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Li L, Wang B, Zhao S, Xiong Q, Cheng A. The role of ANXA1 in the tumor microenvironment. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 131:111854. [PMID: 38479155 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.111854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Annexin A1 (ANXA1) is widely expressed in a variety of body tissues and cells and is also involved in tumor development through multiple pathways. The invasion, metastasis, and immune escape of tumor cells depend on the interaction between tumor cells and their surrounding environment. Research shows that ANXA1 can act on a variety of cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME), and subsequently affect the proliferation, invasion and metastasis of tumors. This article describes the role of ANXA1 in the various components of the tumor microenvironment and its mechanism of action, as well as the existing clinical treatment measures related to ANXA1. These findings provide insight for the further design of strategies targeting ANXA1 for the diagnosis and treatment of malignant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanxin Li
- Hunan Engineering Research Center for Early Diagnosis and Treatment of Liver Cancer, Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Baiqi Wang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Shuang Zhao
- Hunan Engineering Research Center for Early Diagnosis and Treatment of Liver Cancer, Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Qinglin Xiong
- Hunan Engineering Research Center for Early Diagnosis and Treatment of Liver Cancer, Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Ailan Cheng
- Hunan Engineering Research Center for Early Diagnosis and Treatment of Liver Cancer, Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China.
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Lyngstadaas AV, Olsen MV, Bair J, Yang M, Hodges RR, Utheim TP, Serhan CN, Dartt DA. Anti-Inflammatory and Pro-Resolving Actions of the N-Terminal Peptides Ac2-26, Ac2-12, and Ac9-25 of Annexin A1 on Conjunctival Goblet Cell Function. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2023; 193:1817-1832. [PMID: 37423551 PMCID: PMC10616711 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2023.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Annexin A1 (AnxA1) is the primary mediator of the anti-inflammatory actions of glucocorticoids. AnxA1 functions as a pro-resolving mediator in cultured rat conjunctival goblet cells to ensure tissue homeostasis through stimulation of intracellular [Ca2+] ([Ca2+]i) and mucin secretion. AnxA1 has several N-terminal peptides with anti-inflammatory properties of their own, including Ac2-26, Ac2-12, and Ac9-25. The increase in [Ca2+]i caused by AnxA1 and its N-terminal peptides in goblet cells was measured to determine the formyl peptide receptors used by the compounds and the action of the peptides on histamine stimulation. Changes in [Ca2+]i were determined by using a fluorescent Ca2+ indicator. AnxA1 and its peptides each activated formyl peptide receptors in goblet cells. AnxA1 and Ac2-26 at 10-12 mol/L and Ac2-12 at 10-9 mol/L inhibited the histamine-stimulated increase in [Ca2+]i, as did resolvin D1 and lipoxin A4 at 10-12 mol/L, whereas Ac9-25 did not. AnxA1 and Ac2-26 counter-regulated the H1 receptor through the p42/p44 mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular regulated kinase 1/2, β-adrenergic receptor kinase, and protein kinase C pathways, whereas Ac2-12 counter-regulated only through β-adrenergic receptor kinase. In conclusion, current data show that the N-terminal peptides Ac2-26 and Ac2-12, but not Ac9-25, share multiple functions with the full-length AnxA1 in goblet cells, including inhibition of histamine-stimulated increase in [Ca2+]i and counter-regulation of the H1 receptor. These actions suggest a potential pharmaceutical application of the AnxA1 N-terminal peptides Ac2-26 and Ac2-12 in homeostasis and ocular inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne V Lyngstadaas
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Markus V Olsen
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jeffrey Bair
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Menglu Yang
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Robin R Hodges
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Tor P Utheim
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Charles N Serhan
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesia, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Darlene A Dartt
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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Zarrough AE, Hasturk H, Stephens DN, Van Dyke TE, Kantarci A. Resolvin D1 modulates periodontal ligament fibroblast function. J Periodontol 2023; 94:683-693. [PMID: 36416879 PMCID: PMC10354588 DOI: 10.1002/jper.22-0462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The resolution of inflammation is an active process mediated by specialized lipid mediators called lipoxins and resolvins. Periodontal ligament fibroblasts (PDLFs) play a significant role in periodontal regeneration. The purpose of the current study was to determine the impact of resolvin D1 (RvD1) on human PDLF cell wound healing and proliferation, receptor expression (G-protein-coupled receptor 32 [GPR32] and formyl peptide receptor 2 [ALX/FPR2]), and cytokine expression and release. METHODS PDLFs were stimulated with interleukin-1β (IL-1β) (500 pg/ml) with and without RvD1 (100 nM). RvD1 receptor expression was determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), immunofluorescence microscopy, and fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Wound closure was measured by a scratch assay, and proliferation was determined by bromodeoxyuridine incorporation. Interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, cyclooxygenase-2, matrix metalloproteinases-1, -2, and -3 (MMP-1, -2, and -3), tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases-1 and -2 (TIMP-1 and -2), prostaglandin E2, and osteoprotegerin (OPG) gene expression and production were measured using qPCR and Western blotting, multiplex immunoassay, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS PDLF expressed GPR32 and ALX/FPR2. RvD1 reversed IL-1β-induced inhibition of wound healing and proliferation of PDLF. IL-1β also induced the production of proinflammatory cytokines and MMPs. This effect was reversed by RvD1. RvD1 reversed IL-1β-induced inhibition of TIMP-1, TIMP-2, and OPG. CONCLUSION The data suggested that RvD1 has a pro-wound healing, proliferative, and anti-inflammatory impact on the PDLF that favors periodontal regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed E. Zarrough
- Missouri School of Dentistry & Oral Health, A.T. Still University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Hatice Hasturk
- Department of Clinical and Translational Research, Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Danielle N. Stephens
- Department of Clinical and Translational Research, Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Thomas E. Van Dyke
- Department of Clinical and Translational Research, Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alpdogan Kantarci
- Department of Clinical and Translational Research, Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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Zharkova O, Salamah MF, Babak MV, Rajan E, Lim LHK, Andrade F, Gil CD, Oliani SM, Moraes LA, Vaiyapuri S. Deletion of Annexin A1 in Mice Upregulates the Expression of Its Receptor, Fpr2/3, and Reactivity to the AnxA1 Mimetic Peptide in Platelets. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043424. [PMID: 36834844 PMCID: PMC9962723 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Annexin A1 (ANXA1) is an endogenous protein, which plays a central function in the modulation of inflammation. While the functions of ANXA1 and its exogenous peptidomimetics, N-Acetyl 2-26 ANXA1-derived peptide (ANXA1Ac2-26), in the modulation of immunological responses of neutrophils and monocytes have been investigated in detail, their effects on the modulation of platelet reactivity, haemostasis, thrombosis, and platelet-mediated inflammation remain largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that the deletion of Anxa1 in mice upregulates the expression of its receptor, formyl peptide receptor 2/3 (Fpr2/3, orthologue of human FPR2/ALX). As a result, the addition of ANXA1Ac2-26 to platelets exerts an activatory role in platelets, as characterised by its ability to increase the levels of fibrinogen binding and the exposure of P-selectin on the surface. Moreover, ANXA1Ac2-26 increased the development of platelet-leukocyte aggregates in whole blood. The experiments carried out using a pharmacological inhibitor (WRW4) for FPR2/ALX, and platelets isolated from Fpr2/3-deficient mice ascertained that the actions of ANXA1Ac2-26 are largely mediated through Fpr2/3 in platelets. Together, this study demonstrates that in addition to its ability to modulate inflammatory responses via leukocytes, ANXA1 modulates platelet function, which may influence thrombosis, haemostasis, and platelet-mediated inflammation under various pathophysiological settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Zharkova
- Immunology Program, Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117593, Singapore
| | | | - Maria V. Babak
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Lina H. K. Lim
- Immunology Program, Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117593, Singapore
| | - Frans Andrade
- Department of Morphology and Genetics, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 04023-900, Brazil
| | - Cristiane D. Gil
- Department of Morphology and Genetics, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 04023-900, Brazil
| | - Sonia M. Oliani
- Department of Morphology and Genetics, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 04023-900, Brazil
- Department of Biology, Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas (IBILCE), São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo 15054-000, Brazil
| | - Leonardo A. Moraes
- Immunology Program, Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117593, Singapore
- School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6UB, UK
| | - Sakthivel Vaiyapuri
- School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6UB, UK
- Correspondence:
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Perretti M, Dalli J. Resolution Pharmacology: Focus on Pro-Resolving Annexin A1 and Lipid Mediators for Therapeutic Innovation in Inflammation. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2023; 63:449-469. [PMID: 36151051 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-051821-042743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Chronic diseases that affect our society are made more complex by comorbidities and are poorly managed by the current pharmacology. While all present inflammatory etiopathogeneses, there is an unmet need for better clinical management of these diseases and their multiple symptoms. We discuss here an innovative approach based on the biology of the resolution of inflammation. Studying endogenous pro-resolving peptide and lipid mediators, how they are formed, and which target they interact with, can offer innovative options through augmenting the expression or function of pro-resolving pathways or mimicking their actions with novel targeted molecules. In all cases, resolution offers innovation for the treatment of the primary cause of a given disease and/or for the management of its comorbidities, ultimately improving patient quality of life. By implementing resolution pharmacology, we harness the whole physiology of inflammation, with the potential to bring a marked change in the management of inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Perretti
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, and Centre for Inflammation and Therapeutic Innovation, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom; ,
| | - Jesmond Dalli
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, and Centre for Inflammation and Therapeutic Innovation, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom; ,
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Wickstead ES, Solito E, McArthur S. Promiscuous Receptors and Neuroinflammation: The Formyl Peptide Class. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12122009. [PMID: 36556373 PMCID: PMC9786789 DOI: 10.3390/life12122009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Formyl peptide receptors, abbreviated as FPRs in humans, are G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) mainly found in mammalian leukocytes. However, they are also expressed in cell types crucial for homeostatic brain regulation, including microglia and blood-brain barrier endothelial cells. Thus, the roles of these immune-associated receptors are extensive, from governing cellular adhesion and directed migration through chemotaxis, to granule release and superoxide formation, to phagocytosis and efferocytosis. In this review, we will describe the similarities and differences between the two principal pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory FPRs, FPR1 and FPR2, and the evidence for their importance in the development of neuroinflammatory disease, alongside their potential as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward S. Wickstead
- Department of Neurology, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Correspondence: (E.S.W.); (S.M.)
| | - Egle Solito
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK
- Department of Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Simon McArthur
- Institute of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Blizard Institute, 4, Newark Street, London E1 2AT, UK
- Correspondence: (E.S.W.); (S.M.)
