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McCormick WJ, McLoughlin E, McCrudden D. Non-enzymatic glucose sensing using a nickel hydroxide/chitosan modified screen-printed electrode incorporated into a flow injection analysis system. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2023; 15:5071-5077. [PMID: 37743796 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay01145c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
This works presents a novel screen-printed carbon electrode modified with nickel hydroxide nanoparticles and chitosan (Ni(OH)2/CS/SPCE) for the non-enzymatic flow injection amperometric detection of glucose. The electrode was modified by drop-casting a suspension of the synthesised nanocomposite onto the screen-printed electrode and dried for 1 hour at room temperature. EDX analysis was used to investigate the chemical composition of the electrode before and after modifying. The electrochemical response of the unmodified SPCE and modified electrode was initially investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) using 0.1 M NaOH as the supporting electrolyte. CVs showed catalytic activity for glucose oxidation using the Ni(OH)2/CS/SPCE at 0.55 V. During flow injection analysis (FIA), 0.60 V and 1.5 mL min-1 were identified as the optimal potential and flow rate, respectively. A wide linear range of detection was observed (0.2 to 10.0 mM) with a sensitivity and limit of detection of 913 μA mM-1 cm-2 and 0.0174 mM, respectively. The modified electrode also displayed excellent repeatability (RSD = 0.47%, n = 20) and good reproducibility (RSD = 2.52%, n = 6). The modified electrode was shown to be very selectivity for glucose over other interferences commonly found in human blood samples. The practicality of the developed flow injection-amperometric system (FIA-Amp) was validated by the quantification of glucose in real serum samples, where results were in close agreement with those obtained from the local hospital.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley J McCormick
- Department of Life and Physical Sciences, Atlantic Technology University, Letterkenny, Co. Donegal, F92 FC93, Ireland.
| | - Eva McLoughlin
- Department of Life and Physical Sciences, Atlantic Technology University, Letterkenny, Co. Donegal, F92 FC93, Ireland.
| | - Denis McCrudden
- Department of Life and Physical Sciences, Atlantic Technology University, Letterkenny, Co. Donegal, F92 FC93, Ireland.
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Abstract
Nanoparticles have the advantage of a superior surface area to volume ratio, and thus such materials are useful for enzyme immobilization. A silver nanoparticle coated cotton fabric (AgNp-CF) is used to immobilize camel liver catalase in the present work. The effect of loading levels of AgNp inside cotton fabrics on the immobilization of catalase was investigated. The results revealed that a 6 mL loading level of AgNp precursor (silver nitrate, 2 mM) at pH 8 showed the maximum immobilization efficiency (76%). The morphological properties of the cotton fabric (CF), AgNp-CF and AgNp-CF-catalase were characterized by SEM. The reusability of the immobilized enzyme was tested over ten reuses to show a 67% retained function of its initial activity. Compared with the soluble enzyme’s working pH (6.5), a rather broader working pH (6.5–7.0) was observed for the immobilized catalase. Additionally, the optimum working temperature increased from 30 for the soluble enzyme to 40 °C for the immobilized one, indicating thermal stability. The free and immobilized catalase enzyme’s Km values were 22.5 and 25 mM H2O2, respectively, reflecting the enzyme’s effective properties. The inhibitory effect of metal ions on the enzyme activity was higher toward soluble catalase than the immobilized catalase. This work has developed a method for immobilizing catalase to be useful for several applications.
