1
|
Fu Y, Christov PP, Kingsley PJ, Richie-Jannetta RM, Marnett LJ, Stone MP. Base-Displaced Intercalated Structure of the 3-(2-Deoxy-β-D-erythropentofuranosyl)-pyrimido[1,2- f]purine-6,10(3 H,5 H)-dione (6-oxo-M 1dG) Lesion in DNA. Chem Res Toxicol 2023; 36:1947-1960. [PMID: 37989274 PMCID: PMC10731638 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.3c00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
The genotoxic 3-(2-deoxy-β-D-erythro-pentofuranosyl)pyrimido[1,2-α]purin-10(3H)-one (M1dG) DNA lesion arises from endogenous exposures to base propenals generated by oxidative damage and from exposures to malondialdehyde (MDA), produced by lipid peroxidation. Once formed, M1dG may oxidize, in vivo, to 3-(2-deoxy-β-D-erythropentofuranosyl)-pyrimido[1,2-f]purine-6,10(3H,5H)-dione (6-oxo-M1dG). The latter blocks DNA replication and is a substrate for error-prone mutagenic bypass by the Y-family DNA polymerase hpol η. To examine structural consequences of 6-oxo-M1dG damage in DNA, we conducted NMR studies of 6-oxo-M1dG incorporated site-specifically into 5' -d(C1A2T3X4A5T6G7A8C9G10C11T12)-3':5'-d(A13G14C15G16T17C18A19T20C21A22T23G24)-3' (X = 6-oxo-M1dG). NMR spectra afforded detailed resonance assignments. Chemical shift analyses revealed that nucleobase C21, complementary to 6-oxo-M1dG, was deshielded compared with the unmodified duplex. Sequential NOEs between 6-oxo-M1dG and A5 were disrupted, as well as NOEs between T20 and C21 in the complementary strand. The structure of the 6-oxo-M1dG modified DNA duplex was refined by using molecular dynamics (rMD) calculations restrained by NOE data. It revealed that 6-oxo-M1dG intercalated into the duplex and remained in the anti-conformation about the glycosyl bond. The complementary cytosine C21 extruded into the major groove, accommodating the intercalated 6-oxo-M1dG. The 6-oxo-M1dG H7 and H8 protons faced toward the major groove, while the 6-oxo-M1dG imidazole proton H2 faced into the major groove. Structural perturbations to dsDNA were limited to the 6-oxo-M1dG damaged base pair and the flanking T3:A22 and A5:T20 base pairs. Both neighboring base pairs remained within the Watson-Crick hydrogen bonding contact. The 6-oxo-M1dG did not stack well with the 5'-neighboring base pair T3:A22 but showed improved stacking with the 3'-neighboring base pair A5:T20. Overall, the base-displaced intercalated structure was consistent with thermal destabilization of the 6-oxo-M1dG damaged DNA duplex; thermal melting temperature data showed a 15 °C decrease in Tm compared to the unmodified duplex. The structural consequences of 6-oxo-M1dG formation in DNA are evaluated in the context of the chemical biology of this lesion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yizhi Fu
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry,
and the Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Plamen P. Christov
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry,
and the Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Philip J. Kingsley
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry,
and the Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Robyn M. Richie-Jannetta
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry,
and the Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Lawrence J. Marnett
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry,
and the Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Michael P. Stone
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry,
and the Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cooke MS, Hu CW, Chang YJ, Chao MR. Urinary DNA adductomics - A novel approach for exposomics. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 121:1033-1038. [PMID: 30392940 PMCID: PMC6279464 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The exposome is a concept that encompasses the totality of internal and external environmental exposures, from conception onwards. Evaluation of the exposome, across the lifecourse represents a significant challenge, e.g., methods/technology may simply not exist to comprehensively assess all exposures, or they may not be applicable to human populations, or may have insufficient sensitivity. Cellular DNA adductomics aims to determine the totality of DNA adducts in the cellular genome. However, application to human populations requires the necessarily invasive sampling of tissue, to obtain sufficient DNA for sensitive analysis, which can represent a logistical and IRB challenge, particularly when investigating vulnerable populations. To circumvent this, we recently applied DNA adductomics to urine, detecting a range of expected and unexpected 2'-deoxyribonucleoside DNA adducts. However, base excision repair, the main DNA repair pathway for non-bulky DNA adducts, and processes such as spontaneous depurination, generate nucleobase adducts. Herein we propose a strategy to simultaneously assess 2'-deoxyribonucleoside and nucleobase adducts, using a widely used mass spectrometic platform (i.e., triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry). This will provide a much needed DNA adductomic approach for non-invasively, biomonitoring environmental exposures, through assessing the totality of DNA adducts; contributing to the evaluation of the exposome, across the life-course.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcus S Cooke
- Oxidative Stress Group, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA; Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA.
