-7. [PMID: 36739857 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2023.2172727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bee pollen's nutritional and beneficial health properties depend on the botanical origin and storage conditions. Palynological analysis determines the botanical composition of the multiflora and colour fractions. This study aimed to characterize the phytochemical profile and antioxidant activity of Tuscan bee pollen stored at freezing temperature for 2 years to verify the preservation of nutraceutical properties of the multiflora and colour fractions. Polyphenols, flavonoids content, antioxidant activity and volatile compounds profiles were measured. Non-terpene derivatives (acids and aldehydes) represented the main class of volatile compounds in most analysed samples. Among the colour fractions, coral showed significant differences in the antioxidant compounds. In the multiflora were also determined the soluble sugar content (128.33 mg/g of fresh weight) and mineral content, with the prevalence of K, organic N and Ca. The results suggest that the freezing storage of bee pollen for a long period can be still used as food.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Capparelli
- Department of Agriculture Food Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | - Ilaria Marchioni
- Department of Agriculture Food Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Simona Sagona
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Antonio Felicioli
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Center Nutraceuticals and Food for Health (NUTRAFOOD), University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Luisa Pistelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Center Nutraceuticals and Food for Health (NUTRAFOOD), University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Laura Pistelli
- Department of Agriculture Food Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Center Nutraceuticals and Food for Health (NUTRAFOOD), University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Banaev EV, Tomoshevich MA, Khozyaykina SA, Erst AA, Erst AS. Integrative Taxonomy of Nitraria (Nitrariaceae), Description of the New Enigmatic Species and Key to All Currently Known Species. Plants (Basel) 2023; 12:593. [PMID: 36771680 PMCID: PMC9921022 DOI: 10.3390/plants12030593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A new species, Nitraria iliensis sp. nov., is described from the Ili basin, Almaty region, Kazakhstan. It belongs to section Nitraria ser. Sibiricae and is morphologically similar to N. sibirica Pall. An integrative taxonomic approach based on molecular, biochemical and morphological analyses, along with palynological data, was used to delimit this new species. The studied species of the genus are illustrated, and photographs of authentic specimens of the new species, as well as a distribution map of the new species and segregate taxa, are provided. Morphological characters were investigated, more important traits for identification were found, and a new key to distinguish between all species of the genus was prepared.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Anna A. Erst
- Correspondence: (A.A.E.); (A.S.E.); Tel.: +7-(383)339-9842 (A.A.E.)
| | - Andrey S. Erst
- Correspondence: (A.A.E.); (A.S.E.); Tel.: +7-(383)339-9842 (A.A.E.)
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Shi M, Wang Y, Olvera-Vazquez SG, Iñiguez JC, Thein MS, Watanabe KN. Comparison of Chayote ( Sechium edule (Jacq.) Sw.) Accessions from Mexico, Japan, and Myanmar Using Reproductive Characters and Microsatellite Markers. Plants (Basel) 2023; 12:476. [PMID: 36771559 PMCID: PMC9919900 DOI: 10.3390/plants12030476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Promoting neglected and underutilized crop species is a possible solution to deal with the complex challenges of global food security. Chayote is a Neglected and Underutilized Cucurbit Species (NUCuS), which is recognized as a fruit vegetable in Latin America and is widely grown in Asia and Africa. However, basic biological knowledge about the crop is insufficient in scientific sources, especially outside of its center of origin. In this study, limited observations on reproductive characters were conducted, differentiating accessions from Mexico, Japan, and Myanmar. Cytological evaluation among Mexican and Japanese accessions showed that the relative nuclear DNA content is 1.55 ± 0.05 pg, the estimated genome size is 1511 at 2C/Mbp, and the observed mitotic chromosomal number is 2n = 28. The genetic diversity of 21 chayote accessions was also examined using six microsatellite markers. A global low genetic heterozygosity (Ho = 0.286 and He = 0.408) and three genetic groups were detected. The results established the basis to provide insights into chayote arrival history in Asia by looking at the crop's reproductive morphology, cytology, and genetic diversity status outside its origin center. This could help in developing sustainable utilization and conservation programs for chayote.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miao Shi
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan
| | - Yihang Wang
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan
| | - Sergio Gabriel Olvera-Vazquez
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan
- GQE-Le Moulon, INRAe et University Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment Bréguet, 3 Rue Joliot Curie 2e ét, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Jorge Cadena Iñiguez
- Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus San Luis Potosí, Salias de Hidalgo, San Luis Potosí 78622, Mexico
| | - Min San Thein
- Department of Agricultural Research, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation, Yezin, Myanmar
| | - Kazuo N. Watanabe
- Tsukuba Plant Innovation Research Center, Institute of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Rull V. Responses of Caribbean Mangroves to Quaternary Climatic, Eustatic, and Anthropogenic Drivers of Ecological Change: A Review. Plants (Basel) 2022; 11:3502. [PMID: 36559614 PMCID: PMC9786987 DOI: 10.3390/plants11243502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Mangroves are among the world's most threatened ecosystems. Understanding how these ecosystems responded to past natural and anthropogenic drivers of ecological change is essential not only for understanding how extant mangroves have been shaped but also for informing their conservation. This paper reviews the available paleoecological evidence for Pleistocene and Holocene responses of Caribbean mangroves to climatic, eustatic, and anthropogenic drivers. The first records date from the Last Interglacial, when global average temperatures and sea levels were slightly higher than present and mangroves grew in locations and conditions similar to today. During the Last Glaciation, temperatures and sea levels were significantly lower, and Caribbean mangroves grew far from their present locations on presently submerged sites. The current mangrove configuration was progressively attained after Early Holocene warming and sea level rise in the absence of anthropogenic pressure. Human influence began to be important in the Mid-Late Holocene, especially during the Archaic and Ceramic cultural periods, when sea levels were close to their present position and climatic and human drivers were the most influential factors. During the last millennium, the most relevant drivers of ecological change have been the episodic droughts linked to the Little Ice Age and the historical developments of the last centuries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valentí Rull
- Botanic Institute of Barcelona (IBB), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Pg. del Migdia s/n, 08038 Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Santos AA, Piñuela L, Rodríguez-Barreiro I, García-Ramos JC, Diez JB. Jurassic Palynology from "The Dinosaur Coast" of Asturias (Lastres Fm., Northwestern Spain): Palynostratigraphical and Palaeoecological Insights. Biology (Basel) 2022; 11:biology11121695. [PMID: 36552205 PMCID: PMC9774838 DOI: 10.3390/biology11121695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Abundant fossils of vertebrates (mainly footprints and bones of dinosaurs) and numerous invertebrates occur in the Upper Jurassic deposits of the Lastres Formation in the Asturias region, North of Spain. However, no palynological study has been published from this geological formation; therefore, much palaeoenvironmental and palaeoecological information is still unknown. In this study, a total of 62 morphospecies, belonging to 49 different morphogenera were identified, including pollen, spores, algae remains, fungi spores, dinoflagellates, foraminifera, and scolecodonts from four different locations on the Asturian coast. Spores are the dominant group of palynomorphs, both in diversity and abundance, contrasting with the minor diversity of pollen grains. The age of some key taxa indicates that the palynological assemblage cannot be older than the Kimmeridgian, suggesting a Kimmeridgian-Tithonian age. The botanical and environmental affinities of the pollen and spores indicate the presence of different plant assemblages, including plant communities from humid areas such as the margin of rivers and small freshwater ponds that were dominated by bryophytes and ferns, and a coastal plant community that would inhabit arid areas and would be dominated by gymnosperms and some pteridophytes. The SEM analyses of wood remains show the abundance of charcoalified remains suggesting that wildfires were usual in "The Dinosaur Coast" of Asturias during the Kimmeridgian.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Artai A. Santos
- Centro de Investigación Mariña, Universidade de Vigo (CIM-UVIGO), 36310 Vigo, Spain
- Departamento de Xeociencias Mariñas e O.T., Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
- Correspondence: or
| | - Laura Piñuela
- MUJA—Museo del Jurásico de Asturias, Rasa de San Telmo, 33328 Colunga, Spain
| | - Iván Rodríguez-Barreiro