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Silva MLS. Microfluidic devices for glycobiomarker detection in cancer. Clin Chim Acta 2021; 521:229-243. [PMID: 34273337 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2021.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
During oncogenesis, several alterations occur within cells, one of them being the abnormal glycosylation of proteins, resulting in the formation of glycoproteins with aberrant glycan structures, which can be secreted into the blood stream. Their specific association to tumour cells makes them useful indicators (biomarkers) of the oncogenic process and their detection in blood can be employed in different stages of tumour development for early detection, prognosis and therapeutic drug monitoring. Due to the importance of detecting cancer-associated glycoproteins with aberrant glycosylation in blood or serum, analytical methodologies with improved performance are required to ameliorate the laboratorial tests currently used for the detection of these analytes. Microfluidics was created to facilitate the implementation of simple and point-of-care analysis, away from a centralized laboratory. The massive use of microfluidic systems in clinical settings can be seen in pregnancy tests and diabetes control, for example. But what about other clinical domains, such as the detection of glycoproteins with aberrant glycans secreted by tumour cells? Are microfluidic systems helpful in this case? This review analyses the requirements of a microfluidic assay for the detection of low-abundant blood/serum cancer-associated glycoproteins with abnormal glycans and the progresses that have been made in the last years to develop integrated microfluidic devices for this particular application. The diverse microfluidic systems found in literature present, in general, the same analytical performance as the conventional assays but have additional advantages, namely a reduction in assay times, a decrease of sample and reagent consumption and lower costs. The review will also focus on the improvements that are still needed for better biosensing of this type of cancer biomarkers using microfluidic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Luísa S Silva
- Centre of Chemical Research, Autonomous University of Hidalgo State, Carr. Pachuca-Tulancingo km 4.5, Pachuca, Hidalgo 42076, Mexico.
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Mistry KK, Layek K, Mahapatra A, RoyChaudhuri C, Saha H. A review on amperometric-type immunosensors based on screen-printed electrodes. Analyst 2015; 139:2289-311. [PMID: 24678518 DOI: 10.1039/c3an02050a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this brief review, we summarize the recent research activities involved in the development of amperometric-type immunosensors based on screen-printed electrodes (SPEs). We focus on the underlying principle involved in these types of sensors, their fabrication and electrode surface modification. We also discuss the various factors involved in the designing of such immunosensors and how they affect their performances. Finally we provide an insight into the drawbacks associated with these SPEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalyan Kumar Mistry
- CSIR-Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute, M. G. Avenue, Durgapur-713209, India.
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Wang J, Yau ST. Detection of α-Methylacyl-CoA Racemase in Serum and Urine Using a Highly Sensitive Electrochemical Immunodetector. ELECTROANAL 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201400123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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6
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Detection of prostate specific antigen in serum at the femto-gram per milliliter level using the intrinsic amplification of a field-effect enzymatic immuno-sensing system. Electrochim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2013.08.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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7
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Power A, White B, Morrin A. Microfluidic thin-layer flow cell for conducting polymer growth and electroanalysis. Electrochim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2013.04.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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8
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Yao J, Sun Y, Yang M, Duan Y. Chemistry, physics and biology of graphene-based nanomaterials: new horizons for sensing, imaging and medicine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm31632c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Chen X, Chen Z, Zhu J, Xu C, Yan W, Yao C. A novel H2O2 amperometric biosensor based on gold nanoparticles/self-doped polyaniline nanofibers. Bioelectrochemistry 2011; 82:87-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2011.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Revised: 05/07/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Muchindu M, Iwuoha E, Pool E, West N, Jahed N, Baker P, Waryo T, Williams A. Electrochemical Ochratoxin A Immunosensor System Developed on Sulfonated Polyaniline. ELECTROANAL 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201000452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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11
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Label-free electrochemical impedance spectroscopy biosensor for the determination of human immunoglobulin G. Mikrochim Acta 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-010-0382-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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12