| | - Chiung-Wen Hu
- Oxidative Stress Group, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA; Department of Public Health, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Jhe Chang
- Department of Occupational Safety and Health, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Mu-Rong Chao
- Oxidative Stress Group, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA; Department of Occupational Safety and Health, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; Department of Occupational Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 402, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yates SA, Dempster NM, Murphy MF, Moore SA. Quantitative analysis of malondialdehyde-guanine adducts in genomic DNA samples by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2017; 31:762-770. [PMID: 28231608 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The lipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde forms M1 dG adducts with guanine bases in genomic DNA. The analysis of these adducts is important as a biomarker of lipid peroxidation, oxidative stress and inflammation which may be linked to disease risk or exposure to a range of chemicals. METHODS Genomic DNA samples were subjected to acid hydrolysis to release the adducts in the base form (M1 G) alongside the other purines. A liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry method was optimised for the quantitation of the M1 G adducts in genomic DNA samples using product ion and multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) scans. RESULTS Product ion scans revealed four product ions from the precursor ion; m/z 188 → 160, 133, 106 and 79. The two smallest ions have not been observed previously and optimisation of the method revealed that these gave better sensitivity (LOQ m/z 79: 162 adducts per 107 nucleotides; m/z 106: 147 adducts per 107 nucleotides) than the other two ions. An MRM method gave similar sensitivity but the two smallest product ions gave better accuracy (94-95%). Genomic DNA treated with malondialdehyde showed a linear dose-response relationship. CONCLUSIONS A fast reliable sample preparation method was used to release adducts in the base form rather than the nucleoside. The methods were optimised to selectively analyse the adducts in the presence of other DNA bases without the need for further sample clean-up. Analysis of genomic DNA gave results consistent with previous work and was applied to new samples. Thus, the method is suitable for the analysis of M1 (d)G adducts in biological samples. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sally A Yates
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - Nicola M Dempster
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - Mark F Murphy
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ma B, Villalta PW, Balbo S, Stepanov I. Analysis of a malondialdehyde-deoxyguanosine adduct in human leukocyte DNA by liquid chromatography nanoelectrospray-high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry. Chem Res Toxicol 2014; 27:1829-36. [PMID: 25181548 PMCID: PMC4203394 DOI: 10.1021/tx5002699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Malondialdehyde
(MDA), an endogenous genotoxic product formed upon
lipid peroxidation and prostaglandin biosynthesis, can react with
DNA to form stable adducts. These adducts may contribute to the development
of such inflammation-mediated diseases as cancer and cardiovascular
and neurodegenerative diseases. The predominant MDA-derived DNA adduct
formed under physiological conditions is 3-(2-deoxy-β-d-erythro-pentafuranosyl)pyrimido[1,2-α]purin-10(3H)-one deoxyguanosine (M1dG). In this study, we developed
a novel liquid chromatography (LC)–nanoelectrospray ionization
(NSI)–high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (HRMS/MS) method
for the analysis of M1dG in human leukocyte DNA. After
enzymatic hydrolysis of DNA, M1dG and the added internal
standard [13C3]M1dG were reduced
to their 5,6-dihydro derivatives by addition of sodium borohydride
to the hydrolysate and purified by solid-phase extraction and column
chromatography. The 5,6-dihydro derivatives in the purified samples
were analyzed by LC–NSI–HRMS/MS using higher-energy
collisional dissociation (HCD) fragmentation, isolation widths of
1 Da for both the analyte and internal standard, and a resolution
of 50 000. The detection limit of the developed method is 5
amol on-column, and the limit of quantitation is 0.125 fmol/mg DNA
starting with 200 μg of DNA. Method accuracy and precision were