- Centro de Investigación Mariña, Universidade de Vigo (CIM-UVIGO), 36310 Vigo, Spain
- Departamento de Xeociencias Mariñas e O.T., Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | | | - José B. Diez
- Centro de Investigación Mariña, Universidade de Vigo (CIM-UVIGO), 36310 Vigo, Spain
- Departamento de Xeociencias Mariñas e O.T., Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Bacon CD, Silvestro D, Hoorn C, Bogotá-Ángel G, Antonelli A, Chazot N. The origin of modern patterns of continental diversity in Mauritiinae palms: the Neotropical museum and the Afrotropical graveyard. Biol Lett 2022; 18:20220214. [PMID: 36382374 PMCID: PMC9667138 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2022.0214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2023] Open
Abstract
While the latitudinal diversity gradient has received much attention, biodiversity and species richness also vary between continents across similar latitudes. Fossil information can be used to understand the evolutionary mechanisms that generated such variation between continents of similar latitudes. We integrated fossil data into a phylogenetic analysis of the Mauritiinae palms, whose extant diversity is restricted to the Neotropics, but extended across Africa and India during most of the Cenozoic. Mauritiinae diverged from its sister lineage Raphiinae ca 106 Ma. Using ancestral state estimation and a lineage through time analysis, we found that diversity arose globally during the late Cretaceous and Palaeocene across South America, Africa and India. The Palaeocene-Eocene transition (ca 56 Ma) marked the end of global Mauritiinae expansion, and the beginning of their decline in both Africa and India. Mauritiinae disappeared from the Indian subcontinent and Africa at the end of the Eocene and the Miocene, respectively. By contrast, Neotropical diversity steadily increased over the last 80 Myr. Taken together, our results suggest that the Neotropics functioned as a continental-scale refuge for Mauritiinae palms, where lineages survived and diversified while global climatic changes that drastically reduced rainforests led to their demise on other continents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine D. Bacon
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Daniele Silvestro
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Quartier Sorge, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Carina Hoorn
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Giovanni Bogotá-Ángel
- Universidad Distrital Francisco José Caldas, Facultad del Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales, Bogotá DC, Colombia
| | - Alexandre Antonelli
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Royal Botanical Gardens Kew, Richmond TW9 3AE, UK
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Nicolas Chazot
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Stoner KA, Nurse A, Koethe RW, Hatala MS, Lehmann DM. Where Does Honey Bee ( Apis mellifera L.) Pollen Come from? A Study of Pollen Collected from Colonies at Ornamental Plant Nurseries. Insects 2022; 13:insects13080744. [PMID: 36005369 PMCID: PMC9409349 DOI: 10.3390/insects13080744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Ornamental nursery plants are both a major agricultural industry in the U.S. and a major feature of the urban and suburban landscape. Interest in their relationship with pollinators is two-fold: the extent to which they provide a nutritional benefit to pollinators, and the extent to which they have the potential to harm pollinators by exposing them to pesticide residues in nectar and pollen. We identified plant genera as sources of trapped pollen collected by honey bee colonies located at commercial ornamental plant nurseries in Connecticut in 2015 and 2018 and quantified the percentage of pollen volume collected from each genus for each weekly sample over two seasons. Plant genera grown at these nurseries, particularly Rosa, Rhus, and Ilex, contributed substantially to pollen volume during weeks 23-27 of the year. Among the genera not grown in nurseries, Toxicodendron was also important during weeks 23 and 24, and Trifolium was important in both frequency and quantity throughout the season. Zea was a major component of pollen volume from weeks 28-36 in both sites, even though cropland was not over 11% of land cover at either site.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea Nurse
- Climate Change Institute, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
| | - Robert W. Koethe
- Region 1 Office, Land, Chemicals and Redevelopment Division RCRA, UST and Pesticides Section, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Boston, MA 27711, USA
| | | | - David M. Lehmann
- Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Health and Environmental Effects Assessment Division, Integrated Health Assessment Branch, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC 27711, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Gómez-Noguez F, Domínguez-Ugalde C, Flores-Galván C, León-Rossano LM, García BP, Mendoza-Ruiz A, Rosas-Pérez I, Mehltreter K. Terminal velocity of fern and lycopod spores is affected more by mass and ornamentation than by size. Am J Bot 2022; 109:1221-1229. [PMID: 35903036 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Terminal velocity (Vt) is an important factor for the dispersal of biological particles but has scarcely been studied for anemochorous fern spores, and the influence of spore characteristics on Vt has not been evaluated. Here, we measured the Vt of 1234 spores of 18 fern species and two Selaginella microspores using videoimaging analysis and evaluated the effects of mass, size, and ornamentation on Vt. METHODS We designed a sedimentation tower with a graduated microtelescope attached to a high-speed video camera to record falling particles and measure the Vt of fern spores using video-image processing software. Spores were measured for each species and their size correlated with Vt. RESULTS The Vt of fern spores ranged from 4.7 cm·s-1 (Cyathea costaricensis) to 18.85 cm·s-1 (Acrostichum danaeifolium). The method is accurate and reliable as predicted by Stokes model for glass beads of known density and size. In addition, Vt had a higher correlation coefficient with mass (ρ = 0.72) than size (ρ = 0.20), and ornamental appendages reduced Vt. CONCLUSIONS The reported values of Vt of fern spores are within the range of different biological airborne particles such as moss spores and pollen grains of seed plants. The results showed that spore ornamentation is directly related to Vt rather than spore size and may increase or decrease the drag. This method will aid future aerobiological research on biological particles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Gómez-Noguez
- Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas s/n, Ciudad Universitaria Sur, Chilpancingo de los Bravo, Guerrero, 39086, México
| | - César Domínguez-Ugalde
- Licenciatura en Biología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Av. Ferrocarril de San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Leyes de Reforma 1ª Sección, Ciudad de México, 09310, México
| | - Catalina Flores-Galván
- Red de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología A. C. Carretera Antigua a Coatepec No. 351, El Haya, Xalapa, Veracruz, 91073, México
| | - Luis Manuel León-Rossano
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, 04510, México
| | - Blanca Pérez García
- Área de Botánica Estructural y Sistemática Vegetal, Departamento de Biología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Av. Ferrocarril de San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Leyes de Reforma 1ª Sección, Ciudad de México, 09310, México
| | - Aniceto Mendoza-Ruiz
- Área de Botánica Estructural y Sistemática Vegetal, Departamento de Biología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa. Av. Ferrocarril de San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Leyes de Reforma 1ª Sección, Ciudad de México, 09310, México
| | - Irma Rosas-Pérez
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y Cambio Climático, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito exterior s/n, Coyoacán, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, 04510, México
| | - Klaus Mehltreter
- Red de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología A. C. Carretera Antigua a Coatepec No. 351, El Haya, Xalapa, Veracruz, 91073, México
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Zafar A, Zafar M, Ahmad M, Khan AM, Mahmood T, Kilic O, Fatima A, Habib D, Sultana S, Majeed S, Attique R, Nabila. Microscopic (LM and SEM) visualization of pollen ultrastructure among honeybee flora from lower Margalla Hills and allied areas. Microsc Res Tech 2022; 85:3325-3338. [PMID: 35751607 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Microscopic visualization of micro-morphological characters were analyzed using a scanning electron microscopic (SEM) tool, which has proven to be very successful to analyze the pollen surface peculiarities. The significant goal of this research was to perform microscopic examination of pollen of some of the most frequently visited honeybee floral species around apiaries. Micro-morphological characterization of frequented honeybees foraged plants were discussed. A total of 15 species, belonging to 11 different families were identified for the foraging activities of honeybees, namely, Lantana camara, Jatropha integerrima, Helianthus annuus, Tecoma stans, Lagerstroemia indica, Duranta erecta, Cosmos sulphureus, Hymenocollis littoralis, Moringa oleifera, Cestrum nocturnum, Parthenium hysterophorus, Volkameria inermis, Catharanthus roseus, Malvastrum coromandelianum, and Citharexylum spinosum. The microscopic slides were prepared using the acetolysis method, and the qualitative and quantitative features were measured and described using microscopic tools. The pollen type sculpture varies from psilate scabrate to echinate and colpi from tricolpate to tetracolpate. Quantitative parameters such as polar diameter, mesocolpium distance, equatorial dimensions, aperture size, spine diameter, and exine thickness were calculated using IBM SPSS Statistics 20. The exine thickness was measured at its maximum in C. roseus (3.85 μm), whereas it was at its minimum of 0.90 μm in L. indica and D. erecta. Pollen fertility was estimated to be highest in H. annus (88%). The current research validates scanning microscopic features of pollen of the honeybee floral species, which is helpful for the accurate identification and commercializing of honey production to generate revenue for beekeepers through the exploration of bee floral diversity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aqeela Zafar