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Ferrocenium hexafluorophosphate-induced nanofibrillarity of polyaniline–polyvinyl sulfonate electropolymer and application in an amperometric enzyme biosensor. Electrochim Acta 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2009.04.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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13
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Kazimierska E, Muchindu M, Morrin A, Iwuoha E, Smyth M, Killard A. The Fabrication of Structurally Multiordered Polyaniline Films and Their Application in Electrochemical Sensing and Biosensing. ELECTROANAL 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200804455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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15
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Optimising Design Parameters of Enzyme-Channelling Biosensors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-71992-2_148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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16
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Crowley K, O'Malley E, Morrin A, Smyth MR, Killard AJ. An aqueous ammonia sensor based on an inkjet-printed polyaniline nanoparticle-modified electrode. Analyst 2008; 133:391-9. [DOI: 10.1039/b716154a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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17
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Renedo OD, Alonso-Lomillo M, Martínez MA. Recent developments in the field of screen-printed electrodes and their related applications. Talanta 2007; 73:202-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2007.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 442] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2007] [Revised: 03/14/2007] [Accepted: 03/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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18
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Kreuzer MP, McCarthy R, Pravda M, Guilbault GG. Development of Electrochemical Immunosensor for Progesterone Analysis in Milk. ANAL LETT 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/al-120030289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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19
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Owino JHO, Ignaszak A, Al-Ahmed A, Baker PGL, Alemu H, Ngila JC, Iwuoha EI. Modelling of the impedimetric responses of an aflatoxin B1 immunosensor prepared on an electrosynthetic polyaniline platform. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 388:1069-74. [PMID: 17563886 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1333-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2007] [Revised: 04/23/2007] [Accepted: 04/30/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxins are a group of mycotoxins that have deleterious effects on humans and are produced during fungal infection of plants or plant products. An electrochemical immunosensor for the determination of aflatoxin B(1) (AFB(1)) was developed with AFB(1)antibody (AFB(1)-Ab) immobilized on Pt electrodes modified with polyaniline (PANi) and polystyrene sulphonic acid (PSSA). Impedimetric analysis shows that the electron transfer resistances of the Pt/PANi-PSSA electrode, the Pt/PANi-PSSA/AFB(1)-Ab immunosensor and Pt/PANi-PSSA/AFB(1)-Ab incubated in bovine serum albumin (BSA) were 0.458, 720 and 1,066 kOmega, respectively. These results indicate that electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is a suitable method for monitoring the change in electron transfer resistance associated with the immobilization of the antibody. Modelling of EIS data gave equivalent circuits which showed that the electron transfer resistance increased from 0.458 kOmega for the Pt/PANi-PSSA electrode to 1,066 kOmega for the Pt/PANi-PSSA/AFB(1)-Ab immunosensor, indicating that immobilization of the antibody and incubation in BSA introduced an electron transfer barrier. The AFB(1) immunosensor had a detection limit of 0.1 mg/L and a sensitivity of 869.6 kOmega L/mg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph H O Owino
- Sensor Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, Cape Town, South Africa
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Nanocauliflowers: A Nanostructured Polyaniline-Modified Screen-Printed Electrode with a Self-Assembled Polystyrene Template and Its Application in an Amperometric Enzyme Biosensor. ELECTROANAL 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200603791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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21
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Sai VVR, Mahajan S, Contractor AQ, Mukherji S. Immobilization of Antibodies on Polyaniline Films and Its Application in a Piezoelectric Immunosensor. Anal Chem 2006; 78:8368-73. [PMID: 17165829 DOI: 10.1021/ac060120a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Conducting polymers, especially polyaniline (PAni), have been extensively used in biosensor applications. A protocol for covalent immobilization of human IgG on polyaniline using glutaraldehyde as the cross-linker is described in this report and utilized in development of a piezoelectric immunosensor. Here, PAni was used as the substrate for immobilization. The electropolymerization parameters were optimized to get suitable thickness and surface morphology of the PAni for obtaining high density and uniformity of immobilized antibodies on the surface of our films. Possible reaction between PAni thin films and glutaraldehyde was explored using FT-IR characterization in grazing angle mode and XPS. The protocol has been characterized with the help of quartz crystal microbalance analysis. An antibody surface density of 4.86 ng/mm2 was obtained. A piezoelectric biosensor developed for detection of IgG with the proposed protocol was capable of differentiating the target analyte concentrations between 500 ng/mL and 25 microg/mL with nonspecific binding of approximately 10%.
