1
|
Sharma P, Mittal P. Paraquat (herbicide) as a cause of Parkinson's Disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2024; 119:105932. [PMID: 38008593 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2023.105932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
The four features of Parkinson's disease (PD), which also manifests other non-motor symptoms, are bradykinesia, tremor, postural instability, and stiffness. The pathogenic causes of Parkinsonism include Lewy bodies, intracellular protein clumps of αsynuclein, and the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra's pars compacta region. The pathophysiology of PD is still poorly understood due to the complexity of the illness. The apoptotic cell death of neurons in PD, however, has been linked to a variety of intracellular mechanisms, according to a wide spectrum of study. The endoplasmic reticulum's stress, decreased levels of neurotrophic factors, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, catabolic alterations in dopamine, and decreased activity of tyrosine hydroxylase are some of these causes. The herbicide paraquat has been used in laboratory studies to create a variety of PD pathological features in numerous in-vitro and in-vivo animals. Due to the unique neurotoxicity that paraquat causes, understanding of the pathophysiology of PD has changed. Parkinson's disease (PD) is more likely to develop among people exposed to paraquat over an extended period of time, according to epidemiological studies. Thanks to this paradigm, the hunt for new therapy targets for PD has expanded. In both in-vitro and in-vivo models, the purpose of this study is to summarise the relationship between paraquat exposure and the onset of Parkinson's disease (PD).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Payal Mittal
- University Institute of Pharma Sciences, Mohali, Punjab, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Enkh-Amgalan S, Brown-Leung JM, Syeda T, Nolan RM, Cannon JR, Chester JA. Paraquat exposure produces sex-dependent reduction in binge-like alcohol drinking in high alcohol-preferring mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 174:113685. [PMID: 36813153 PMCID: PMC10110353 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's Disease (PD) and Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) are disorders that involve similar dopaminergic neurobiological pathways and dysregulations in motivation- and reward-related behaviors. This study explored whether exposure to a PD-related neurotoxicant, paraquat (PQ), alters binge-like alcohol drinking and striatal monoamines in mice selectively bred for high alcohol preference (HAP), and whether these effects are sex-dependent. Previous studies found female mice are less susceptible to PD-related toxicants compared to male mice. Mice were treated with PQ or vehicle over 3 weeks (10 mg/kg, i.p. once per week) and binge-like alcohol [20% (v/v)] drinking was assessed. Mice were euthanized and brains were microdissected for monoamine analyses by high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (HPLC-ECD). PQ-treated HAP male mice showed significantly decreased binge-like alcohol drinking and ventral striatal 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) levels compared to vehicle-treated HAP mice. These effects were absent in female HAP mice. These findings suggest that male HAP mice may be more susceptible than female mice to PQ's disruptive effects on binge-like alcohol drinking and associated monoamine neurochemistry and may be relevant for understanding neurodegenerative processes implicated in PD and AUD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soyol Enkh-Amgalan
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA; Center for Research on Brain, Behavior, and NeuroRehabilitation (CEREBBRAL), Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
| | - Josephine M Brown-Leung
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA; Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
| | - Tauqeerunnisa Syeda
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA; Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
| | - Rachel M Nolan
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA; Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
| | - Jason R Cannon
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA; Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA; Center for Research on Brain, Behavior, and NeuroRehabilitation (CEREBBRAL), Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
| | - Julia A Chester
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA; Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA; Center for Research on Brain, Behavior, and NeuroRehabilitation (CEREBBRAL), Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Surdin T, Preissing B, Rohr L, Grömmke M, Böke H, Barcik M, Azimi Z, Jancke D, Herlitze S, Mark MD, Siveke I. Optogenetic activation of mGluR1 signaling in the cerebellum induces synaptic plasticity. iScience 2022; 26:105828. [PMID: 36632066 PMCID: PMC9826949 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal plasticity underlying cerebellar learning behavior is strongly associated with type 1 metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR1) signaling. Activation of mGluR1 leads to activation of the Gq/11 pathway, which is involved in inducing synaptic plasticity at the parallel fiber-Purkinje cell synapse (PF-PC) in form of long-term depression (LTD). To optogenetically modulate mGluR1 signaling we fused mouse melanopsin (OPN4) that activates the Gq/11 pathway to the C-termini of mGluR1 splice variants (OPN4-mGluR1a and OPN4-mGluR1b). Activation of both OPN4-mGluR1 variants showed robust Ca2+ increase in HEK cells and PCs of cerebellar slices. We provide the prove-of-concept approach to modulate synaptic plasticity via optogenetic activation of OPN4-mGluR1a inducing LTD at the PF-PC synapse in vitro. Moreover, we demonstrate that light activation of mGluR1a signaling pathway by OPN4-mGluR1a in PCs leads to an increase in intrinsic activity of PCs in vivo and improved cerebellum driven learning behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Surdin
- Department of Zoology and Neurobiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Bianca Preissing
- Department of Zoology and Neurobiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Lennard Rohr
- Department of Zoology and Neurobiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Michelle Grömmke
- Behavioral Neuroscience, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Hanna Böke
- Department of Zoology and Neurobiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Maike Barcik
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Düsseldorf, Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Vascular Medicine, University Duesseldorf, Medical Faculty, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Zohre Azimi
- Optical Imaging Group, Institut für Neuroinformatik, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Dirk Jancke
- Optical Imaging Group, Institut für Neuroinformatik, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Stefan Herlitze
- Department of Zoology and Neurobiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany,Corresponding author