characterized. The developed method was further applied to the analysis
of leukocyte DNA from 50 human subjects. M1dG was detected
in all samples and ranged from 0.132 to 275 fmol/mg DNA, or 0.004
to 9.15 adducts per 108 bases. This unique and highly sensitive
HRMS/MS-based method can be used in future studies investigating the
pathophysiological role of M1dG in human diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Ma
- Masonic Cancer Center and ‡Division of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Minnesota , Mayo Mail Code 806, 420 Delaware Street South East, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Marnett LJ. Inflammation and cancer: chemical approaches to mechanisms, imaging, and treatment. J Org Chem 2012; 77:5224-38. [PMID: 22515568 PMCID: PMC3375764 DOI: 10.1021/jo300214d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The inflammatory response represents a first line of defense against invading pathogens and is important to human health. Chronic inflammation contributes to the etiology of multiple diseases, especially those associated with aging, such as cancer and cardiovascular disease. The chemistry of the inflammatory response is complex and involves the generation of highly reactive oxidants and electrophiles designed to kill the pathogen as well as the release of small molecule and protein mediators of intercellular signaling, chemotaxis, vasoconstriction, and wound-healing. Oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids--either nonenzymatic or enzymatic--contributes to the inflammatory response and associated cellular pathologies. The current perspective summarizes our research on unsaturated fatty acid oxidation in the context of inflammation and cancer. In addition to understanding the consequences of DNA and protein modification by lipid electrophiles, our research has focused on the development of molecularly targeted agents to image and treat cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence J Marnett
- A.B. Hancock Jr. Memorial Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Tsikas D. Quantitative analysis of biomarkers, drugs and toxins in biological samples by immunoaffinity chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry or tandem mass spectrometry: A focused review of recent applications. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 878:133-48. [PMID: 19969510 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2009] [Revised: 10/30/2009] [Accepted: 11/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Immunoaffinity chromatography (IAC), mass spectrometry and especially tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) represent the most efficient and reliable analytical techniques for specific isolation, unequivocal identification and accurate quantification of numerous natural and synthetic substances in biological samples. This review article focuses on the combined use of these outstanding methodologies in basic and clinical research and in life sciences for the quantitative analysis of low- and high-molecular mass biomarkers, drugs and toxins in urine, plasma or serum samples, in tissue and other biologicals systems published in the last decade. The analytes discussed in some detail include the biomarkers of oxidative stress 15(S)-8-iso-prostaglandin F(2alpha) {15(S)-8-iso-PGF(2alpha)} and 3-nitrotyrosine, the major urinary metabolite of the lipid mediators cysteinyl leukotrienes, i.e., the leukotriene E(4) (LTE(4)), melatonin, and the major collagen type II neoepitope peptide in human urine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Tsikas
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Cooke MS, Olinski R, Loft S. Measurement and Meaning of Oxidatively Modified DNA Lesions in Urine. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008; 17:3-14. [DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-07-0751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
|
8
|