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7
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ANNEXIN A1: Roles in Placenta, Cell Survival, and Nucleus. Cells 2022; 11:cells11132057. [PMID: 35805141 PMCID: PMC9266233 DOI: 10.3390/cells11132057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The unbiased approaches of the last decade have enabled the collection of new data on the biology of annexin A1 (ANXA1) in a variety of scientific aspects, creating opportunities for new biomarkers and/or therapeutic purposes. ANXA1 is found in the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus, being described at low levels in the nuclear and cytoplasmic compartments of placental cells related to gestational diabetic diseases, and its translocation from the cytoplasm to the nucleus has been associated with a response to DNA damage. The approaches presented here open pathways for reflection upon, and intrinsic clarification of, the modulating action of this protein in the response to genetic material damage, as well as its level of expression and cellular localization. The objective of this study is to arouse interest, with an emphasis on the mechanisms of nuclear translocation of ANXA1, which remain underexplored and may be beneficial in new inflammatory therapies.
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Lucchi DBM, Sasso GRS, Sena LS, Franco PC, Lice I, Borges FT, Oliani SM, Gil CD. Protective effects of annexin A1-derived peptide Ac 2-26 on liver and kidney injuries induced by cisplatin in rats. Life Sci 2022; 304:120677. [PMID: 35654117 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
AIMS In this study we evaluated the effect of pharmacological treatment with annexin A1-derived peptide Ac2-26 in an experimental model of toxicity induced by cisplatin. MAIN METHODS Male rats were divided into Sham (control), Cisplatin (received intraperitoneal injections of 10 mg/kg/day of cisplatin for 3 days) and Ac2-26 (received intraperitoneal injections of 1 mg/kg/day of peptide, 15 min before cisplatin) groups. KEY FINDINGS After 6 h of the last dose of cisplatin, an acute inflammatory response was observed characterized by a marked increase in the number of neutrophils and GM-CSF, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α plasma levels. Treatment with Ac2-26 produced higher levels of GM-CSF, corroborating the high numbers of neutrophils, and the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-4. Ac2-26 preserved the morphology of liver structures, preventing the damage caused by cisplatin, but did not reduce plasma levels of the hepatotoxicity biomarkers ARG1, GSTα and SDH. In the kidneys, the peptide maintained the markers of kidney damage CLU and KIM-1 at similar levels to the Sham group but did not avoid morphological changes caused by cisplatin. These effects of Ac2-26 were associated with the reduction of Fpr1 and Fpr2 levels in the organs studied. SIGNIFICANCE Pharmacological treatment with peptide Ac2-26 partially protects the liver and kidneys against the deleterious effects caused by cisplatin in this experimental model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo B M Lucchi
- Department of Morphology and Genetics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, SP 04023-900, Brazil
| | - Gisela R S Sasso
- Department of Morphology and Genetics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, SP 04023-900, Brazil
| | - Letícia S Sena
- Department of Morphology and Genetics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, SP 04023-900, Brazil
| | - Paulo C Franco
- Department of Morphology and Genetics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, SP 04023-900, Brazil
| | - Izabella Lice
- Department of Morphology and Genetics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, SP 04023-900, Brazil
| | - Fernanda T Borges
- Department of Medicine, Nephology Division, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, SP 04038-901, Brazil
| | - Sonia M Oliani
- Biosciences Graduate Program, Institute of Biosciences, Letters and Exact Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Sao Jose do Rio Preto, SP 15054-000, Brazil; Advanced Research Center in Medicine (CEPAM) Unilago, São José do Rio Preto, SP 15030-070, Brazil
| | - Cristiane D Gil
- Department of Morphology and Genetics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, SP 04023-900, Brazil; Biosciences Graduate Program, Institute of Biosciences, Letters and Exact Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Sao Jose do Rio Preto, SP 15054-000, Brazil.
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9
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Pharmacological treatment with annexin A1-derived peptide protects against cisplatin-induced hearing loss. Toxicol Lett 2022; 363:27-35. [PMID: 35561849 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2022.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cisplatin is an antineoplastic agent widely used, and no effective treatments capable of preventing cisplatin-induced ototoxicity and neurotoxicity in humans have yet been identified. This study evaluated the effect of the anti-inflammatory annexin A1 (AnxA1)-derived peptide Ac2-26 in a cisplatin-induced ototoxicity model. Wistar rats received intraperitoneal injections of cisplatin (10mg/kg/day) for 3 days to induce hearing loss, and Ac2-26 (1mg/kg) was administered 15minutes before cisplatin administration. Control animals received an equal volume of saline. Hearing thresholds were measured by distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAE) before and after treatments. Pharmacological treatment with Ac2-26 protected against cisplatin-induced hearing loss, as evidenced by DPOAE results showing similar signal-noise ratios between the control and Ac2-26-treated groups. These otoprotective effects of Ac2-26 were associated with an increased number of ganglion neurons compared with the untreated cisplatin group. Additionally, Ac2-26 treatment produced reduced immunoreactivity on cleaved caspase 3 and phosphorylated ERK levels in the ganglion neurons, compared to the untreated group, supporting the neuroprotective effects of the Ac2-26. Our results suggest that Ac2-26 has a substantial otoprotective effect in this cisplatin-induced ototoxicity model mediated by neuroprotection and the regulation of the ERK pathway.
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Li YZ, Wang YY, Huang L, Zhao YY, Chen LH, Zhang C. Annexin A Protein Family in Atherosclerosis. Clin Chim Acta 2022; 531:406-417. [PMID: 35562096 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2022.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, a silent chronic vascular pathology, is the cause of the majority of cardiovascular ischaemic events. Atherosclerosis is characterized by a series of deleterious changes in cellularity, including endothelial dysfunction, transmigration of circulating inflammatory cells into the arterial wall, pro-inflammatory cytokines production, lipid accumulation in the intima, vascular local inflammatory response, atherosclerosis-related cells apoptosis and autophagy. Proteins of Annexin A (AnxA) family, the well-known Ca2+ phospholipid-binding protein, have many functions in regulating inflammation-related enzymes and cell signaling transduction, thus influencing cell adhesion, migration, differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis. There is now accumulating evidence that some members of the AnxA family, such as AnxA1, AnxA2, AnxA5 and AnxA7, play major roles in the development of atherosclerosis. This article discusses the major roles of AnxA1, AnxA2, AnxA5 and AnxA7, and the multifaceted mechanisms of the main biological process in which they are involved in atherosclerosis. Considering these evidences, it has been proposed that AnxA are drivers- and not merely participator- on the road to atherosclerosis, thus the progression of atherosclerosis may be prevented by targeting the expression or function of the AnxA family proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Zhen Li
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan province, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Yue Wang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan province, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Huang
- Research Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Yan Zhao
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan province, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin-Hui Chen
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan province, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan province, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China.
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11
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Kelly L, McGrath S, Rodgers L, McCall K, Tulunay Virlan A, Dempsey F, Crichton S, Goodyear CS. Annexin-A1; the culprit or the solution? Immunology 2022; 166:2-16. [PMID: 35146757 PMCID: PMC9426623 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Annexin‐A1 has a well‐defined anti‐inflammatory role in the innate immune system, but its function in adaptive immunity remains controversial. This glucocorticoid‐induced protein has been implicated in a range of inflammatory conditions and cancers, as well as being found to be overexpressed on the T cells of patients with autoimmune disease. Moreover, the formyl peptide family of receptors, through which annexin‐A1 primarily signals, has also been implicated in these diseases. In contrast, treatment with recombinant annexin‐A1 peptides resulted in suppression of inflammatory processes in murine models of inflammation. This review will focus on what is currently known about annexin‐A1 in health and disease and discuss the potential of this protein as a biomarker and therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Kelly
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow, G12 8TA, Scotland, UK
| | - Sarah McGrath
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow, G12 8TA, Scotland, UK
| | - Lewis Rodgers
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow, G12 8TA, Scotland, UK
| | - Kathryn McCall
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow, G12 8TA, Scotland, UK
| | - Aysin Tulunay Virlan
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow, G12 8TA, Scotland, UK
| | - Fiona Dempsey
- Medannex Ltd, 1 Lochrin Square, Fountainbridge, Edinburgh, EH3 9QA
| | - Scott Crichton
- Medannex Ltd, 1 Lochrin Square, Fountainbridge, Edinburgh, EH3 9QA
| | - Carl S Goodyear
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow, G12 8TA, Scotland, UK
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12
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Effects of Formyl Peptide Receptor Agonists Ac9-12 and WKYMV in In Vivo and In Vitro Acute Inflammatory Experimental Models. Cells 2022; 11:cells11020228. [PMID: 35053343 PMCID: PMC8773544 DOI: 10.3390/cells11020228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Formyl peptide receptors (Fprs) are a G-protein-coupled receptor family mainly expressed on leukocytes. The activation of Fpr1 and Fpr2 triggers a cascade of signaling events, leading to leukocyte migration, cytokine release, and increased phagocytosis. In this study, we evaluate the effects of the Fpr1 and Fpr2 agonists Ac9-12 and WKYMV, respectively, in carrageenan-induced acute peritonitis and LPS-stimulated macrophages. Peritonitis was induced in male C57BL/6 mice through the intraperitoneal injection of 1 mL of 3% carrageenan solution or saline (control). Pre-treatments with Ac9-12 and WKYMV reduced leukocyte influx to the peritoneal cavity, particularly neutrophils and monocytes, and the release of IL-1β. The addition of the Fpr2 antagonist WRW4 reversed only the anti-inflammatory actions of WKYMV. In vitro, the administration of Boc2 and WRW4 reversed the effects of Ac9-12 and WKYMV, respectively, in the production of IL-6 by LPS-stimulated macrophages. These biological effects of peptides were differently regulated by ERK and p38 signaling pathways. Lipidomic analysis evidenced that Ac9-12 and WKYMV altered the intracellular lipid profile of LPS-stimulated macrophages, revealing an increased concentration of several glycerophospholipids, suggesting regulation of inflammatory pathways triggered by LPS. Overall, our data indicate the therapeutic potential of Ac9-12 and WKYMV via Fpr1 or Fpr2-activation in the inflammatory response and macrophage activation.
