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Inoue R, Nishimune H. Neuronal Plasticity and Age-Related Functional Decline in the Motor Cortex. Cells 2023; 12:2142. [PMID: 37681874 PMCID: PMC10487126 DOI: 10.3390/cells12172142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Physiological aging causes a decline of motor function due to impairment of motor cortex function, losses of motor neurons and neuromuscular junctions, sarcopenia, and frailty. There is increasing evidence suggesting that the changes in motor function start earlier in the middle-aged stage. The mechanism underlining the middle-aged decline in motor function seems to relate to the central nervous system rather than the peripheral neuromuscular system. The motor cortex is one of the responsible central nervous systems for coordinating and learning motor functions. The neuronal circuits in the motor cortex show plasticity in response to motor learning, including LTP. This motor cortex plasticity seems important for the intervention method mechanisms that revert the age-related decline of motor function. This review will focus on recent findings on the role of plasticity in the motor cortex for motor function and age-related changes. The review will also introduce our recent identification of an age-related decline of neuronal activity in the primary motor cortex of middle-aged mice using electrophysiological recordings of brain slices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritsuko Inoue
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 35-2 Sakaecho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan;
| | - Hiroshi Nishimune
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 35-2 Sakaecho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan;
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-8-1 Harumicho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8538, Japan
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2
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Inoue R, Miura M, Yanai S, Nishimune H. Coenzyme Q 10 supplementation improves the motor function of middle-aged mice by restoring the neuronal activity of the motor cortex. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4323. [PMID: 36922562 PMCID: PMC10017826 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31510-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Physiological aging causes motor function decline and anatomical and biochemical changes in the motor cortex. We confirmed that middle-aged mice at 15-18 months old show motor function decline, which can be restored to the young adult level by supplementing with mitochondrial electron transporter coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) as a water-soluble nanoformula by drinking water for 1 week. CoQ10 supplementation concurrently improved brain mitochondrial respiration but not muscle strength. Notably, we identified an age-related decline in field excitatory postsynaptic potential (fEPSP) amplitude in the pathway from layers II/III to V of the primary motor area of middle-aged mice, which was restored to the young adult level by supplementing with CoQ10 for 1 week but not by administering CoQ10 acutely to brain slices. Interestingly, CoQ10 with high-frequency stimulation induced NMDA receptor-dependent long-term potentiation (LTP) in layer V of the primary motor cortex of middle-aged mice. Importantly, the fEPSP amplitude showed a larger input‒output relationship after CoQ10-dependent LTP expression. These data suggest that CoQ10 restores the motor function of middle-aged mice by improving brain mitochondrial function and the basal fEPSP level of the motor cortex, potentially by enhancing synaptic plasticity efficacy. Thus, CoQ10 supplementation may ameliorate the age-related decline in motor function in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritsuko Inoue
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 35-2 Sakaecho, Itabashi-Ku, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan.
| | - Masami Miura
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 35-2 Sakaecho, Itabashi-Ku, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan.,Saitama Central Hospital, 2177 Kamitome, Miyoshicho, Iruma-Gun, Saitama, 354-0045, Japan
| | - Shuichi Yanai
- Laboratory of Memory Neuroscience, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 35-2 Sakaecho, Itabashi-Ku, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nishimune
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 35-2 Sakaecho, Itabashi-Ku, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan. .,Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-8-1 Harumicho, Fuchu-Shi, Tokyo, 183-8538, Japan.