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Affiliation(s)
- V V R Sai
- School of Biosciences and Bioengineering, IIT Bombay, Mumbai, India-400076, USA
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22
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Lori J, Morrin A, Killard A, Smyth M. Development and Characterization of Nickel-NTA-Polyaniline Modified Electrodes. ELECTROANAL 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200503372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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23
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Grennan K, Killard A, Smyth M. Chemically Polymerized Polyaniline Films for the Mass-Production of Biosensor Devices. ELECTROANAL 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200503283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Díaz-González M, González-García MB, Costa-García A. Immunosensor for Mycobacterium tuberculosis on screen-printed carbon electrodes. Biosens Bioelectron 2005; 20:2035-43. [PMID: 15741073 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2004.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2004] [Revised: 09/07/2004] [Accepted: 09/07/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In this work, two methods have been compared to produce enzymatic voltammetric immunosensors for the determination of Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens (Ag360 and Ag231), using a pre-oxidised screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) as a signal transduction element. The enzyme alkaline phosphatase (AP) was used in combination with the substrate 3-indoxyl phosphate (3-IP). In one design, the immune complexes between M. tuberculosis antigens and monoclonal antibodies against M. tuberculosis were formed out of the electrode surface. Then, the immune complexes were captured by biotinylated rabbit anti-M. tuberculosis antibodies, immobilised on the streptavidin modified SPCEs through the streptavidin:biotin reaction. Finally, an alkaline phosphatase (AP) labelled rabbit IgG anti-mouse immunoglobulin G was used as a detector antibody. In the other design, the M. tuberculosis antigens were captured by monoclonal antibodies against M. tuberculosis, which were immobilised on the electrode surface through the reaction with rabbit IgG passively adsorbed on the SPCEs. The biotinylated rabbit anti-M. tuberculosis antibodies were used with an alkaline phosphatase labelled streptavidin as detector antibodies. The best results for M. tuberculosis antigen determination were obtained using the immunosensor on the streptavidin modified SPCEs and the immune complexes between antigen Ag231 and monoclonal antibodies MabF184-3, with a detection limit of 1.0 ng/ml. The immunosensor was also applied to Ag231 spiked proteic matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Díaz-González
- Departamento de Química Física y Analítica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
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Yu X, Kim SN, Papadimitrakopoulos F, Rusling JF. Protein immunosensor using single-wall carbon nanotube forests with electrochemical detection of enzyme labels. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2005; 1:70-8. [PMID: 16880966 DOI: 10.1039/b502124c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Vertically aligned arrays of single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNT forests) on pyrolytic graphite surfaces were developed for amperometric enzyme-linked immunoassays. Improved fabrication of these SWNT forests utilizing aged nanotube dispersions provided higher nanotube density and conductivity. Biosensor performance enhancement was monitored using nanotube-bound peroxidase enzymes showing a 3.5-fold better sensitivity for H2O2 than when using fresh nanotubes to assemble the forests, and improved detection limits. Absence of improvements by electron mediation for detection of H2O2 suggested very efficient electron exchange between nanotubes and enzymes attached to their ends. Protein immunosensors were made by attaching antibodies to the carboxylated ends of nanotube forests. Utilizing casein/detergent blocking to minimize non-specific binding, a detection limit of 75 pmol mL(-1) (75 nM) was achieved for human serum albumin (HSA) in unmediated sandwich immunosensors using horseradish peroxidase (HRP) labels. Mediation of the immunosensors dramatically lowered the detection limit to 1 pmol mL(-1) (1 nM), providing significantly better performance than alternative methods. In the immunosensor case, the average distance between HRP labels and nanotube ends is presumably too large for efficient direct electron exchange, but this situation can be overcome by electron mediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3060, USA
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Morrin A, Ngamna O, Killard A, Moulton S, Smyth M, Wallace G. An Amperometric Enzyme Biosensor Fabricated from Polyaniline Nanoparticles. ELECTROANAL 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200403185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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27