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zafar
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Mushtaq Ahmad
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.,Pakistan Academy of Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Amir Muhammad Khan
- Department of Botany, University of Mianwali, Mianwali, Pakistan.,Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Tariq Mahmood
- Islamabad Wildlife Management Board, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Omer Kilic
- Department of Basic Science of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Faculty, Adıyaman University, Adıyaman, Turkey
| | - Anam Fatima
- Department of Botany, University of Mianwali, Mianwali, Pakistan
| | - Darima Habib
- Department of Botany, Rawalpindi Women University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Shazia Sultana
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Salman Majeed
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Rafia Attique
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Nabila
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Iosageanu A, Mihai E, Prelipcean AM, Anton RE, Utoiu E, Oancea A, Craciunescu O, Cimpean A. Comparative palynological, physicochemical, antioxidant and antibacterial properties of Romanian honey varieties for biomedical applications. Chem Biodivers 2022; 19:e202200406. [PMID: 35727940 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202200406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the melissopalynology, physicochemical characteristics, antioxidant and antibacterial activity of seven honey samples harvested from different geographical regions and climates of Romania. The melissopalynological analysis revealed that monofloral and multifloral samples contained a wide diversity of minor pollen types from Romanian flora. The moisture, pH and free acidity values were within international limit. HPLC analysis indicated high content of fructose and glucose and low content of sucrose. Bioactive compounds including proteins, phenolics, flavonoids and ascorbic acid were present in variable quantities, according to the botanical origin and geographical area. The highest phenolics and ascorbic acid content was in multifloral honeys from Crisana mountain and meadow and the extrafloral honeydew honey. The same honey samples have exerted free radical scavenging and antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The free radical scavenging activity was strongly correlated to phenolics and ascorbic acid content, while the antimicrobial activity was medium correlated only to phenolics content. In conclusion, the selected Romanian honey samples with best antioxidant and antimicrobial activity could be further tested for the development of novel biomedical products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreea Iosageanu
- University of Bucharest: Universitatea din Bucuresti, Faculty of Biology, Splaiul Independentei 91-95, Bucharest, ROMANIA
| | - Elena Mihai
- Institutul Naţional de Cercetare-Dezvoltare pentru Stiinte Biologice: Institutul National de Cercetare-Dezvoltare pentru Stiinte Biologice Bucuresti, cellular and molecular biology, Splaiul Independentei 296, Bucharest, ROMANIA
| | - Ana-Maria Prelipcean
- Institutul Naţional de Cercetare-Dezvoltare pentru Stiinte Biologice: Institutul National de Cercetare-Dezvoltare pentru Stiinte Biologice Bucuresti, cellular and molecular biology, Splaiul Independentei 296, Bucharest, ROMANIA
| | - Ruxandra Elena Anton
- Institutul Naţional de Cercetare-Dezvoltare pentru Stiinte Biologice: Institutul National de Cercetare-Dezvoltare pentru Stiinte Biologice Bucuresti, cellular and molecular biology, Splaiul Independentei 296, Bucharest, ROMANIA
| | - Elena Utoiu
- Institutul National de Cercetare-Dezvoltare pentru Stiinte Biologice Bucuresti, Cellular and Molecular Biology, 296, Splaiul Independentei, 060031, Bucharest, ROMANIA
| | - Anca Oancea
- Institutul Naţional de Cercetare-Dezvoltare pentru Stiinte Biologice: Institutul National de Cercetare-Dezvoltare pentru Stiinte Biologice Bucuresti, cellular and molecular biology, Splaiul Independentei 296, Bucharest, ROMANIA
| | - Oana Craciunescu
- Institutul National de Cercetare-Dezvoltare pentru Stiinte Biologice Bucuresti, Biologie Celulara si Moleculara, 296, Splaiul Independentei, 060031, Bucharest, ROMANIA
| | - Anisoara Cimpean
- University of Bucharest: Universitatea din Bucuresti, Faculty of Biology, Splaiul Independentei 91-95, Bucharest, ROMANIA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Fitmawati F, Juliantari E, Silvia M. Systematic reinstatement of the Sumatra endemic species Mangiferasumatrana Miq. (Anacardiaceae). PhytoKeys 2022; 199:129-140. [PMID: 36761872 PMCID: PMC9849000 DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.199.80727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Mangiferasumatrana Miq. is an endemic species from Sumatra. The taxonomic status of M.sumatrana remains unclear and is currently treated as a synonym of M.laurina. The present study employed morphological and palynological characters and molecular analyses to address the delimitation between the two species. Pollen observations were carried out with a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Phylogenetic relationships were investigated using the ITS and the trnl-F intergenic spacer markers. M.sumatrana differs from M.laurina by having pyramidal panicles with a low density of pale yellow flowers pale, sepals 3-3.5 × 1.7-2 mm, fruit roundish to flattened with pale yellow pulp, a rough fibre texture, and pollen with a prolate spheroidal shape. The MP phylogenetic tree showed a divergent boundary between the two species suggesting that M.sumatrana could be an independent species, not a variety of M.laurina. The present study supports the view that these two taxa can be treated as different species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fitmawati Fitmawati
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Riau, Pekanbaru, Riau, 28293, IndonesiaUniversitas RiauRiauIndonesia
| | - Erwina Juliantari
- Plant Biology Graduate Program, Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences IPB University, Jl. Raya Dramaga, Bogor, West Java, 16680, IndonesiaFaculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences IPB UniversityBogorIndonesia
| | - Mega Silvia
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Riau, Pekanbaru, Riau, 28293, IndonesiaUniversitas RiauRiauIndonesia
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abbas M, Shaheen S, Arshad A, Ali M, Rasool B, Rasool G. Comparative light and scanning electron microscopic studies of pollen of two marijuana species causing allergies. Microsc Res Tech 2022; 85:3181-3186. [PMID: 35661329 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Marijuana (Cannabis) belongs to family Cannabaceae. This plant is a great natural source of cannabinoids, which have several medical applications such as it is used for the treatment of anxiety and psychosis, disorders of motility and epilepsy. However, this plant is also notorious for its pollen allergic reactions. Mainly two species, that is, C. sativa L. and C.indica Lam. are involved in allergic reactions. In this study, morpho-palynological studies of both the species were conducted. A number of morphological differences were observed in the both species. C. sativa is tall with narrowed leaves and fibrous stalk plant while C. indica is short, bushier, broad leaves, and having woody stalk plant. Both the species are varied in their pollen characteristics. The polar diameter of C. sativa observed was 7.5 μm and equatorial diameter was 8 μm, and its shape was oblate-spheroidal. C. indica had 7 μm polar diameter, 7.5 μm equatorial diameter but its shape was similar to C. sativa, that is, oblate-spheroidal. About 40%-50% people were affected with both these marijuana species and had symptoms of allergies like dry cough, congestion, itchy eyes, sore throat, nausea, a runny nose, watery eyes, and sneezing. It was concluded that both species' pollen are allergy causing and pollen of both species are different with variations in morphological and allergic symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moneeza Abbas
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Shabnum Shaheen
- Department of Botany, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Amina Arshad
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ali
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Bilal Rasool
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ghulam Rasool
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Citak BY, Uysal T, Bozkurt M, Demirelma H, Aksoy A, Ertuğrul K. The comparative palynomorphological studies on Turkish Muscari genera and close relatives (Asparagaceae-scilloideae) with their taxonomic implications. Microsc Res Tech 2022; 85:2692-2707. [PMID: 35451541 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