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3
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Wikström M, Djurabekova A, Sharma V. On the role of ubiquinone in the proton translocation mechanism of respiratory complex I. FEBS Lett 2023; 597:224-236. [PMID: 36180980 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Complex I converts oxidoreduction energy into a proton electrochemical gradient across the inner mitochondrial or bacterial cell membrane. This gradient is the primary source of energy for aerobic synthesis of ATP. Oxidation of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) by ubiquinone (Q) yields NAD+ and ubiquinol (QH2 ), which is tightly coupled to translocation of four protons from the negatively to the positively charged side of the membrane. Electrons from NADH oxidation reach the iron-sulfur centre N2 positioned near the bottom of a tunnel that extends circa 30 Å from the membrane domain into the hydrophilic domain of the complex. The tunnel is occupied by ubiquinone, which can take a distal position near the N2 centre or proximal positions closer to the membrane. Here, we review important structural, kinetic and thermodynamic properties of ubiquinone that define its role in complex I function. We suggest that this function exceeds that of a mere substrate or electron acceptor and propose that ubiquinone may be the redox element of complex I coupling electron transfer to proton translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mårten Wikström
- HiLIFE Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Vivek Sharma
- HiLIFE Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Finland
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4
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Water-soluble CoQ10 as A Promising Anti-aging Agent for Neurological Dysfunction in Brain Mitochondria. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8030061. [PMID: 30862106 PMCID: PMC6466529 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8030061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial function has been closely associated with normal aging and age-related diseases. Age-associated declines in mitochondrial function, such as changes in oxygen consumption rate, cytochrome c oxidase activity of complex IV, and mitochondrial coenzyme Q (CoQ) levels, begin as early as 12 to 15 months of age in male mouse brains. Brain mitochondrial dysfunction is accompanied by increased accumulation of phosphorylated α-synuclein in the motor cortex and impairment of motor activities, which are similar characteristics of Parkinson's disease. However, these age-associated defects are completely rescued by the administration of exogenous CoQ10 to middle-aged mice via its water solubilization by emulsification in drinking water. Further efforts to develop strategies to enhance the biological availability of CoQ10 to successfully ameliorate age-related brain mitochondrial dysfunction or neurodegenerative disorders may provide a promising anti-aging agent.
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5
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A modeling and simulation perspective on the mechanism and function of respiratory complex I. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2018; 1859:510-523. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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6
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Terron A, Bal-Price A, Paini A, Monnet-Tschudi F, Bennekou SH, Leist M, Schildknecht S. An adverse outcome pathway for parkinsonian motor deficits associated with mitochondrial complex I inhibition. Arch Toxicol 2018; 92:41-82. [PMID: 29209747 PMCID: PMC5773657 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-017-2133-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have observed an association between pesticide exposure and the development of Parkinson's disease, but have not established causality. The concept of an adverse outcome pathway (AOP) has been developed as a framework for the organization of available information linking the modulation of a molecular target [molecular initiating event (MIE)], via a sequence of essential biological key events (KEs), with an adverse outcome (AO). Here, we present an AOP covering the toxicological pathways that link the binding of an inhibitor to mitochondrial complex I (i.e., the MIE) with the onset of parkinsonian motor deficits (i.e., the AO). This AOP was developed according to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development guidelines and uploaded to the AOP database. The KEs linking complex I inhibition to parkinsonian motor deficits are mitochondrial dysfunction, impaired proteostasis, neuroinflammation, and the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra. These KEs, by convention, were linearly organized. However, there was also evidence of additional feed-forward connections and shortcuts between the KEs, possibly depending on the intensity of the insult and the model system applied. The present AOP demonstrates mechanistic plausibility for epidemiological observations on a relationship between pesticide exposure and an elevated risk for Parkinson's disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alicia Paini
- European Commission Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
| | | | | | - Marcel Leist
- In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstr. 10, PO Box M657, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Stefan Schildknecht
- In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstr. 10, PO Box M657, 78457, Konstanz, Germany.
