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Sousa AM, Ferreira D, Rodrigues LR, Pereira MO. Aptamer-based therapy for fighting biofilm-associated infections. J Control Release 2024; 367:522-539. [PMID: 38295992 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.01.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Biofilms are key players in the pathogenesis of most of chronic infections associated with host tissue or fluids and indwelling medical devices. These chronic infections are hard to be treated due to the increased biofilms tolerance towards antibiotics in comparison to planktonic (or free living) cells. Despite the advanced understanding of their formation and physiology, biofilms continue to be a challenge and there is no standardized therapeutic approach in clinical practice to eradicate them. Aptamers offer distinctive properties, including excellent affinity, selectivity, stability, making them valuable tools for therapeutic purposes. This review explores the flexibility and designability of aptamers as antibiofilm drugs but, importantly, as targeting tools for diverse drug and delivery systems. It highlights specific examples of application of aptamers in biofilms of diverse species according to different modes of action including inhibition of motility and adhesion, blocking of quorum sensing molecules, and dispersal of biofilm-cells to planktonic state. Moreover, it discusses the limitations and challenges that impaired an increased success of the use of aptamers on biofilm management, as well as the opportunities related to aptamers modifications that can significantly expand their applicability on the biofilm field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Margarida Sousa
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; LABBELS - Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal.
| | - Débora Ferreira
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; LABBELS - Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Lígia Raquel Rodrigues
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; LABBELS - Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Maria Olívia Pereira
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; LABBELS - Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal.
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2
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Rybalkina EY, Moiseeva NI. Role of YB-1 Protein in Inflammation. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2022; 87:S94-S202. [PMID: 35501989 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297922140085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This review discusses the role of the multifunctional DNA/RNA-binding protein YB-1 in inflammation. YB-1 performs multiple functions in the cell depending on its location: it acts as transcriptional factor for many genes in the nucleus, regulates translation and stability of mRNA in the cytoplasm, and becomes a paracrine factor when secreted from the cells. The review presents the data on the YB-1-mediated regulation of inflammation-associated genes, as well as results of studies on the YB-1 role in animal model of various inflammatory diseases, such as glomerulonephritis, tubulointerstitial fibrosis, and bacterial sepsis, and on the YB-1 expression in different human diseases associated with inflammatory processes in kidney, liver, and endometrium. The last section of the review presents several approaches to the regulation of YB-1 with small molecules in the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Yu Rybalkina
- Blokhin National Research Center of Oncology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 115478, Russia
| | - Natalia I Moiseeva
- Blokhin National Research Center of Oncology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 115478, Russia.
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3
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Liu T, Yang M, Xia Y, Jiang C, Li C, Jiang Z, Wang X. Microarray-based analysis of renal complement components reveals a therapeutic target for lupus nephritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2021; 23:223. [PMID: 34433493 PMCID: PMC8385907 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-021-02605-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Screening abnormal pathways and complement components in the kidneys of patients with lupus nephritis (LN) and NZB/W mice may help to identify complement-related therapeutic targets for LN. Methods KEGG and GO enrichment assays were used to analyze kidney microarray data of LN patients and NZB/W mice. Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence assays were used to measure renal expression of complement-related proteins and TGFβ1. Cytokines were measured using RT-qPCR and ELISA. Results We screened the renal pathogenic pathways present in LN patients and NZB/W mice and selected the complement activation pathway for further study. The results indicated greater renal expression of C1qa, C1qb, C3, C3aR1, and C5aR1 at the mRNA and protein levels. C3 appeared to be a key factor in LN and the renal signaling downstream of C1 was inhibited. There were significant correlations between the expression of TGFβ1 and C3. Analysis of primary cell cultures indicated that TGFβ1 promoted the expression of C3 and that a TGFβ1 antagonist decreased the levels of C3 and C3aR. TGFβ1 inhibition significantly inhibited the deposition of complement-related factors in the kidneys of NZB/W mice. Conclusions At the onset of LN, there are significant increases in the renal levels of C3 and other complement pathway-related factors in patients with LN and NZB/W mice. C3 may lead to albuminuria and participate in the pathogenesis of LN. TGFβ1 promotes C3 synthesis, and TGFβ1 inhibition may block the progression of LN by inhibiting the synthesis of C3 and other complement components. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13075-021-02605-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Mingyue Yang
- Department of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Ying Xia
- Department of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Chuan Jiang
- Department of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Chenxu Li
- Department of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Zhenyu Jiang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
| | - Xiaosong Wang
- Department of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
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4
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Ding X, Ren Y, He X. IFN-I Mediates Lupus Nephritis From the Beginning to Renal Fibrosis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:676082. [PMID: 33959133 PMCID: PMC8093624 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.676082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lupus nephritis (LN) is a common complication of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and a major risk factor for morbidity and mortality. The abundant cell-free nucleic (DNA/RNA) in SLE patients, especially dsDNA, is a key substance in the pathogenesis of SLE and LN. The deposition of DNA/RNA-immune complexes (DNA/RNA-ICs) in the glomerulus causes a series of inflammatory reactions that lead to resident renal cell disturbance and eventually renal fibrosis. Cell-free DNA/RNA is the most effective inducer of type I interferons (IFN-I). Resident renal cells (rather than infiltrating immune cells) are the main source of IFN-I in the kidney. IFN-I in turn damages resident renal cells. Not only are resident renal cells victims, but also participants in this immunity war. However, the mechanism for generation of IFN-I in resident renal cells and the pathological mechanism of IFN-I promoting renal fibrosis have not been fully elucidated. This paper reviews the latest epidemiology of LN and its development process, discusses the mechanism for generation of IFN-I in resident renal cells and the role of IFN-I in the pathogenesis of LN, and may open a new perspective for the treatment of LN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuewei Ding
- Institute of Pediatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Laboratory of Pediatric Nephrology, Institute of Pediatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yi Ren
- Institute of Pediatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Laboratory of Pediatric Nephrology, Institute of Pediatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Pediatric Internal Medicine Department, Haikou Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Haikou, China
| | - Xiaojie He
- Institute of Pediatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Laboratory of Pediatric Nephrology, Institute of Pediatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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5
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Kumar Kulabhusan P, Hussain B, Yüce M. Current Perspectives on Aptamers as Diagnostic Tools and Therapeutic Agents. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E646. [PMID: 32659966 PMCID: PMC7407196 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12070646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aptamers are synthetic single-stranded DNA or RNA sequences selected from combinatorial oligonucleotide libraries through the well-known in vitro selection and iteration process, SELEX. The last three decades have witnessed a sudden boom in aptamer research, owing to their unique characteristics, like high specificity and binding affinity, low immunogenicity and toxicity, and ease in synthesis with negligible batch-to-batch variation. Aptamers can specifically bind to the targets ranging from small molecules to complex structures, making them suitable for a myriad of diagnostic and therapeutic applications. In analytical scenarios, aptamers are used as molecular probes instead of antibodies. They have the potential in the detection of biomarkers, microorganisms, viral agents, environmental pollutants, or pathogens. For therapeutic purposes, aptamers can be further engineered with chemical stabilization and modification techniques, thus expanding their serum half-life and shelf life. A vast number of antagonistic aptamers or aptamer-based conjugates have been discovered so far through the in vitro selection procedure. However, the aptamers face several challenges for its successful clinical translation, and only particular aptamers have reached the marketplace so far. Aptamer research is still in a growing stage, and a deeper understanding of nucleic acid chemistry, target interaction, tissue distribution, and pharmacokinetics is required. In this review, we discussed aptamers in the current diagnostics and theranostics applications, while addressing the challenges associated with them. The report also sheds light on the implementation of aptamer conjugates for diagnostic purposes and, finally, the therapeutic aptamers under clinical investigation, challenges therein, and their future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Babar Hussain
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Central Punjab, Lahore 54000, Pakistan;
| | - Meral Yüce
- SUNUM Nanotechnology Research and Application Centre, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
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6
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Thevendran R, Sarah S, Tang TH, Citartan M. Strategies to bioengineer aptamer-driven nanovehicles as exceptional molecular tools for targeted therapeutics: A review. J Control Release 2020; 323:530-548. [PMID: 32380206 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.04.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Aptamers are a class of folded nucleic acid strands capable of binding to different target molecules with high affinity and selectivity. Over the years, they have gained a substantial amount of interest as promising molecular tools for numerous medical applications, particularly in targeted therapeutics. However, only the different treatment approaches and current developments of aptamer-drug therapies have been discussed so far, ignoring the crucial technical and functional aspects of constructing a therapeutically effective aptamer-driven drug delivery system that translates to improved in-vivo performance. Hence, this paper provides a comprehensive review of the strategies used to improve the therapeutic performance of aptamer-guided delivery systems. We focus on the different functional features such as drug deployment, payload capacity, in-vivo stability and targeting efficiency to further our knowledge in enhancing the cell-specific delivery of aptamer-drug conjugates. Each reported strategy is critically discussed to emphasize both the benefits provided in comparison with other similar techniques and to outline their potential drawbacks with respect to the molecular properties of the aptamers, the drug and the system to be designed. The molecular architecture and design considerations for an efficient aptamer-based delivery system are also briefly elaborated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Thevendran
- Advanced Medical & Dental Institute (AMDI), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bertam, 13200, Kepala Batas, Penang, Malaysia.
| | - Shigdar Sarah
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Thean-Hock Tang
- Advanced Medical & Dental Institute (AMDI), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bertam, 13200, Kepala Batas, Penang, Malaysia.
| | - Marimuthu Citartan
- Advanced Medical & Dental Institute (AMDI), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bertam, 13200, Kepala Batas, Penang, Malaysia.