By this study, the palynomorphological traits of 49 taxa (53 plant samples) of the genus Muscari which has been the main research topic and also its relatives, Pseudomuscari, Hyacinthella and Bellevalia have been studied in details of both using light and scanning electron microscope. In the end of palynologic works, it was suggested the descriptive or symbolized main pollen types to make easier the separation or identification of the species of Muscari and its relative groups. According to this symbolization, the pollen types of species may be changeable as D-shaped, elliptical, triangular, and spindle shaped and all types could be seen in different members of the studied taxonomic groups in this paper. One of the most important findings of the study is that the taxa of the genus Muscari, Hyacinthella and Bellevalia do not show a main difference in terms of pollen structures and especially they exhibit harmony. Therefore, it does not possible to mention about the special pollen shape own to one species but it is possible to see common pollen types for closely related taxa or taxon groups. As a result, it could be commented that there is not evolved the close taxonomical groups within Asparagaceae in terms of pollen shape and morphologies and there is considerably a high suitability in point of theirs germ cells or microspores among them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Burcu Yilmaz Citak
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Selçuk, Konya, Turkey
| | - Tuna Uysal
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Selçuk, Konya, Turkey
| | - Meryem Bozkurt
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Selçuk, Konya, Turkey
| | - Hakkı Demirelma
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Selçuk, Konya, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Aksoy
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Akdeniz, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Kuddisi Ertuğrul
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Selçuk, Konya, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Ahmad F, Hameed M, Ahmad MSA. Taxonomic significance of palynological studies for identification of two morphologically similar Malva species. Microsc Res Tech 2022; 85:2826-2834. [PMID: 35411990 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Pollen studies can assist in distinguishing different plant taxa on the basis of pollen diameter, exine thickness, spines length, spine shape, number of rows of spines between colpi, shape of pollen, P/E ratio, pollen class and aperture type. Light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to compare and differentiate two Malva species on the basis of different pollen characteristics. Pollen in Malva neglecta and Malva parviflora had punctate and subpsilate, and, granulate and verrucate sculpturing between spines respectively. Both species pollen had bulbous spine base, but were more swollen in M. parviflora. M. neglecta had more pollen size, spine length and distance between spine base and spine apex, except spine base and pore diameter. The scatterplot matrix showed a wide variation among sculpturing types and other pollen attributes of both species. In PCA biplot, pore diameter and spine length were linked to M. parviflora while other pollen attributes were clearly linked to M. neglecta, indicating the taxonomic significance of the observed characters. It was concluded that the palynological studies can act as an identification tool and are of great significance in delimiting Malva and different plant taxa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farooq Ahmad
- Department of Botany, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Mansoor Hameed
- Department of Botany, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Paul P, Dhar S, Das D, Chowdhury M. Light and scanning electron microscopic characterization of pollen grains of some wetland angiosperms from India. Microsc Res Tech 2022; 85:2628-2650. [PMID: 35411986 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Pollen grains of 58 wetland species of angiosperms belonging to 17 families, growing in different wetlands of Sub-Himalayan biodiversity hotspots, Northern Bengal and lower Gangetic plains, India were investigated during a 4-year span of 2015-2019. Freshly collected anthers were processed through the acetolysis method and the obtained pollen grains were accurately studied under LM and SEM and properly photographed. Different attributes viz. shape, size, aperture type and exine ornamentation of pollen grains served as consistent features were used for authentic identification of the studied species. To study the phylogeny of pollen grains, characters like polarity, symmetry, aperture and exine sculpturing were found most significant for species segregation. Investigated pollen grains were mostly prolate-spheroidal, spheroidal or triangular, rarely prolate or elongated, exine psilate, granulate, reticulate or microechinate type. Most of the observable aperture of pollen grains of studied species were colporate, colpate and porate, while ulcerate and inaperturate grains were also observed in the studied aquatic members of the families Cyperaceae and Potamogetonaceae. All the gathered data were further statistically analyzed through ANOVA, PCA and Pearson Correlation Matrix to understand the interrelationship among the species. The permanent slides of identified pollen grains were deposited at the herbarium of North Bengal University [NBU] for future references.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Payel Paul
- Taxonomy of Angiosperms and Biosystematics Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of North Bengal, Darjeeling, West Bengal, India
| | - Sayantan Dhar
- Taxonomy of Angiosperms and Biosystematics Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of North Bengal, Darjeeling, West Bengal, India
| | - Dipayan Das
- Department of Botany, University of North Bengal, Darjeeling, West Bengal, India
| | - Monoranjan Chowdhury
- Taxonomy of Angiosperms and Biosystematics Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of North Bengal, Darjeeling, West Bengal, India
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Harun N, Shaheen S, Ahmad M, Abbas Z, Bibi F, Arshad F. Scanning electron microscopic imaging of palynological metaphors: A case study of family Poaceae taxa. Microsc Res Tech 2021; 85:1703-1712. [PMID: 34913538 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This study highlighted the taxonomic utilization of palynological metaphors for selected members (53) of family Poaceae. Multiple microscopic technique light and scanning electrons had been employed for detailed analysis. Results reported monad pollen type in all studied 53 members, which showed its limited taxonomic value up to family level. In relation to shape of pollen both polar and equatorial views strikingly differed from each other. Like semi angular pollen observed in Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Wild. whereas round-minutely irregular pollen in Lolium temulentum L. Polar and equatorial diameter also showed variation, that is, Desmostachya bipinnata (L.) Stapf. can be differentiated from Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench on diameter variation basis. A pore characteristic does not show much qualitative variation; however pore sizes differ species to species. The most frequently scarbate sculpturing was observed in 28 species followed by verrucate. Hence it can be said that pollen shape, polar, and equatorial diameters, pore size, P/E ratio, pore sculpturing are of good taxonomic value and holds a significant position in identification and delimitation of Poaceae taxa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nidaa Harun
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Okara, Okara, Pakistan
| | - Shabnum Shaheen
- Department of Botany, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Mushtaq Ahmad
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid i Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Zaheer Abbas
- Department of Botany, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Fozia Bibi
- Department of Botany, Rawalpindi Women University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Fahim Arshad
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Okara, Okara, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Gul F, Malik K, Qureshi R, Ahmad M, Ansari L, Zafar M, Hussain S, Khalid S, Imran M, Rashid N. Palyno-morphological attributes of some selected plant species of family Asteraceae from district Dera Ismail Khan, KPK, Pakistan. Microsc Res Tech 2021; 85:1392-1409. [PMID: 34843140 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The current study aimed to investigate the palyno-morphological features of Asteraceous species from District Dera Ismail Khan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. A total of 13 species were collected, pressed, identified, and examined by using light and scanning electron microscopy. Both qualitative and quantitative pollen characters were observed, that is, equatorial and polar diameter, number of pores and colpi, exine thickness, exine sculpturing, pollen shape, and P/E ratio. Pollen shapes observed in studied taxa were spheroidal, suboblate, oblate-spheroidal, and lophate-spheroidal. The aperturation patterns of pollens vary from tricolporate to tetracolporate. The maximum polar and equatorial diameter of 75-100 (87.5 ± 13.6) μm and 87.5-117.5 (102.5 ± 16.4) μm, respectively, was recorded in Echinops echinatus, while minimum polar and equatorial diameter of 20-22.5 (21 ± 1.36) μm and 22.5-25 (23.5 ± 1.36) μm, respectively, was recorded in Aster subulatus. Six types of exine sculpturing patterns were observed; echinate, micro-echinate, echinate-microreticulate, microreticulate, echinate-perforate, and scabrate. Maximum exine thickness of 8.75 μm was recorded in E. echinatus and minimum of 1.25 μm in Launaea mucronata. The pollen morphology has valuable significance in understanding the taxonomy of different plant groups and plays a central role in the correct identification and classification of Asteraceous flora at species, generic, and tribe levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farheen Gul
- PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Khafsa Malik
- PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | | | | | - Lubna Ansari
- PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | | | | | - Sidra Khalid
- PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | | | - Neelam Rashid