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Ju Y, Qiu L, Sun X, Liu H, Gao W. Ac2-26 mitigated acute respiratory distress syndrome rats via formyl peptide receptor pathway. Ann Med 2021; 53:653-661. [PMID: 34008449 PMCID: PMC8143635 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2021.1925149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is characterized by severe local and systemic inflammation. Ac2-26, an Annexin A1 Peptide, can reduce the lung injury induced by reperfusion via the inhibition of inflammation. The present study aims to evaluate the effect and mechanism of Ac2-26 in ARDS. METHODS Thirty-two rats were anaesthetized and randomized into four groups: sham (S), ARDS (A), ARDS/Ac2-26 (AA), and ARDS/Ac2-26/BOC-2 (AAB) groups. Rats in the S group received saline for intratracheal instillation, while rats in the other three groups received endotoxin for intratracheal instillation, in order to prepare the ARDS and inject the saline, Ac2-26, and Ac2-26 combined with BOC-2. After 24 h, the PaO2/FiO2 ratio was calculated. The lung tissue wet-to-dry weight ratio and the protein level in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were tested. Then, the cytokines in BALF and serum, and the inflammatory cells in BALF were investigated. Afterwards, the oxidative stress response and histological injury was evaluated. Subsequently, the epithelium was cultured and analyzed to estimate the effect of Ac2-26 on apoptosis. RESULTS Compared to the S group, all indexes worsened in the A, AA, and AAB groups. Furthermore, compared to the S group, Ac2-26 significantly improved the lung injury and alveolar-capillary permeability, and inhibited the oxidative stress response. In addition, Ac2-26 reduced the local and systemic inflammation through the regulation of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, and the decrease in inflammatory cells in BALF. Moreover, Ac2-26 inhibited the epithelium apoptosis induced by LPS through the modulation of apoptosis-regulated proteins. The protective effect of Ac2-26 on ARDS was partially reversed by the FPR inhibitor, BOC-2. CONCLUSION Ac2-26 reduced the lung injury induced by LPS, promoted alveolar-capillary permeability, ameliorated the local and systemic inflammation, and inhibited the oxidative stress response and apoptosis. The protection of Ac2-26 on ARDS was mainly dependent on the FPR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingnan Ju
- Department of ICU, The Cancer Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Lin Qiu
- Department of Anesthesia, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xikun Sun
- Department of Anesthesia, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hengyu Liu
- Department of Anesthesia, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Wei Gao
- Department of Anesthesia, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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Oliveira MP, Prates J, Gimenes AD, Correa SG, Oliani SM. Annexin A1 Mimetic Peptide Ac 2-26 Modulates the Function of Murine Colonic and Human Mast Cells. Front Immunol 2021; 12:689484. [PMID: 34557187 PMCID: PMC8452975 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.689484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are main effector cells in allergic inflammation and after activation, they release stored (histamine, heparin, proteases) and newly synthesized (lipid mediators and cytokines) substances. In the gastrointestinal tract the largest MC population is located in the lamina propria and submucosa whereas several signals such as the cytokine IL-4, seem to increase the granule content and to stimulate a remarkable expansion of intestinal MCs. The broad range of MC-derived bioactive molecules may explain their involvement in many different allergic disorders of the gastrointestinal tract. Annexin A1 (AnxA1) is a 37 KDa glucocorticoid induced monomeric protein selectively distributed in certain tissues. Its activity can be reproduced by mimetic peptides of the N-terminal portion, such as Ac2-26, that share the same receptor FPR-L1. Although previous reports demonstrated that AnxA1 inhibits MC degranulation in murine models, the effects of exogenous peptide Ac2-26 on intestinal MCs or the biological functions of the Ac2-26/FPR2 system in human MCs have been poorly studied. To determine the effects of Ac2-26 on the function of MCs toward the possibility of AnxA1-based therapeutics, we treated WT and IL-4 knockout mice with peptide Ac2-26, and we examined the spontaneous and compound 48/80 stimulated colonic MC degranulation and cytokine production. Moreover, in vitro, using human mast cell line HMC-1 we demonstrated that exogenous AnxA1 peptide is capable of interfering with the HMC-1 degranulation in a direct pathway through formyl peptide receptors (FPRs). We envisage that our results can provide therapeutic strategies to reduce the release of MC mediators in inflammatory allergic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia Pereira Oliveira
- Laboratory of Interdisciplinary Medical Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Janesly Prates
- Department of Biology, Institute of Bioscience, Humanities and Exact Science, São Paulo State University (Unesp), São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Silvia Graciela Correa
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clinica-Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI - CONICET) - Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Sonia Maria Oliani
- Department of Biology, Institute of Bioscience, Humanities and Exact Science, São Paulo State University (Unesp), São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
- Advanced Research Center in Medicine, CEPAM –Unilago, São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
- Federal University of São Paulo, Post Graduate Program in Structural and Functional Biology, Escola Paulista de Medicina (Unifesp-EPM), São Paulo, Brazil
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Peritore AF, Crupi R, Scuto M, Gugliandolo E, Siracusa R, Impellizzeri D, Cordaro M, D'amico R, Fusco R, Di Paola R, Cuzzocrea S. The Role of Annexin A1 and Formyl Peptide Receptor 2/3 Signaling in Chronic Corticosterone-Induced Depression-Like behaviors and Impairment in Hippocampal-Dependent Memory. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2021; 19:27-43. [PMID: 31914916 DOI: 10.2174/1871527319666200107094732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The activity of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis is commonly dysregulated in stress-related psychiatric disorders. Annexin A1 (ANXA1), an endogenous ligand of Formyl Peptide Receptor (FPR) 2/3, is a member of the family of phospholipid- and calcium-binding proteins with a well-defined role in the delayed early inhibitory feedback of Glucocorticoids (GC) in the pituitary gland and implicated in the occurrence of behavioural disorders such as anxiety. OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to evaluate the potential role of ANXA1 and its main receptor, as a cellular mediator of behavioural disorders, in a model of Corticosterone (CORT)-induced depression and subsequently, the possible correlation between the depressive state and impairment of hippocampal memory. METHODS To induce the depression model, Wild-Type (WT), ANXA1 Knockout (KO), and FPR2/3 KO mice were exposed to oral administration of CORT for 28 days dissolved in drinking water. Following this, histological, biochemical and behavioural analyses were performed. RESULTS FPR2/3 KO and ANXA1 KO mice showed improvement in anxiety and depression-like behaviour compared with WT mice after CORT administration. In addition, FPR2/3 KO and ANXA1 KO mice showed a reduction in histological alterations and neuronal death in hippocampal sections. Moreover, CORT+ FPR2/3 KO and ANXA1 KO, exhibited a higher expression of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF), phospho-ERK, cAMP response element-binding protein (pCREB) and a decrease in Serotonin Transporter Expression (SERT) compared to WT(CORT+) mice. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the absence of the ANXA1 protein, even more than the absence of its main receptor (FPR 2/3), was fundamental to the inhibitory action of GC on the HPA axis; it also maintained the hippocampal homeostasis by preventing neuronal damage associated with depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Filippo Peritore
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Rosalia Crupi
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Maria Scuto
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Enrico Gugliandolo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Rosalba Siracusa
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Daniela Impellizzeri
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Marika Cordaro
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Ramona D'amico
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Roberta Fusco
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Rosanna Di Paola
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.,Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, United Stated
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Regulation of Inflammation and Oxidative Stress by Formyl Peptide Receptors in Cardiovascular Disease Progression. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11030243. [PMID: 33804219 PMCID: PMC7998928 DOI: 10.3390/life11030243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the most important regulators of cardiac function and are commonly targeted for medical therapeutics. Formyl-Peptide Receptors (FPRs) are members of the GPCR superfamily and play an emerging role in cardiovascular pathologies. FPRs can modulate oxidative stress through nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase-dependent reactive oxygen species (ROS) production whose dysregulation has been observed in different cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, many studies are focused on identifying molecular mechanisms of the regulation of ROS production. FPR1, FPR2 and FPR3 belong to the FPRs family and their stimulation triggers phosphorylation of intracellular signaling molecules and nonsignaling proteins that are required for NADPH oxidase activation. Some FPR agonists trigger inflammatory processes, while other ligands activate proresolving or anti-inflammatory pathways, depending on the nature of the ligands. In general, bacterial and mitochondrial formylated peptides activate a proinflammatory cell response through FPR1, while Annexin A1 and Lipoxin A4 are anti-inflammatory FPR2 ligands. FPR2 can also trigger a proinflammatory pathway and the switch between FPR2-mediated pro- and anti-inflammatory cell responses depends on conformational changes of the receptor upon ligand binding. Here we describe the detrimental or beneficial effects of the main FPR agonists and their potential role as new therapeutic and diagnostic targets in the progression of cardiovascular diseases.