Knutson CG, Wang H, Rizzo CJ, Marnett LJ. Metabolism and elimination of the endogenous DNA adduct, 3-(2-deoxy-beta-D-erythropentofuranosyl)-pyrimido[1,2-alpha]purine-10(3H)-one, in the rat. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:36257-64. [PMID: 17951255 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m706814200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Endogenously occurring damage to DNA is a contributing factor to the onset of several genetic diseases, including cancer. Monitoring urinary levels of DNA adducts is one approach to assess genomic exposure to endogenous damage. However, metabolism and alternative routes of elimination have not been considered as factors that may limit the detection of DNA adducts in urine. We recently demonstrated that the peroxidation-derived deoxyguanosine adduct, 3-(2-deoxy-beta-D-erythropentofuranosyl)-pyrimido[1,2-alpha]purine-10(3H)-one (M1dG), is subject to enzymatic oxidation in vivo resulting in the formation of a major metabolite, 6-oxo-M1dG. Based on the administration of [14C]M1dG (22 microCi/kg) to Sprague-Dawley rats (n=4), we now report that 6-oxo-M1dG is the principal metabolite of M1dG in vivo representing 45% of the total administered dose. When [14C]6-oxo-M1dG was administered to Sprague-Dawley rats, 6-oxo-M1dG was recovered unchanged (>97% stability). These studies also revealed that M1dG and 6-oxo-M1dG are subject to biliary elimination. Additionally, both M1dG and 6-oxo-M1dG exhibited a long residence time following administration (>48 h), and the major species observed in urine at late collections was 6-oxo-M1dG.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles G Knutson
- A. B. Hancock, Jr. Memorial Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Otteneder MB, Knutson CG, Daniels JS, Hashim M, Crews BC, Remmel RP, Wang H, Rizzo C, Marnett LJ. In vivo oxidative metabolism of a major peroxidation-derived DNA adduct, M1dG. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:6665-9. [PMID: 16614064 PMCID: PMC1458938 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0602017103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
3-(2-Deoxy-beta-D-erythro-pentofuranosyl)pyrimido[1,2-alpha]purin-10(3H)-one (M1dG) is a DNA adduct arising from the reaction of 2-deoxyguanosine with the lipid peroxidation product, malondialdehyde, or the DNA peroxidation product, base propenal. M1dG is mutagenic in bacteria and mammalian cells and is present in the genomic DNA of healthy human beings. It is also detectable, albeit at low levels, in the urine of healthy individuals, which may make it a useful biomarker of DNA damage linked to oxidative stress. We investigated the possibility that the low urinary levels of M1dG reflect metabolic conversion to derivatives. M1dG was rapidly removed from plasma (t(1/2) = 10 min) after i.v. administration to rats. A single urinary metabolite was detected that was identified as 6-oxo-M1dG by MS, NMR spectroscopy, and independent chemical synthesis. 6-Oxo-M1dG was generated in vitro by incubation of M1dG with rat liver cytosols, and studies with inhibitors suggested that xanthine oxidase and aldehyde oxidase are involved in the oxidative metabolism. M1dG also was metabolized by three separate human liver cytosol preparations, indicating 6-oxo-M1dG is a likely metabolite in humans. This represents a report of the oxidative metabolism of an endogenous DNA adduct and raises the possibility that other endogenous DNA adducts are metabolized by oxidative pathways. 6-Oxo-M1dG may be a useful biomarker of endogenous DNA damage associated with inflammation, oxidative stress, and certain types of cancer chemotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael B. Otteneder
- A. B. Hancock, Jr., Memorial Laboratory for Cancer Research, Departments of *Biochemistry
| | - Charles G. Knutson
- A. B. Hancock, Jr., Memorial Laboratory for Cancer Research, Departments of *Biochemistry
| | - J. Scott Daniels
- A. B. Hancock, Jr., Memorial Laboratory for Cancer Research, Departments of *Biochemistry
| | - Muhammed Hashim
- A. B. Hancock, Jr., Memorial Laboratory for Cancer Research, Departments of *Biochemistry
| | - Brenda C. Crews
- A. B. Hancock, Jr., Memorial Laboratory for Cancer Research, Departments of *Biochemistry
| | - Rory P. Remmel
- A. B. Hancock, Jr., Memorial Laboratory for Cancer Research, Departments of *Biochemistry
| | | | | | - Lawrence J. Marnett
- A. B. Hancock, Jr., Memorial Laboratory for Cancer Research, Departments of *Biochemistry
- Chemistry, and
- Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt–Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-0146