- Mirpur University of Science & Technology (MUST), Mirpur Azad Kashmir, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Nabila, Ahmad M, Zafar M, Bahadur S, Sultana S, Taj S, Celep F, Majeed S, Rozina. Palynomorphological diversity among the Asteraceous honeybee flora: An aid to the correct taxonomic identification using multiple microscopic techniques. Microsc Res Tech 2021; 85:570-590. [PMID: 34535944 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to characterize the palynological morphology of melliferous species of family Asteraceae belonged to seven tribes which were categorized into 15 genera and were studied under light and scanning electron microscopy. The pollen grains were acetolyzed, measured, and described qualitatively. Quantitative data were analyzed by descriptive and multivariate statistical analysis. The species were analyzed considering 11 quantitative pollen characteristics. The study revealed that the pollen grains are circular, triangular, angular, semi-angular, quadrangular, pentagonal and hexagonal amb, and 3-colporate or 3-colpate. The size of the pollen is variable among the species, ranged from 56.1 to 23.2 μm. Three pollen types: oblate spheroidal (eight species), prolate spheroidal (six species), and suboblate (two species) were observed. The surface pattern of the exine varies from echinoperforate, echinate, echinate microperforate, fenestrate, echinoperforate reticulate, microreticulate, echinate perforate, tectate, and scabrate. Exine thickness was calculated minimum in Cichorium intybus (2.47 μm) and maximum in Taraxacum campylodes (5.15 μm). A key to studied bee floral species, based on the morphological features of pollen grains, is also provided. The palynomorphological characters here analyzed can be potentially used to correctly identify the Asteraceous honeybee floral species most commonly plants visited by honeybees in the study area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nabila
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Mushtaq Ahmad
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zafar
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Saraj Bahadur
- College of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Shazia Sultana
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sehrish Taj
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Haikou, China.,Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology, Haikou, China.,Department of Aquaculture, Ocean College of Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Ferhat Celep
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Kırıkkale University, Kırıkkale, Turkey
| | - Salman Majeed
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Rozina
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Umber F, Zafar M, Ullah R, Bari A, Khan MY, Ahmad M, Sultana S. Implication of light and scanning electron microscopy for pollen morphology of selected taxa of family Asteraceae and Brassicaceae. Microsc Res Tech 2021; 85:373-384. [PMID: 34467586 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The present study was intended to assess pollen morphological attributes of selected Asteraceous and Brassicaceous species from tehsil Esa Khel (Mianwali), Punjab using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and light microscopy (LM) techniques for its systematic and taxonomic significance for correct identification. Pollen from 12 different species belongs to two plant families from various distributional localities were collected, acetolyzed and measured. Different palynomorphological features were investigated using LM and SEM techniques. In Asteraceous species, three types of pollen (tricolporate, trizonocolporate, and tetracolporate) were observed. Pollen shape was observed prolate-spheroidal in three species while oblate and oblate-spheroidal were detected in Parthenium hysterophorus and Erigeron bonariensis. While sculpturing pattern of exine were echinate, echinate fenestrate, echinate perforate and scabrate echinate. Mesocolpium measurement was calculated maximum for Sonchus oleraceous (16.6 μm). Brassicaceae pollen were circular, lobate, tricolpate and exine show reticulate peculiarities. Whereas dominant shape was oblate-spheroidal followed by prolate-spheroidal and sub-prolate in Lepidium didymum and Sisymbrium irio, respectively. Mesocolpium distance was noted highest in Raphanus raphanistrum (14.4 μm). Exine thickness was noted maximum in Erigeron bonariensis (2.9 μm) in Asteraceous species and in Brassicaceae; Lepedium didymum exine measurement was 2.7 μm. The study showed that pollen micromorphology has important role to accurately identify and classify diverse plants genera belong to different families. Based on these taxonomic palynomorph features, the accurate identification of species from flora of tehsil Esa Khel, Mianwali were elaborated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Faria Umber
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zafar
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Riaz Ullah
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Bari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Mushtaq Ahmad
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.,Pakistan Academy of Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Shazia Sultana
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Xu YD, Yuan MD, Wang RJ. Morphology and molecules support the new monotypic genus Parainvolucrella (Rubiaceae) from Asia. PhytoKeys 2021; 180:53-64. [PMID: 34393576 PMCID: PMC8355009 DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.180.67624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Parainvolucrella R.J. Wang, a new monotypic genus for P.scabra (Wall. ex Kurz) M.D.Yuan & R.J.Wang, new combination, is segregated from the Hedyotis-Oldenlandia complex, based on morphological and molecular evidence. Phylogenetically, the new genus is sister to Scleromitrion, from which it differs by a combination of morphological characters: herbaceous habit, terminal inflorescence with subtended leaves, heterostylous flowers, indehiscent fruits and pollen with double microreticulate tectum. A key to the genera of the Hedyotis-Oldenlandia complex in China is provided for further identification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Da Xu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510650, ChinaSouth China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, ChinaUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Ming-Deng Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510650, ChinaSouth China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, ChinaUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Rui-Jiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510650, ChinaSouth China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Shaheen S, Harun N, Hussain K, Sharifi-Rad J, Shahid MN, Ashfaq M, Sonia R, Ahmad M, Khan F. Light and scanning electron microscopic study of genus Echinochloa species inhabited in Pakistan. Microsc Res Tech 2021; 84:2286-2290. [PMID: 33876882 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Grass taxonomy is quite problematic and insignificant taxonomic work has been done on Echinochloa with special reference to Pakistan. Therefore, the present study was carried out to provide taxonomic keys for the identification of this genus through microscopic epidermal leaf anatomical parameters. Light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy were done to delimit the different species. Special structures like hook cells, short and long cells, stomata, macro- and micro-hairs, prickles and silica bodies showed a lot of variation among each species. For instance, E. frumentacea can be distinguished from E. walteri by the presence of macro hairs between the veins. Furthermore, E. crus-galli can be distinguished from E. frumentacea in terms of macro hair size, that is, 45-60 μm and 20-60 μm, respectively. Similarly, E. colona showed marked variations in terms of prickles abundance from E. frumentacea. Overall results of this research reports valuable qualitative and quantitative diagnostic futures for the genus Echinochloa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shabnum Shaheen
- Department of Botany, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Nidaa Harun
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Okara, Okara, Pakistan
| | - Khadim Hussain
- Department of Bioinformatics & Biotechnology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Javad Sharifi-Rad
- Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Azuay, Cuenca, Ecuador
| | - Muhammad Naveed Shahid
- Departments of Botany, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ashfaq
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Romisha Sonia
- Department of Botany, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Mushtaq Ahmad
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Farah Khan
- Department of Botany, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Ullah SA, Zafar M, Ahmad M, Ghufran MA, Bursal E, Kilic O, Sultana S, Yaseen G, Khan S, Majeed S. Microscopic implication and evaluation of herbaceous melliferous plants of southern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa-Pakistan using light and scanning electron microscope. Microsc Res Tech 2021; 84:1750-1764. [PMID: 33576555 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study is to investigate the pollen morphology of melliferous plant taxa of Southern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa-Pakistan. Using light microscope (LM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM), the palynological study of 18 species of melliferous plants namely Calendula arvensis, Cenchrus pennisetiformis, Citrullus colocynthis, Cucumis melo subsp. agrestis var. agrestis, Cucurbita maxima, Cymbopogon jwarancusa, Cynodon dectylon, Dactyloctenium aegyptium, Helianthus annus, Lagenaria siceraria, Launaea procumbens, Luffa cylindrica, Pennisetum glaucum, Saccharum spontaneum, Sonchus asper, Verbesina encelioides, Xanthium strumarium, and Zea mays was carried out. Both qualitative and quantitative characteristics of pollen were studied. Variations were observed in pollen morphology. The dominant pollen shape was prolate-spheroidal (11 species). All the pollen units were monad. The highest exine thickness was found in Citrullus colocynthis (8.45 μm). The maximum polar and equatorial diameter (102 and 97.55 μm) was found in Luffa cylindrica. Similarly, the highest P/E ratio was found in Cucurbita maxima (1.46). Most of the species showed tricolpate and monoporate type of pollen. The exine sculpturing, number of spines per pollen and between colpi and the pollen fertility and sterility provided significant results for the documentation of melliferous plants. Thus, the information listed in this article will prove helpful to identify the potential melliferous plants in the area, geographical origin of the honey, and the availability of pure honey in the local and international market.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sher Aman Ullah