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Bode K, Bujupi F, Link C, Hein T, Zimmermann S, Peiris D, Jaquet V, Lepenies B, Weyd H, Krammer PH. Dectin-1 Binding to Annexins on Apoptotic Cells Induces Peripheral Immune Tolerance via NADPH Oxidase-2. Cell Rep 2020; 29:4435-4446.e9. [PMID: 31875551 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.11.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Uptake of apoptotic cells (ACs) by dendritic cells (DCs) and induction of a tolerogenic DC phenotype is an important mechanism for establishing peripheral tolerance to self-antigens. The receptors involved and underlying signaling pathways are not fully understood. Here, we identify Dectin-1 as a crucial tolerogenic receptor binding with nanomolar affinity to the core domain of several annexins (annexin A1, A5, and A13) exposed on ACs. Annexins bind to Dectin-1 on a site distinct from the interaction site of pathogen-derived β-glucans. Subsequent tolerogenic signaling induces selective phosphorylation of spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK), causing activation of NADPH oxidase-2 and moderate production of reactive oxygen species. Thus, mice deficient for Dectin-1 develop autoimmune pathologies (autoantibodies and splenomegaly) and generate stronger immune responses (cytotoxic T cells) against ACs. Our data describe an important immunological checkpoint system and provide a link between immunosuppressive signals of ACs and maintenance of peripheral immune tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Bode
- Division of Immunogenetics, Research Program Immunology and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Faculty of Biosciences, Ruprecht Karls University Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Fatmire Bujupi
- Division of Immunogenetics, Research Program Immunology and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Faculty of Biosciences, Ruprecht Karls University Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Corinna Link
- Division of Immunogenetics, Research Program Immunology and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Faculty of Biosciences, Ruprecht Karls University Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tobias Hein
- Division of Immunogenetics, Research Program Immunology and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Faculty of Biosciences, Ruprecht Karls University Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stephanie Zimmermann
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany; Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Free University Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Diluka Peiris
- Attana AB, Greta Arwidssons v. 21, 11419 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vincent Jaquet
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Bernd Lepenies
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany; Immunology Unit and Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Heiko Weyd
- Division of Immunogenetics, Research Program Immunology and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Peter H Krammer
- Division of Immunogenetics, Research Program Immunology and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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18
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Link C, Bujupi F, Krammer PH, Weyd H. Annexin-coated particles induce antigen-specific immunosuppression. Autoimmunity 2020; 53:86-94. [PMID: 31933381 DOI: 10.1080/08916934.2019.1710134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Apoptotic cells mediate the development of tolerogenic dendritic cells (DC) and thus facilitate induction and maintenance of peripheral tolerance. Following the identification of the evolutionary conserved annexin core domain (Anx) as a specific signal on apoptotic cells which antagonises Toll-like receptor (TLR) signalling, we examined whether the tolerogenic capacity of Anx can be exploited to downregulate antigen-specific immune responses. The treatment of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDC) with particles harbouring Anx as well as the model antigen ovalbumin (OVA) attenuated the response of OVA-specific OT-II T cells. The co-culture of Anx-particle-treated DC and T cells resulted in an anergy-like phenotype characterized by reduced proliferation and cytokine secretion. Here we demonstrate that the anti-inflammatory effects of Anx which are mediated through DC can be used as a tool to generate a particle-based antigen delivery system that promotes antigen-specific immunosuppression. Such Anx-particles may be a new therapeutic approach for the treatment of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinna Link
- Division of Immunogenetics, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.,Faculty of Biosciences, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Fatmire Bujupi
- Division of Immunogenetics, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.,Faculty of Biosciences, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter H Krammer
- Division of Immunogenetics, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Heiko Weyd
- Division of Immunogenetics, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
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19
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Baracco EE, Petrazzuolo A, Kroemer G. Assessment of annexin A1 release during immunogenic cell death. Methods Enzymol 2019; 629:71-79. [PMID: 31727257 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2019.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The protein annexin A1 (ANXA1) belongs to the danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) that alert the innate immune system about tissue perturbations. In the context of immunogenic cell death (ICD), ANXA1 is released from the cytoplasm of dying cells and, once extracellular, acts on formyl peptide receptor 1 (FPR1) expressed on dendritic cells to favor long-term interactions between dying and dendritic cells. As a result, the accumulation of extracellular ANXA1 constitutes one of the hallmarks of ICD. In the past, the detection of ANXA1 was based on semiquantitative immunoblots. More recently, a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has been developed to measure ANXA1 in an accurate fashion. Here, we detail the protocol to measure the concentration of ANXA1 in the supernatants of cancer cells treated with chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Elena Baracco
- Equipe labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Université Paris Descartes, Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Diderot, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMR1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.
| | - Adriana Petrazzuolo
- Equipe labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Université Paris Descartes, Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Diderot, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMR1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Equipe labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Université Paris Descartes, Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Diderot, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMR1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France; Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France; Suzhou Institute for Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Suzhou, China; Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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20
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Cardin LT, Prates J, da Cunha BR, Tajara EH, Oliani SM, Rodrigues-Lisoni FC. Annexin A1 peptide and endothelial cell-conditioned medium modulate cervical tumorigenesis. FEBS Open Bio 2019; 9:668-681. [PMID: 30984541 PMCID: PMC6443877 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer death in women worldwide, and its tumorigenesis can be influenced by the microenvironment. The anti-inflammatory protein annexin A1 (ANXA1) has been reported to be associated with cancer progression and metastasis, suggesting that it plays a role in regulating tumour cell proliferation. Here, we examined the effect of the N-terminal peptide Ac2-26 of ANXA1 on the HaCaT cell line (normal) and HeLa cell line (cervical cancer) co-cultured with endothelium cell-conditioned medium (HMC). Treatment with Ac2-26 decreased proliferation and increased motility of cervical cancer cells, but did not affect cellular morphology or viability. Combined HMC stimulus and Ac2-26 treatment resulted in an increase in apoptotic HeLa cells, upregulated expression of MMP2, and downregulated expression of COX2,EP3 and EP4. In conclusion, Ac2-26 treatment may modulate cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying cervical carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laila Toniol Cardin
- Institute of Bioscience, Humanities and Exact Science São Paulo State University (Unesp) São José do Rio Preto Brazil
| | - Janesly Prates
- Institute of Bioscience, Humanities and Exact Science São Paulo State University (Unesp) São José do Rio Preto Brazil
| | - Bianca Rodrigues da Cunha
- Department of Molecular Biology School of Medicine of São José do Rio Preto São José do Rio Preto Brazil
| | - Eloiza Helena Tajara
- Department of Molecular Biology School of Medicine of São José do Rio Preto São José do Rio Preto Brazil
| | - Sonia Maria Oliani
- Institute of Bioscience, Humanities and Exact Science São Paulo State University (Unesp) São José do Rio Preto Brazil
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21
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Sugimoto MA, Vago JP, Perretti M, Teixeira MM. Mediators of the Resolution of the Inflammatory Response. Trends Immunol 2019; 40:212-227. [DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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22
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Raabe CA, Gröper J, Rescher U. Biased perspectives on formyl peptide receptors. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2019; 1866:305-316. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2018.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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23
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Popa SJ, Stewart SE, Moreau K. Unconventional secretion of annexins and galectins. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 83:42-50. [PMID: 29501720 PMCID: PMC6565930 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells have a highly evolved system of protein secretion, and dysfunction in this pathway is associated with many diseases including cancer, infection, metabolic disease and neurological disorders. Most proteins are secreted using the conventional endoplasmic reticulum (ER)/Golgi network and as such, this pathway is well-characterised. However, several cytosolic proteins have now been documented as secreted by unconventional transport pathways. This review focuses on two of these proteins families: annexins and galectins. The extracellular functions of these proteins are well documented, as are associations of their perturbed secretion with several diseases. However, the mechanisms and regulation of their secretion remain poorly characterised, and are discussed in this review. This review is part of a Special Issues of SCDB on 'unconventional protein secretion' edited by Walter Nickel and Catherine Rabouille.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie J Popa
- University of Cambridge, Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Sarah E Stewart
- University of Cambridge, Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Kevin Moreau
- University of Cambridge, Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.
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24
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Sheikh MH, Solito E. Annexin A1: Uncovering the Many Talents of an Old Protein. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1045. [PMID: 29614751 PMCID: PMC5979524 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19041045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Annexin A1 (ANXA1) has long been classed as an anti-inflammatory protein due to its control over leukocyte-mediated immune responses. However, it is now recognized that ANXA1 has widespread effects beyond the immune system with implications in maintaining the homeostatic environment within the entire body due to its ability to affect cellular signalling, hormonal secretion, foetal development, the aging process and development of disease. In this review, we aim to provide a global overview of the role of ANXA1 covering aspects of peripheral and central inflammation, immune repair and endocrine control with focus on the prognostic, diagnostic and therapeutic potential of the molecule in cancer, neurodegeneration and inflammatory-based disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeeha H Sheikh
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.
| | - Egle Solito
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.
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25
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Liao WI, Wu SY, Wu GC, Pao HP, Tang SE, Huang KL, Chu SJ. Ac2-26, an Annexin A1 Peptide, Attenuates Ischemia-Reperfusion-Induced Acute Lung Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18081771. [PMID: 28809781 PMCID: PMC5578160 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18081771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Annexin A1 (AnxA1) is an endogenous protein that modulates anti-inflammatory processes, and its therapeutic potential has been reported in a range of inflammatory diseases. The effect of AnxA1 on ischemia-reperfusion (IR)-induced lung injury has not been examined. In this study, isolated, perfused rat lungs were subjected to IR lung injury induced by ischemia for 40 min, followed by reperfusion for 60 min. The rat lungs were randomly treated with vehicle (phosphate-buffered saline), and Ac2-26 (an active N-terminal peptide of AnxA1) with or without an N-formyl peptide receptor (FPR) antagonist N-Boc-Phe-Leu-Phe-Leu-Phe (Boc2). An in vitro study of the effects of Ac2-26 on human alveolar epithelial cells subjected to hypoxia-reoxygenation was also investigated. Administration of Ac2-26 in IR lung injury produced a significant attenuation of lung edema, pro-inflammatory cytokine production recovered in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, oxidative stress, apoptosis, neutrophil infiltration, and lung tissue injury. Ac2-26 also decreased AnxA1 protein expression, inhibited the activation of nuclear factor-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways in the injured lung tissue. Finally, treatment with Boc2 abolished the protective action of Ac2-26. The results indicated that Ac2-26 had a protective effect against acute lung injury induced by IR, which may be via the activation of the FPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-I Liao
- The Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan.
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan.
| | - Shu-Yu Wu
- Institute of Aerospace and Undersea Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan.
| | - Geng-Chin Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Taoyuan Armed Forces General Hospital, Taoyuan 325, Taiwan.
| | - Hsin-Ping Pao
- The Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan.
| | - Shih-En Tang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan.
| | - Kun-Lun Huang
- Institute of Aerospace and Undersea Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan.
| | - Shi-Jye Chu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan.
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Weyd H. More than just innate affairs - on the role of annexins in adaptive immunity. Biol Chem 2017; 397:1017-29. [PMID: 27467753 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2016-0191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In more than 30 years of research annexins have been demonstrated to regulate immune responses. The prototype member of this family, annexin (Anx) A1, has been widely recognized as an anti-inflammatory mediator affecting migration and cellular responses of various cell types of the innate immune system. Evidently, effects on innate immune cells also impact on the course of adaptive immune responses. Innate immune cells provide a distinct cytokine milieu during initiation of adaptive immunity which regulates the development of T cell responses. Moreover, innate immune cells such as monocytes can differentiate into dendritic cells and take an active part in T cell stimulation. Accumulating evidence shows a direct role for annexins in adaptive immunity. Anx A1, the annexin protein studied in most detail, has been shown to influence antigen presentation as well as T cells directly. Moreover, immune modulatory roles have been described for several other annexins such as Anx A2, Anx A4, Anx A5 and Anx A13. This review will focus on the involvement of Anx A1 and other annexins in central aspects of adaptive immunity, such as recruitment and activation of antigen presenting cells, T cell differentiation and the anti-inflammatory removal of apoptotic cells.