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7
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Buhl EM, Djudjaj S, Klinkhammer BM, Ermert K, Puelles VG, Lindenmeyer MT, Cohen CD, He C, Borkham‐Kamphorst E, Weiskirchen R, Denecke B, Trairatphisan P, Saez‐Rodriguez J, Huber TB, Olson LE, Floege J, Boor P. Dysregulated mesenchymal PDGFR-β drives kidney fibrosis. EMBO Mol Med 2020; 12:e11021. [PMID: 31943786 PMCID: PMC7059015 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201911021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Kidney fibrosis is characterized by expansion and activation of platelet-derived growth factor receptor-β (PDGFR-β)-positive mesenchymal cells. To study the consequences of PDGFR-β activation, we developed a model of primary renal fibrosis using transgenic mice with PDGFR-β activation specifically in renal mesenchymal cells, driving their pathological proliferation and phenotypic switch toward myofibroblasts. This resulted in progressive mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis, mesangial sclerosis, and interstitial fibrosis with progressive anemia due to loss of erythropoietin production by fibroblasts. Fibrosis induced secondary tubular epithelial injury at later stages, coinciding with microinflammation, and aggravated the progression of hypertensive and obstructive nephropathy. Inhibition of PDGFR activation reversed fibrosis more effectively in the tubulointerstitium compared to glomeruli. Gene expression signatures in mice with PDGFR-β activation resembled those found in patients. In conclusion, PDGFR-β activation alone is sufficient to induce progressive renal fibrosis and failure, mimicking key aspects of chronic kidney disease in humans. Our data provide direct proof that fibrosis per se can drive chronic organ damage and establish a model of primary fibrosis allowing specific studies targeting fibrosis progression and regression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva M Buhl
- Institute of PathologyRWTH University of AachenAachenGermany
- Division of NephrologyRWTH University of AachenAachenGermany
- Electron Microscopy FacilityRWTH University of AachenAachenGermany
| | - Sonja Djudjaj
- Institute of PathologyRWTH University of AachenAachenGermany
| | | | - Katja Ermert
- Institute of PathologyRWTH University of AachenAachenGermany
| | - Victor G Puelles
- Division of NephrologyRWTH University of AachenAachenGermany
- III. Department of MedicineUniversity Medical Center Hamburg‐EppendorfHamburgGermany
- Department of NephrologyMonash Health, and Center for Inflammatory DiseasesMonash UniversityMelbourneVic.Australia
| | - Maja T Lindenmeyer
- III. Department of MedicineUniversity Medical Center Hamburg‐EppendorfHamburgGermany
| | - Clemens D Cohen
- Nephrological CenterMedical Clinic and Policlinic IVUniversity of MunichMunichGermany
| | - Chaoyong He
- Cardiovascular Biology ProgramOklahoma Medical Research FoundationOklahoma CityOKUSA
- State Key Laboratory of Natural MedicinesDepartment of PharmacologyChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Erawan Borkham‐Kamphorst
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical ChemistryRWTH University of AachenAachenGermany
| | - Ralf Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical ChemistryRWTH University of AachenAachenGermany
| | - Bernd Denecke
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF)RWTH University of AachenAachenGermany
| | - Panuwat Trairatphisan
- Faculty of MedicineInstitute for Computational BiomedicineHeidelberg University, and Heidelberg University HospitalHeidelbergGermany
| | - Julio Saez‐Rodriguez
- Faculty of MedicineInstitute for Computational BiomedicineHeidelberg University, and Heidelberg University HospitalHeidelbergGermany
| | - Tobias B Huber
- III. Department of MedicineUniversity Medical Center Hamburg‐EppendorfHamburgGermany
| | - Lorin E Olson
- Cardiovascular Biology ProgramOklahoma Medical Research FoundationOklahoma CityOKUSA
| | - Jürgen Floege
- Division of NephrologyRWTH University of AachenAachenGermany
| | - Peter Boor
- Institute of PathologyRWTH University of AachenAachenGermany
- Division of NephrologyRWTH University of AachenAachenGermany
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8
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Grigorieva IV, Oszwald A, Grigorieva EF, Schachner H, Neudert B, Ostendorf T, Floege J, Lindenmeyer MT, Cohen CD, Panzer U, Aigner C, Schmidt A, Grosveld F, Thakker RV, Rees AJ, Kain R. A Novel Role for GATA3 in Mesangial Cells in Glomerular Development and Injury. J Am Soc Nephrol 2019; 30:1641-1658. [PMID: 31405951 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2018111143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND GATA3 is a dual-zinc finger transcription factor that regulates gene expression in many developing tissues. In the kidney, GATA3 is essential for ureteric bud branching, and mice without it fail to develop kidneys. In humans, autosomal dominant GATA3 mutations can cause renal aplasia as part of the hypoparathyroidism, renal dysplasia, deafness (HDR) syndrome that includes mesangioproliferative GN. This suggests that GATA3 may have a previously unrecognized role in glomerular development or injury. METHODS To determine GATA3's role in glomerular development or injury, we assessed GATA3 expression in developing and mature kidneys from Gata3 heterozygous (+/-) knockout mice, as well as injured human and rodent kidneys. RESULTS We show that GATA3 is expressed by FOXD1 lineage stromal progenitor cells, and a subset of these cells mature into mesangial cells (MCs) that continue to express GATA3 in adult kidneys. In mice, we uncover that GATA3 is essential for normal glomerular development, and mice with haploinsufficiency of Gata3 have too few MC precursors and glomerular abnormalities. Expression of GATA3 is maintained in MCs of adult kidneys and is markedly increased in rodent models of mesangioproliferative GN and in IgA nephropathy, suggesting that GATA3 plays a critical role in the maintenance of glomerular homeostasis. CONCLUSIONS These results provide new insights on the role GATA3 plays in MC development and response to injury. It also shows that GATA3 may be a novel and robust nuclear marker for identifying MCs in tissue sections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Tammo Ostendorf
- Division of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Floege
- Division of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Maja T Lindenmeyer
- Nephrological Center, Medical Clinic and Policlinic IV, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Clemens D Cohen
- Nephrological Center, Medical Clinic and Policlinic IV, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ulf Panzer
- III. Medical Clinic, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christof Aigner
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine III, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alice Schmidt
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine III, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Frank Grosveld
- Department of Cell Biology, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; and
| | - Rajesh V Thakker
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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9
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Abstract
Introduction: PEGylation is a well-established technology for improving the therapeutic value of drugs by attaching polyethylene glycol (PEG). The first PEGylated enzyme products appeared on the market in the early 1990s; currently, more than 18 PEGylated products have been approved by Food and Drug Administration, which encompass various classes of drug molecules, such as enzymes, interferons, granulocyte colony-stimulating factors, hormones, antibody fragments, coagulation factors, oligonucleotide aptamers, synthetic peptides, and small organic molecules. Areas covered: While PEGylated products mainly comprise biologic drugs, such as recombinant proteins and enzymes, non-biologic drugs have recently emerged as a target for PEGylation. This review focuses on the recent development of PEGylated non-biologic drugs, such as small organic molecules, synthetic peptides, and aptamers. Expert opinion: Several PEGylated versions of anti-cancer drugs, opioid agonists, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, and oligonucleotide aptamers are in active development stage, and it is likely that they will have a dramatic impact on the market. Although some safety concerns about PEG in clinical trials have been recently issued, PEGylation is still a commercially attractive proposition as a half-life extension technology for long-acting drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Ji Park
- a College of Pharmacy , Chung-Ang University , Seoul , Republic of Korea.,b D&D Pharmatech , Seongnam , Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyoung Choi
- a College of Pharmacy , Chung-Ang University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Kang Choon Lee
- b D&D Pharmatech , Seongnam , Republic of Korea.,c College of Pharmacy , SungKyunKwan University , Suwon , Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hee Na
- a College of Pharmacy , Chung-Ang University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
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10
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Guo X, Dong C, Liu Q, Zhu X, Zuo S, Zhang H. The sustained and targeted treatment of hemangiomas by propranolol-loaded CD133 aptamers conjugated liposomes-in-microspheres. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 114:108823. [PMID: 30965238 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.108823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously developed propranolol-encapsulated liposomes-in-microspheres (PLIM) to realize the sustained propranolol release for the treatment of hemangiomas. However, the liposomes released from the microspheres still lacked specificity for CD133-positive hemangioma-derived stem cells (HemSCs) which are considered to be the seeds of hemangiomas. Therefore, we hereby encapsulated propranolol-loaded CD133 aptamers conjugated liposomes in poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) microspheres to develop propranolol-loaded CD133 aptamers conjugated liposomes-in-microspheres (PCLIM), to realize the aim of the sustained and targeted therapy of hemangiomas. The evaluation of the release of propranolol from PCLIM was carried out, and the cytotoxic effect and angiogenic growth factor expression inhibitory ability of PCLIM were performed in HemSCs. The in vivo hemangioma inhibitory ability of PCLIM was also investigated in nude mice with subcutaneous human hemangiomas. PCLIM possessed a desired size of 29.2 μm, drug encapsulation efficiency (25.3%), and a prolonged drug release for 40 days. Importantly, PCLIM could inhibit HemSCs proliferation and the protein expression of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF) in HemSCs to a greater extent compared with PLIM. In nude mice bearing hemangioma xenograft, PCLIM showed the best therapeutic efficacy towards hemangiomas, as reflected by remarkably decreased hemangioma volume, weight and microvessel density (MVD). Thus, our results demonstrated that PCLIM realized the sustained and targeted treatment of hemangiomas, resulting in remarkable inhibition of hemangiomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Guo
- Department of Hemangioma & Vascular Malformation, The People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 7 Weiwu Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou 450003, China.