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Williams MV, Lee SH, Pollack M, Blair IA. Endogenous lipid hydroperoxide-mediated DNA-adduct formation in min mice. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:10127-33. [PMID: 16449227 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m600178200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite intensive research over the last two decades, there are still no specific markers of endogenous lipid hydroperoxide-mediated DNA damage. We recently demonstrated that heptanone-etheno-2'-deoxyguanosine adducts are formed in the DNA of rat intestinal epithelial cells that stably express cyclooxygenase-2. Heptanone-etheno adducts can only arise from the reaction of lipid hydroperoxide-derived 4-oxo-2(E)-nonenal with DNA. This raised the possibility that similar adducts would be formed in vivo in settings where cyclooxygenase-2 expression is increased. Therefore, DNA-adduct formation was studied in C57BL/6JAPC(min) mice, a colorectal cancer mouse model in which cyclooxygenase-2 is up-regulated. 15(S)-Hydroperoxy-5Z,8Z,11Z,13E-eicosatetraenoic acid is the major lipid hydroperoxide produced endogenously by cyclooxygenase-2. It undergoes homolytic decomposition to the DNA-reactive bifunctional electrophile 4-oxo-2(E)-nonenal, which forms heptanone-etheno adducts with DNA. A quantitative comparison was made of the heptanone-etheno-DNA adducts present in C57BL/6J and C57BL/6JAPC(min) mice. Using highly specific and sensitive methodology based on stable isotope dilution liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry, we have detected the endogenous formation of heptanone-etheno adducts in mammalian tissue DNA for the first time. In addition, we found that there were statistically significant increased levels of the heptanone-etheno-2'-deoxyguanosine and heptanone-etheno-2'-deoxycytidine adducts in the C57BL/6JAPC(min) mice when compared with the control C57BL/6J mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle V Williams
- Center for Cancer Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, 854 BRB II/III, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Singh R, Farmer PB. Liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry: the future of DNA adduct detection. Carcinogenesis 2005; 27:178-96. [PMID: 16272169 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgi260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past 40 years considerable emphasis has been placed on the development of accurate and sensitive methods for the detection and quantitation of DNA adducts. The formation of DNA adducts resulting from the covalent interaction of genotoxic carcinogens with DNA, derived from exogenous and endogenous sources, either directly or following metabolic activation, can if not repaired lead to mutations in critical genes such as those involved in the regulation of cellular growth and subsequent development of cancer. The major analytical challenge has been to detect levels of DNA adducts at the level of 0.1-1 adducts per 10(8) unmodified DNA bases using only low microgram amounts of DNA, and with high specificity and accuracy, in humans exposed to genotoxic carcinogens derived from occupational, environmental, dietary and life-style sources. In this review we will highlight the merits as well as discuss the progress made by liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization mass spectrometry as a method for DNA adduct detection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajinder Singh
- Cancer Biomarkers and Prevention Group, Biocentre, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Del Rio D, Stewart AJ, Pellegrini N. A review of recent studies on malondialdehyde as toxic molecule and biological marker of oxidative stress. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2005; 15:316-328. [PMID: 16054557 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2005.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1706] [Impact Index Per Article: 89.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2004] [Revised: 05/02/2005] [Accepted: 05/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
AIM Of the many biological targets of oxidative stress, lipids are the most involved class of biomolecules. Lipid oxidation gives rise to a number of secondary products. Malondialdehyde (MDA) is the principal and most studied product of polyunsaturated fatty acid peroxidation. This aldehyde is a highly toxic molecule and should be considered as more than just a marker of lipid peroxidation. Its interaction with DNA and proteins has often been referred to as potentially mutagenic and atherogenic. This review is intended to briefly describe the physiological origin of MDA, to highlight its toxicity, describe and comment on the most recent methods of detection and discuss its occurrence and significance in pathology. DATA SYNTHESIS In vivo origin as well as reactivity and consequent toxicity of