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Tu Y, Johnstone CN, Stewart AG. Annexin A1 influences in breast cancer: Controversies on contributions to tumour, host and immunoediting processes. Pharmacol Res 2017; 119:278-288. [PMID: 28212890 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Annexin A1 is a multifunctional protein characterised by its actions in modulating the innate and adaptive immune response. Accumulating evidence of altered annexin A1 expression in many human tumours raises interest in its functional role in cancer biology. In breast cancer, altered annexin A1 expression levels suggest a potential influence on tumorigenic and metastatic processes. However, reports of conflicting results reveal a relationship that is much more complex than first conceptualised. In this review, we explore the diverse actions of annexin A1 on breast tumour cells and various host cell types, including stromal immune and structural cells, particularly in the context of cancer immunoediting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Tu
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Cameron N Johnstone
- Cancer & Inflammation Laboratory, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, Australia
| | - Alastair G Stewart
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia.
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de Jong R, Leoni G, Drechsler M, Soehnlein O. The advantageous role of annexin A1 in cardiovascular disease. Cell Adh Migr 2016; 11:261-274. [PMID: 27860536 DOI: 10.1080/19336918.2016.1259059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The inflammatory response protects the human body against infection and injury. However, uncontrolled and unresolved inflammation can lead to tissue damage and chronic inflammatory diseases. Therefore, active resolution of inflammation is essential to restore tissue homeostasis. This review focuses on the pro-resolving molecule annexin A1 (ANXA1) and its derived peptides. Mechanisms instructed by ANXA1 are multidisciplinary and affect leukocytes as well as endothelial cells and tissue resident cells like macrophages and mast cells. ANXA1 has an outstanding role in limiting leukocyte recruitment and different aspects of ANXA1 as modulator of the leukocyte adhesion cascade are discussed here. Additionally, this review details the therapeutic relevance of ANXA1 and its derived peptides in cardiovascular diseases since atherosclerosis stands out as a chronic inflammatory disease with impaired resolution and continuous leukocyte recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renske de Jong
- a Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention , Ludwig-Maximilians University , Munich , Germany.,b Department of Pathology , Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam University , Amsterdam , the Netherlands
| | - Giovanna Leoni
- a Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention , Ludwig-Maximilians University , Munich , Germany.,b Department of Pathology , Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam University , Amsterdam , the Netherlands
| | - Maik Drechsler
- a Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention , Ludwig-Maximilians University , Munich , Germany.,b Department of Pathology , Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam University , Amsterdam , the Netherlands.,c DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance , Munich , Germany
| | - Oliver Soehnlein
- a Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention , Ludwig-Maximilians University , Munich , Germany.,b Department of Pathology , Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam University , Amsterdam , the Netherlands.,c DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance , Munich , Germany
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29
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Milone MR, Pucci B, Bifulco K, Iannelli F, Lombardi R, Ciardiello C, Bruzzese F, Carriero MV, Budillon A. Proteomic analysis of zoledronic-acid resistant prostate cancer cells unveils novel pathways characterizing an invasive phenotype. Oncotarget 2016; 6:5324-41. [PMID: 25481874 PMCID: PMC4467152 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteomic analysis identified differentially expressed proteins between zoledronic acid-resistant and aggressive DU145R80 prostate cancer (PCa) cells and their parental DU145 cells. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) showed a strong relationship between the identified proteins within a network associated with cancer and with homogeneous cellular functions prevalently related with regulation of cell organization, movement and consistent with the smaller and reduced cell-cell contact morphology of DU145R80 cells. The identified proteins correlated in publically available human PCa genomic data with increased tumor expression and aggressiveness. DU145R80 exhibit also a clear increase of alpha-v-(αv) integrin, and of urokinase receptor (uPAR), both included within the same network of the identified proteins. Interestingly, the actin-rich structures localized at the cell periphery of DU145R80 cells are rich of Filamin A, one of the identified proteins and uPAR which, in turn, co-localizes with αv-integrin, in podosomes and/or invadopodia. Notably, the invasive feature of DU145R80 may be prevented by blocking anti-αv antibody. Overall, we unveil a signaling network that physically links the interior of the nucleus via the cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix and that could dictate PCa aggressiveness suggesting novel potential prognostic markers and therapeutic targets for PCa patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rita Milone
- Centro Ricerche Oncologiche Mercogliano, Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fondazione G. Pascale - IRCCS, Naples, Italy
| | - Biagio Pucci
- Centro Ricerche Oncologiche Mercogliano, Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fondazione G. Pascale - IRCCS, Naples, Italy
| | - Katia Bifulco
- Neoplastic Progression Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fondazione G. Pascale - IRCCS, Naples, Italy
| | - Federica Iannelli
- Centro Ricerche Oncologiche Mercogliano, Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fondazione G. Pascale - IRCCS, Naples, Italy
| | - Rita Lombardi
- Centro Ricerche Oncologiche Mercogliano, Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fondazione G. Pascale - IRCCS, Naples, Italy
| | - Chiara Ciardiello
- Experimental Pharmacology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fondazione G. Pascale - IRCCS, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Bruzzese
- Experimental Pharmacology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fondazione G. Pascale - IRCCS, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Vincenza Carriero
- Neoplastic Progression Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fondazione G. Pascale - IRCCS, Naples, Italy
| | - Alfredo Budillon
- Centro Ricerche Oncologiche Mercogliano, Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fondazione G. Pascale - IRCCS, Naples, Italy.,Experimental Pharmacology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fondazione G. Pascale - IRCCS, Naples, Italy
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Prates J, Franco-Salla GB, Dinarte Dos Santos AR, da Silva WA, da Cunha BR, Tajara EH, Oliani SM, Rodrigues-Lisoni FC. ANXA1Ac₂₋₂₆ peptide reduces ID1 expression in cervical carcinoma cultures. Gene 2015; 570:248-54. [PMID: 26072160 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cervical cancer is the second most frequent cancer in women worldwide and is associated with genetic alterations, infection with human papilloma virus (HPV), angiogenesis and inflammatory processes. The idea that inflammation is involved in tumorigenesis is supported by the frequent appearance of cancer in areas of chronic inflammation. On the other hand, the inflammatory response is controlled by the action of anti-inflammatory mediators, among these mediators, annexin A1 (ANXA1), a 37 kDa protein was detected as a modulator of inflammatory processes and is expressed by tumor cells. The study was carried out on the epithelial cancer cell line (SiHa) treated with the peptide of annexin A1 (ANXA1Ac2-26). We combined subtraction hybridization approach, Ingenuity Systems software and quantitative PCR, in order to evaluate gene expression influenced by ANXA1. We observed that ANXA1Ac2-26 inhibited proliferation in SiHa cells after 72h. In these cells, 55 genes exhibited changes in expression levels in response to peptide treatment. Six genes were selected and the expression results of 5 up-regulated genes (TPT1, LDHA, NCOA3, HIF1A, RAB13) and one down-regulated gene (ID1) were research by real time quantitative PCR. Four more genes (BMP4, BMPR1B, SMAD1 and SMAD4) of the ID1 pathway were investigated and only one (BMPR1B) shows the same down regulation. The data indicate the involvement of ANXA1Ac2-26 in the altered expression of genes involved in tumorigenic processes, which could potentially be applied as a therapeutic indicator of cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janesly Prates
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Letters and Science - IBILCE/UNESP, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Bueno Franco-Salla
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Letters and Science - IBILCE/UNESP, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Anemari Ramos Dinarte Dos Santos
- Department of Clinical Medical, Foundation Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo - FCFRP/USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Wilson Araújo da Silva
- Department of Clinical Medical, Foundation Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo - FCFRP/USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Bianca Rodrigues da Cunha
- Department of Molecular, Biology Faculty of Medicine of São José do Rio Preto - FAMERP, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Eloiza Helena Tajara
- Department of Molecular, Biology Faculty of Medicine of São José do Rio Preto - FAMERP, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Sonia Maria Oliani
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Letters and Science - IBILCE/UNESP, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
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Kusters DHM, Chatrou ML, Willems BAG, De Saint-Hubert M, Bauwens M, van der Vorst E, Bena S, Biessen EAL, Perretti M, Schurgers LJ, Reutelingsperger CPM. Pharmacological Treatment with Annexin A1 Reduces Atherosclerotic Plaque Burden in LDLR-/- Mice on Western Type Diet. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130484. [PMID: 26090792 PMCID: PMC4475013 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate therapeutic effects of annexin A1 (anxA1) on atherogenesis in LDLR-/- mice. Methods Human recombinant annexin A1 (hr-anxA1) was produced by a prokaryotic expression system, purified and analysed on phosphatidylserine (PS) binding and formyl peptide receptor (FPR) activation. Biodistribution of 99mTechnetium-hr-anxA1 was determined in C57Bl/6J mice. 12 Weeks old LDLR-/- mice were fed a Western Type Diet (WTD) during 6 weeks (Group I) or 12 weeks (Group P). Mice received hr-anxA1 (1 mg/kg) or vehicle by intraperitoneal injection 3 times per week for a period of 6 weeks starting at start of WTD (Group I) or 6 weeks after start of WTD (Group P). Total aortic plaque burden and phenotype were analyzed using immunohistochemistry. Results Hr-anxA1 bound PS in Ca2+-dependent manner and activated FPR2/ALX. It inhibited rolling and adherence of neutrophils but not monocytes on activated endothelial cells. Half lives of circulating 99mTc-hr-anxA1 were <10 minutes and approximately 6 hours for intravenously (IV) and intraperitoneally (IP) administered hr-anxA1, respectively. Pharmacological treatment with hr-anxA1 had no significant effect on initiation of plaque formation (-33%; P = 0.21)(Group I) but significantly attenuated progression of existing plaques of aortic arch and subclavian artery (plaque size -50%, P = 0.005; necrotic core size -76% P = 0.015, hr-anxA1 vs vehicle) (Group P). Conclusion Hr-anxA1 may offer pharmacological means to treat chronic atherogenesis by reducing FPR-2 dependent neutrophil rolling and adhesion to activated endothelial cells and by reducing total plaque inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis H. M. Kusters
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Martijn L. Chatrou
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Brecht A. G. Willems
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- VitaK BV, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Marijke De Saint-Hubert
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Matthias Bauwens
