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Sudradjat H, Meyer F, Fandrich P, Schulze Zur Wiesche E, Limeback H, Enax J. Doses of fluoride toothpaste for children up to 24 months. BDJ Open 2024; 10:7. [PMID: 38296947 PMCID: PMC10831090 DOI: 10.1038/s41405-024-00187-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to test the dose of fluoride toothpaste by parents for their children aged up to 24 months. METHODS Parents who use fluoride toothpastes for their children were asked to dose two commercially available toothpastes (A and B) with 1000 ppm fluoride each for their children as they would normally do at home. The toothpaste amounts were weighed, and as reference, the weight of an 'optimal' grain of rice-size amount of each toothpaste was used. RESULTS 61 parents dosed a mean of 0.263 ± 0.172 g toothpaste A and 0.281 ± 0.145 g toothpaste B. The parents' mean doses were 5.9 times higher for toothpaste A and 7.2 times higher for toothpaste B than an 'optimal' grain of rice-size amount (the reference dose as recommended). The difference between parent's and reference dose was statistically significant (p < 0.001). Moreover, 39.3% of parents were not aware about conditions of use and warnings that have to be printed on the package of fluoride toothpastes. CONCLUSION In this study, parents significantly overdosed the toothpaste for their children. To avoid fluoride intake from toothpaste, parents can choose fluoride-free alternatives for the oral care of their infants and toddlers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henny Sudradjat
- Dr. Kurt Wolff GmbH & Co. KG, Research Department, Johanneswerkstr. 34-36, 33611, Bielefeld, Germany
- Private dental practice, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Frederic Meyer
- Dr. Kurt Wolff GmbH & Co. KG, Research Department, Johanneswerkstr. 34-36, 33611, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Pascal Fandrich
- Dr. Kurt Wolff GmbH & Co. KG, Research Department, Johanneswerkstr. 34-36, 33611, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Erik Schulze Zur Wiesche
- Dr. Kurt Wolff GmbH & Co. KG, Research Department, Johanneswerkstr. 34-36, 33611, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Hardy Limeback
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 1G6, Canada
| | - Joachim Enax
- Dr. Kurt Wolff GmbH & Co. KG, Research Department, Johanneswerkstr. 34-36, 33611, Bielefeld, Germany.
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Petrović B, Kojić S, Milić L, Luzio A, Perić T, Marković E, Stojanović GM. Toothpaste ingestion-evaluating the problem and ensuring safety: systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1279915. [PMID: 37927882 PMCID: PMC10622757 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1279915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the ingestion of toothpaste and its sequelae. The study adhered to the PRISMA guidelines and was registered in the PROSPERO database. A comprehensive search strategy was conducted across multiple databases, resulting in the inclusion of 18 relevant publications. Eligible studies encompassed various designs and included both children and adults as the study population. Data extraction was carried out systematically, and relevant information on study characteristics, interventions, and outcomes were collected. The assessment of bias was performed using the Joanna Briggs Institute's Critical Appraisal Tools showing variations of bias among the included studies. The overall risk of systemic toxicity was found to be low, and no severe or life-threatening events were reported in the included studies. Furthermore, some toothpaste formulations containing higher concentrations of fluoride were associated with an increased risk of dental fluorosis. These findings have several implications for practice and policy. Healthcare providers and dental professionals should emphasize the importance of promoting safe toothpaste use, especially in vulnerable populations such as young children who are more prone to accidental ingestion. Public health campaigns and educational initiatives should aim to raise awareness about appropriate toothpaste usage and the potential risks. In addition, toothpaste manufacturers and regulatory bodies should consider revising guidelines and regulations to ensure the safety of oral care products, including the appropriate concentration of active ingredients. Future research should focus on investigating the long-term effects of toothpaste ingestion, exploring potential interactions between different active ingredients, and evaluating the efficacy of current preventive measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojan Petrović
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Sanja Kojić
- Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Lazar Milić
- Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Alessandro Luzio
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT) Center for Nano Science and Technology (CNST), Milan, Italy
| | - Tamara Perić
- Clinic for Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Evgenija Marković
- Clinic for Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Bhagavatula P, Comnick CL, Warren JJ, Levy SM. Patterns of fluoride intake from 6 to 17 years of age: The Iowa Fluoride Study. J Public Health Dent 2023; 83:18-25. [PMID: 36251680 PMCID: PMC10006287 DOI: 10.1111/jphd.12542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This article reports on estimated daily fluoride intake from water, other beverages and selected foods, dentifrice, and dietary fluoride supplements by both individual sources, and all sources combined, among 787 children participating in the Iowa Fluoride Study (IFS) from 6 to 17 years of age. METHODS Total daily fluoride intake (mg F) and fluoride intake per kilogram bodyweight (mg F/kg bw) were estimated using responses to questionnaires sent every 3-6 months. Dietary assessments included frequencies and amounts of beverage intake for the previous week from water, milk, ready-to-drink beverages, beverages made by adding water to concentrate or powder, and selected foods with substantial water content. Descriptive statistics and bivariate and multivariable analyses with linear mixed models were used to assess associations with each of mg F and mg F/kg bw. RESULTS Mean combined dietary fluoride (mg F) from all sources examined in the study increased slightly with age, whereas the fluoride intake per kg bw decreased with age. Age, sex, and socioeconomic status were significantly associated with fluoride intake (mg F and mg F/kg bw). Each year increase in age was associated with a 0.02-mg increase in fluoride consumption, on average, after adjusting for the effects of covariates. CONCLUSIONS Daily mean fluoride intakes from single and combined sources were relatively stable, while the intake of fluoride per kg bw decreased from 6 to 17 years of age. Fluoridated water was the major source of ingested fluoride, contributing over 50% of total daily intake at all ages.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - John J Warren