| | - Melanie D. Mark
- Behavioral Neuroscience, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Ida Siveke
- Department of Zoology and Neurobiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany,Bridge Institute of Experimental Tumor Therapy, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany,Corresponding author
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Jafari Fakhrabad M, Moshiri M, Ariakia F, Askari VR, Salmasi Z, Etemad L. Effect of cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12) on paraquat-induced brain injury in mice. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2022; 25:745-754. [PMID: 35949307 PMCID: PMC9320208 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2022.64164.14128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Objectives The goal of this study was to evaluate the neuroprotective effects of vit B12 on paraquat-induced neurotoxicity. Materials and Methods Thirty-six male mice were randomly divided into six groups. Three groups were treated intraperitoneally with paraquat (10 mg/kg) twice a week (with a 3-day interval) for 3 weeks. Normal saline, vit B12 (1 mg /kg), or vit C (50 mg/kg) was injected 30 min before paraquat administration. Other groups only received normal saline (control), vit B12, or vit C in the same protocol. Motor performance and coordination were assayed by challenging beam traversal, pole, open field, and rotarod tests. The hippocampus and serum samples were isolated to evaluate the oxidative stress (GSH and ROS), apoptosis (caspase 3), and inflammatory markers (TNF-α and IL-1β). Results Administration of paraquat leads to induction of motor deficits, which were improved by treatment with vit B12. In addition, vit B12 could prevent oxidative damage, apoptosis, and inflammation caused by paraquat. Conclusion It seems that vit B12 could be a novel therapeutic agent in the management of paraquat induced-neurotoxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marzieh Jafari Fakhrabad
- Department of Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Moshiri
- Medical Toxicology Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran,Department of Clinical Toxicology, Imam Reza Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Ariakia
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Vahid Reza Askari
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Persian Medicine, School of Persian and Complementary Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran,Department of Persian Medicine, School of Persian and Complementary Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Zahra Salmasi
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran,Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Leila Etemad
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran,Department of Pharmaceutical and Food Control, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran,Corresponding author: Leila Etemad. Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical and Food Control, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. Tel/ Fax: +98-5137112611;
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
See WZC, Naidu R, Tang KS. Cellular and Molecular Events Leading to Paraquat-Induced Apoptosis: Mechanistic Insights into Parkinson’s Disease Pathophysiology. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:3353-3369. [PMID: 35306641 PMCID: PMC9148284 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02799-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the cardinal features of tremor, bradykinesia, rigidity, and postural instability, in addition to other non-motor symptoms. Pathologically, PD is attributed to the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, with the hallmark of the presence of intracellular protein aggregates of α-synuclein in the form of Lewy bodies. The pathogenesis of PD is still yet to be fully elucidated due to the multifactorial nature of the disease. However, a myriad of studies has indicated several intracellular events in triggering apoptotic neuronal cell death in PD. These include oxidative stress, mitochondria dysfunction, endoplasmic reticulum stress, alteration in dopamine catabolism, inactivation of tyrosine hydroxylase, and decreased levels of neurotrophic factors. Laboratory studies using the herbicide paraquat in different in vitro and in vivo models have demonstrated the induction of many PD pathological features. The selective neurotoxicity induced by paraquat has brought a new dawn in our perspectives about the pathophysiology of PD. Epidemiological data have suggested an increased risk of developing PD in the human population exposed to paraquat for a long term. This model has opened new frontiers in the quest for new therapeutic targets for PD. The purpose of this review is to synthesize the relationship between the exposure of paraquat and the pathogenesis of PD in in vitro and in vivo models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wesley Zhi Chung See
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Science, Monash University Malaysia, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Rakesh Naidu
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Science, Monash University Malaysia, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kim San Tang
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Roe K. An Alternative Explanation for Alzheimer's Disease and Parkinson's Disease Initiation from Specific Antibiotics, Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis and Neurotoxins. Neurochem Res 2022; 47:517-530. [PMID: 34669122 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03467-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The late onset neuropathologies, including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, have become increasingly prevalent. Their causation has been linked to genetics, gut microbiota dysbiosis (gut dysbiosis), autoimmune diseases, pathogens and exposures to neurotoxins. An alternative explanatory hypothesis is provided for their pathogenesis. Virtually everyone has pervasive daily exposures to neurotoxins, through inhalation, skin contact, direct blood transmission and through the gastrointestinal tract by ingestion. As a result, every individual has substantial and fluctuating neurotoxin blood levels. Two major barriers to neurotoxin entry into the central nervous system are the blood-brain barrier and the intestinal wall, in the absence of gut dysbiosis. Inflammation from gut dysbiosis, induced by antibiotic usage, can increase the intestinal wall permeability for neurotoxins to reach the bloodstream, and also increase the blood-brain barrier permeability to neurotoxins. Gut dysbiosis, including gut dysbiosis caused by antibiotic treatments, is an especially high risk for neurotoxin entry into the brain to cause late onset neuropathologies. Gut dysbiosis has far-reaching immune system and central nervous system effects, and even a transient gut dysbiosis can act in combination with neurotoxins, such as aluminum, mercury, lead, arsenic, cadmium, selenium, manganese, organophosphate pesticides and organochlorines, to reach neurotoxin blood levels that can initiate a late onset neuropathology, depending on an individual's age and genetic vulnerability.