MDA are reviewed. The most recent and improved procedures for the evaluation of MDA in biological fluids are described and discussed. The evidence of the occurrence of increased MDA levels in pathology is described. CONCLUSIONS In the assessment of MDA, the most common methods of detection are insufficiently sensitive and disturbed by interference coming from related species or overestimation derived from stressing analysis conditions. Moreover, no recent nutritional or medical trials report the use of one of the new and more reliable methods, some of which are undoubtedly accessible to virtually all the laboratories provided with a common HPLC or a spectrofluorimeter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Del Rio
- Human Nutrition Unit, Department of Public Health, University of Parma, Via Volturno 39, 43100 Parma, Italy
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Vodicka PE, Linhart I, Novak J, Koskinen M, Vodickova L, Hemminki K. 7-Alkylguanine adduct levels in urine, lungs and liver of mice exposed to styrene by inhalation. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2005; 210:1-8. [PMID: 15949832 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2005.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2005] [Revised: 04/13/2005] [Accepted: 04/22/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This study describes urinary excretion of two nucleobase adducts derived from styrene 7,8-oxide (SO), i.e., 7-(2-hydroxy-1-phenylethyl)guanine (N7alphaG) and 7-(2-hydroxy-2-phenylethyl)guanine (N7betaG), as well as a formation of N7-SO-guanine adducts in lungs and liver of two month old male NMRI mice exposed to styrene by inhalation in a 3-week subacute study. Strikingly higher excretion of both isomeric nucleobase adducts in the first day of exposure was recorded, while the daily excretion of nucleobase adducts in following time intervals reached the steady-state level at 4.32+1.14 and 6.91+1.17 pmol/animal for lower and higher styrene exposure, respectively. beta-SO-guanine DNA adducts in lungs increased with exposure in a linear way (F=13.7 for linearity and 0.17 for non-linearity, respectively), reaching at the 21st day the level of 23.0 adducts/10(8) normal nucleotides, i.e., 0.74 fmol/microg DNA of 7-alkylguanine DNA adducts for the concentration of 1500 mg/m3, while no 7-SO-guanine DNA adducts were detected in the liver after 21 days of inhalation exposure to both of styrene concentrations. A comparison of 7-alkylguanines excreted in urine with 7-SO-guanines in lungs (after correction for depurination and for missing alpha-isomers) revealed that persisting 7-SO-guanine DNA adducts in lungs account for about 0.5% of the total alkylation at N7 of guanine. The total styrene-specific 7-guanine alkylation accounts for about 1.0x10(-5)% of the total styrene uptake, while N1-adenine alkylation contributes to this percentage only negligibly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Erik Vodicka
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of Czech Republic, Videnská 1083, 14 220 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Riggins JN, Daniels JS, Rouzer CA, Marnett LJ. Kinetic and thermodynamic analysis of the hydrolytic ring-opening of the malondialdehyde-deoxyguanosine adduct, 3-(2'-deoxy-beta-D-erythro-pentofuranosyl)- pyrimido[1,2-alpha]purin-10(3H)-one. J Am Chem Soc 2004; 126:8237-43. [PMID: 15225065 DOI: 10.1021/ja040009r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
3-(2'-Deoxy-beta-D-erythro-pentofuranosyl)pyrimido[1,2-alpha]purin-10(3H)-one (M1dG) is the major reaction product of deoxyguanosine with malondialdehyde or base propenals. M1dG undergoes hydrolytic ring-opening to N2-oxopropenyl-deoxyguanosine (N2OPdG) under basic conditions. We report that ring-opening of M1dG as a nucleoside or in oligonucleotides is a reversible second-order reaction with hydroxide ion. NMR and UV analysis revealed N2OPdG(-) to be the only product of M1dG ring-opening in basic solution. The rate constant for reaction of M1dG with hydroxide is 3.8 M(-1) s(-1), and the equilibrium constant is calculated to be 2.1 +/- 0.3 x 10(4) M(-1) at 25 degrees C. Equilibrium constants determined by spectroscopic analysis of the reaction end-point or by thermodynamic analysis of rate constants determined over a range of temperatures yielded a value 2.5 +/- 0.2 x 10(4) M(-1). Kinetic analysis of ring-opening of M1dG in oligonucleotides indicated the rate constant for ring-opening is decreased 10-fold compared to that in the nucleoside. Flanking purines or pyrimidines did not significantly alter the rate constants for ring-opening, but purines flanking M1dG enhanced the rate constant for the reverse reaction. A mechanism is proposed for ring-opening of M1dG under basic conditions and a role is proposed for duplex DNA in accelerating the rate of ring-opening of M1dG at neutral pH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James N Riggins