| | - Changxian Dong
- Department of Hemangioma & Vascular Malformation, The People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 7 Weiwu Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou 450003, China.
| | - Qiuyu Liu
- Department of Pathology, The People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 7 Weiwu Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Xiaoshuang Zhu
- Department of Hemangioma & Vascular Malformation, The People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 7 Weiwu Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Song Zuo
- Department of Hemangioma & Vascular Malformation, The People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 7 Weiwu Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- Department of Hemangioma & Vascular Malformation, The People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 7 Weiwu Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou 450003, China
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11
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Kovacevic KD, Gilbert JC, Jilma B. Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and safety of aptamers. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2018; 134:36-50. [PMID: 30321620 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Aptamers are synthetic molecules structured as single-stranded DNA or RNA oligonucleotides that can be designed to mimic the functional properties of monoclonal antibodies. They bind to the target molecules (typically soluble or cell-bound proteins) with high affinity (with picomolar to low nanomolar range) and specificity, and therefore can be an alternative to therapeutic antibodies or peptide ligands. This paper reviews published data regarding pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and safety of aptamers from preclinical and clinical studies. Aptamers have been developed for the treatment of a variety of diseases, including cancer, macular degeneration,g cardiovascular disease, diabetes and anaemia of chronic diseases. There are several preclinical studies with unmodified aptamers, but the vast majority of aptamer trials in humans have been conducted with modified aptamers, because unmodified aptamers demonstrate metabolic instability, as well as rapid renal filtration and elimination. Various strategies have been developed to improve the pharmacokinetic profile of aptamers. Aside from chemical modification of nucleotides in order to stabilize them against nuclease degradation, the main modification to extend the half-life is pegylation. Therefore, the process of pegylation as well as its benefits and possible shortcomings will briefly be discussed.
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12
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Therapeutic aptamers in discovery, preclinical and clinical stages. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2018; 134:51-64. [PMID: 30125605 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The aptamer field witnessed steady growth during the past 28 years as evident from the exponentially increasing number of related publications. The field is "coming of age", but like other biomedical research areas facing a global push towards translational research to carry ideas from bench- to bedside, there is pressure to show impact for aptamers at the clinical end. Being easy-to-make, non-immunogenic, stable and high-affinity nano-ligands, aptamers are perfectly poised to move in this direction. They can specifically bind targets ranging from small molecules to complex multimeric structures, making them potentially useful in a limitless variety of therapeutic approaches. This review will summarize efforts made to accomplish the therapeutic promise of aptamers, with a focus on aptamers directly acting as therapeutic molecules, rather than those used in targeted delivery of other drugs. The review will showcase representative examples at various stages of development, covering different disease categories.
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13
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Kaur H, Bruno JG, Kumar A, Sharma TK. Aptamers in the Therapeutics and Diagnostics Pipelines. Theranostics 2018; 8:4016-4032. [PMID: 30128033 PMCID: PMC6096388 DOI: 10.7150/thno.25958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aptamers are short single-stranded DNA or RNA oligonucleotides that can selectively bind to small molecular ligands or protein targets with high affinity and specificity, by acquiring unique three-dimensional structures. Aptamers have the advantage of being highly specific, relatively small in size, non-immunogenic and can be easily stabilized by chemical modifications, thus allowing expansion of their diagnostic and therapeutic potential. Since the invention of aptamers in the early 1990s, great efforts have been made to make them clinically relevant for diseases like macular degeneration, cancer, thrombosis and inflammatory diseases. Furthermore, owing to the aforementioned advantages and unique adaptability of aptamers to point-of-care platforms, aptamer technology has created a stable niche in the field of in vitro diagnostics by enhancing the speed and accuracy of diagnoses. The aim of this review is to give an overview on aptamers, highlight the inherent therapeutic and diagnostic opportunities and challenges associated with them and present various aptamers that have reached therapeutic clinical trials, diagnostic markets or that have immediate translational potential for therapeutics and diagnostics applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John G. Bruno
- Operational Technologies Corporation, 4100 NW Loop 410, Suite 100, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA
| | - Amit Kumar
- Discipline of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, Indore, 453552, India
| | - Tarun Kumar Sharma
- Center for Biodesign and Diagnostics, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), Faridabad-121001, Haryana, India
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Li F, Lin Y, Lau A, Tang Y, Chen J, Le XC. Binding-Induced Molecular Amplifier as a Universal Detection Platform for Biomolecules and Biomolecular Interaction. Anal Chem 2018; 90:8651-8657. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b01985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Biotechnology, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1,Canada
| | - Yanwen Lin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Alyssa Lau
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Yanan Tang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Biotechnology, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1,Canada
| | - Junbo Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - X. Chris Le
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada
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15
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Heldin CH, Lennartsson J, Westermark B. Involvement of platelet-derived growth factor ligands and receptors in tumorigenesis. J Intern Med 2018; 283:16-44. [PMID: 28940884 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) isoforms and their receptors have important roles during embryogenesis, particularly in the development of various mesenchymal cell types in different organs. In the adult, PDGF stimulates wound healing and regulates tissue homeostasis. However, overactivity of PDGF signalling is associated with malignancies and other diseases characterized by excessive cell proliferation, such as fibrotic conditions and atherosclerosis. In certain tumours, genetic or epigenetic alterations of the genes for PDGF ligands and receptors drive tumour cell proliferation and survival. Examples include the rare skin tumour dermatofibrosarcoma protuberance, which is driven by autocrine PDGF stimulation due to translocation of a PDGF gene, and certain gastrointestinal stromal tumours and leukaemias, which are driven by constitute activation of PDGF receptors due to point mutations and formation of fusion proteins of the receptors, respectively. Moreover, PDGF stimulates cells in tumour stroma and promotes angiogenesis as well as the development of cancer-associated fibroblasts, both of which promote tumour progression. Inhibitors of PDGF signalling may thus be of clinical usefulness in the treatment of certain tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- C-H Heldin
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - J Lennartsson
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - B Westermark
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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16
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Kameda H, Suzuki M, Takeuchi T. Platelet-Derived Growth Factor as a Therapeutic Target for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases. Drug Target Insights 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/117739280700200006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hideto Kameda
- Division of Rheumatology/Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Kawagoe, Saitama, Japan
| | - Miyuki Suzuki
- Division of Rheumatology/Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Kawagoe, Saitama, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Takeuchi
- Division of Rheumatology/Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Kawagoe, Saitama, Japan
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17
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Guo X, Zhu X, Gao J, Liu D, Dong C, Jin X. PLGA nanoparticles with CD133 aptamers for targeted delivery and sustained release of propranolol to hemangioma. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2017; 12:2611-2624. [PMID: 28960167 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2017-0130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To develop propranolol-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticle with CD133 aptamers (PPN-CD133) to treat infantile hemangioma. MATERIALS & METHODS The antihemangioma activity and mechanism of PPN-CD133 were evaluated. RESULTS & CONCLUSION PPN-CD133 are of desired size (143.7 nm), drug encapsulation efficiency (51.8%) and sustained drug release for 8 days. PPN-CD133 could effectively bind to CD133+ hemangioma stem cells, resulting in enhanced cytotoxic effect and reduced expression of angiogenesis factors in hemangioma stem cells. The therapeutic effect of PPN-CD133 in hemangioma was superior to that of untargeted PPN and propranolol in vivo, as reflected by reduced hemangioma volume, weight and microvessel density. PPN-CD133 represents a very promising approach to locally and efficiently deliver propranolol leading to significant inhibition of infantile hemangioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Guo
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, 324 Jingwuweiqi Road, Ji'nan 250021, China
| | - Xiaoshuang Zhu
- Department of Hemangioma & Vascular Malformation, He'nan Provincial People's Hospital, 7 Weiwu Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Jie Gao
- Department of Pharmacy Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Dakan Liu
- Department of Hemangioma & Vascular Malformation, He'nan Provincial People's Hospital, 7 Weiwu Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Changxian Dong
- Department of Hemangioma & Vascular Malformation, He'nan Provincial People's Hospital, 7 Weiwu Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Xing Jin
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, 324 Jingwuweiqi Road, Ji'nan 250021, China
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18
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Kratschmer C, Levy M. Effect of Chemical Modifications on Aptamer Stability in Serum. Nucleic Acid Ther 2017; 27:335-344. [PMID: 28945147 DOI: 10.1089/nat.2017.0680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
There is increasing interest in the use of aptamers for the development of therapeutics. However, as oligonucleotides, aptamers are susceptible to nuclease degradation; poor serum stability is likely to negatively affect in vivo function. Modified nucleotides have been used to thwart nuclease degradation. However, few studies report the serum stability of selected aptamers. In this study, we examined the effect of various chemical modifications (2'-deoxy, 2'-hydroxyl, 2'-fluoro, and 2'-O-methyl) on the stability of a control oligonucleotide sequence following incubation in frozen human, fresh mouse, and fresh human serum. We also assessed the effect of the 3' inverted dT cap on stability. Surprisingly, we found that fYrR (2'-fluoro RNA) is only roughly as stable as DNA (2'-deoxy). Interestingly, the inclusion of a 3' inverted dT cap had only a modest effect on serum stability, if any. In one instance, the addition of a 3' inverted dT cap rendered a molecule composed of DNA more stable than its fYrR counterpart. By far, fully modified oligonucleotides (100% 2-O-Methyl or 2'-O-methyl A, C, and U in combination with 2'-fluoro G, termed fGmH) had the longest half-lives. These compositions demonstrated little degradation in human serum even after prolonged incubation. Together these results support the need for using fully modified aptamers for in vivo applications and should encourage those in the field to exploit newer polymerase variants capable of directly generating such polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Kratschmer
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine , Bronx, New York
| | - Matthew Levy
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine , Bronx, New York
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19
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Selection and characterization of DNA aptamer against glucagon receptor by cell-SELEX. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7179. [PMID: 28775305 PMCID: PMC5543139 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05840-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive secretion of glucagon, a functional insulin antagonist, significantly contributes to hyperglycemia. Glucagon exerts its physiological functions through activation of the glucagon receptor (GCGR). Inhibition of GCGR activity represents a potential therapeutic approach for reducing excess glucose production in diabetes mellitus. Aptamers are short DNA or RNA oligonucleotides evolved from systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX). Here, we have successfully selected a DNA aptamer against GCGR by cell-SELEX, which can specifically bind membrane protein of CHO-GCGR cells with a Kd of 52.7 ± 5.1 nM. Aptamer-mediated pull-down and gcgr knockdown assay verified that GCGR was the target of aptamer GR-3. Binding analysis revealed that GR-3 could recognize other cells with different affinity according to the level of GCGR protein expressed in these cells. Hepatic tissue imaging suggested that GR-3 could bind the cell membrane of hepatic tissues. With the advantages of small size, high binding affinity, good stability, lack of immunogenicity, and easy synthesis, aptamer GR-3 against GCGR can be a promising tool with the potential to attenuate hyperglycemia in diabetes mellitus.