Collapse
|
7
|
Belelli D, Phillips GD, Atack JR, Lambert JJ. Relating neurosteroid modulation of inhibitory neurotransmission to behaviour. J Neuroendocrinol 2022; 34:e13045. [PMID: 34644812 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Studies in the 1980s revealed endogenous metabolites of progesterone and deoxycorticosterone to be potent, efficacious, positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) of the GABAA receptor (GABAA R). The discovery that such steroids are locally synthesised in the central nervous system (CNS) promoted the thesis that neural inhibition in the CNS may be "fine-tuned" by these neurosteroids to influence behaviour. In preclinical studies, these neurosteroids exhibited anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, analgesic and sedative properties and, at relatively high doses, induced a state of general anaesthesia, a profile consistent with their interaction with GABAA Rs. However, realising the therapeutic potential of either endogenous neurosteroids or synthetic "neuroactive" steroids has proven challenging. Recent approval by the Food and Drug Administration of the use of allopregnanolone (brexanolone) to treat postpartum depression has rekindled enthusiasm for exploring their potential as new medicines. Although neurosteroids are selective for GABAA Rs, they exhibit little or no selectivity across the many GABAA R subtypes. Nevertheless, a relatively minor population of receptors incorporating the δ-subunit (δ-GABAA Rs) appears to be an important contributor to their behavioural effects. Here, we consider how neurosteroids acting upon GABAA Rs influence neuronal signalling, as well as how such effects may acutely and persistently influence behaviour, and explore the case for developing selective PAMs of δ-GABAA R subtypes for the treatment of psychiatric disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Delia Belelli
- Neuroscience, Division of Systems Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Grant D Phillips
- Neuroscience, Division of Systems Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - John R Atack
- Medicines Discovery Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Jeremy J Lambert
- Neuroscience, Division of Systems Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mice lacking 5-lipoxygenase display motor deficits associated with cortical and hippocampal synapse abnormalities. Brain Behav Immun 2022; 100:183-193. [PMID: 34896181 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural-immune interactions are related to the synapse plasticity and other dynamic processes in the nervous system. The absence or dysfunction of cellular/molecular elements from the immune system lead to impairments in the central and peripheral nervous system with behavior consequences such as cognitive, sensory, and locomotor deficits as well as social disabilities and anxiety disturbances. Cellular interactions between immune cells such as macrophages, microglia, and neutrophils with glial or neuronal cells have been of increasing interest over the last years. However, little is known about the role of immune-derived soluble factors in the context of homeostasis of the nervous system. Leukotrienes (LTs) are lipid mediators derived from the oxidation of arachidonic acid by 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO), and are classically involved in inflammation, allergies, and asthma. Here, we demonstrated that adult mice lacking 5-LO (5-LO-/-) showed motor deficits in rotarod test and increased repetitive behavior (marble burying test). These behavioral changes are accompanied by increased levels of synapse proteins (PSD95 and synaptophysin) at the motor cortex and hippocampus, but not with BDNF alterations. No changes in microglial cell density or morphology were seen in the brains of 5-LO-/- mice. Furthermore, expression of fractalkine receptor CX3CR1 was increased and of its ligand CX3CL1 was decreased in the cortex of 5-LO-/- mice. Here we provide evidence for the involvement of 5-LO products structuring synapses network with motor behavior consequences. We suggest that the absence of 5-LO products lead to modified microglial/neuron interaction, reducing microglial pruning.
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhao F, Guan S, Fu Y, Wang K, Liu Z, Ng TB. Lycium barbarum polysaccharide attenuates emotional injury of offspring elicited by prenatal chronic stress in rats via regulation of gut microbiota. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 143:112087. [PMID: 34474339 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress during pregnancy is not only detrimental to a woman's own physical and mental health, but can also cause changes in the intrauterine environment and even have an impact on later growth and development, this study was designed to understand the changes of gut microbiota in the maternal and offspring caused by prenatal chronic stress, and to explore the regulatory effect of LBP on gut microbiota, and then to improve the emotional damage caused by prenatal chronic stress in the offspring. A rat model of prenatal chronic stress was made and used LBP to intervene by gavage. Fresh feces of offspring were collected, the concentration of microbial metabolites were tested by ELISA. Illumina MiSeqPE300 sequencing technology was used to determine the sequence of 16S rRNA V3-V4 of microorganisms. On the PND 42, the emotional function of offspring were tested by open-field test (OFT), sucrose preference test (SPT) and tail of suspend test (TST). Results indicated that stress factors increased the plasma corticosterone level of rats during pregnancy and they appeared depressive behaviors. The body weight of offspring during prenatal chronic stress was lower than the control group, and the plasma corticosterone level was increased. Prenatal chronic stress had a significant impact on emotional performance of the offspring on OFT, SPT and TST. Alpha diversity of gut microbiota and microbiota composition in offspring of prenatal chronic stress was attenuated and some relationships existed between these parameters. LBP treatment reduced offspring's plasma corticosterone level and improved their body weight, changed the emotional function, increased the diversity of gut microbiota. Collectively, these findings disclose that prenatal chronic stress not only causes emotional injury on the offspring, but also changes the gut microbiota of the mother and offspring; LBP may regulate the intestinal flora of the mother, then reducing the influence of stress factors on the emotional injury of offspring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhao
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750001, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, Yinchuan 750001, Ningxia, China
| | - Suzhen Guan
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750001, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, Yinchuan 750001, Ningxia, China
| | - Youjuan Fu
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750001, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, Yinchuan 750001, Ningxia, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750001, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, Yinchuan 750001, Ningxia, China
| | - Zhihong Liu
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750001, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, Yinchuan 750001, Ningxia, China.
