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Brodersen K, Mose M, Ramer Mikkelsen U, Jørgensen JOL, Festersen Nielsen M, Møller N, Wegeberg A, Brock C, Hartmann B, Holst JJ, Rittig N. Prolonged lipopolysaccharide-induced illness elevates glucagon-like peptide-1 and suppresses peptide YY: A human-randomized cross-over trial. Physiol Rep 2022; 10:e15462. [PMID: 36117310 PMCID: PMC9483438 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe systemic inflammation is associated with nausea, loss of appetite, and delayed gastric emptying, which increases hospitalization admission length and mortality rate. There is a lack of human controlled studies exploring gastric emptying rates and underlying mechanisms during inflammatory conditions. We aimed to investigate if systemic inflammation in young men delays gastro-intestinal transit times, lowers motility, and affects gastrointestinal hormone secretion. This substudy of a randomized crossover trial investigated eight healthy young men on two separate occasions; (I) following an overnight fast (healthy conditions/HC) and (II) fasting and bedrest combined with two lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injections of 1 ng kg-1 following an overnight fast and 0.5 ng kg-1 following another 24 h (systemic inflammation/SI). A standardized protein beverage and a SmartPill capsule (a wireless gastrointestinal monitoring system) were swallowed during each occasion. Whole gut transit time was comparable between HC and SI. SI decreased gastric mean pressure peak amplitude (p = 0.04) and increased pH rise across the pylorus and small bowel pH (p = 0.02) compared with HC. Glucagon-like peptide-1 was elevated during SI compared with HC (p = 0.04). Peptide YY was lower during SI compared with HC (p = 0.007). Prolonged LPS exposure combined with fasting and bedrest elevated glucagon-like peptide 1 concentrations, which may play a role for the nausea and loss of appetite typically associated with SI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrine Brodersen
- Department of SurgeryViborg Regional HospitalViborgDenmark
- Medical/Steno Aarhus Research LaboratoryAarhus University Hospital, Aarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
- Steno Diabetes Center AarhusAarhus University HospitalAarhusDenmark
| | - Maike Mose
- Medical/Steno Aarhus Research LaboratoryAarhus University Hospital, Aarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
| | | | - Jens Otto Lunde Jørgensen
- Medical/Steno Aarhus Research LaboratoryAarhus University Hospital, Aarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal MedicineAarhus University HospitalAarhusDenmark
| | | | - Niels Møller
- Medical/Steno Aarhus Research LaboratoryAarhus University Hospital, Aarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
| | - Anne‐Marie Wegeberg
- Mech‐Sense, Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyAalborg University HospitalAalborgDenmark
| | - Christina Brock
- Mech‐Sense, Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyAalborg University HospitalAalborgDenmark
- Steno Diabetes Center North DenmarkAalborg University HospitalAalborgDenmark
| | - Bolette Hartmann
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic ResearchUniversity of CopenhagenKøbenhavnDenmark
| | - Jens Juul Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic ResearchUniversity of CopenhagenKøbenhavnDenmark
| | - Nikolaj Rittig
- Medical/Steno Aarhus Research LaboratoryAarhus University Hospital, Aarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
- Steno Diabetes Center AarhusAarhus University HospitalAarhusDenmark
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Larraufie P, Doré J, Lapaque N, Blottière HM. TLR ligands and butyrate increase Pyy expression through two distinct but inter-regulated pathways. Cell Microbiol 2016; 19. [PMID: 27405092 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium is an active barrier separating the host from its microbiota. It senses microbial compounds through expression of a wide range of receptors including the Toll-like receptors (TLRs). TLRs have been shown to regulate epithelium permeability or secretion of defensin by Paneth cells. However, the expression and function of TLRs in enteroendocrine L-cells, a specific subtype of intestinal cells secreting PYY and GLP-1, have not yet been assessed. PYY and GLP-1 are implicated in regulation of gut motility, food intake and insulin secretion, and are of great interest regarding obesity and type 2 diabetes. Using a cellular model of human L-cells and a reporter system for NF-κB activation pathway, we reported functional expression of TLRs in these cells. Stimulation with specific TLR-agonists increased expression of Pyy but not Proglucagon in an NF-κB-dependent manner. Moreover, the effect of TLR stimulation was additive to butyrate, a product of bacterial fermentation, on Pyy expression. Additionally, butyrate also increased Tlr expression, including Tlr4, and the NF-κB response to TLR stimulation. Altogether, our results demonstrated a role of TLRs in the modulation of Pyy expression and the importance of butyrate, a product of bacterial fermentation in regulation of microbial TLR-dependent sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Larraufie
- MICALIS Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, France
| | - Joël Doré