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Yu X, Sotzing GA, Papadimitrakopoulos F, Rusling JF. Wiring of enzymes to electrodes by ultrathin conductive polyion underlayers: enhanced catalytic response to hydrogen peroxide. Anal Chem 2004; 75:4565-71. [PMID: 14632065 DOI: 10.1021/ac034188r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Stable electroactive films were grown layer by layer on rough pyrolytic graphite electrodes featuring 4-nm underlayers of sulfonated polyaniline (SPAN) covered with a film containing myoglobin or horseradish peroxidase grown in alternating layers with poly(styrenesulfonate). The self-doped polyanionic SPAN layer, grown on a 2-nm polycation layer, was conductive between about 0.1 and -0.4 V vs SCE at pH 4.5. The enzyme films had the architecture PDDA/SPAN/(enzyme/PSS)3, where PDDA is poly(diallyldimethylammonium) ion. Comparisons of voltammetric measurements of electroactive protein with quartz crystal microbalance measurements of total protein showed that 90% or more of the protein was coupled to the electrode when the SPAN underlayer was present, as opposed to approximately 40% protein electroactivity when SPAN was absent. As a consequence of the highly efficient coupling between enzymes and electrode, the PDDA/SPAN/(enzyme/PSS)3 films exhibited a higher sensitivity for the electrochemical catalytic reduction of hydrogen peroxide. Amperometry at a rotating disk electrode at 0 V gave sensitivity for hydrogen peroxide up to 14 microA microM(-1) cm(-2) in the submicromolar concentration range and a detection limit of approximately 3 nM. Results suggest the future utility of ultrathin layers of conductive self-doping polyions in improving sensitivity of enzyme biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Box U-60, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, USA
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Zacco E, Pividori MI, Llopis X, Del Valle M, Alegret S. Renewable Protein A modified graphite-epoxy composite for electrochemical immunosensing. J Immunol Methods 2004; 286:35-46. [PMID: 15087220 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2003.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2003] [Revised: 10/23/2003] [Accepted: 11/06/2003] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A novel rigid and renewable transducing material for electrochemical immunosensing, based on Protein A bulk-modified graphite-epoxy biocomposite (ProtA-GEB) is reported. Protein A is able to bind to the Fc region of antibodies and provide an affinity matrix for antibody immobilisation onto the transducer. The rigid conducting biocomposite acts not only as a transducer, but also as a reservoir for protein A. After use, the electrode surface can be renewed by a simple polishing procedure, highlighting a clear advantage of this new approach with respect to classical immunoassays. The performance of ProtA-GEB transducers was compared with surface-modified transducers based on a simple dry adsorption procedure, where both Protein A and directly the antibody were adsorbed onto the surface of graphite-epoxy composite (ProtA/GEC and IgG/GEC, respectively). The application of the new biocomposite material in electrochemical immunosensing was studied using a model competitive immunoassay. The immunological reaction was detected using an enzymatic-labeling procedure together with the amperometric detection through a suitable substrate (H(2)O(2)) for the enzyme (HRP). The enzymatic labelling was performed using a two-step procedure based on the biotin/streptavidin interaction as well as a one-step procedure using an antibody labelled with the enzyme. Electrochemical and microscopic characterisation of ProtA-GEB transducer, optimisation of the immunosensor design as well as the stability of this material are also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Zacco
- Grup de Sensors i Biosensors, Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
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Caramori SS, Fernandes KF. Covalent immobilisation of horseradish peroxidase onto poly(ethylene terephthalate)–poly(aniline) composite. Process Biochem 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-9592(03)00188-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Trojanowicz M, Mulchandani A, Mascini M. Carbon Nanotubes‐Modified Screen‐Printed Electrodes for Chemical Sensors and Biosensors. ANAL LETT 2004. [DOI: 10.1081/al-200040320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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31
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Grennan K, Strachan G, Porter AJ, Killard AJ, Smyth MR. Atrazine analysis using an amperometric immunosensor based on single-chain antibody fragments and regeneration-free multi-calibrant measurement. Anal Chim Acta 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(03)00942-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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32
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Gao Q, Ma Y, Cheng Z, Wang W, Yang X. Flow injection electrochemical enzyme immunoassay based on the use of an immunoelectrode strip integrate immunosorbent layer and a screen-printed carbon electrode. Anal Chim Acta 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(03)00578-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Morrin A, Guzman A, Killard AJ, Pingarron JM, Smyth MR. Characterisation of horseradish peroxidase immobilisation on an electrochemical biosensor by colorimetric and amperometric techniques. Biosens Bioelectron 2003; 18:715-20. [PMID: 12706583 DOI: 10.1016/s0956-5663(03)00003-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