| | - Tzi Bun Ng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Prowse N, Hayley S. Microglia and BDNF at the crossroads of stressor related disorders: Towards a unique trophic phenotype. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 131:135-163. [PMID: 34537262 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Stressors ranging from psychogenic/social to neurogenic/injury to systemic/microbial can impact microglial inflammatory processes, but less is known regarding their effects on trophic properties of microglia. Recent studies do suggest that microglia can modulate neuronal plasticity, possibly through brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). This is particularly important given the link between BDNF and neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative pathology. We posit that certain activated states of microglia play a role in maintaining the delicate balance of BDNF release onto neuronal synapses. This focused review will address how different "activators" influence the expression and release of microglial BDNF and address the question of tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB) expression on microglia. We will then assess sex-based differences in microglial function and BDNF expression, and how microglia are involved in the stress response and related disorders such as depression. Drawing on research from a variety of other disorders, we will highlight challenges and opportunities for modulators that can shift microglia to a "trophic" phenotype with a view to potential therapeutics relevant for stressor-related disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Prowse
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada.
| | - Shawn Hayley
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
LGI1 governs neuritin-mediated resilience to chronic stress. Neurobiol Stress 2021; 15:100373. [PMID: 34401409 PMCID: PMC8350063 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2021.100373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression is accompanied by neuronal atrophy and decreased neuroplasticity. Leucine-rich glioma-inactivated protein 1 (LGI1), a metastasis suppressor, plays an important role in the development of CNS synapses. We found that LGI1 expression was reduced in the hippocampi of mice that underwent chronic unpredictable stress (CUS), and could be rescued by the antidepressant, fluoxetine. Recombinant soluble neuritin, an endogenous protein previously implicated in antidepressant-like behaviors, elevated hippocampal LGI1 expression in a manner dependent on histone deacetylase 5 (HDAC5) phosphorylation. Accordingly, Nrn1 flox/flox ;Pomc-cre (Nrn1 cOE) mice, which conditionally overexpress neuritin, displayed increases in hippocampal LGI1 level under CUS and exhibited resilience to CUS that were blocked by hippocampal depletion of LGI1. Interestingly, neuritin-mediated LGI1 expression was inhibited by HNMPA-(AM)3, an insulin receptor inhibitor, as was neuritin-mediated HDAC5 phosphorylation. We thus establish hippocampal LGI1 as an effector of neurite outgrowth and stress resilience, and suggest that HDAC5-LGI1 plays a critical role in ameliorating pathological depression.
Collapse
|
12
|
Pütz SM, Kram J, Rauh E, Kaiser S, Toews R, Lueningschroer-Wang Y, Rieger D, Raabe T. Loss of p21-activated kinase Mbt/PAK4 causes Parkinson-like phenotypes in Drosophila. Dis Model Mech 2021; 14:dmm047811. [PMID: 34125184 PMCID: PMC8246267 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.047811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) provokes bradykinesia, resting tremor, rigidity and postural instability, and also non-motor symptoms such as depression, anxiety, sleep and cognitive impairments. Similar phenotypes can be induced in Drosophila melanogaster through modification of PD-relevant genes or the administration of PD-inducing toxins. Recent studies correlated deregulation of human p21-activated kinase 4 (PAK4) with PD, leaving open the question of a causative relationship of mutations in this gene for manifestation of PD symptoms. To determine whether flies lacking the PAK4 homolog Mushroom bodies tiny (Mbt) show PD-like phenotypes, we tested for a variety of PD criteria. Here, we demonstrate that mbt mutant flies show PD-like phenotypes including age-dependent movement deficits, reduced life expectancy and fragmented sleep. They also react to a stressful situation with higher immobility, indicating an influence of Mbt on emotional behavior. Loss of Mbt function has a negative effect on the number of dopaminergic protocerebral anterior medial (PAM) neurons, most likely caused by a proliferation defect of neural progenitors. The age-dependent movement deficits are not accompanied by a corresponding further loss of PAM neurons. Previous studies highlighted the importance of a small PAM subgroup for age-dependent PD motor impairments. We show that impaired motor skills are caused by a lack of Mbt in this PAM subgroup. In addition, a broader re-expression of Mbt in PAM neurons improves life expectancy. Conversely, selective Mbt knockout in the same cells shortens lifespan. We conclude that mutations in Mbt/PAK4 can play a causative role in the development of PD phenotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M. Pütz
- Medical Radiation and Cell Research, Biocenter, Am Hubland, University of Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jette Kram
- Medical Radiation and Cell Research, Biocenter, Am Hubland, University of Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Elisa Rauh
- Medical Radiation and Cell Research, Biocenter, Am Hubland, University of Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sophie Kaiser
- Medical Radiation and Cell Research, Biocenter, Am Hubland, University of Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Romy Toews
- Medical Radiation and Cell Research, Biocenter, Am Hubland, University of Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Yi Lueningschroer-Wang
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Biocenter, Am Hubland, University of Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Dirk Rieger
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Biocenter, Am Hubland, University of Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Raabe