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20
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Yuan Y, Yang M, Wang K, Sun J, Song L, Diao X, Jiang Z, Cheng G, Wang X. Excessive activation of the TLR9/TGF-β1/PDGF-B pathway in the peripheral blood of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Res Ther 2017; 19:70. [PMID: 28356164 PMCID: PMC5372299 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-017-1238-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Our aim is to study the existence of the TLR9/TGF-β1/PDGF-B pathway in healthy humans and patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and to explore its possible involvement in the pathogenesis of lupus nephritis (LN). Methods Protein levels of the cytokines were detected by ELISA. mRNA levels of the cytokines were analyzed by real-time PCR. MTT assay was used to test the proliferation of mesangial cells under different treatments. Results Compared to healthy controls (NControl = 56), levels of Toll-like receptor (TLR)9, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, and platelet-derived growth factor B (PDGF-B) were increased significantly in the peripheral blood of SLE patients (NSLE = 112). Significant correlations between the levels of TLR9, TGF-β1, and PDGF-B were observed in both healthy controls and SLE patients. The levels of TGF-β1 and PDGF-B were greatly enhanced by TLR9 activation in primary cell cultures. The proliferation of mesangial cells induced by the plasma of SLE patients was significantly higher than that induced by healthy controls; PDGF-B was involved in this process. The protein levels of PDGF-B homodimer correlated with the levels of urine protein in SLE patients with LN (NLN =38). Conclusions The TLR9/TGF-β1/PDGF-B pathway exists in humans and can be excessively activated in SLE patients. High levels of PDGF-B may result in overproliferation of mesangial cells in the kidney that are involved in the development of glomerulonephritis and LN. Further studies are necessary to identify TLR9, TGF-β1, and PDGF-B as new therapeutic targets to prevent the development of glomerulonephritis and LN. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13075-017-1238-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yuan
- Institute of Translational Medicine, the First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130061, China.,Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, the First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Mingyue Yang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, the First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130061, China
| | - Kuo Wang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, the First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130061, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Shanghai Wisdom Chemical Research Co. Ltd., Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Lili Song
- Institute of Translational Medicine, the First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130061, China
| | - Xue Diao
- Institute of Translational Medicine, the First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130061, China
| | - Zhenyu Jiang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, the First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
| | - Genhong Cheng
- Institute of Translational Medicine, the First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130061, China. .,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| | - Xiaosong Wang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, the First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130061, China.
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Abstract
Nucleic acid aptamers, often termed 'chemical antibodies', are functionally comparable to traditional antibodies, but offer several advantages, including their relatively small physical size, flexible structure, quick chemical production, versatile chemical modification, high stability and lack of immunogenicity. In addition, many aptamers are internalized upon binding to cellular receptors, making them useful targeted delivery agents for small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), microRNAs and conventional drugs. However, several crucial factors have delayed the clinical translation of therapeutic aptamers, such as their inherent physicochemical characteristics and lack of safety data. This Review discusses these challenges, highlighting recent clinical developments and technological advances that have revived the impetus for this promising class of therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiehua Zhou
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 1500 E. Duarte Rd, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - John Rossi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 1500 E. Duarte Rd, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
- Irell and Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 1500 E. Duarte Rd, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
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22
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Abe T, Miyakawa S, Nakamura Y. [Therapeutic aptamers]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2016; 147:362-7. [PMID: 27301311 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.147.362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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23
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Urak KT, Shore S, Rockey WM, Chen SJ, McCaffrey AP, Giangrande PH. In vitro RNA SELEX for the generation of chemically-optimized therapeutic RNA drugs. Methods 2016; 103:167-74. [PMID: 26972786 PMCID: PMC4921298 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aptamers are single-stranded DNA or RNA oligonucleotides that can bind with exquisitely high affinity and specificity to target molecules and are thus often referred to as 'nucleic acid' antibodies. Oligonucleotide aptamers are derived through a process of directed chemical evolution called SELEX (Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential enrichment). This chemical equivalent of Darwinian evolution was first described in 1990 by Tuerk & Gold and Ellington & Szostak and has since yielded aptamers for a wide-range of applications, including biosensor technologies, in vitro diagnostics, biomarker discovery, and therapeutics. Since the inception of the original SELEX method, numerous modifications to the protocol have been described to fit the choice of target, specific conditions or applications. Technologies such as high-throughput sequencing methods and microfluidics have also been adapted for SELEX. In this chapter, we outline key steps in the SELEX process for enabling the rapid identification of RNA aptamers for in vivo applications. Specifically, we provide a detailed protocol for the selection of chemically-optimized RNA aptamers using the original in vitro SELEX methodology. In addition, methods for performing next-generation sequencing of the RNAs from each round of selection, based on Illumina sequencing technology, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin T Urak
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
| | - Sabrina Shore
- TriLink BioTechnologies Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, United States
| | - William M Rockey
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
| | - Shi-Jie Chen
- Department of Physics, Department of Biochemistry, and Informatics Institute, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211, United States
| | | | - Paloma H Giangrande
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States.