- A. B. Hancock Jr. Memorial Laboratory for Cancer Research, Departments of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-0146, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Minotti G, Menna P, Salvatorelli E, Cairo G, Gianni L. Anthracyclines: Molecular Advances and Pharmacologic Developments in Antitumor Activity and Cardiotoxicity. Pharmacol Rev 2004; 56:185-229. [PMID: 15169927 DOI: 10.1124/pr.56.2.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2566] [Impact Index Per Article: 128.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical use of anthracyclines like doxorubicin and daunorubicin can be viewed as a sort of double-edged sword. On the one hand, anthracyclines play an undisputed key role in the treatment of many neoplastic diseases; on the other hand, chronic administration of anthracyclines induces cardiomyopathy and congestive heart failure usually refractory to common medications. Second-generation analogs like epirubicin or idarubicin exhibit improvements in their therapeutic index, but the risk of inducing cardiomyopathy is not abated. It is because of their janus behavior (activity in tumors vis-à-vis toxicity in cardiomyocytes) that anthracyclines continue to attract the interest of preclinical and clinical investigations despite their longer-than-40-year record of longevity. Here we review recent progresses that may serve as a framework for reappraising the activity and toxicity of anthracyclines on basic and clinical pharmacology grounds. We review 1) new aspects of anthracycline-induced DNA damage in cancer cells; 2) the role of iron and free radicals as causative factors of apoptosis or other forms of cardiac damage; 3) molecular mechanisms of cardiotoxic synergism between anthracyclines and other anticancer agents; 4) the pharmacologic rationale and clinical recommendations for using cardioprotectants while not interfering with tumor response; 5) the development of tumor-targeted anthracycline formulations; and 6) the designing of third-generation analogs and their assessment in preclinical or clinical settings. An overview of these issues confirms that anthracyclines remain "evergreen" drugs with broad clinical indications but have still an improvable therapeutic index.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Minotti
- G. d'Annunzio University School of Medicine, Centro Studi sull'Invecchiamento, Room 412, Via dei Vestini, 66013 Chieti, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Halliwell B, Whiteman M. Measuring reactive species and oxidative damage in vivo and in cell culture: how should you do it and what do the results mean? Br J Pharmacol 2004; 142:231-55. [PMID: 15155533 PMCID: PMC1574951 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0705776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1499] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2004] [Revised: 03/08/2004] [Accepted: 03/08/2004] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Free radicals and other reactive species (RS) are thought to play an important role in many human diseases. Establishing their precise role requires the ability to measure them and the oxidative damage that they cause. This article first reviews what is meant by the terms free radical, RS, antioxidant, oxidative damage and oxidative stress. It then critically examines methods used to trap RS, including spin trapping and aromatic hydroxylation, with a particular emphasis on those methods applicable to human studies. Methods used to measure oxidative damage to DNA, lipids and proteins and methods used to detect RS in cell culture, especially the various fluorescent "probes" of RS, are also critically reviewed. The emphasis throughout is on the caution that is needed in applying these methods in view of possible errors and artifacts in interpreting the results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barry Halliwell
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Singapore, MD 7 #03-08, 8 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597, Singapore.
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
|