- Medical Radiation and Cell Research, Biocenter, Am Hubland, University of Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Dwyer Z, Rudyk C, Farmer K, Beauchamp S, Shail P, Derksen A, Fortin T, Ventura K, Torres C, Ayoub K, Hayley S. Characterizing the protracted neurobiological and neuroanatomical effects of paraquat in a murine model of Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2021; 100:11-21. [PMID: 33450723 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2020.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The primary motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD) result from the degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc), and often, the loss is asymmetrical, resulting in unilateral tremor presentation. Notably, age is the primary risk factor for PD, and it is likely that the disease ultimately stems from the impact of environmental factors, which interact with the aging process. Recent research has focused on the role of microglia and pro-oxidative responses in dopaminergic neuronal death. In this study, we sought to examine the neurodegenerative, inflammatory, and stress effects of exposure to the etiologically relevant pesticide, paraquat, over time (up to 6 months after injections). We also were interested in whether a high-resolution, 7-Tesla animal magnetic resonance imaging would be sensitive enough to detect the degenerative impact of paraquat. We found that paraquat induced a loss of dopaminergic SNc neurons and activation of microglia that surprisingly did not change over 6 months after the last injection. A long-lasting reduction was evident for body weight, and alterations in organ (lung and heart) weight were evident, which reflect the peripheral impact of the toxicant. The microglial proinflammatory actin-remodeling factor, WAVE2, along with the inflammatory transcription factor, nuclear factor kappa B were also elevated within the brain. Remarkably, the stress hormone, corticosterone, was still significantly elevated 1 month after paraquat, whereas the inflammasome factor, caspase-1, and antigen presentation factor, MFG-E8, both displayed delayed rises after the 6-month time. Using high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging, we detected no striatal changes but modest hemispheric differences in the SNc and time-dependent volumetric enlargement of the ventricles in paraquat-treated mice. These data suggest that paraquat induces long-term nigrostriatal pathology (possibly asymmetric) and inflammatory changes and stress and trophic/apoptotic effects that appear to either increase with the passage of time or are evident for at least 1 month. In brief, paraquat may be a useful nonspecific means to model widespread stress and inflammatory changes related to PD or age-related disease in general, but not the progressive nature of such diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zach Dwyer
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chris Rudyk
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kyle Farmer
- Department of Neurology, Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sheryl Beauchamp
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pragya Shail
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alexa Derksen
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Teresa Fortin
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Katelyn Ventura
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carlos Torres
- Department of Radiology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medical Imaging, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Ottawa Hospital Research (OHRI), Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kiara Ayoub
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shawn Hayley
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Yi LT, Zhang MM, Cheng J, Wan HQ, Li CF, Zhu JX, Zhang QP, Liu Q, Xu GH. Antidepressant-like Effects of Degraded Porphyran Isolated from Porphyra haitanensis. Mol Nutr Food Res 2021; 65:e2000869. [PMID: 33783973 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202000869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Degraded porphyran is a bioactive polysaccharide extracted from Porphyra haitanensis (P. haitanensis). According to the previous studies, it produced anti-inflammatory activity, but little is known about its effects on depression. METHODS AND RESULTS As inflammation is one of the critical factors involved in the development of depression, this study aims to elucidate the potential antidepressant-like effects of degraded porphyran. The results show that acute porphyran treatment decreased the immobility time in despair tests. In addition, subchronic porphyran administration reverses depressive-like behaviors in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated mice. Meanwhile, porphyran inhibits NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling, proinflammatory cytokine release, and microglial activation in the hippocampus. Moreover, chronic porphyran treatment activates hippocampal brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)/TrkB/ERK/CREB signaling pathway in chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) in mice. As a result, neurogenesis and spinogenesis are maintained. CONCLUSIONS The findings of the present study indicate that degraded porphyran intake provides a potential strategy for depression treatment, which is mediated by the inhibition of neuroinflammation and the enhancement of neurogenesis and spinogenesis in the central nervous systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Tao Yi
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian Province, 361021, PR China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Technology, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian Province, 361021, PR China
| | - Man-Man Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian Province, 361021, PR China
| | - Jie Cheng
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian Province, 361021, PR China
| | - Hui-Qi Wan
- Xiamen Medicine Research Institute, Xiamen, Fujian Province, 361008, PR China
| | - Cheng-Fu Li
- Xiamen Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen, Fujian Province, 361009, PR China
| | - Ji-Xiao Zhu
- Research Center of Natural Resources of Chinese Medicinal Materials and Ethnic Medicine, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, 330004, PR China
| | - Qiu-Ping Zhang
- Xiamen Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen, Fujian Province, 361009, PR China
| | - Qing Liu
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian Province, 361021, PR China
| | - Guang-Hui Xu