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Prediction of aptamer-protein interacting pairs using an ensemble classifier in combination with various protein sequence attributes. BMC Bioinformatics 2016; 17:225. [PMID: 27245069 PMCID: PMC4888498 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-016-1087-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Aptamer-protein interacting pairs play a variety of physiological functions and therapeutic potentials in organisms. Rapidly and effectively predicting aptamer-protein interacting pairs is significant to design aptamers binding to certain interested proteins, which will give insight into understanding mechanisms of aptamer-protein interacting pairs and developing aptamer-based therapies. Results In this study, an ensemble method is presented to predict aptamer-protein interacting pairs with hybrid features. The features for aptamers are extracted from Pseudo K-tuple Nucleotide Composition (PseKNC) while the features for proteins incorporate Discrete Cosine Transformation (DCT), disorder information, and bi-gram Position Specific Scoring Matrix (PSSM). We investigate predictive capabilities of various feature spaces. The proposed ensemble method obtains the best performance with Youden’s Index of 0.380, using the hybrid feature space of PseKNC, DCT, bi-gram PSSM, and disorder information by 10-fold cross validation. The Relief-Incremental Feature Selection (IFS) method is adopted to obtain the optimal feature set. Based on the optimal feature set, the proposed method achieves a balanced performance with a sensitivity of 0.753 and a specificity of 0.725 on the training dataset, which indicates that this method can solve the imbalanced data problem effectively. To evaluate the prediction performance objectively, an independent testing dataset is used to evaluate the proposed method. Encouragingly, our proposed method performs better than previous study with a sensitivity of 0.738 and a Youden’s Index of 0.451. Conclusions These results suggest that the proposed method can be a potential candidate for aptamer-protein interacting pair prediction, which may contribute to finding novel aptamer-protein interacting pairs and understanding the relationship between aptamers and proteins. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12859-016-1087-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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25
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Zhu C, Sauter E, Schreiter A, van Roeyen CRC, Ostendorf T, Floege J, Gembardt F, Hugo CP, Isermann B, Lindquist JA, Mertens PR. Cold Shock Proteins Mediate GN with Mesangioproliferation. J Am Soc Nephrol 2016; 27:3678-3689. [PMID: 27151923 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2015121367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA binding protein A (DbpA) is a member of the human cold shock domain-containing protein superfamily, with known functions in cell proliferation, differentiation, and stress responses. DbpA mediates tight junction-associated activities in tubular epithelial cells, but the function of DbpA in mesangial cells is unknown. Here, we found DbpA protein expression restricted to vascular smooth muscle cells in healthy human kidney tissue but profound induction of DbpA protein expression within the glomerular mesangial compartment in mesangioproliferative nephritis. In vitro, depletion or overexpression of DbpA using lentiviral constructs led to inhibition or promotion, respectively, of mesangial cell proliferation. Because platelet-derived growth factor B (PDGF-B) signaling has a pivotal role in mesangial cell proliferation, we examined the regulatory effect of PDGF-B on DbpA. In vitro studies of human and rat mesangial cells confirmed a stimulatory effect of PDGF-B on DbpA transcript numbers and protein levels. Additional in vivo investigations showed DbpA upregulation in experimental rat anti-Thy1.1 nephritis and murine mesangioproliferative nephritis models. To interfere with PDGF-B signaling, we injected nephritic rats with PDGF-B neutralizing aptamers or the MEK/ERK inhibitor U0126. Both interventions markedly decreased DbpA protein expression. Conversely, continuous PDGF-B infusion in healthy rats induced DbpA expression predominantly within the mesangial compartment. Taken together, these results indicate that DbpA is a novel target of PDGF-B signaling and a key mediator of mesangial cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhu
- Department of Nephrology, Hypertension, Diabetes and Endocrinology and
| | - Eva Sauter
- Department of Nephrology, Hypertension, Diabetes and Endocrinology and
| | - Anja Schreiter
- Department of Nephrology, Hypertension, Diabetes and Endocrinology and
| | - Claudia R C van Roeyen
- Department of Nephrology and Immunology, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen University, Aachen, Germany; and
| | - Tammo Ostendorf
- Department of Nephrology and Immunology, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen University, Aachen, Germany; and
| | - Jürgen Floege
- Department of Nephrology and Immunology, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen University, Aachen, Germany; and
| | - Florian Gembardt
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian P Hugo
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Berend Isermann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | - Peter R Mertens
- Department of Nephrology, Hypertension, Diabetes and Endocrinology and
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26
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Maier KE, Levy M. From selection hits to clinical leads: progress in aptamer discovery. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2016; 5:16014. [PMID: 27088106 PMCID: PMC4822646 DOI: 10.1038/mtm.2016.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Aptamers were discovered more than 25 years ago, yet only one has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration to date. With some noteworthy advances in their chemical design and the enzymes we use to make them, aptamers and aptamer-based therapeutics have seen a resurgence in interest. New aptamer drugs are being approved for clinical evaluation, and it is certain that we will see increasingly more aptamers and aptamer-like drugs in the future. In this review, we will discuss the production of aptamers with an emphasis on the advances and modifications that enabled early aptamers to succeed in clinical trials as well as those that are likely to be important for future generations of these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith E Maier
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine , Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Matthew Levy
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine , Bronx, New York, USA
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27
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Molecular Selection, Modification and Development of Therapeutic Oligonucleotide Aptamers. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:358. [PMID: 26978355 PMCID: PMC4813219 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17030358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies are the dominant agents used in inhibition of biological target molecules for disease therapeutics, but there are concerns of immunogenicity, production, cost and stability. Oligonucleotide aptamers have comparable affinity and specificity to targets with monoclonal antibodies whilst they have minimal immunogenicity, high production, low cost and high stability, thus are promising inhibitors to rival antibodies for disease therapy. In this review, we will compare the detailed advantages and disadvantages of antibodies and aptamers in therapeutic applications and summarize recent progress in aptamer selection and modification approaches. We will present therapeutic oligonucleotide aptamers in preclinical studies for skeletal diseases and further discuss oligonucleotide aptamers in different stages of clinical evaluation for various disease therapies including macular degeneration, cancer, inflammation and coagulation to highlight the bright commercial future and potential challenges of therapeutic oligonucleotide aptamers.
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28
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Drolet DW, Green LS, Gold L, Janjic N. Fit for the Eye: Aptamers in Ocular Disorders. Nucleic Acid Ther 2016; 26:127-46. [PMID: 26757406 PMCID: PMC4900223 DOI: 10.1089/nat.2015.0573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
For any new class of therapeutics, there are certain types of indications that represent a natural fit. For nucleic acid ligands in general, and aptamers in particular, the eye has historically been an attractive site for therapeutic intervention. In this review, we recount the discovery and early development of three aptamers designated for use in ophthalmology, one approved (Macugen), and two in late-stage development (Fovista and Zimura). Every one of these molecules was originally intended for other indications. Key improvements in technology, specifically with regard to libraries used for in vitro selection and subsequent chemical optimization of aptamers, have played an important role in allowing the identification of development candidates with suitable properties. The lessons learned from the selection of these molecules are valuable for informing us about the many remaining opportunities for aptamer-based therapeutics in ophthalmology as well as for identifying additional indications for which aptamers as a class of therapeutics have distinct advantages.
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Yilmaz M, Lahoti A, O'Brien S, Nogueras-González GM, Burger J, Ferrajoli A, Borthakur G, Ravandi F, Pierce S, Jabbour E, Kantarjian H, Cortes JE. Estimated glomerular filtration rate changes in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Cancer 2015. [PMID: 26217876 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.29587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic use of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) may lead to previously unrecognized adverse events. This study evaluated the incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) in chronic-phase (CP) chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients treated with imatinib, dasatinib, and nilotinib. METHODS Four hundred sixty-eight newly diagnosed CP CML patients treated with TKIs were analyzed. The molecular and cytogenetic response data, creatinine, and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) were followed from the start of therapy to the last follow-up (median, 52 months). GFR was estimated with the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease equation. RESULTS Nineteen patients (4%) had TKI-associated AKI. Imatinib was associated with a higher incidence of AKI in comparison with dasatinib and nilotinib (P = .014). Fifty-eight patients (14%) developed CKD while they were receiving a TKI; 49 of these patients (84%) did so while they were being treated with imatinib (P < .001). Besides imatinib, age, a history of hypertension, and diabetes mellitus were also associated with the development of CKD. In patients with no CKD at the baseline, imatinib was shown to reduce GFR over time. Interestingly, imatinib did not cause a significant decline in the GFRs of patients with a history of CKD. Imatinib, dasatinib, and nilotinib increased the mean GFR after 3 months of treatment, and nilotinib led with the most significant increase (P < .001). AKI or CKD had no significant impact on overall cytogenetic and molecular response rates or survival. CONCLUSIONS The administration of TKIs may be safe in the setting of CKD in CP CML patients, but close monitoring is still warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Musa Yilmaz
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Amit Lahoti
- Section of Nephrology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Susan O'Brien
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Jan Burger
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Alessandra Ferrajoli
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Gautam Borthakur
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Farhad Ravandi
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Sherry Pierce
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Elias Jabbour
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Hagop Kantarjian
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jorge E Cortes
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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Kuai J, Mosyak L, Brooks J, Cain M, Carven GJ, Ogawa S, Ishino T, Tam M, Lavallie ER, Yang Z, Ponsel D, Rauchenberger R, Arch R, Pullen N. Characterization of binding mode of action of a blocking anti-platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-B monoclonal antibody, MOR8457, reveals conformational flexibility and avidity needed for PDGF-BB to bind PDGF receptor-β. Biochemistry 2015; 54:1918-29. [PMID: 25707433 DOI: 10.1021/bi5015425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Platelet derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) is an important mitogen and cell survival factor during development. PDGF-BB binds PDGF receptor-β (PDGFRβ) to trigger receptor dimerization and tyrosine kinase activation. We present the pharmacological and biophysical characterization of a blocking PDGF-BB monoclonal antibody, MOR8457, and contrast this to PDGFRβ. MOR8457 binds to PDGF-BB with high affinity and selectivity, and prevents PDGF-BB induced cell proliferation competitively and with high potency. The structural characterization of the MOR8457-PDGF-BB complex indicates that MOR8457 binds with a 2:1 stoichiometry, but that binding of a single MOR8457 moiety is sufficient to prevent binding to PDGFRβ. Comparison of the MOR8457-PDGF-BB structure with that of the PDGFRβ-PDGF-BB complex suggested the potential reason for this was a substantial bending and twisting of PDGF-BB in the MOR8457 structure, relative to the structures of PDGF-BB alone, bound to a PDGF-BB aptamer or PDGFRβ, which makes it nonpermissive for PDGFRβ binding. These biochemical and structural data offer insights into the permissive structure of PDGF-BB needed for agonism as well as strategies for developing specific PDGF ligand antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Gregory J Carven
- ‡Scholar Rock LLC, 300 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Shinji Ogawa
- §Pfizer Japan Inc., 3-22-7 Yoyogi, Shibuya, Tokyo 151-8589, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | - Dirk Ponsel
- ∥Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | | | - Robert Arch
- ¶Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Inc., One Takeda Parkway, Deerfield, Illinois 60015, United States
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Paramjot, Khan NM, Kapahi H, Kumar S, Bhardwaj TR, Arora S, Mishra N. Role of polymer–drug conjugates in organ-specific delivery systems. J Drug Target 2015; 23:387-416. [DOI: 10.3109/1061186x.2015.1016436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Neutralization of staphylococcal enterotoxin B by an aptamer antagonist. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59:2072-7. [PMID: 25624325 DOI: 10.1128/aac.04414-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) is a major virulence factor for staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome (TSS). SEB activates a large subset of the T lymphocytic population, releasing proinflammatory cytokines. Blocking SEB-initiated toxicity may be an effective strategy for treating TSS. Using a process known as systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX), we identified an aptamer that can antagonize SEB with nanomolar binding affinity (Kd = 64 nM). The aptamer antagonist effectively inhibits SEB-mediated proliferation and cytokine secretion in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Moreover, a PEGylated aptamer antagonist significantly reduced mortality in a "double-hit" mouse model of SEB-induced TSS, established via sensitization with d-galactosamine followed by SEB challenge. Therefore, our novel aptamer antagonist may offer potential therapeutic efficacy against SEB-mediated TSS.