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zafar
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Mushtaq Ahmad
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Asad Ghufran
- Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ercan Bursal
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health, Muş Alparslan University, Mus, Turkey
| | - Omer Kilic
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Basic Science of Pharmacy, Adıyaman University, Adıyaman, Turkey
| | - Shazia Sultana
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ghulam Yaseen
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan.,Department of Botany, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Siraj Khan
- Department of Botany, Abdulwali Khan University, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Salman Majeed
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Khan S, Jan G, Ahmad M, Gul F, Zafar M, Mangi JUD, Bibi H, Sultana S, Usma A, Majeed S. Morpho-palynological assessment of some species of family Asteraceae and Lamiaceae of District Bannu, Pakistan on the bases of light microscope & scanning electron microscopy. Microsc Res Tech 2021; 84:1220-1232. [PMID: 33522646 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Pollen micro-morphological features have proven to be helpful for the plant taxonomists in the identification and classification of plants. The aim of this study was to evaluate the palynological features of family Asteraceae and Lamiaceae from flora of District Bannu, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan using both scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and light microscope (LM) for their taxonomic importance. Pollen of seven Asteraceous species belonging to four genera and four Lamiaceae species categorized into four genera were collected from different localities of research area. The present research work provides detailed information of diverse morpho-palynological characters both qualitatively and quantitatively including pollen shape, type, diameter, P/E ratio, exine sculpturing and thickness. Type of pollen in Asteraceae and Lamiaceae was ranged from tricolporate, tricolpate, trizonocolpate and hexazonocolpate. The maximum polar diameter (40.05 μm) and equatorial diameter (37.66 μm) was observed in the Ajuga bracteoosa while minimum polar and equatorial diameter was noted in Isodon rugosus (11.10 μm) and Erigeron canadensis (13.20 μm) respectively. Sculpturing of exine include; echinate, reticulate scabrate, aerolate, reticulate-verrucate, reticulate-scabrate, perforate and reticulate to perforate. Exine thickness was examined maximum 1.50 μm in Helianthus tuberosus, whereas minimum in Conyza Canadensis (0.16 μm). The pollen fertility was found highest in C Canadensis (83.33%) and lowest in Ajuga bracteosa (58.06%). The observed pollen morphology has many valuable qualitative and quantitative attributes for the better understanding of their taxonomy and play significant role in correct identification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siraj Khan
- Department of Botany, Abdulwali Khan University, Mardan, Khyber Puhktunkhuwa, Pakistan
| | - Gul Jan
- Department of Botany, Abdulwali Khan University, Mardan, Khyber Puhktunkhuwa, Pakistan
| | - Mushtaq Ahmad
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Farzana Gul
- Department of Botany, Abdulwali Khan University, Mardan, Khyber Puhktunkhuwa, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zafar
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Hameeda Bibi
- Department of Botany, Hazara University, Mansehra, Khyber Puhktunkhuwa, Pakistan
| | - Shazia Sultana
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Anwer Usma
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Salman Majeed
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Wang GT, Shu JP, Jiang GB, Chen YQ, Wang RJ. Morphology and molecules support the new monotypic genus Fenghwaia (Rhamnaceae) from south China. PhytoKeys 2021; 171:25-35. [PMID: 33510573 PMCID: PMC7806576 DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.171.57277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fenghwaia, a new monotypic genus, along with the new species Fenghwaia gardeniicarpa, is described from Guangdong Province, China. The combined features of inferior ovary, cylindrical drupaceous fruits and orbicular and dorsiventrally-compressed seeds with an elongate and pronounced basal appendage make the new genus significantly different from other genera of the family. In addition, its pollen morphology also showed great similarity to other species of this stenopalynous family. The molecular phylogenetic analysis, based on nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and plastid trnL-F intron spacer (trnL-F) DNA sequence data from the new genus and the other 375 species representing 58 genera of Rhamnaceae, indicates that Fenghwaia is nested within the 'rhamnoid' group and sister to the tribe Rhamneae and then both sister to the tribe Maesopsideae. A taxonomic classification key to the 'rhamnoid' group is provided, based on morphological characters. A global conservation assessment is also performed and classifies Fenghwaia gardeniicarpa as Near Threatened (NT).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gang-Tao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510650, ChinaSouth China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, ChinaUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Jiang-Ping Shu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510650, ChinaSouth China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, ChinaUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Guo-Bin Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510650, ChinaSouth China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, ChinaUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yu-Qiang Chen
- Taicheng Town, Taishan, Jiangmen City, Guangdong 529200, ChinaUnaffiliatedTaishanChina
| | - Rui-Jiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510650, ChinaSouth China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Romero IC, Kong S, Fowlkes CC, Jaramillo C, Urban MA, Oboh-Ikuenobe F, D'Apolito C, Punyasena SW. Improving the taxonomy of fossil pollen using convolutional neural networks and superresolution microscopy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:28496-28505. [PMID: 33097671 PMCID: PMC7668113 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2007324117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Taxonomic resolution is a major challenge in palynology, largely limiting the ecological and evolutionary interpretations possible with deep-time fossil pollen data. We present an approach for fossil pollen analysis that uses optical superresolution microscopy and machine learning to create a quantitative and higher throughput workflow for producing palynological identifications and hypotheses of biological affinity. We developed three convolutional neural network (CNN) classification models: maximum projection (MPM), multislice (MSM), and fused (FM). We trained the models on the pollen of 16 genera of the legume tribe Amherstieae, and then used these models to constrain the biological classifications of 48 fossil Striatopollis specimens from the Paleocene, Eocene, and Miocene of western Africa and northern South America. All models achieved average accuracies of 83 to 90% in the classification of the extant genera, and the majority of fossil identifications (86%) showed consensus among at least two of the three models. Our fossil identifications support the paleobiogeographic hypothesis that Amherstieae originated in Paleocene Africa and dispersed to South America during the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (56 Ma). They also raise the possibility that at least three Amherstieae genera (Crudia, Berlinia, and Anthonotha) may have diverged earlier in the Cenozoic than predicted by molecular phylogenies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid C Romero
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801;
| | - Shu Kong
- Robotics Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Charless C Fowlkes
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Carlos Jaramillo
- Center for Tropical Paleoecology and Archaeology, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Ancon, 0843-03092, Panama
- Institut des Sciences de l'Évolution de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Études, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Montpellier, 34095, France
- Department of Geology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, 37008, Spain
| | - Michael A Urban
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
- Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Francisca Oboh-Ikuenobe
- Department of Geosciences and Geological and Petroleum Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409
| | - Carlos D'Apolito
- Faculdade de Geociencias, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiaba, 78000, Brazil