- Xiamen Medicine Research Institute, Xiamen, Fujian Province, 361008, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Becker M, Pinhasov A, Ornoy A. Animal Models of Depression: What Can They Teach Us about the Human Disease? Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:123. [PMID: 33466814 PMCID: PMC7830961 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11010123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression is apparently the most common psychiatric disease among the mood disorders affecting about 10% of the adult population. The etiology and pathogenesis of depression are still poorly understood. Hence, as for most human diseases, animal models can help us understand the pathogenesis of depression and, more importantly, may facilitate the search for therapy. In this review we first describe the more common tests used for the evaluation of depressive-like symptoms in rodents. Then we describe different models of depression and discuss their strengths and weaknesses. These models can be divided into several categories: genetic models, models induced by mental acute and chronic stressful situations caused by environmental manipulations (i.e., learned helplessness in rats/mice), models induced by changes in brain neuro-transmitters or by specific brain injuries and models induced by pharmacological tools. In spite of the fact that none of the models completely resembles human depression, most animal models are relevant since they mimic many of the features observed in the human situation and may serve as a powerful tool for the study of the etiology, pathogenesis and treatment of depression, especially since only few patients respond to acute treatment. Relevance increases by the fact that human depression also has different facets and many possible etiologies and therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Becker
- Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel;
| | - Albert Pinhasov
- Department of Molecular Biology and Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel;
| | - Asher Ornoy
- Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel;
- Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Dwyer Z, Chaiquin M, Landrigan J, Ayoub K, Shail P, Rocha J, Childers CL, Storey KB, Philpott DJ, Sun H, Hayley S. The impact of dextran sodium sulphate and probiotic pre-treatment in a murine model of Parkinson's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:20. [PMID: 33422110 PMCID: PMC7796536 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-02062-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent work has established that Parkinson's disease (PD) patients have an altered gut microbiome, along with signs of intestinal inflammation. This could help explain the high degree of gastric disturbances in PD patients, as well as potentially be linked to the migration of peripheral inflammatory factors into the brain. To our knowledge, this is the first study to examine microbiome alteration prior to the induction of a PD murine model. METHODS We presently assessed whether pre-treatment with the probiotic, VSL #3, or the inflammatory inducer, dextran sodium sulphate (DSS), would influence the PD-like pathology provoked by a dual hit toxin model using lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and paraquat exposure. RESULTS While VSL #3 has been reported to have anti-inflammatory effects, DSS is often used as a model of colitis because of the gut inflammation and the breach of the intestinal barrier that it induces. We found that VSL#3 did not have any significant effects (beyond a blunting of LPS paraquat-induced weight loss). However, the DSS treatment caused marked changes in the gut microbiome and was also associated with augmented behavioral and inflammatory outcomes. In fact, DSS markedly increased taxa belonging to the Bacteroidaceae and Porphyromonadaceae families but reduced those from Rikencellaceae and S24-7, as well as provoking colonic pro-inflammatory cytokine expression, consistent with an inflamed gut. The DSS also increased the impact of LPS plus paraquat upon microglial morphology, along with circulating lipocalin-2 (neutrophil marker) and IL-6. Yet, neither DSS nor VSL#3 influenced the loss of substantia nigra dopamine neurons or the astrocytic and cytoskeleton remodeling protein changes that were provoked by the LPS followed by paraquat treatment. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that disruption of the intestinal integrity and the associated microbiome can interact with systemic inflammatory events to promote widespread brain-gut changes that could be relevant for PD and at the very least, suggestive of novel neuro-immune communication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zach Dwyer
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Melany Chaiquin
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Jeffrey Landrigan
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Kiara Ayoub
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Pragya Shail
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Julianna Rocha
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Christie L Childers
- Institute of Biochemistry and Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Kenneth B Storey
- Institute of Biochemistry and Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Dana J Philpott
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Hongyu Sun
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Shawn Hayley
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, K1S 5B6, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
From Obesity to Hippocampal Neurodegeneration: Pathogenesis and Non-Pharmacological Interventions. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010201. [PMID: 33379163 PMCID: PMC7796248 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
High-caloric diet and physical inactivity predispose individuals to obesity and diabetes, which are risk factors of hippocampal neurodegeneration and cognitive deficits. Along with the adipose-hippocampus crosstalk, chronically inflamed adipose tissue secretes inflammatory cytokine could trigger neuroinflammatory responses in the hippocampus, and in turn, impairs hippocampal neuroplasticity under obese and diabetic conditions. Hence, caloric restriction and physical exercise are critical non-pharmacological interventions to halt the pathogenesis from obesity to hippocampal neurodegeneration. In response to physical exercise, peripheral organs, including the adipose tissue, skeletal muscles, and liver, can secret numerous exerkines, which bring beneficial effects to metabolic and brain health. In this review, we summarized how chronic inflammation in adipose tissue could trigger neuroinflammation and hippocampal impairment, which potentially contribute to cognitive deficits in obese and diabetic conditions. We also discussed the potential mechanisms underlying the neurotrophic and neuroprotective effects of caloric restriction and physical exercise by counteracting neuroinflammation, plasticity deficits, and cognitive impairments. This review provides timely insights into how chronic metabolic disorders, like obesity, could impair brain health and cognitive functions in later life.