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Abstract
Investigation of inhibitory effect of two single-stranded DNA thrombin-inhibiting aptamers (15TBA and 31TBA) on fibrin polymerization in fibrinogen solutions and comparison of anticoagulant properties of these aptamers by a new global coagulation test of thrombodynamics. Measurement of aptamers' functional stability in human plasma and blood in vitro in order to investigate the involvement of 3'-exonuclease in fast decrease of aptamers' functional activity in vivo. Thrombin inhibition activity was measured in a buffer system in vitro as effects of aptamers on fibrin polymerization. Anticoagulant activity was investigated by measuring the spatial clot growth rate in the presence of aptamers. The stability of aptamers during incubation in human plasma was investigated in vitro by measuring activated partial thromboplastin time. Both aptamers dose-dependently inhibit fibrin polymerization in a buffer solution (IC50=10 nm for 15TBA and 3 nm for 31TBA) and are effective anticoagulants in human plasma (IC50 for spatial clot growth rate decreasing are 9.5 μmol/l and 4.0 μmol/l for 15TBA and 31TBA, correspondingly). Both aptamers remain stable in plasma or whole blood in vitro for at least 4 h. It was shown that 31TBA was 2-3 times more effective than 15TBA. Both aptamers were stable in human plasma and whole blood in vitro. So, the 3'-exonuclease could not be the reason for fast decrease of aptamers' functional activity in vivo. The main role in the removal of oligonucleotides from the circulation is played obviously by the liver.
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Kok HM, Falke LL, Goldschmeding R, Nguyen TQ. Targeting CTGF, EGF and PDGF pathways to prevent progression of kidney disease. Nat Rev Nephrol 2014; 10:700-11. [PMID: 25311535 DOI: 10.1038/nrneph.2014.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major health and economic burden with a rising incidence. During progression of CKD, the sustained release of proinflammatory and profibrotic cytokines and growth factors leads to an excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix. Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) and angiotensin II are considered to be the two main driving forces in fibrotic development. Blockade of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system has become the mainstay therapy for preservation of kidney function, but this treatment is not sufficient to prevent progression of fibrosis and CKD. Several factors that induce fibrosis have been identified, not only by TGF-β-dependent mechanisms, but also by TGF-β-independent mechanisms. Among these factors are the (partially) TGF-β-independent profibrotic pathways involving connective tissue growth factor, epidermal growth factor and platelet-derived growth factor and their receptors. In this Review, we discuss the specific roles of these pathways, their interactions and preclinical evidence supporting their qualification as additional targets for novel antifibrotic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena M Kok
- Department of Pathology, H04.312, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Lucas L Falke
- Department of Pathology, H04.312, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Roel Goldschmeding
- Department of Pathology, H04.312, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Tri Q Nguyen
- Department of Pathology, H04.312, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, Netherlands
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35
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Simmons SC, Jämsä H, Silva D, Cortez CM, McKenzie EA, Bitu CC, Salo S, Nurmenniemi S, Nyberg P, Risteli J, deAlmeida CEB, Brenchley PEC, Salo T, Missailidis S. Anti-heparanase aptamers as potential diagnostic and therapeutic agents for oral cancer. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96846. [PMID: 25295847 PMCID: PMC4189786 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparanase is an endoglycosidase enzyme present in activated leucocytes, mast cells, placental tissue, neutrophils and macrophages, and is involved in tumour metastasis and tissue invasion. It presents a potential target for cancer therapies and various molecules have been developed in an attempt to inhibit the enzymatic action of heparanase. In an attempt to develop a novel therapeutic with an associated diagnostic assay, we have previously described high affinity aptamers selected against heparanase. In this work, we demonstrated that these anti-heparanase aptamers are capable of inhibiting tissue invasion of tumour cells associated with oral cancer and verified that such inhibition is due to inhibition of the enzyme and not due to other potentially cytotoxic effects of the aptamers. Furthermore, we have identified a short 30 bases aptamer as a potential candidate for further studies, as this showed a higher ability to inhibit tissue invasion than its longer counterpart, as well as a reduced potential for complex formation with other non-specific serum proteins. Finally, the aptamer was found to be stable and therefore suitable for use in human models, as it showed no degradation in the presence of human serum, making it a potential candidate for both diagnostic and therapeutic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne C. Simmons
- Department of Chemistry and Analytical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom
| | - Hannaleena Jämsä
- Department of Diagnostics and Oral Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Dilson Silva
- Institute of Mathematics and Statistics, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Celia M. Cortez
- Institute of Mathematics and Statistics, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Edward A. McKenzie
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Carolina C. Bitu
- Department of Diagnostics and Oral Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Sirpa Salo
- Department of Diagnostics and Oral Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Sini Nurmenniemi
- Department of Diagnostics and Oral Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Pia Nyberg
- Department of Diagnostics and Oral Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Juha Risteli
- Institute of Diagnostics, Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Carlos E. B. deAlmeida
- Department of Chemistry and Analytical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom
- Laboratório de Radiobiologia, Instituto de Radioproteção e Dosimetria, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Tuula Salo
- Department of Diagnostics and Oral Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- Graduate Program in Estomatopatologia, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- * E-mail: (SM); (TS)
| | - Sotiris Missailidis
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- * E-mail: (SM); (TS)
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Nucleic Acid Ligands With Protein-like Side Chains: Modified Aptamers and Their Use as Diagnostic and Therapeutic Agents. MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS 2014; 3:e201. [PMID: 25291143 PMCID: PMC4217074 DOI: 10.1038/mtna.2014.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 336] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Limited chemical diversity of nucleic acid libraries has long been suspected to be a major constraining factor in the overall success of SELEX (Systematic Evolution of Ligands by EXponential enrichment). Despite this constraint, SELEX has enjoyed considerable success over the past quarter of a century as a result of the enormous size of starting libraries and conformational richness of nucleic acids. With judicious introduction of functional groups absent in natural nucleic acids, the “diversity gap” between nucleic acid–based ligands and protein-based ligands can be substantially bridged, to generate a new class of ligands that represent the best of both worlds. We have explored the effect of various functional groups at the 5-position of uracil and found that hydrophobic aromatic side chains have the most profound influence on the success rate of SELEX and allow the identification of ligands with very low dissociation rate constants (named Slow Off-rate Modified Aptamers or SOMAmers). Such modified nucleotides create unique intramolecular motifs and make direct contacts with proteins. Importantly, SOMAmers engage their protein targets with surfaces that have significantly more hydrophobic character compared with conventional aptamers, thereby increasing the range of epitopes that are available for binding. These improvements have enabled us to build a collection of SOMAmers to over 3,000 human proteins encompassing major families such as growth factors, cytokines, enzymes, hormones, and receptors, with additional SOMAmers aimed at pathogen and rodent proteins. Such a large and growing collection of exquisite affinity reagents expands the scope of possible applications in diagnostics and therapeutics.
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37
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A review on emerging diagnostic assay for viral detection: the case of avian influenza virus. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 42:187-99. [PMID: 25245956 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-014-3758-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Biotechnology-based detection systems and sensors are in use for a wide range of applications in biomedicine, including the diagnostics of viral pathogens. In this review, emerging detection systems and their applicability for diagnostics of viruses, exemplified by the case of avian influenza virus, are discussed. In particular, nano-diagnostic assays presently under development or available as prototype and their potentials for sensitive and rapid virus detection are highlighted.