| | - Surangi W Punyasena
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801;
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Riaño-Jiménez D, Guerrero M, Alarcón P, Cure JR. Effects of Climate Variability on Queen Production and Pollen Preferences of Neotropical Bumblebee Bombus atratus in a High Andean Suburban Condition. Neotrop Entomol 2020; 49:586-594. [PMID: 32162246 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-019-00758-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Bombus atratus Franklin is a widely distributed bumblebee of South America. In Colombia, this species is recognized for its ability to adapt to highly disturbed habitats. However, knowledge of its ecology is poorly known, in particular conditions to ensure the long-term conservation of its populations. Identification of pollen resources is an important issue that could be used as a tool to manage and conserve bumblebees. In tropical areas, rainfall patterns could affect floral phenology and therefore the availability of pollen resources. Considering this, the present work aimed to establish the effect of extreme weather conditions (El Niño) in pollen availability, use of pollinic sources, and gyne production in B. atratus colonies. We reared and located 14 B. atratus colonies in a suburban area during a dry season (ENSO "El Niño") and a rainy season (ENSO "La Niña"). We registered time to gyne production and numbers of gynes produced per colony. We extracted pollen samples to establish both its floral origin and its relative abundance. We measured floral offer for each season. The data of pollen use per colony were utilized to perform Bipartite networks. We analyzed the production of gynes and pollen use per season with correlation models and generalized linear models. Colonies of the rainy season produced more gynes and faster. The floral diversity and offer were higher during the rainy season. Successful colonies used specific pollen sources in two seasons, independently of the floral offer. Extreme dry season affected development of B. atratus colonies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - P Alarcón
- Nueva Granada Univ, Cajicá, Colombia
| | - J R Cure
- Nueva Granada Univ, Cajicá, Colombia
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Mowlavi G, Paknezhad N, Dupouy-Camet J, Pierre Hugot J. Confusing a Pollen Grain with a Parasite Egg: Infection or Traditional Medicine? Korean J Parasitol 2020; 58:211-212. [PMID: 32418393 PMCID: PMC7231824 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2020.58.2.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Camacho & Reinhard stated in the December 2019 issue of the KJP (57: 621–625) that we confused a pollen grain with an Enterobius egg found in the grave of a female adolescent residing in ancient Tehran 7,000 years ago. We want here to clarify and answer to the outlined points in their article.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gholamreza Mowlavi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Niloofar Paknezhad
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jean Dupouy-Camet
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Paris Descartes Medical Faculty, 15 rue de l'Ecole de Médecine, Paris 75006, France; 3Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, 55 rue Buffon, Paris 75005, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Kenđel A, Zimmermann B. Chemical Analysis of Pollen by FT-Raman and FTIR Spectroscopies. Front Plant Sci 2020; 11:352. [PMID: 32296453 PMCID: PMC7136416 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Pollen studies are important for the assessment of present and past environment, including biodiversity, sexual reproduction of plants and plant-pollinator interactions, monitoring of aeroallergens, and impact of climate and pollution on wild communities and cultivated crops. Although information on chemical composition of pollen is of importance in all of those research areas, pollen chemistry has been rarely measured due to complex and time-consuming analyses. Vibrational spectroscopies, coupled with multivariate data analysis, have shown great potential for rapid chemical characterization, identification and classification of pollen. This study, comprising 219 species from all principal taxa of seed plants, has demonstrated that high-quality Raman spectra of pollen can be obtained by Fourier transform (FT) Raman spectroscopy. In combination with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), FT-Raman spectroscopy is obtaining comprehensive information on pollen chemistry. Presence of all the main biochemical constituents of pollen, such as proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, carotenoids and sporopollenins, have been identified and detected in the spectra, and the study shows approaches to measure relative and absolute content of these constituents. The results show that FT-Raman spectroscopy has clear advantage over standard dispersive Raman measurements, in particular for measurement of pollen samples with high pigment content. FT-Raman spectra are strongly biased toward chemical composition of pollen wall constituents, namely sporopollenins and pigments. This makes Raman spectra complementary to FTIR spectra, which over-represent chemical constituents of the grain interior, such as lipids and carbohydrates. The results show a large variability in pollen chemistry for families, genera and even congeneric species, revealing wide range of reproductive strategies, from storage of nutrients to variation in carotenoids and phenylpropanoids. The information on pollen's chemical patterns for major plant taxa should be of outstanding value for various studies in plant biology and ecology, including aerobiology, palaeoecology, forensics, community ecology, plant-pollinator interactions, and climate effects on plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Kenđel
- Division of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Boris Zimmermann
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
- Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Moonkaew P, Nopporncharoenkul N, Jenjittikul T, Umpunjun P. Cytogenetic and pollen identification of genus Gagnepainia (Zingiberaceae) in Thailand. Comp Cytogenet 2020; 14:11-25. [PMID: 31988702 PMCID: PMC6971126 DOI: 10.3897/compcytogen.v14i1.47346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Gagnepainia godefroyi K. Schumann, 1904 and G. harmandii K. Schumann, 1904 belong to the genus Gagnepainia K. Schumann, 1904 of the Ginger family. They have the potential to be developed as medicinal and attractive ornamental plants. To date, the knowledge on the cytological and reproductive aspects of Gagnepainia have not been publicly available. Therefore, the aims of this research are to investigate the cytogenetic and pollen characters of Gagnepainia species using light, fluorescence, and scanning electron microscopes. The regular meiotic figures of 15 bivalents are found in both species and presented for the first time. These evidences indicate that Gagnepainia is diploid and contains 2n = 2x = 30 with basic number of x = 15. The mean nuclear DNA contents range from 1.986 pg in Gagnepainia sp., 2.090 pg in G. godefroyi to 2.195 pg in G. harmandii. Pollens of all species are monad, inaperturate, prolate with bilateral symmetry, and thick wall with fossulate exine sculpturing. The pollen size of G. harmandii (74.506 ± 5.075 μm, 56.082 ± 6.459 μm) is significantly larger than that of G. godefroyi (59.968 ± 3.484 μm, 45.439 ± 2.870 μm). Both 2C DNA content and pollen size are the effective characteristics for species discrimination. The reproductive evidence of high meiotic stability and normal pollen production indicate that both Gagnepainia species have high fertility and seed productivity, which are in accordance with the broad distribution. The present study provides good cytogenetic and pollen characters not only for plant identification, but also plant fertility assessment through plant genetic resource management and improvement of Gagnepainia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paramet Moonkaew
- Department of Plant Science, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, ThailandMahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
| | - Nattapon Nopporncharoenkul
- Department of Plant Science, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, ThailandMahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
| | - Thaya Jenjittikul
- Department of Plant Science, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, ThailandMahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
| | - Puangpaka Umpunjun
- Department of Plant Science, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, ThailandMahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Camacho M, Reinhard KJ. Confusing a Pollen Grain with a Parasite Egg: an Appraisal of "Paleoparasitological Evidence of Pinworm (Enterobius Vermicularis) Infection in a Female Adolescent Residing in Ancient Tehran". Korean J Parasitol 2019; 57:621-625. [PMID: 31914514 PMCID: PMC6960252 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2019.57.6.621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
There is often the risk of confusing pollen grains with helminth eggs from archaeological sites. Thousands to millions of pollen grains can be recovered from archaeological burial sediments that represent past ritual, medication and environment. Some pollen grain types can be similar to parasite eggs. Such a confusion is represented by the diagnosis of enterobiasis in ancient Iran. The authors of this study confused a joint-pine (Ephedra spp.) pollen grain with a pinworm egg. This paper describes the specific Ephedra pollen morphology that can be confused with pinworm eggs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Morgana Camacho
- Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Karl J Reinhard
- School of Natural Resource Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, USA