Collapse
|
18
|
Prasad EM, Hung SY. Behavioral Tests in Neurotoxin-Induced Animal Models of Parkinson's Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E1007. [PMID: 33081318 PMCID: PMC7602991 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9101007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, neurodegenerative diseases are a major cause of disability around the world. Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second-leading cause of neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer's disease. In PD, continuous loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra causes dopamine depletion in the striatum, promotes the primary motor symptoms of resting tremor, bradykinesia, muscle rigidity, and postural instability. The risk factors of PD comprise environmental toxins, drugs, pesticides, brain microtrauma, focal cerebrovascular injury, aging, and hereditary defects. The pathologic features of PD include impaired protein homeostasis, mitochondrial dysfunction, nitric oxide, and neuroinflammation, but the interaction of these factors contributing to PD is not fully understood. In neurotoxin-induced PD models, neurotoxins, for instance, 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+), paraquat, rotenone, and permethrin mainly impair the mitochondrial respiratory chain, activate microglia, and generate reactive oxygen species to induce autooxidation and dopaminergic neuronal apoptosis. Since no current treatment can cure PD, using a suitable PD animal model to evaluate PD motor symptoms' treatment efficacy and identify therapeutic targets and drugs are still needed. Hence, the present review focuses on the latest scientific developments in different neurotoxin-induced PD animal models with their mechanisms of pathogenesis and evaluation methods of PD motor symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E. Maruthi Prasad
- Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, No.91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 40402, Taiwan;
| | - Shih-Ya Hung
- Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, No.91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 40402, Taiwan;
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, No. 2, Yude Road, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Fernandes LC, Santos AG, Sampaio TB, Sborgi S, Prediger R, Ferro MM, Franco G, Lipinski L, Miyoshi E. Exposure to paraquat associated with periodontal disease causes motor damage and neurochemical changes in rats. Hum Exp Toxicol 2020; 40:81-89. [PMID: 32748713 DOI: 10.1177/0960327120938851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to paraquat is possibly involved with the development of several conditions, including neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease (PD). This condition is mainly characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the nigrostriatal pathway and the development of classical motor symptoms. Etiology includes exposure to environmental factors, such as the paraquat exposure, and inflammatory diseases may exacerbate paraquat neurotoxicity. The aim of the study was to investigate whether the exposure to paraquat associated with the presence of periodontal disease is able to induce motor and biochemical changes in rats similar to that observed in PD. Adult male Wistar rats were sent to ligature. After 48 h, they were sent to daily treatment paraquat (1 mg/kg/day; 2 mL/kg; intragastric) or vehicle for 4 weeks. Twenty-four hours after the last administration, the open field test was performed. The rats were euthanized and the left hemimandibles and striatum were dissected for the analysis of dopaminergic and inflammatory markers. Only the combination of periodontal disease model plus paraquat exposure induced motor impairments. Remarkably, the paraquat exposure increased the ligature-induced alveolar bone loss in hemimandibles. Moreover, only the combination of periodontal disease and paraquat exposure induced the loss of dopaminergic neurons and astrocyte activation in the striatum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L C Fernandes
- 549253Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of Ponta Grossa (UEPG), Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | - A G Santos
- 549253Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of Ponta Grossa (UEPG), Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | - T B Sampaio
- Department of Pharmacology, 28117Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Sms Sborgi
- 549253Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of Ponta Grossa (UEPG), Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | - Rds Prediger
- Department of Pharmacology, 28117Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - M M Ferro
- Department of Biology, 67883State University of Ponta Grossa (UEPG), Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | - Gcn Franco
- Department of Odontology, 67883State University of Ponta Grossa (UEPG), Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | - L Lipinski
- Department of Medicine, 67883State University of Ponta Grossa (UEPG), Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | - E Miyoshi
- 549253Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of Ponta Grossa (UEPG), Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Moyano P, Sanjuan J, García JM, Anadon MJ, Naval MV, Sola E, García J, Frejo MT, Pino JD. Dysregulation of prostaglandine E2 and BDNF signaling mediated by estrogenic dysfunction induces primary hippocampal neuronal cell death after single and repeated paraquat treatment. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 144:111611. [PMID: 32738378 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Paraquat (PQ) produces hippocampal neuronal cell death and cognitive dysfunctions after unique and continued exposure, but the mechanisms are not understood. Primary hippocampal wildtype or βAPP-Tau silenced cells were co-treated with PQ with or without E2, N-acetylcysteine (NAC), NS-398 (cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor), MF63 (PGES-1 inhibitor) and/or recombinant brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) during one- and fourteen-days to studied PQ effect on prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and BDNF signaling and their involvement in hyperphosphorylated Tau (pTau) and amyloid-beta (Aβ) protein formation, and oxidative stress generation, that lead to neuronal cell loss through estrogenic disruption, as a possible mechanism of cognitive dysfunctions produced by PQ. Our results indicate that PQ overexpressed cyclooxygenase-2 that leads to an increase of PGE2 and alters the expression of EP1-3 receptor subtypes. PQ induced also a decrease of proBDNF and mature BDNF levels and altered P75NTR and tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB) expression. PQ induced PGE2 and BDNF signaling dysfunction, mediated through estrogenic disruption, leading to Aβ and pTau proteins synthesis, oxidative stress generation and finally to cell death. Our research provides relevant information to explain PQ hippocampal neurotoxic effects, indicating a probable explanation of the cognitive dysfunction observed and suggests new therapeutic strategies to protect against PQ toxic effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Moyano