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Vater A, Klussmann S. Turning mirror-image oligonucleotides into drugs: the evolution of Spiegelmer(®) therapeutics. Drug Discov Today 2014; 20:147-55. [PMID: 25236655 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Spiegelmers are synthetic target-binding oligonucleotides built from non-natural l-nucleotides. Like aptamers, Spiegelmers fold into distinct shapes that bind the targets with high affinity and selectivity. Furthermore, the mirror-image configuration confers plasma stability and immunological passivity. Various Spiegelmers against pharmacologically attractive targets were shown to be efficacious in animal models. Three Spiegelmer candidates: emapticap pegol (NOX-E36; anti-CCL2), olaptesed pegol (NOX-A12; anti-CXCL12) and lexaptepid pegol (NOX-H94; anti-hepcidin), underwent regulatory safety studies, demonstrated good safety profiles in healthy volunteers and were taken into Phase IIa studies in patients. Proof-of-concept for emapticap pegol has recently been demonstrated in diabetic nephropathy patients. Furthermore, promising interim Phase IIa data of olaptesed pegol and lexapteptid pegol also suggest efficacy in the respective patient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Vater
- NOXXON Pharma AG, Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Sven Klussmann
- NOXXON Pharma AG, Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
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Abstract
Local drug delivery depots have significant clinical utility, but there is currently no noninvasive technique to refill these systems once their payload is exhausted. Inspired by the ability of nanotherapeutics to target specific tissues, we hypothesized that blood-borne drug payloads could be modified to home to and refill hydrogel drug delivery systems. To address this possibility, hydrogels were modified with oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) that provide a target for drug payloads in the form of free alginate strands carrying complementary ODNs. Coupling ODNs to alginate strands led to specific binding to complementary-ODN-carrying alginate gels in vitro and to injected gels in vivo. When coupled to a drug payload, sequence-targeted refilling of a delivery depot consisting of intratumor hydrogels completely abrogated tumor growth. These results suggest a new paradigm for nanotherapeutic drug delivery, and this concept is expected to have applications in refilling drug depots in cancer therapy, wound healing, and drug-eluting vascular grafts and stents.
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Kong HY, Byun J. Nucleic Acid aptamers: new methods for selection, stabilization, and application in biomedical science. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2014; 21:423-34. [PMID: 24404332 PMCID: PMC3879913 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2013.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The adoption of oligonucleotide aptamer is well on the rise, serving an ever increasing demand for versatility in biomedical field. Through the SELEX (Systematic Evolution of Ligands by EXponential enrichment), aptamer that can bind to specific target with high affinity and specificity can be obtained. Aptamers are single-stranded nucleic acid molecules that can fold into complex threedimensional structures, forming binding pockets and clefts for the specific recognition and tight binding of any given molecular target. Recently, aptamers have attracted much attention because they not only have all of the advantages of antibodies, but also have unique merits such as thermal stability, ease of synthesis, reversibility, and little immunogenicity. The advent of novel technologies is revolutionizing aptamer applications. Aptamers can be easily modified by various chemical reactions to introduce functional groups and/or nucleotide extensions. They can also be conjugated to therapeutic molecules such as drugs, drug containing carriers, toxins, or photosensitizers. Here, we discuss new SELEX strategies and stabilization methods as well as applications in drug delivery and molecular imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoon Young Kong
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Nanosensor and Biotechnology, Dankook University, Yongin 448-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jonghoe Byun
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Nanosensor and Biotechnology, Dankook University, Yongin 448-701, Republic of Korea
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Wang-Rosenke Y, Khadzhynov D, Loof T, Mika A, Kawachi H, Neumayer HH, Peters H. Tyrosine kinases inhibition by Imatinib slows progression in chronic anti-thy1 glomerulosclerosis of the rat. BMC Nephrol 2013; 14:223. [PMID: 24119229 PMCID: PMC3816310 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2369-14-223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic progressive mesangioproliferative nephropathy represents a major cause of end-stage renal disease worldwide. Until now, effective approaches to stop or even slow its progression are limited. We tested the effects of an inhibitor of PDGF receptor, abl and c-kit tyrosine kinases, Imatinib, in a chronic progressive model of mesangioproliferative glomerulosclerosis. Methods Anti-thy1 glomerulosclerosis was induced by injection of anti-thy1 antibody into uninephrectomized Wistar rats. One week after disease induction, according to the degree of proteinuria, animals were stratified and assigned to chronic glomerulosclerosis (cGS) and cGS plus Imatinib (10 mg/kg body weight/day). In week 20, renoprotective actions of Imatinib were analyzed by a set of functional, histological and molecular biological parameters. Results Untreated cGS rats showed elevation of systolic blood pressure and marked progression in proteinuria, renal fibrosis, cell infiltration, cell proliferation and function lost. Administration of Imatinib went along significantly with lower systolic blood pressure (−10 mmHg) and proteinuria (−33%). Imatinib administration was paralled by significant reductions in tubulointerstitial accumulation of matrix proteins (−44%), collagen I deposition (−86%), expression of TGF-beta1 (−30%), production of fibronectin (−23%), myofibroblast differentiation (−87%), macrophage infiltration (−36%) and cell proliferation (−45%), respectively. In comparison with untreated cGS animals, Imatinib therapy lowered also blood creatinine (−41%) and blood urea concentrations (−36%) and improved creatinine clearance (+25%). Glomerular fibrotic changes were lowered moderately by Imatinib. Conclusions Therapy with Imatinib limits the progressive course of chronic anti-thy1 glomerulosclerosis towards tubulointerstitial fibrosis and renal insufficiency. This was paralleled by direct and indirect sign of TGF-β1 and PDGF inhibition. The findings suggest that the pharmacological principal of inhibition of tyrosine kinases with drugs such as Imatinib might serve as approach for limiting progression of human mesangioproliferative glomerulosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingrui Wang-Rosenke
- Department of Nephrology and Center of Cardiovascular Research, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin D-10117, Germany.
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Grozio A, Gonzalez VM, Millo E, Sturla L, Vigliarolo T, Bagnasco L, Guida L, D'Arrigo C, De Flora A, Salis A, Martin EM, Bellotti M, Zocchi E. Selection and characterization of single stranded DNA aptamers for the hormone abscisic Acid. Nucleic Acid Ther 2013; 23:322-31. [PMID: 23971905 PMCID: PMC3760064 DOI: 10.1089/nat.2013.0418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The hormone abscisic acid (ABA) is a small molecule involved in pivotal physiological functions in higher plants. Recently, ABA has been also identified as an endogenous hormone in mammals, regulating different cell functions including inflammatory processes, stem cell expansion, insulin release, and glucose uptake. Aptamers are short, single-stranded (ss) oligonucleotidesable to recognize target molecules with high affinity. The small size of the ABA molecule represented a challenge for aptamer development and the aim of this study was to develop specific anti-ABA DNA aptamers. Biotinylated abscisic acid (bio-ABA) was immobilized on streptavidin-coated magnetic beads. DNA aptamers against bio-ABA were selected with 7 iterative rounds of the systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment method (SELEX), each round comprising incubation of the ABA-binding beads with the ssDNA sequences, DNA elution, electrophoresis, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification. The PCR product was cloned and sequenced. The binding affinity of several clones was determined using bio-ABA immobilized on streptavidin-coated plates. Aptamer 2 and aptamer 9 showed the highest binding affinity, with dissociation constants values of 0.98 ± 0.14 μM and 0.80 ± 0.07 μM, respectively. Aptamers 2 and 9 were also able to bind free, unmodified ABA and to discriminate between different ABA enantiomers and isomers. Our findings indicate that ssDNA aptamers can selectively bind ABA and could be used for the development of ABA quantitation assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Grozio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biochemistry, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Victor M. Gonzalez
- Departamento de Bioquímica-Investigación, IRYCIS-Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrico Millo
- Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Laura Sturla
- Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Tiziana Vigliarolo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biochemistry, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Luca Bagnasco
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Lucrezia Guida
- Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Cristina D'Arrigo
- Institute for Macromolecular Studies, National Research Council, Genova, Italy
| | - Antonio De Flora
- Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Annalisa Salis
- Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Elena M. Martin
- Departamento de Bioquímica-Investigación, IRYCIS-Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Bellotti
- Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Elena Zocchi
- Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genova, Genova, Italy
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Heldin CH. Targeting the PDGF signaling pathway in the treatment of non-malignant diseases. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2013; 9:69-79. [PMID: 23793451 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-013-9484-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) is a family of mesenchymal mitogens with important functions during the embryonal development and in the control of tissue homeostasis in the adult. The PDGF isoforms exert their effects by binding to α-and β-tyrosine kinase receptors. Overactivity of PDGF signaling has been linked to the development of certain malignant and non-malignant diseases, including atherosclerosis and various fibrotic diseases. Different types of PDGF antagonists have been developed, including inhibitory monoclonal antibodies and DNA aptamers against PDGF isoforms and receptors, and receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Beneficial effects have been recorded using such inhibitors in preclinical models and in patients with certain malignant as well as non-malignant diseases. The present communication summarizes the use of PDGF antagonists in the treatment of non-malignant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl-Henrik Heldin
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Ltd, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 595, SE-75124, Uppsala, Sweden,