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Emiel van der Vorst
- Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Stefania Bena
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Erik A. L. Biessen
- Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Mauro Perretti
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Leon J. Schurgers
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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32
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Trentin PG, Ferreira TPT, Arantes ACS, Ciambarella BT, Cordeiro RSB, Flower RJ, Perretti M, Martins MA, Silva PMR. Annexin A1 mimetic peptide controls the inflammatory and fibrotic effects of silica particles in mice. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:3058-71. [PMID: 25659822 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Endogenous glucocorticoids are pro-resolving mediators, an example of which is the endogenous glucocorticoid-regulated protein annexin A1 (ANXA1). Because silicosis is an occupational lung disease characterized by unabated inflammation and fibrosis, in this study we tested the therapeutic properties of the N-terminal ANXA1-derived peptide annexin 1-(2-26) (Ac2-26) on experimental silicosis. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Swiss-Webster mice were administered silica particles intranasally and were subsequently treated with intranasal peptide Ac2-26 (200 μg per mouse) or dexamethasone (25 μg per mouse) for 7 days, starting 6 h post-challenge. Ac2-26 abolished the leukocyte infiltration, collagen deposition, granuloma formation and generation of pro-inflammatory cytokines evoked by silica; these variables were only partially inhibited by dexamethasone. KEY RESULTS A clear exacerbation of the silica-induced pathological changes was observed in ANXA1 knockout mice as compared with their wild-type (WT) littermate controls. Incubation of lung fibroblasts from WT mice with Ac2-26 in vitro reduced IL-13 or TGF-β-induced production of CCL2 (MCP-1) and collagen, but this peptide did not affect the production of CCL2 (MCP-1) by stimulated fibroblasts from formyl peptide receptor type 1 (FPR1) knockout mice. Ac2-26 also inhibited the production of CCL2 (MCP-1) from fibroblasts of FPR2 knockout mice. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Collectively, our findings reveal novel protective properties of the ANXA1 derived peptide Ac2-26 on the inflammatory and fibrotic responses induced by silica, and suggest that ANXA1 mimetic agents might be a promising strategy as innovative anti-fibrotic approaches for the treatment of silicosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P G Trentin
- Laboratory of Inflammation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - T P T Ferreira
- Laboratory of Inflammation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - A C S Arantes
- Laboratory of Inflammation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - B T Ciambarella
- Laboratory of Inflammation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - R S B Cordeiro
- Laboratory of Inflammation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - R J Flower
- Department of Biochemical Pharmacology, The William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - M Perretti
- Department of Biochemical Pharmacology, The William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - M A Martins
- Laboratory of Inflammation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - P M R Silva
- Laboratory of Inflammation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Vanessa KHQ, Julia MG, Wenwei L, Michelle ALT, Zarina ZRS, Lina LHK, Sylvie A. Absence of Annexin A1 impairs host adaptive immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in vivo. Immunobiology 2014; 220:614-23. [PMID: 25533809 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The role of Annexin A1 (ANXA1) in counter-regulating the activities of innate immune cells, such as the migration of neutrophils and monocytes, and the generation of pro-inflammatory mediators in various models of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases is well documented. However, while ANXA1 has been proposed as an important mediator of the adaptive immune response, its involvement in this respect has been less studied. Furthermore, while there have been numerous studies on the role of ANXA1 in inflammatory diseases, less has been reported on its influence in immunity against infection. A recent study reported a link between ANXA1 and tuberculosis, and proposed a model in which Mycobacterium tuberculosis exerts its virulence by manipulating the ANXA1-mediated host apoptotic response. This has prompted us to further investigate the role of ANXA1 in the pathogenesis of tuberculosis in vivo. Here, we show that ANXA1(-/-) mice are more susceptible to M. tuberculosis infection, as evidenced by a transient increase in the pulmonary bacterial burden, and exacerbated and disorganized granulomatous inflammation. These pathological manifestations correlated with an impaired ability of ANXA1(-/-) dendritic cells to activate naïve T cells, thereby supporting a role for ANXA1 in shaping the adaptive immunity against M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koh Hui Qi Vanessa
- Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Immunology Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Martínez Gómez Julia
- Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Immunology Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lin Wenwei
- Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Immunology Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ang Lay Teng Michelle
- Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Immunology Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zainul Rahim Siti Zarina
- Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Immunology Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lim Hsiu Kim Lina
- Immunology Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Alonso Sylvie
- Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Immunology Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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Qin C, Yang YH, May L, Gao X, Stewart AG, Tu Y, Woodman OL, Ritchie RH. Cardioprotective potential of annexin-A1 mimetics in myocardial infarction. Pharmacol Ther 2014; 148:47-65. [PMID: 25460034 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) and its resultant heart failure remains a major cause of death in the world. The current treatments for patients with MI are revascularization with thrombolytic agents or interventional procedures. These treatments have focused on restoring blood flow to the ischemic tissue to prevent tissue necrosis and preserve organ function. The restoration of blood flow after a period of ischemia, however, may elicit further myocardial damage, called reperfusion injury. Pharmacological interventions, such as antioxidant and Ca(2+) channel blockers, have shown premises in experimental settings; however, clinical studies have shown limited success. Thus, there is a need for the development of novel therapies to treat reperfusion injury. The therapeutic potential of glucocorticoid-regulated anti-inflammatory mediator annexin-A1 (ANX-A1) has recently been recognized in a range of systemic inflammatory disorders. ANX-A1 binds to and activates the family of formyl peptide receptors (G protein-coupled receptor family) to inhibit neutrophil activation, migration and infiltration. Until recently, studies on the cardioprotective actions of ANX-A1 and its peptide mimetics (Ac2-26, CGEN-855A) have largely focused on its anti-inflammatory effects as a mechanism of preserving myocardial viability following I-R injury. Our laboratory provided the first evidence of the direct protective action of ANX-A1 on myocardium, independent of inflammatory cells in vitro. We now review the potential for ANX-A1 based therapeutics to be seen as a "triple shield" therapy against myocardial I-R injury, limiting neutrophil infiltration and preserving both cardiomyocyte viability and contractile function. This novel therapy may thus represent a valuable clinical approach to improve outcome after MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengxue Qin
- Baker IDI Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yuan H Yang
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases Monash University and Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lauren May
- Department of Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Xiaoming Gao
- Baker IDI Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alastair G Stewart
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yan Tu
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Owen L Woodman
- School of Medical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora 3083, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rebecca H Ritchie
- Baker IDI Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
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Hoque M, Rentero C, Cairns R, Tebar F, Enrich C, Grewal T. Annexins — Scaffolds modulating PKC localization and signaling. Cell Signal 2014; 26:1213-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2014.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Qin C, Buxton KD, Pepe S, Cao AH, Venardos K, Love JE, Kaye DM, Yang YH, Morand EF, Ritchie RH. Reperfusion-induced myocardial dysfunction is prevented by endogenous annexin-A1 and its N-terminal-derived peptide Ac-ANX-A1(2-26). Br J Pharmacol 2014; 168:238-52. [PMID: 22924634 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.02176.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2011] [Revised: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Annexin-A1 (ANX-A1) is an endogenous, glucocorticoid-regulated anti-inflammatory protein. The N-terminal-derived peptide Ac-ANX-A1(2-26) preserves cardiomyocyte viability, but the impact of ANX-A1-peptides on cardiac contractility is unknown. We now test the hypothesis that ANX-A1 preserves post-ischaemic recovery of left ventricular (LV) function. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Ac-ANX-A1(2-26) was administered on reperfusion, to adult rat cardiomyocytes as well as hearts isolated from rats, wild-type mice and mice deficient in endogenous ANX-A1 (ANX-A1(-/-)). Myocardial viability and recovery of LV function were determined. KEY RESULTS Ischaemia-reperfusion markedly impaired both cardiomyocyte viability and recovery of LV function by 60%. Treatment with exogenous Ac-ANX-A1(2-26) at the onset of reperfusion prevented cardiomyocyte injury and significantly improved recovery of LV function, in both intact rat and wild-type mouse hearts. Ac-ANX-A1(2-26) cardioprotection was abolished by either formyl peptide receptor (FPR)-nonselective or FPR1-selective antagonists, Boc2 and cyclosporin H, but was relatively insensitive to the FPR2-selective antagonist QuinC7. ANX-A1-induced cardioprotection was associated with increased phosphorylation of the cell survival kinase Akt. ANX-A1(-/-) exaggerated impairment of post-ischaemic recovery of LV function, in addition to selective LV FPR1 down-regulation. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These data represent the first evidence that ANX-A1 affects myocardial function. Our findings suggest ANX-A1 is an endogenous regulator of post-ischaemic recovery of LV function. Furthermore, the ANX-A1-derived peptide Ac-ANX-A1(2-26) on reperfusion rescues LV function, probably via activation of FPR1. ANX-A1-based therapies may thus represent a novel clinical approach for the prevention and treatment of myocardial reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengxue Qin
- Baker IDI Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
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Teixeira RAP, Mimura KKO, Araujo LP, Greco KV, Oliani SM. The essential role of annexin A1 mimetic peptide in the skin allograft survival. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2013; 10:E44-53. [PMID: 23897745 DOI: 10.1002/term.1773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Revised: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Immunosuppressive drugs have a critical role in inhibiting tissue damage and allograft rejection. Studies have demonstrated the anti-inflammatory effects of the annexin A1 (AnxA1) in the regulation of transmigration and apoptosis of leucocytes. In the present study, an experimental skin allograft model was used to evaluate a potential protective effect of AnxA1 in transplantation survival. Mice were used for the skin allograft model and pharmacological treatments were carried out using either the AnxA1 mimetic peptide Ac2-26, with or without cyclosporine A (CsA), starting 3 days before surgery until rejection. Graft survival, skin histopathology, leucocyte transmigration and expression of AnxA1 and AnxA5 post-transplantation were analysed. Pharmacological treatment with Ac2-26 increased skin allograft survival related with inhibition of neutrophil transmigration and induction of apoptosis, thereby reducing the tissue damage compared with control animals. Moreover, AnxA1 and AnxA5 expression increased after Ac2-26 treatment in neutrophils. Interestingly, the combination of Ac2-26 and cyclosporine A showed similar survival of transplants when compared with the cyclosporine A group, which could be attributed to a synergistic effect of both drugs. Investigations in vitro revealed that cyclosporine A inhibited extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation induced by Ac2-26 in neutrophils. Overall, the results suggest that AnxA1 has an essential role in augmenting the survival of skin allograft, mainly owing to inhibition of neutrophil transmigration and enhancement of apoptosis. This effect may lead to the development of new therapeutic approaches relevant to transplant rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Leandro Pires Araujo