- College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Steven M Levy
- College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa CIty, Iowa, USA
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Chen M, Hu Y, Lv C, Shi R, Zhang Y, Tang W, Yu X, Tian Y, Gao Y. Associations between repeated measurements of childhood triclosan exposure and physical growth at 7 years. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 307:135970. [PMID: 35952793 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological studies suggested that triclosan (TCS) exposure was ubiquitous among children and could affect their physical growth. However, most studies relied on TCS exposure at single time point, and the impacts of multiple time points TCS exposure were unclear. OBJECTIVES To estimate the associations between repeated TCS measurements in childhood (at ages 1, 2, 5, and 7 years) and physical growth at 7 years. METHODS This study included 206 children from Laizhou Wan Birth Cohort (LWBC), China. Urinary TCS concentrations were detected at age of 1, 2, 5, and 7 years, and physical growth including height, weight, waist circumference, and fat percentage was measured at 7 years. Multiple informant models were applied to examine the relationships of repeated TCS measurements in childhood with physical growth, and stratified analysis by gender was performed. RESULTS The detection rates of TCS at age of 1, 2, 5, and 7 years were above 60%, with median declining from 0.89 to 0.33 μg/g creatinine. We found TCS at 5 years was positively associated with waist-to-height ratio, and TCS at 7 years was positively associated with physical growth, including weight z-score, BMI z-score, waist circumference, waist-to-height ratio, and fat percentage. Moreover, the above associations for weight z-score, BMI z-score, and fat percentage significantly varied by the period of exposure (pint ˂ 0.05). After stratified by gender, positive associations were only found among boys. CONCLUSIONS In our study, TCS levels decreased as children's age increased. TCS exposures at age of 5 and 7 years were positively associated with physical growth at 7 years, and these associations were only significant in boys. Given the relatively small sample size, our findings should be interpreted with caution until confirmed by further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minyan Chen
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yi Hu
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China; The International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Cheng Lv
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Rong Shi
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Weifeng Tang
- MOE-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xin Hua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Xiaodan Yu
- MOE-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xin Hua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China; Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1678 Dongfang Road, Pudong, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Ying Tian
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China; MOE-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xin Hua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Yu Gao
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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Berg B, Cremer M, Flothkötter M, Koletzko B, Krämer N, Krawinkel M, Lawrenz B, Przyrembel H, Schiffner U, Splieth C, Vetter K, Weißenborn A. Kariesprävention im Säuglings- und frühen Kindesalter. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00112-021-01167-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Paszynska E, Pawinska M, Gawriolek M, Kaminska I, Otulakowska-Skrzynska J, Marczuk-Kolada G, Rzatowski S, Sokolowska K, Olszewska A, Schlagenhauf U, May TW, Amaechi BT, Luczaj-Cepowicz E. Impact of a toothpaste with microcrystalline hydroxyapatite on the occurrence of early childhood caries: a 1-year randomized clinical trial. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2650. [PMID: 33514787 PMCID: PMC7846568 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81112-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this trial was to determine whether a toothpaste with microcrystalline hydroxyapatite is not inferior to a fluoride toothpaste in prevention of caries in children. This double-blinded randomized control trial compared two toothpastes regarding the occurrence of caries lesions using International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS) ≥ code 1 on the primary dentition within 336 days. The test group used a fluoride-free hydroxyapatite toothpaste three times daily while control group used a toothpaste with fluoride. 207 children were included in the intention-to-treat analysis; 177 of them finished the study per protocol. An increase in caries ICDAS ≥ code 1 per tooth was observed in 72.7% of the hydroxyapatite-group (n = 88), compared with 74.2% of the fluoride-group (n = 89). The exact one-sided upper 95% confidence limit for the difference in proportion of participants with ICDAS increase ≥ 1 (-1.4%) was 9.8%, which is below the non-inferiority margin of 20% demonstrating non-inferiority of hydroxyapatite compared to the fluoride control toothpaste. This RCT showed for the first time, that in children, the impact of the daily use of a toothpaste with microcrystalline hydroxyapatite on enamel caries progression in the primary dentition is not inferior to a fluoride control toothpaste (Clinical Trials NCT03553966).