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Favaro R, Bauer LM, Rossi M, D'Ambrosio L, Bucher E, Angeli S. Botanical Origin of Pesticide Residues in Pollen Loads Collected by Honeybees During and After Apple Bloom. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1069. [PMID: 31620006 PMCID: PMC6759928 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Honeybees closely rely on insect-pollinated plants for their survival. Each forager bee displays a tendency of loyalty toward specific plant species during the many daily foraging flights. Due to the ease of collection, pollen loads have been extensively used as a proxy for detection of pesticide residues. Pollen is the main protein food source for colonies, and its contamination has also been addressed as a reason for the colony losses phenomenon. As honeybees fly over a variable but wide range territory, they might collect pollen from both agricultural, urban and wild environments, also displaying considerable preferences in botanical sources between colonies of the same apiary. It is thus difficult to address the source of the pesticide contamination, when pollen is analyzed as a whole. In the current study, a practical and reliable approach has been proposed to narrow down the source of contamination. Pollen loads have been collected from colonies placed in eight locations over large apple orchard extensions in Trentino-South Tyrol region (Italy), during and 2 weeks after apple blossom. The pollen loads have been separated by the color due to the predominant plant species. On each color group, palynology and multi-residual chemical analyses have been performed in parallel. The pollen hazard quotient (PHQ) was used to estimate the risk to honeybees of each color group and of the total collected pollen. Apple and dandelion pollen were the main portions of the first collection, while a greater variety emerged after the apple blossom. Dandelion was always present in the samples. The frequency and the amount of pesticide residues differed according to the collection periods, the locations and the pollen color groups. The amount of insecticide residues increased after the apple blossom, while no difference between the period was found on fungicide residues. The PHQ values were higher after the blossom due to the insecticide contribution, with highest values of 160,000 and 150,000. The variations within samples did not allow to identify a unique source of contamination, whereas it seems that the pollen from plants outside the agricultural areas has as much residues as the pollen from apple orchards.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Favaro
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Lisbeth Marie Bauer
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Michele Rossi
- Laboratorio Biologico, Agenzia Provinciale per l'Ambiente e la Tutela del Clima, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Luca D'Ambrosio
- Laboratorio Analisi Alimenti, Agenzia Provinciale per l'Ambiente e la Tutela del Clima, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Edith Bucher
- Laboratorio Biologico, Agenzia Provinciale per l'Ambiente e la Tutela del Clima, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Sergio Angeli
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Dawson A, Paciorek CJ, Goring SJ, Jackson ST, McLachlan JS, Williams JW. Quantifying trends and uncertainty in prehistoric forest composition in the upper Midwestern United States. Ecology 2019; 100:e02856. [PMID: 31381148 PMCID: PMC6916576 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Forest ecosystems in eastern North America have been in flux for the last several thousand years, well before Euro‐American land clearance and the 20th‐century onset of anthropogenic climate change. However, the magnitude and uncertainty of prehistoric vegetation change have been difficult to quantify because of the multiple ecological, dispersal, and sedimentary processes that govern the relationship between forest composition and fossil pollen assemblages. Here we extend STEPPS, a Bayesian hierarchical spatiotemporal pollen–vegetation model, to estimate changes in forest composition in the upper Midwestern United States from about 2,100 to 300 yr ago. Using this approach, we find evidence for large changes in the relative abundance of some species, and significant changes in community composition. However, these changes took place against a regional background of changes that were small in magnitude or not statistically significant, suggesting complexity in the spatiotemporal patterns of forest dynamics. The single largest change is the infilling of Tsuga canadensis in northern Wisconsin over the past 2,000 yr. Despite range infilling, the range limit of T. canadensis was largely stable, with modest expansion westward. The regional ecotone between temperate hardwood forests and northern mixed hardwood/conifer forests shifted southwestward by 15–20 km in Minnesota and northwestern Wisconsin. Fraxinus, Ulmus, and other mesic hardwoods expanded in the Big Woods region of southern Minnesota. The increasing density of paleoecological data networks and advances in statistical modeling approaches now enables the confident detection of subtle but significant changes in forest composition over the last 2,000 yr.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andria Dawson
- Department of General Education, Mount Royal University, Calgary, Alberta, T3E6K6, Canada
| | | | - Simon J Goring
- Department of Geography and Center for Climatic Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, USA
| | - Stephen T Jackson
- Department of the Interior Southwest Climate Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Tucson, Arizona, 85721, USA.,Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 85721, USA
| | - Jason S McLachlan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, 46556, USA
| | - John W Williams
- Department of Geography and Center for Climatic Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, USA
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Coiro M, Doyle JA, Hilton J. How deep is the conflict between molecular and fossil evidence on the age of angiosperms? New Phytol 2019; 223:83-99. [PMID: 30681148 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The timing of the origin of angiosperms is a hotly debated topic in plant evolution. Molecular dating analyses that consistently retrieve pre-Cretaceous ages for crown-group angiosperms have eroded confidence in the fossil record, which indicates a radiation and possibly also origin in the Early Cretaceous. Here, we evaluate paleobotanical evidence on the age of the angiosperms, showing how fossils provide crucial data for clarifying the situation. Pollen floras document a Northern Gondwanan appearance of monosulcate angiosperms in the Valanginian and subsequent poleward spread of monosulcates and tricolpate eudicots, accelerating in the Albian. The sequence of pollen types agrees with molecular phylogenetic inferences on the course of pollen evolution, but it conflicts strongly with Triassic and early Jurassic molecular ages, and the discrepancy is difficult to explain by geographic or taphonomic biases. Critical scrutiny shows that supposed pre-Cretaceous angiosperms either represent other plant groups or lack features that might confidently assign them to the angiosperms. However, the record may allow the Late Jurassic existence of ecologically restricted angiosperms, like those seen in the basal ANITA grade. Finally, we examine recently recognized biases in molecular dating and argue that a thoughtful integration of fossil and molecular evidence could help resolve these conflicts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Coiro
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, 8008, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - James A Doyle
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Jason Hilton
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Ahmad S, Zafar M, Ahmad M, Lubna, Yaseen G, Sultana S. Microscopic investigation of palyno-morphological features of melliferous flora of Lakki Marwat district, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Microsc Res Tech 2019; 82:720-730. [PMID: 30676673 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The present study was carried out to investigate the polliniferous bee flora of Lakki Marwat district, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. A total of 18 species, belonging to 13 different families were identified for the foraging activities of honeybees, namely, Cenchrus biflorus, Cestrum nocturnum, Citrus limon, Combretum indicum, Datura innoxia, Duranta erecta, Hamelia patens, Helianthus annuus, Ipomoea cairica, Luffa aegyptiaca, Nerium oleander, Ocimum basilicum, Parthenium hysterophorus, Pennisetum typhoides, Prosopis cineraria, Prosopis juliflora, Saccharum spontaneum, and Ziziphus jujuba. The identified melliferous flora was collected for the morpho-palynological investigation. Pollen were acetolyzed, measured, and described qualitatively using light microscopy. The pollen types varied from psilate to echinate and colpi from tricolpate to hexacolpate. Quantitative characteristics including polar diameter, equatorial diameter, polar to equatorial ratio, colpi length, colpi width, spine length, spine width, and exine thickness of the pollen were determined and analyzed statistically using software IBM SPSS Statistics 20. The results of the present study highlighted the significance of pollen morphology of the bee flora of the area which may lead to the identification of the potential and useful botanical sources for beekeepers and to check the honey quality marketed from the study area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shabir Ahmad
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zafar
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Mushtaq Ahmad
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Lubna
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ghulam Yaseen
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Shazia Sultana
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|