- Post-Graduation in Structural and Functional Biology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Karin Vicente Greco
- Department of Surgical Research, Northwick Park Institute for Medical Research - University College London, London, UK
| | - Sonia Maria Oliani
- Post-Graduation in Structural and Functional Biology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Biology, Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas (IBILCE), São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
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Dalli J, Consalvo AP, Ray V, Di Filippo C, D'Amico M, Mehta N, Perretti M. Proresolving and tissue-protective actions of annexin A1-based cleavage-resistant peptides are mediated by formyl peptide receptor 2/lipoxin A4 receptor. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:6478-87. [PMID: 23686496 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1203000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Endogenous mechanisms regulating the host response during inflammation resolution are critical in ensuring disposal of noxious stimuli and return to homeostasis. In this article, we engineered novel Annexin A1 (AnxA1)-based peptides, AnxA1(2-50), that displayed specific binding to the AnxA1 receptor (formyl peptide receptor 2/Lipoxin A4 receptor [FPR2/ALX]; IC50 ∼4 nM). Intravenous administration of AnxA1(2-50) markedly reduced (>60%) leukocyte adhesion to postcapillary venules in wild type and Fpr1(-/-), but not Fpr2/Alx(-/-), mice. Generation of a metabolically stable form of this peptide (CR-AnxA1(2-50)), engineered by substituting a cleavage site shared by human proteinase 3 and neutrophil elastase, yielded an agonist that was resistant to neutrophil-mediated cleavage and displayed enhanced proresolving actions: accelerated resolution of self-limited inflammation and enhanced macrophage efferocytosis after sterile injury, when compared with AnxA1(2-50). These actions were retained with human primary leukocytes where CR-AnxA1(2-50) decreased neutrophil-endothelial interactions (∼25-45%), and stimulated neutrophil apoptosis and macrophage efferocytosis (∼45%). In murine cardiac ischemia/reperfusion injury, CR-AnxA1(2-50) elicited tissue-protective actions reducing infarct size (∼60%) and incidence of 24-h death. These results identify AnxA1(2-50) and CR-AnxA1(2-50) as FPR2/ALX agonists that harness the proresolving actions of AnxA1, and thus may represent therapeutic tools for treatment of inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesmond Dalli
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
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Girol AP, Mimura KKO, Drewes CC, Bolonheis SM, Solito E, Farsky SHP, Gil CD, Oliani SM. Anti-inflammatory mechanisms of the annexin A1 protein and its mimetic peptide Ac2-26 in models of ocular inflammation in vivo and in vitro. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:5689-701. [PMID: 23645879 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Annexin A1 (AnxA1) is a protein that displays potent anti-inflammatory properties, but its expression in eye tissue and its role in ocular inflammatory diseases have not been well studied. We investigated the mechanism of action and potential uses of AnxA1 and its mimetic peptide (Ac2-26) in the endotoxin-induced uveitis (EIU) rodent model and in human ARPE-19 cells activated by LPS. In rats, analysis of untreated EIU after 24 and 48 h or EIU treated with topical applications or with a single s.c. injection of Ac2-26 revealed the anti-inflammatory actions of Ac2-26 on leukocyte infiltration and on the release of inflammatory mediators; the systemic administration of Boc2, a formylated peptide receptor (fpr) antagonist, abrogated the peptide's protective effects. Moreover, AnxA1(-/-) mice exhibited exacerbated EIU compared with wild-type animals. Immunohistochemical studies of ocular tissue showed a specific AnxA1 posttranslational modification in EIU and indicated that the fpr2 receptor mediated the anti-inflammatory actions of AnxA1. In vitro studies confirmed the roles of AnxA1 and fpr2 and the protective effects of Ac2-26 on the release of chemical mediators in ARPE-19 cells. Molecular analysis of NF-κB translocation and IL-6, IL-8, and cyclooxygenase-2 gene expression indicated that the protective effects of AnxA1 occur independently of the NF-κB signaling pathway and possibly in a posttranscriptional manner. Together, our data highlight the role of AnxA1 in ocular inflammation, especially uveitis, and suggest the use of AnxA1 or its mimetic peptide Ac2-26 as a therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana P Girol
- Department of Biology, Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas, São Paulo State University, São José do Rio Preto 15054-000, Brazil
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Development and in vivo efficacy of targeted polymeric inflammation-resolving nanoparticles. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:6506-11. [PMID: 23533277 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1303377110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Excessive inflammation and failed resolution of the inflammatory response are underlying components of numerous conditions such as arthritis, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. Hence, therapeutics that dampen inflammation and enhance resolution are of considerable interest. In this study, we demonstrate the proresolving activity of sub-100-nm nanoparticles (NPs) containing the anti-inflammatory peptide Ac2-26, an annexin A1/lipocortin 1-mimetic peptide. These NPs were engineered using biodegradable diblock poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)-b-polyethyleneglycol and poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)-b-polyethyleneglycol collagen IV-targeted polymers. Using a self-limited zymosan-induced peritonitis model, we show that the Ac2-26 NPs (100 ng per mouse) were significantly more potent than Ac2-26 native peptide at limiting recruitment of polymononuclear neutrophils (56% vs. 30%) and at decreasing the resolution interval up to 4 h. Moreover, systemic administration of collagen IV targeted Ac2-26 NPs (in as low as 1 µg peptide per mouse) was shown to significantly block tissue damage in hind-limb ischemia-reperfusion injury by up to 30% in comparison with controls. Together, these findings demonstrate that Ac2-26 NPs are proresolving in vivo and raise the prospect of their use in chronic inflammatory diseases such as atherosclerosis.
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D'Acquisto F, Piras G, Rattazzi L. Pro-inflammatory and pathogenic properties of Annexin-A1: the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 85:1213-8. [PMID: 23435354 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
According to Aristotle, "The whole is greater than the sum of its parts" and yet, although a long time has passed still, we seem to struggle to accept this universal concept. Searching in the literature for the biological function of Annexin-A1, one would find a wealth of information on its homeostatic and protective anti-inflammatory effects. However, very little has been said on its emerging role in a wide variety of pathological conditions ranging from cancer to autoimmunity. In this commentary, we will focus our attention on this novel pro-inflammatory and pathogenic "dark side" of Annexin-A1. We will summarize our current understanding of the signaling pathways regulated by this protein and link it to clinical and experimental evidences. Finally we will discuss assets and limitations of Annexin-A1 therapeutic strategies. Most importantly, we hope that this commentary will provide scientific support to "controversial" findings one might encounter while studying this fascinating protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulvio D'Acquisto
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
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Gavins FNE, Hickey MJ. Annexin A1 and the regulation of innate and adaptive immunity. Front Immunol 2012; 3:354. [PMID: 23230437 PMCID: PMC3515881 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is the body’s way of defending itself against noxious stimuli and pathogens. Under normal circumstances, the body is able to eliminate the insult and subsequently promote the resolution of inflammation and the repair of damaged tissues. The concept of homeostasis is one that not only requires a fine balance between both pro-inflammatory mediators and pro-resolving/anti-inflammatory mediators, but also that this balance occurs in a time and space-specific manner. This review examines annexin A1, an anti-inflammatory protein that, when used as an exogenous therapeutic, has been shown to be very effective in limiting inflammation in a diverse range of experimental models, including myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury, arthritis, stroke, multiple sclerosis, and sepsis. Notably, this glucocorticoid-inducible protein, along with another anti-inflammatory mediator, lipoxin A4, is starting to help explain and shape our understanding of the resolution phase of inflammation. In so doing, these molecules are carving the way for innovative drug discovery, based on the stimulation of endogenous pro-resolving pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicity N E Gavins
- Centre for Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration, Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London London, UK
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Bizzarro V, Fontanella B, Carratù A, Belvedere R, Marfella R, Parente L, Petrella A. Annexin A1 N-terminal derived peptide Ac2-26 stimulates fibroblast migration in high glucose conditions. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45639. [PMID: 23029153 PMCID: PMC3448638 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Deficient wound healing in diabetic patients is very frequent, but the cellular and molecular causes are poorly defined. In this study, we have evaluated whether Annexin A1 derived peptide Ac2-26 stimulates fibroblast migration in high glucose conditions. Using normal human skin fibroblasts WS1 in low glucose (LG) or high glucose (HG) we observed the enrichment of Annexin A1 protein at cell movement structures like lamellipodial extrusions and interestingly, a significant decrease in levels of the protein in HG conditions. The analysis of the translocation of Annexin A1 to cell membrane showed lower levels of Annexin A1 in both membrane pool and supernatants of WS1 cells treated with HG. Wound-healing assays using cell line transfected with Annexin A1 siRNAs indicated a slowing down in migration speed of cells suggesting that Annexin A1 has a role in the migration of WS1 cells. In order to analyze the role of extracellular Annexin A1 in cell migration, we have performed wound-healing assays using Ac2-26 showing that peptide was able to increase fibroblast cell migration in HG conditions. Experiments on the mobilization of intracellular calcium and analysis of p-ERK expression confirmed the activity of the FPR1 following stimulation with the peptide Ac2-26. A wound-healing assay on WS1 cells in the presence of the FPR agonist fMLP, of the FPR antagonist CsH and in the presence of Ac2-26 indicated that Annexin A1 influences fibroblast cell migration under HG conditions acting through FPR receptors whose expression was slightly increased in HG. In conclusion, these data demonstrate that (i) Annexin A1 is involved in migration of WS1 cells, through interaction with FPRs; (ii) N- terminal peptide of Annexin A1 Ac2-26 is able to stimulate direct migration of WS1 cells in high glucose treatment possibly due to the increased receptor expression observed in hyperglycemia conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Bizzarro