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Sanjuan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Manuel García
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - María José Anadon
- Department of Legal Medicine, Psychiatry and Pathology, Medical School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28041, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Victoria Naval
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy and Botany, Pharmacy School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28041, Madrid, Spain
| | - Emma Sola
- Department of Legal Medicine, Psychiatry and Pathology, Medical School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28041, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jimena García
- Department of Pharmacology, Health Sciences School, Alfonso X University, 28691, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Teresa Frejo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Del Pino
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Almeida FB, Nin MS, Barros HMT. The role of allopregnanolone in depressive-like behaviors: Focus on neurotrophic proteins. Neurobiol Stress 2020; 12:100218. [PMID: 32435667 PMCID: PMC7231971 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2020.100218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Allopregnanolone (3α,5α-tetrahydroprogesterone; pharmaceutical formulation: brexanolone) is a neurosteroid that has recently been approved for the treatment of postpartum depression, promising to fill part of a long-lasting gap in the effectiveness of pharmacotherapies for depressive disorders. In this review, we explore the experimental research that characterized the antidepressant-like effects of allopregnanolone, with a particular focus on the neurotrophic adaptations induced by this neurosteroid in preclinical studies. We demonstrate that there is a consistent decrease in allopregnanolone levels in limbic brain areas in rodents submitted to stress-induced models of depression, such as social isolation and chronic unpredictable stress. Further, both the drug-induced upregulation of allopregnanolone or its direct administration reduce depressive-like behaviors in models such as the forced swim test. The main drugs of interest that upregulate allopregnanolone levels are selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), which present the neurosteroidogenic property even in lower, non-SSRI doses. Finally, we explore how these antidepressant-like behaviors are related to neurogenesis, particularly in the hippocampus. The protagonist in this mechanism is likely the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BFNF), which is decreased in animal models of depression and may be restored by the normalization of allopregnanolone levels. The role of an interaction between GABA and the neurotrophic mechanisms needs to be further investigated.
Collapse
Key Words
- 3α,5α-tetrahydroprogesterone
- BDNF
- BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor
- Brexanolone
- CSF, cerebrospinal fluid
- CUS, chronic unpredictable stress
- Depression
- EKR, extracellular signal-regulated kinase
- FST, forced swim test
- GABA, γ-aminobutyric acid
- GABAAR, GABA type A receptor
- HSD, hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
- NGF, nerve growth factor
- Neurosteroid
- PTSD, post-traumatic stress disorder
- PXR, pregnane xenobiotic receptor
- SBSS, selective brain steroidogenic stimulant
- SSRI, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor
- Selective brain steroidogenic stimulant
- THP, tetrahydroprogesterone
- TSPO, 18 kDa translocator protein
- TrkB, tropomyosin receptor kinase B
- USV, ultrasonic vocalization
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Borges Almeida
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences: Pharmacology and Toxicology, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Maurício Schüler Nin
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences: Pharmacology and Toxicology, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Centro Universitário Metodista do IPA, 90420-060, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), 90040-060, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Helena Maria Tannhauser Barros
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences: Pharmacology and Toxicology, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Kori RK, Mandrah K, Hasan W, Patel DK, Roy SK, Yadav RS. Identification of markers of depression and neurotoxicity in pesticide exposed agriculture workers. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2020; 34:e22477. [PMID: 32115844 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Earlier, we reported that chronic exposure to pesticides causes a reduction in the acetylcholinesterase activity and hematological and biochemical alterations in agriculture workers. In continuation with that, the present study aimed to investigate the pesticide-induced neurochemical imbalance and its association with behavior alterations in agricultural workers. A significant increase in depressive symptoms, assessed by the Beck Depression Inventory-II was observed in pesticide exposed workers as compared to the unexposed. A decrease in the level of dopamine in plasma and levels of dopamine, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, homovanillic acids, norepinephrine, serotonin, and hydroxyindoleacetic acid in urine was also observed. An increase in the levels of MAO-A and MAO-B has also been observed in these individuals. The decreased levels of neurotransmitters in the blood and urine have been linked with increased levels of MAO and pesticide residues in plasma and urine. Furthermore, these changes were associated with a higher incidence of depression in agricultural workers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh K Kori
- Department of Criminology and Forensic Science, School of Applied Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Sagar, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Kapil Mandrah
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-IITR Campus, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.,Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Regulatory Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Whidul Hasan
- Department of Zoology, School of Biological Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Sagar, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Devendra K Patel
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-IITR Campus, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.,Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Regulatory Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Somendu K Roy
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-IITR Campus, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.,Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Regulatory Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rajesh S Yadav
- Department of Criminology and Forensic Science, School of Applied Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Sagar, Madhya Pradesh, India
| |
Collapse
|