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44
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Sen K, Mandal M. Second generation liposomal cancer therapeutics: transition from laboratory to clinic. Int J Pharm 2013; 448:28-43. [PMID: 23500602 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Revised: 03/03/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Recent innovations and developments in nanotechnology have revolutionized cancer therapeutics. Engineered nanomaterials are the current workhorses in the emerging field of cancer nano-therapeutics. Lipid vesicles bearing anti-tumor drugs have turned out to be a clinically feasible and promising nano-therapeutic approach to treat cancer. Efficient entrapment of therapeutics, biocompatibility, biodegradability, low systemic toxicity, low immunogenicity and ability to bypass multidrug resistance mechanisms has made liposomes a versatile drug/gene delivery system in cancer chemotherapy. The present review attempts to explore the recent key advances in liposomal research and the vast arsenal of liposomal formulations currently being utilized in treatment and diagnosis of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kacoli Sen
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India
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Mehan MR, Ostroff R, Wilcox SK, Steele F, Schneider D, Jarvis TC, Baird GS, Gold L, Janjic N. Highly Multiplexed Proteomic Platform for Biomarker Discovery, Diagnostics, and Therapeutics. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 735:283-300. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-4118-2_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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van Roeyen CRC, Zok S, Pruessmeyer J, Boor P, Nagayama Y, Fleckenstein S, Cohen CD, Eitner F, Gröne HJ, Ostendorf T, Ludwig A, Floege J. Growth arrest-specific protein 1 is a novel endogenous inhibitor of glomerular cell activation and proliferation. Kidney Int 2012; 83:251-63. [PMID: 23254899 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2012.400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Growth arrest-specific protein-1 (GAS1) is a GPI-anchored protein which is highly expressed in embryonic mouse fibroblasts and inhibits their proliferation. Glomerular mesangial cells release soluble GAS1 protein into the supernatant in vitro. Growth arrest led to GAS1 overexpression and increased release. Secretion involved disintegrin and metalloproteinase 10 and 17 as signified by inhibition experiments. Recombinant soluble GAS1 protein inhibited the proliferation of mesangial cells. Conversely, the induction of mesangial cell proliferation by PDGF-BB or -DD led to downregulation of GAS1 mRNA. Specific ligands of the PDGF α-receptor, PDGF-AA and -CC, had no effect. The GAS1 protein was localized in podocytes in kidneys from healthy rats. During the time course of mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis in anti-Thy1.1-treated rats, glomerular GAS1 expression decreased prior to the onset of mesangial cell proliferation and increased at later stages during glomerular recovery. Finally, a plasmid expressing soluble GAS1 fused to an Fc fragment was systemically overexpressed in rats with mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis. This ameliorated renal damage was indicated by decreased albuminuria and serum creatinine. Gas1/Fc-transfected rats also exhibited a reduction of the glomerular mesangial cell activation and proliferation. Thus, GAS1 is a novel endogenous inhibitor of glomerular mesangial cell proliferation and may be a novel therapeutic target in mesangioproliferative glomerular diseases.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) encompasses a rare potentially lethal group of diseases characterized by vasoconstriction, in situ thrombosis and vascular remodeling. Most of the existing therapies including endothelin receptor antagonists, prostacyclin and derivatives, or phsophodiesterase-5 inhibitors tackle mainly the endothelial dysfunction, leaving the remodeling suboptimally inhibited. This explains the disease progression that occurs even with combined therapies and the need for other therapies able to adequately inhibit the vascular remodeling. AREAS COVERED Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) signaling pathway was demonstrated to be involved in the vascular remodeling in PAH, and therefore, it might be a desirable therapeutic target in this setting. This review discusses the pathogenic role of this pathway in PAH and its potential inhibitory approaches, focusing on imatinib as well as on the existing preclinical data on this compound. EXPERT OPINION Preclinical studies demonstrated that PDGF inhibition with receptor antagonists such as imatinib reduces vascular remodeling. Therefore, PDGF might represent a plausible therapeutic target in this disease. However, compounds able to block this pathway via different mechanisms might also become potential PAH therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Antonela Antoniu
- Grigore T Popa, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iaşi, Department of Medicine II -Pulmonary Disease, Pulmonary Disease University Hospital, 30 Dr I Cihac Str, 700115 Iasi, Romania.
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van Roeyen CRC, Boor P, Borkham-Kamphorst E, Rong S, Kunter U, Martin IV, Kaitovic A, Fleckenstein S, Perbal B, Trautwein C, Weiskirchen R, Ostendorf T, Floege J. A novel, dual role of CCN3 in experimental glomerulonephritis: pro-angiogenic and antimesangioproliferative effects. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2012; 180:1979-90. [PMID: 22538190 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2011] [Revised: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 01/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to factors that promote mesangial cell proliferation, little is known about their endogenous inhibitors. During experimental mesangioproliferative nephritis, expression of the glomerular CCN3 (nephroblastoma overexpressed gene [NOV]) gene is reduced before the proliferative phase and increased in glomeruli and serum when mesangial cell proliferation subsides. To further elucidate its role in mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis, CCN3 systemically was overexpressed by muscle electroporation in healthy or nephritic rats. This increased CCN3 serum concentrations more than threefold for up to 56 days. At day 5 after disease induction, CCN3-transfected rats showed an increase in glomerular endothelial area and in mRNA levels of the pro-angiogenic factors vascular endothelial growth factor and PDGF-C. At day 7, CCN3 overexpression decreased mesangial cell proliferation, including expression of α-smooth muscle actin and matrix accumulation of fibronectin and type IV collagen. In progressive nephritis (day 56), overexpression of CCN3 resulted in decreased albuminuria, glomerulosclerosis, and reduced cortical collagen type I accumulation. In healthy rat kidneys, overexpression of CCN3 induced no morphologic changes but regulated glomerular gene transcripts (reduced transcription of PDGF-B, PDGF-D, PDGF-receptor-β, and fibronectin, and increased PDGF-receptor-α and PDGF-C mRNA). These data identify a dual role for CCN3 in experimental glomerulonephritis with pro-angiogenic and antimesangioproliferative effects. Manipulation of CCN3 may represent a novel approach to help repair glomerular endothelial damage and mesangioproliferative changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia R C van Roeyen
- Division of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
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Development of novel single-stranded nucleic acid aptamers against the pro-angiogenic and metastatic enzyme heparanase (HPSE1). PLoS One 2012; 7:e37938. [PMID: 22719856 PMCID: PMC3376095 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2012] [Accepted: 04/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparanase is an enzyme involved in extracellular matrix remodelling and heparan sulphate proteoglycan catabolism. It is secreted by metastatic tumour cells, allowing them to penetrate the endothelial cell layer and basement membrane to invade target organs. The release of growth factors at the site of cleaved heparan sulphate chains further enhance the potential of the tumour by encouraging the process of angiogenesis. This leads to increased survival and further proliferation of the tumour. Aptamers are single or double stranded oligonucleotides that recognise specific small molecules, peptides, proteins, or even cells or tissues and have shown great potential over the years as diagnostic and therapeutic agents in anticancer treatment. For the first time, single stranded DNA aptamers were successfully generated against the active heterodimer form of heparanase using a modified SELEX protocol, and eluted based on increasing affinity for the target. Sandwich ELISA assays showed recognition of heparanase by the aptamers at a site distinct from that of a polyclonal HPSE1 antibody. The binding affinities of aptamer to immobilised enzyme were high (7×107 to 8×107 M−1) as measured by fluorescence spectroscopy. Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence studies demonstrated that the aptamers were able to recognise heparanase with staining comparable or in some cases superior to that of the HPSE1 antibody control. Finally, matrigel assay demonstrated that aptamers were able to inhibit heparanase. This study provides clear proof of principle concept that nucleic acid aptamers can be generated against heparanase. These reagents may serve as useful tools to explore the functional role of the enzyme and in the future development of diagnostic assays or therapeutic reagents.
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Rockey WM, Hernandez FJ, Huang SY, Cao S, Howell CA, Thomas GS, Liu XY, Lapteva N, Spencer DM, McNamara JO, Zou X, Chen SJ, Giangrande PH. Rational truncation of an RNA aptamer to prostate-specific membrane antigen using computational structural modeling. Nucleic Acid Ther 2012; 21:299-314. [PMID: 22004414 DOI: 10.1089/nat.2011.0313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA aptamers represent an emerging class of pharmaceuticals with great potential for targeted cancer diagnostics and therapy. Several RNA aptamers that bind cancer cell-surface antigens with high affinity and specificity have been described. However, their clinical potential has yet to be realized. A significant obstacle to the clinical adoption of RNA aptamers is the high cost of manufacturing long RNA sequences through chemical synthesis. Therapeutic aptamers are often truncated postselection by using a trial-and-error process, which is time consuming and inefficient. Here, we used a "rational truncation" approach guided by RNA structural prediction and protein/RNA docking algorithms that enabled us to substantially truncateA9, an RNA aptamer to prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA),with great potential for targeted therapeutics. This truncated PSMA aptamer (A9L; 41mer) retains binding activity, functionality, and is amenable to large-scale chemical synthesis for future clinical applications. In addition, the modeled RNA tertiary structure and protein/RNA docking predictions revealed key nucleotides within the aptamer critical for binding to PSMA and inhibiting its enzymatic activity. Finally, this work highlights the utility of existing RNA structural prediction and protein docking techniques that may be generally applicable to developing RNA aptamers optimized for therapeutic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Rockey
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA
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