- MICALIS Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, France.,MGP MetaGenoPolis, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy en Josas, France
| | - Nicolas Lapaque
- MICALIS Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, France
| | - Hervé M Blottière
- MICALIS Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, France.,MGP MetaGenoPolis, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy en Josas, France
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Bertolo R, Pencharz P, Ball R. Chapter 6 Role of intestinal first-pass metabolism on whole-body amino acid requirements. BIOLOGY OF GROWING ANIMALS 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s1877-1823(09)70013-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Pritts T, Hungness E, Wang Q, Robb B, Hershko D, Hasselgren PO. Mucosal and enterocyte IL-6 production during sepsis and endotoxemia--role of transcription factors and regulation by the stress response. Am J Surg 2002; 183:372-83. [PMID: 11975924 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9610(02)00812-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sepsis and endotoxemia are associated with increased production of interleukin-6 (IL-6) in gut mucosa. Mucosal IL-6 may regulate enterocyte acute phase protein synthesis and intestinal IgA production. In addition, increased IL-6 has been proposed to be a mechanism of loss of mucosal integrity in critical illness. The purpose of this review is to describe current knowledge of the regulation of IL-6 production in the enterocyte/mucosa during inflammation caused by sepsis and endotoxemia. DATA SOURCES Recent publications describing the influence of sepsis, endotoxemia, and proinflammatory cytokines on mucosal/enterocyte IL-6 production. CONCLUSIONS IL-6 production is increased in gut mucosa during sepsis and endotoxemia and in cultured enterocytes after treatment with endotoxin or proinflammatory cytokines. The IL-6 gene is regulated by multiple transcription factors, including NF-kappaB, AP-1, and C/EBP. Because of the multiple important biological roles of IL-6, understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms of mucosal/enterocyte IL-6 production as well as methods to modulate IL-6 production is of clinical importance in the setting of sepsis and other critical illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Pritts
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0558, USA
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Moon MR, Parikh AA, Pritts TA, Fischer JE, Cottongim S, Szabo C, Salzman AL, Hasselgren PO. Complement component C3 production in IL-1beta-stimulated human intestinal epithelial cells is blocked by NF-kappaB inhibitors and by transfection with ser 32/36 mutant IkappaBalpha. J Surg Res 1999; 82:48-55. [PMID: 10068525 DOI: 10.1006/jsre.1998.5503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies suggest that interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) stimulates the production of the acute phase protein complement component C3 in human intestinal epithelial cells. The transcription factor NF-kappaB activates different genes involved in the response to cytokines. It is not known if IL-1beta-induced C3 production in the enterocyte is regulated by NF-kappaB. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cultured Caco-2 cells, a human intestinal epithelial cell line, were treated with one of the NF-kappaB inhibitors, tosyl-lys-chloromethylketone (TLCK), genistein, or pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC), or with N-acetyl-leu-leu-norleucinal (LLnL), a proteasome inhibitor known to block the degradation of Ikappabeta, the cytosolic inhibitor of NF-kappaB. Following this treatment, the Caco-2 cells were stimulated with IL-1beta, and C3 levels in the culture medium were measured after 24 h by ELISA. C3 mRNA levels were determined after 4 h by Northern blot analysis. In other experiments, Caco-2 cells were transfected with a mutant IkappaBalpha in which serines 32 and 36 were substituted by alanine. This mutation prevents IkBalpha phosphorylation and subsequent NF-kappaB nuclear translocation. After transfection, the cells were stimulated with IL-1beta, and C3 levels in the culture medium were measured after 24 h. Cytosolic IkappaBalpha was determined by Western blot analysis. RESULTS TLCK, genistein, and LLnL each inhibited IL-1beta-induced C3 production in a dose-dependent fashion. These responses were associated with decreased C3 mRNA levels. In contrast, PDTC did not influence C3 production or C3 mRNA in the Caco-2 cells. Transfection of the Caco-2 cells with the Ser 32/36 mutant IkBalpha resulted in maintained IkappaBalpha levels and decreased IL-beta-induced C3 production. CONCLUSIONS IL-1beta-stimulated C3 production in the enterocyte may be regulated by NF-kappaB.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Moon
- University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45267, USA