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | | | - Anna Carratù
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Raffaella Belvedere
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Raffaele Marfella
- Department of Geriatrics and Metabolic Diseases, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Luca Parente
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Antonello Petrella
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Woloszynek JC, Hu Y, Pham CTN. Cathepsin G-regulated release of formyl peptide receptor agonists modulate neutrophil effector functions. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:34101-9. [PMID: 22879591 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.394452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil serine proteases play an important role in inflammation by modulating neutrophil effector functions. We have previously shown that neutrophils deficient in the serine proteases cathepsin G and neutrophil elastase (CG/NE neutrophils) exhibit severe defects in chemokine CXCL2 release and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production when activated on immobilized immune complex. Exogenously added active CG rescues these defects, but the mechanism remains undefined. Using a protease-based proteomic approach, we found that, in vitro, the addition of exogenous CG to immune complex-stimulated CG/NE neutrophils led to a decrease in the level of cell-associated annexin A1 (AnxA1) and cathelin-related antimicrobial peptide (CRAMP), both known inflammatory mediators. We further confirmed that, in vivo, CG was required for the extracellular release of AnxA1 and CRAMP in a subcutaneous air pouch model. In vitro, CG efficiently cleaved AnxA1, releasing the active N-terminal peptide Ac2-26, and processed CRAMP in limited fashion. Ac2-26 and CRAMP peptides enhanced the release of CXCL2 by CG/NE neutrophils in a dose-dependent manner via formyl peptide receptor (FPR) stimulation. Blockade of FPRs by an antagonist, Boc2 (t-Boc-Phe-d-Leu-Phe-d-Leu-Phe), abrogates CXCL2 release, whereas addition of FPR agonists, fMLF and F2L, relieves Boc2 inhibition. Furthermore, the addition of active CG, but not inactive CG, also relieves Boc2 inhibition. These findings suggest that CG modulates neutrophil effector functions partly by controlling the release (and proteolysis) of FPR agonists. Unexpectedly, we found that mature CRAMP, but not Ac2-26, induced ROS production through an FPR-independent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josh C Woloszynek
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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Bizzarro V, Petrella A, Parente L. Annexin A1: novel roles in skeletal muscle biology. J Cell Physiol 2012; 227:3007-15. [PMID: 22213240 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Annexin A1 (ANXA1, lipocortin-1) is the first characterized member of the annexin superfamily of proteins, so called since their main property is to bind (i.e., to annex) to cellular membranes in a Ca(2+) -dependent manner. ANXA1 has been involved in a broad range of molecular and cellular processes, including anti-inflammatory signalling, kinase activities in signal transduction, maintenance of cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix integrity, tissue growth, apoptosis, and differentiation. New insights show that endogenous ANXA1 positively modulates myoblast cell differentiation by promoting migration of satellite cells and, consequently, skeletal muscle differentiation. This suggests that ANXA1 may contribute to the regeneration of skeletal muscle tissue and may have therapeutic implications with respect to the development of ANXA1 mimetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Bizzarro
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
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Neutrophil infiltration of the colon is independent of the FPR1 yet FPR1 deficient mice show differential susceptibilities to acute versus chronic induced colitis. Dig Dis Sci 2012; 57:1802-12. [PMID: 22383080 PMCID: PMC3383957 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-012-2082-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The receptor for formylated peptides, formyl peptide receptor 1 (FPR1), potently activates and serves as a chemoattractant receptor for neutrophils. AIM Given the abundance of neutrophils in the inflamed colon, our aim was to determine if the FPR1 mediates colonic neutrophil migration, using the dextran sodium sulfate (DDS)-induced model of colitis. METHODS Formyl peptide receptor 1 gene-deficient mice were administered DDS in drinking water for a single 5-day period (acute) or in two 5-day periods separated by 16 days (chronic). At the end of the treatment their colons were excised, measured, and prepared for histological evaluation. RESULTS FPR1(-/-) mice experienced less severe acute colonic pathology than C57BL/6 (wildtype) mice. The opposite was observed following the second colitis cycle, with FPR1(-/-) mice developing worse pathology than wildtype mice. Both strains had similar numbers of infiltrating neutrophils in ulcerated areas of the colon after a single DSS cycle, but FPR1(-/-) mice had significantly more neutrophils in the ulcerated mucosa after two cycles. There was no difference in the capacity of neutrophils from each strain to migrate to chemoattractants. Since the FPR1(-/-) mice had larger ulcers compared to the wildtype mice, we propose that the FPR1(-/-) mice failed to recover at the same rate as wildtype mice. This apparent difference in restitution could not be attributed to observable differences in annexin A1. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that neutrophil migration into the inflamed mouse colon does not depend on FPR1 but that FPR1 contributes in other pathological mechanisms that are harmful during acute inflammation but protective during chronic inflammation.
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Araujo LP, Truzzi RR, Mendes GEF, Luz MAM, Burdmann EA, Oliani SM. Annexin A1 protein attenuates cyclosporine-induced renal hemodynamics changes and macrophage infiltration in rats. Inflamm Res 2011; 61:189-96. [PMID: 22101490 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-011-0400-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2011] [Revised: 10/30/2011] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cyclosporine (CsA) remains an important immunosuppressant for transplantation and for treatment of autoimmune diseases. The most troublesome side effect of CsA is renal injury. Acute CsA-induced nephrotoxicity is characterized by reduced renal blood flow (RBF) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) due to afferent arteriole vasoconstriction. Annexin A1 (ANXA1) is a potent anti-inflammatory protein with protective effect in renal ischemia/reperfusion injury. Here we study the effects of ANXA1 treatment in an experimental model of acute CsA nephrotoxicity. METHODS Salt-depleted rats were randomized to treatment with VH (vehicles 1 mL/kg body weight/day), ANXA1 (Ac2-26 peptide 1 mg/kg body weight/day intraperitoneally), CsA (20 mg/kg body weight/day subcutaneously) and CsA + ANXA1 (combination) for seven days. We compared renal function and hemodynamics, renal histopathology, renal tissue macrophage infiltration and renal ANXA1 expression between the four groups. RESULTS CsA significantly impaired GFR and RBF, caused tubular dilation and macrophage infiltration and increased ANXA1 renal tissue expression. Treatment with ANXA1 attenuated CSA-induced hemodynamic changes, tubular injury and macrophage infiltration. CONCLUSION ANXA1 treatment attenuated renal hemodynamic injury and inflammation in an acute CsA nephrotoxicity model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Pires Araujo
- Post-Graduation Program in Morphology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Pei L, Zhang J, Zhao F, Su T, Wei H, Tian J, Li M, Shi J. Annexin 1 exerts anti-nociceptive effects after peripheral inflammatory pain through formyl-peptide-receptor-like 1 in rat dorsal root ganglion. Br J Anaesth 2011; 107:948-58. [PMID: 21990306 DOI: 10.1093/bja/aer299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Annexin 1 (ANXA1) has analgesic effects in inflammatory pain. We aimed to investigate the anti-nociceptive role of ANXA1, at the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) level, through an interaction with formyl-peptide-receptor-like 1 (FPR2/ALX). METHODS Inflammatory pain was evoked by injecting complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA, 50 μl) into the hindpaw of male Sprague-Dawley rats. The distribution of ANXA1 and FPR2/ALX in L4/5 DRGs was evaluated by immunofluorescence. The expression of ANXA1 was measured by western blot. The involvement of FPR2/ALX in the anti-nociception of ANXA1 was investigated by thermal (irradiant heat) and mechanical (von Frey filament) pain tests with intrathecal (i.t.) ANXA1-derived peptide (Anxa1(2-26)), FPR2/ALX agonist 5(S)-6(R)-7-trihydroxyheptanoic-acid-methyl-ester (BML-111), and antagonist N-t-Boc-Phe-Leu-Phe-Leu-Phe (Boc1). RESULTS ANXA1 and FPR2/ALX localized in the satellite glial cells and neurones in L4/5 DRGs. CFA treatment (n=20) increased ANXA1 expression in L4/5 DRGs within 7 days (P<0.01). I.T. Anxa1(2-26) (20 and 100 µg µl(-1)) and BML-111 (10 and 100 nmol) reduced CFA-induced thermal and mechanical nociception within 48 h (n=40) (P<0.05). However, i.t. Boc1 10 µg intensified inflammatory pain (P<0.05) and reversed the anti-nociceptive effect of Anxa1(2-26) (n=25) (P<0.05). Moreover, ANXA1 expression increased in L4/5 DRGs after i.t. Anxa1(2-26) (20 µg µl(-1)) (P<0.05) and BML-111 (10 nmol) (P<0.01) but decreased after i.t. Boc1 (10 and 100 µg) alone (P<0.01) or Boc1 (10 µg) co-injection with Anxa1(2-26) (20 µg µl(-1)) (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Endogenous ANXA1 expression at the DRG level is involved in CFA-induced inflammatory pain, and i.t. ANXA1 20 µg µl(-1) produces its anti-nociceptive effect through FPR2/ALX.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Pei
- Department of Neurobiology and Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases of Hubei Province, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, PR China
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Wang B, Gong X, Wan JY, Zhang L, Zhang Z, Li HZ, Min S. Resolvin D1 protects mice from LPS-induced acute lung injury. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2011; 24:434-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2011.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2010] [Revised: 03/27/2011] [Accepted: 04/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Yang Y, Liu Y, Yao X, Ping Y, Jiang T, Liu Q, Xu S, Huang J, Mou H, Gong W, Chen K, Bian X, Wang JM, Ming Wang J. Annexin 1 released by necrotic human glioblastoma cells stimulates tumor cell growth through the formyl peptide receptor 1. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 179:1504-12. [PMID: 21782780 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.05.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2010] [Revised: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Highly malignant human gliomas overexpress the G-protein-coupled chemoattractant receptor formyl peptide receptor (FPR1), which promotes tumor progression when activated. Our previous studies demonstrated that necrotic glioblastoma cells release chemotactic agonist(s) that activate FPR1 on viable tumor cells. In the present study, we identified an FPR1 agonist released by necrotic human glioblastoma cells. Necrotic tumor cell supernatant (NecSup) contained Annexin 1 (Anx A1), a chemotatic polypeptide agonist for FPR1. Immunoabsorption of Anx A1 with a specific antibody markedly reduced the chemotactic activity of NecSup for tumor cells and diminished its capacity to promote tumor cell growth, invasion, and colony formation on soft agar. In addition, Anx A1 was present in tumor xenografts formed by human glioblastoma cells in nude mice. Anx A1 knockdown significantly reduced the tumorigenicity of glioblastoma cells in nude mice, but FPR1/Anx A1 double knockdown diminished tumor growth even further. The clinical relevance of Anx A1 in gliomas was supported by the observation that Anx A1 was more highly expressed in poorly differentiated human primary gliomas compared with lower grade tumors. Our study implicates Anx A1 as a major component in necrotic tumor cell-derived stimulants of the growth of glioblastoma via the activation of FPR1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yang
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland; College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
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