This study presents the use of complementary colorimetric and amperometric techniques to measure the quantity of protein or enzyme immobilised onto a carbon paste electrode modified with a layer of electrodeposited polyaniline. By applying a solution of bovine serum albumin at 0.75 mg/ml, efficient blocking of the electrode from electroactive species in the bulk solution could be achieved. When the horseradish peroxidase was immobilised on the electrode, optimal amperometric responses from hydrogen peroxide reduction were achieved at approximately the same concentration. The mass of enzyme immobilised at this solution concentration was determined by a colorimetric enzyme assay to be equivalent to the formation of a protein monolayer. Under these conditions, amperometric responses from the immobilised layer are maximised and non-specific bulk solution interactions are minimised. At higher immobilised protein concentrations, diminished amperometric responses may be due to inhibited diffusion of hydrogen peroxide to enzyme which is in electronic communication with the electrode surface, or impeded electron transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aoife Morrin
- School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, 9, Dublin, Ireland
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Morrin A, Killard AJ, Smyth MR. Electrochemical Characterization of Commercial and Home-Made Screen-Printed Carbon Electrodes. ANAL LETT 2003. [DOI: 10.1081/al-120023627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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35
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Chapter 7 Chemically modified electrodes with integrated biomolecules and molecular wires. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-526x(03)80112-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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36
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Pemberton RM, Hart JP, Mottram TT. An electrochemical immunosensor for milk progesterone using a continuous flow system. Biosens Bioelectron 2001; 16:715-23. [PMID: 11679249 DOI: 10.1016/s0956-5663(01)00212-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
An electrochemical biosensor for cow's milk progesterone has been developed and used in a competitive immunoassay under thin-layer, continuous-flow conditions. Single-use biosensors were fabricated by depositing anti-progesterone monoclonal antibody (mAb) onto screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCEs). Three operational steps could be identified: (1) Competitive binding of sample/conjugate (alkaline-phosphatase-labelled progesterone, AP-prog) mixture, (2) establishment of a steady-state amperometric baseline current and (3), measurement of an amperometric signal in the presence of enzyme substrate (1-naphthyl phosphate, 1-NP). In the thin-layer cell, the enzyme product, 1-naphthol, showed electrochemical behaviour consistent with bulk conditions and gave a linear amperometric response under continuous-flow conditions (E(app)=+0.3 V vs. Ag/AgCl) over the range 0.1-1.0 microg/ml. After pre-incubating biosensors with progesterone standards, signal generation within the cell (substrate concentration=5 mM) was recorded amperometrically as rate (nA/s) or maximum current (i(max), nA). Response values for milk standards were approximately 50% of those prepared in buffer. In both cases, calibration plots over the range 0-50 ng/ml progesterone were obtained. By conducting sample binding under flowing conditions, only 7% of the previous response was obtained, even at a substrate concentration of 50 mM, resulting in low signal:noise ratio. Using a stop-flow arrangement (i.e. quiescent sample binding, followed by continuous flow), low-noise amperograms were obtained at [1-NP]=5 mM. Calibration plots were obtained over the range 0-25 ng/ml, with a coefficient of variation of 12.5% for five replicate real milk samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Pemberton
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK
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Ferri T, Maida S, Poscia A, Santucci R. A Glucose Biosensor Based on Electro-Enzyme Catalyzed Oxidation of Glucose Using a HRP-GOD Layered Assembly. ELECTROANAL 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-4109(200110)13:14<1198::aid-elan1198>3.0.co;2-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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38
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Grennan K, J. Killard A, R. Smyth M. Physical Characterizations of a Screen-Printed Electrode for Use in an Amperometric Biosensor System. ELECTROANAL 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-4109(200105)13:8/9<745::aid-elan745>3.0.co;2-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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39
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Yang YJ, Huang HJ. A Polyaniline-Modified Electrode-Based FIA System for Sub-ppb-Level Chromium(VI) Analysis. Anal Chem 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/ac001252l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Jung Yang
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
| | - Hsuan-Jung Huang
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
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40
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Flow injection analytical system for glucose with screen-printed enzyme biosensor incorporating Os-complex mediator. Anal Chim Acta 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(00)01158-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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41
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Killard AJ, Micheli L, Grennan K, Franek M, Kolar V, Moscone D, Palchetti I, Smyth MR. Amperometric separation-free immunosensor for real-time environmental monitoring. Anal Chim Acta 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(00)01015-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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