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Delgado M, Pozo D, Martinez C, Leceta J, Calvo JR, Ganea D, Gomariz RP. Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide and Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide Inhibit Endotoxin-Induced TNF-α Production by Macrophages: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.162.4.2358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is a neuropeptide synthesized by immune cells that can modulate several immune aspects, including the function of cells involved in the inflammatory response, such as macrophages and monocytes. The production and release of cytokines by activated phagocytes are important events in the pathogenesis of ischemia-reperfusion injury. There is abundant evidence that the proinflammatory cytokine TNF-α is an important mediator of shock and organ failure complicating Gram-negative sepsis. VIP has been shown to attenuate the deleterious consequences of this pathologic phenomenon. In this study we have investigated the effects of VIP and the structurally related neuropeptide pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP38) on the production of TNF-α by endotoxin-activated murine peritoneal macrophages. Both neuropeptides rapidly and specifically inhibit the LPS-stimulated production of TNF-α, exerting their action through the binding to VPAC1 receptor and the subsequent activation of the adenylate cyclase system. VIP and PACAP regulate the production of TNF-α at a transcriptional level. In vitro results were correlated with an inhibition of both TNF-α expression and release in endotoxemic mice in vivo. The immunomodulatory role of VIP in vivo is supported by the up-regulation of VIP release in serum and peritoneal fluid by LPS and proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. These findings support the idea that under toxicity conditions associated with high LPS doses, VIP and PACAP could act as protective mediators that regulate the excessive release of TNF-α to reduce inflammation or shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Delgado
- *Department of Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
- ‡Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102
| | - David Pozo
- †Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Seville School of Medicine and Virgen Macarena Hospital, Seville, Spain; and
| | - Carmen Martinez
- *Department of Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Leceta
- *Department of Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Ramon Calvo
- †Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Seville School of Medicine and Virgen Macarena Hospital, Seville, Spain; and
| | - Doina Ganea
- ‡Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102
| | - Rosa P. Gomariz
- *Department of Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
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Wang Q, Meyer TA, Boyce ST, Wang JJ, Sun X, Tiao G, Fischer JE, Hasselgren PO. Endotoxemia in mice stimulates production of complement C3 and serum amyloid A in mucosa of small intestine. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1998; 275:R1584-92. [PMID: 9791077 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.1998.275.5.r1584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We examined the effect of endotoxemia in mice on protein and mRNA levels for the acute phase proteins complement C3 and serum amyloid A (SAA) in jejunal mucosa. Endotoxemia was induced in mice by the subcutaneous injection of 250 microg lipopolysaccharide per mouse. Control mice were injected with saline. C3 and SAA were measured by ELISA. Messenger RNA levels were determined by Northern blot analysis or competitive PCR. Immunohistochemistry was performed to determine in which cell type(s) C3 and SAA were present. Mucosal C3 and SAA protein and mRNA levels were increased in endotoxemic mice. Immunohistochemistry showed that C3 was present in both enterocytes and cells of the lamina propria, whereas SAA was seen mainly in lamina propria cells. Results suggest that endotoxemia stimulates production of C3 and SAA in small intestinal mucosa. The response may be regulated at the transcriptional level and probably reflects increased synthesis of the acute phase proteins in both enterocytes and cells of the lamina propria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Wang
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, and the Shriners Hospital for Children, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267-0558, USA
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Abstract
Peptide YY (PYY) is produced by colonic mucosal endocrine cells and modulates gastrointestinal endocrine activity through specific Y-receptors. The direct effects of PYY on intestinal mucosal growth and differentiation remain uncharacterized. The abundance of PYY in colonic mucosa suggests that PYY acts locally to maintain colonocytic differentiation. We tested this hypothesis in human Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cells, which express alkaline phosphatase (AP) and dipeptidyl dipeptidase (DP), brush-border enzymes differentially concentrated in large and small intestinal mucosa, respectively. The effects of PYY on enzyme specific activity were compared with those of pancreatic polypeptide, neuropeptide-Y, vasoactive intestinal peptide, pentagastrin, bombesin, and selective Y1- and Y2-receptor agonists. Brush-border enzyme activity was assessed by AP and DP specific activity in cell lysates quantitated spectrophotometrically following synthetic substrate digestion. PYY, neuropeptide-Y, pancreatic polypeptide, and vasoactive intestinal peptide (10(-7) mol/L) stimulated AP activity. PYY brought about the greatest increase (38.0%+/-11.0%, n=48). Only PYY decreased DP specific activity (7.9%+/-2.2%, n=48). The Y2-agonist but not the Y1-agonist mimicked these PYY effects (increasing AP 28.3%+/-3.5% and decreasing DP 10.4%+/-3.6%). These data suggest that PYY promotes differentiation toward a colonocytic phenotype in Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cells and that this effect may be mediated through the Y2-receptor subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Sgambati
- Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8062, and the VA Connecticut Health Care System, West Haven, USA
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Whang EE, Dunn JC, Mahanty H, McFadden DW, Zinner MJ, Ashley SW. Endotoxin inhibitor prevents sepsis-induced alterations in intestinal ion transport. Am J Surg 1996; 172:341-4. [PMID: 8873526 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9610(96)00189-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The intestine is a target of septic insult. The aims of this study were to characterize sepsis-induced alterations in intestinal ion transport and to determine the role endotoxin plays in mediating these changes. METHODS Rats underwent cecal manipulation alone (control), cecal ligation and puncture (CLP), or CLP plus intraperitoneal injection of 0.2 mg of a recently synthesized endotoxin inhibitor. At 24 hours, distal ileum was harvested, and transport parameters were determined. RESULTS Cecal ligation and puncture produced a significant increase in short-circuit current (Isc) that was attributable to the induction of chloride secretion. There were no alterations in transepithelial resistance or fluxes of mannitol and sodium. The sepsis-induced increase in Isc was prevented by administration of the endotoxin inhibitor. CONCLUSIONS In this model of sepsis, the primary alteration in ileal ion transport is an induction of electrogenic chloride secretion. Endotoxin inhibition may represent a strategy for prophylaxis against the intestinal effects of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E E Whang
- Department of Surgery, UCLA School of Medicine, USA
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Ogle CK, Mao JX, Hasselgren PO, Ogle JD, Alexander JW. Production of cytokines and prostaglandin E2 by subpopulations of guinea pig enterocytes: effect of endotoxin and thermal injury. THE JOURNAL OF TRAUMA 1996; 41:298-305. [PMID: 8760540 DOI: 10.1097/00005373-199608000-00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is increasing evidence that cells other than immune cells have the potential for producing immunomediators. This study determined whether distinct populations of enterocytes from unburned and burned animals responded differently to endotoxin regarding production of tumor necrosis factor, interleukin-1 and -6 and prostaglandin E2. METHODS Three subpopulations of enterocytes, progressing from the villus tip towards the crypt, were obtained from washes of the small intestine. The cells were cultured in the presence of endotoxin, and the supernatants were assayed for the mediators. RESULTS Thermal injury primed all three populations of enterocytes to produce larger amounts of tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-6 compared to cells from unburned animals. Enterocytes that were nearer the crypt produced the largest amounts of the cytokines. CONCLUSION These observations may be important because, as gut integrity is compromised after thermal injury, enterocytes that may have previously been unexposed or less exposed to endotoxin can become a significant source of inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- C K Ogle
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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Administration of branched chain amino acids prevents bacterial translocation after liver resection in the cirrhotic rat. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02391030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Noguchi Y, Meyer TA, Tiao G, Ogle CK, Fischer JE, Hasselgren PO. Influence of sepsis and endotoxemia on polyamine metabolism in mucosa of small intestine in rats. Metabolism 1996; 45:28-33. [PMID: 8544773 DOI: 10.1016/s0026-0495(96)90196-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We examined the influence of sepsis and endotoxemia in rats on the biosynthesis of polyamines in small-intestinal mucosa. Sepsis was induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP); control rats were sham-operated. In other experiments, rats were treated with two subcutaneous injections of endotoxin (1 mg/kg) or corresponding injections of sterile saline. Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) and S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (SAMDC) activities and concentrations of putrescine, spermidine, and spermine were measured in jejunal mucosa at intervals during 16 hours. Sepsis stimulated ODC and SAMDC activities and increased putrescine and spermidine concentrations in jejunal mucosa. Injection of endotoxin resulted in metabolic changes similar to those observed following CLP. The results suggest that sepsis and endotoxemia stimulate polyamine biosynthesis in mucosa of small intestine. The role of polyamines in the regulation of cell proliferation and metabolic changes in the intestinal mucosa during sepsis remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Noguchi
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, OH 45267-0558, USA
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