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Affiliation(s)
- Elzbieta Paszynska
- Department of Integrated Dentistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland.
| | - Malgorzata Pawinska
- Department of Integrated Dentistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Maria Gawriolek
- Department of Integrated Dentistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Inga Kaminska
- Department of Integrated Dentistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Białystok, Poland
| | | | | | - Szymon Rzatowski
- Department of Integrated Dentistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | | | - Aneta Olszewska
- Department of Facial Malformation, Pediatric Dentistry Clinic, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Ulrich Schlagenhauf
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Theodor W May
- Society for Biometrics and Psychometrics, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Bennett T Amaechi
- Department of Comprehensive Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
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Carrouel F, Viennot S, Ottolenghi L, Gaillard C, Bourgeois D. Nanoparticles as Anti-Microbial, Anti-Inflammatory, and Remineralizing Agents in Oral Care Cosmetics: A Review of the Current Situation. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E140. [PMID: 31941021 PMCID: PMC7022934 DOI: 10.3390/nano10010140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Many investigations have pointed out widespread use of medical nanosystems in various domains of dentistry such as prevention, prognosis, care, tissue regeneration, and restoration. The progress of oral medicine nanosystems for individual prophylaxis is significant for ensuring bacterial symbiosis and high-quality oral health. Nanomaterials in oral cosmetics are used in toothpaste and other mouthwash to improve oral healthcare performance. These processes cover nanoparticles and nanoparticle-based materials, especially domains of application related to biofilm management in cariology and periodontology. Likewise, nanoparticles have been integrated in diverse cosmetic produces for the care of enamel remineralization and dental hypersensitivity. This review summarizes the indications and applications of several widely employed nanoparticles in oral cosmetics, and describes the potential clinical implementation of nanoparticles as anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, and remineralizing agents in the prevention of dental caries, hypersensitivity, and periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Carrouel
- Laboratory “Systemic Health Care”, University of Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, EA4129, 69008 Lyon, France; (S.V.); (D.B.)
| | - Stephane Viennot
- Laboratory “Systemic Health Care”, University of Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, EA4129, 69008 Lyon, France; (S.V.); (D.B.)
| | - Livia Ottolenghi
- Department of Oral and Maxillo-facial Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Cedric Gaillard
- Institut national de Recherche en Agriculture, Alimentation et Environnement (INRAE), Unité de Recherche 1268 Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages (BIA), 44316 Nantes, France;
| | - Denis Bourgeois
- Laboratory “Systemic Health Care”, University of Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, EA4129, 69008 Lyon, France; (S.V.); (D.B.)
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Ficheux AS, Gomez-Berrada MP, Roudot AC, Ferret PJ. Consumption and exposure to finished cosmetic products: A systematic review. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 124:280-299. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.11.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Gomez-Berrada MP, Ficheux AS, Boudières I, Chiter M, Rielland A, De Javel D, Roudot AC, Ferret PJ. Consumption and exposure assessment to toothpaste in French families. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 118:24-31. [PMID: 29723586 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.04.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to assess the consumption and the exposure to toothpaste in French families leaving the consumers free to use their own product at home according to their habits. Consumption data were collected on 104 families. 206 adults (103 women and 103 men) and 195 children aged 2-17 participated in the study. Differences in toothpaste consumption depending on gender and on age were highlighted. As an example, frequency data were higher in adult women (2.0 day-1 on average) than in adult men (1.8 day-1 on average); amount per use data were higher in adult men (1.2 g on average) than in adult women (0.9 g on average). The frequency of use and the amount of toothpaste used per application increased with age. The exposure to toothpaste decreased with age. Children aged 2-6 were the most exposed to toothpaste with a P95 value equal to 8.2 mg/kg bw/day. Adult's P95 exposure value was equal to 2.8 mg/kg bw/day. Exposure values were in the same order of magnitude for both genders in children and in adults. These new data will be useful for safety assessors, especially children data which remain scarce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Pierre Gomez-Berrada
- Safety Assessment Department, Pierre Fabre Dermo Cosmetique, Allée Camille Soula - BP 74 Vigoulet Auzil, 31322 Castanet Tolosan - Cedex, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Ficheux
- Laboratoire des Interactions Epithéliums-Neurones, Université Bretagne Loire (UBL), UFR Sciences et Techniques, 6 Av. Victor Le Gorgeu, CS93837, 29238 Brest Cedex 3, France.
| | - Inès Boudières
- Safety Assessment Department, Pierre Fabre Dermo Cosmetique, Allée Camille Soula - BP 74 Vigoulet Auzil, 31322 Castanet Tolosan - Cedex, France
| | - Myriam Chiter
- Safety Assessment Department, Pierre Fabre Dermo Cosmetique, Allée Camille Soula - BP 74 Vigoulet Auzil, 31322 Castanet Tolosan - Cedex, France
| | | | | | - Alain-Claude Roudot
- Laboratoire des Interactions Epithéliums-Neurones, Université Bretagne Loire (UBL), UFR Sciences et Techniques, 6 Av. Victor Le Gorgeu, CS93837, 29238 Brest Cedex 3, France
| | - Pierre-Jacques Ferret
- Safety Assessment Department, Pierre Fabre Dermo Cosmetique, Allée Camille Soula - BP 74 Vigoulet Auzil, 31322 Castanet Tolosan - Cedex, France
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