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7
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Takahashi K, Ohsawa I, Shirasawa T, Takahashi M. Early-onset motor impairment and increased accumulation of phosphorylated α-synuclein in the motor cortex of normal aging mice are ameliorated by coenzyme Q. Exp Gerontol 2016; 81:65-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2016.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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8
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Castro PJ, Silva AF, Marreiros BC, Batista AP, Pereira MM. Respiratory complex I: A dual relation with H(+) and Na(+)? BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2015; 1857:928-37. [PMID: 26711319 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory complex I couples NADH:quinone oxidoreduction to ion translocation across the membrane, contributing to the buildup of the transmembrane difference of electrochemical potential. H(+) is well recognized to be the coupling ion of this system but some studies suggested that this role could be also performed by Na(+). We have previously observed NADH-driven Na(+) transport opposite to H(+) translocation by menaquinone-reducing complexes I, which indicated a Na(+)/H(+) antiporter activity in these systems. Such activity was also observed for the ubiquinone-reducing mitochondrial complex I in its deactive form. The relation of Na(+) with complex I may not be surprising since the enzyme has three subunits structurally homologous to bona fide Na(+)/H(+) antiporters and translocation of H(+) and Na(+) ions has been described for members of most types of ion pumps and transporters. Moreover, no clearly distinguishable motifs for the binding of H(+) or Na(+) have been recognized yet. We noticed that in menaquinone-reducing complexes I, less energy is available for ion translocation, compared to ubiquinone-reducing complexes I. Therefore, we hypothesized that menaquinone-reducing complexes I perform Na(+)/H(+) antiporter activity in order to achieve the stoichiometry of 4H(+)/2e(-). In agreement, the organisms that use ubiquinone, a high potential quinone, would have kept such Na(+)/H(+) antiporter activity, only operative under determined conditions. This would imply a physiological role(s) of complex I besides a simple "coupling" of a redox reaction and ion transport, which could account for the sophistication of this enzyme. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Respiratory complex I, edited by Volker Zickermann and Ulrich Brandt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo J Castro
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da Republica EAN, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Andreia F Silva
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da Republica EAN, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Bruno C Marreiros
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da Republica EAN, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ana P Batista
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da Republica EAN, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Manuela M Pereira
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da Republica EAN, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal.
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9
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Lukyanova LD, Kirova YI. Mitochondria-controlled signaling mechanisms of brain protection in hypoxia. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:320. [PMID: 26483619 PMCID: PMC4589588 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The article is focused on the role of the cell bioenergetic apparatus, mitochondria, involved in development of immediate and delayed molecular mechanisms for adaptation to hypoxic stress in brain cortex. Hypoxia induces reprogramming of respiratory chain function and switching from oxidation of NAD-related substrates (complex I) to succinate oxidation (complex II). Transient, reversible, compensatory activation of respiratory chain complex II is a major mechanism of immediate adaptation to hypoxia necessary for (1) succinate-related energy synthesis in the conditions of oxygen deficiency and formation of urgent resistance in the body; (2) succinate-related stabilization of HIF-1α and initiation of its transcriptional activity related with formation of long-term adaptation; (3) succinate-related activation of the succinate-specific receptor, GPR91. This mechanism participates in at least four critical regulatory functions: (1) sensor function related with changes in kinetic properties of complex I and complex II in response to a gradual decrease in ambient oxygen concentration; this function is designed for selection of the most efficient pathway for energy substrate oxidation in hypoxia; (2) compensatory function focused on formation of immediate adaptive responses to hypoxia and hypoxic resistance of the body; (3) transcriptional function focused on activated synthesis of HIF-1 and the genes providing long-term adaptation to low pO2; (4) receptor function, which reflects participation of mitochondria in the intercellular signaling system via the succinate-dependent receptor, GPR91. In all cases, the desired result is achieved by activation of the succinate-dependent oxidation pathway, which allows considering succinate as a signaling molecule. Patterns of mitochondria-controlled activation of GPR-91- and HIF-1-dependent reaction were considered, and a possibility of their participation in cellular-intercellular-systemic interactions in hypoxia and adaptation was proved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmila D. Lukyanova
- Laboratory for Bioenergetics and Hypoxia, Institute of General Pathology and PathophysiologyMoscow, Russia
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10
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Bazil JN, Pannala VR, Dash RK, Beard DA. Determining the origins of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide in the mammalian NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 77:121-9. [PMID: 25236739 PMCID: PMC4258523 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I) is a proton pump in the electron transport chain that can produce a significant amounts of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide. While the flavin mononucleotide (FMN) is the putative site for hydrogen peroxide generation, sites responsible for superoxide are less certain. Here, data on complex I kinetics and ROS generation are analyzed using a computational model to determine the sites responsible for superoxide. The analysis includes all the major redox centers: the FMN, iron-sulfur cluster N2, and semiquinone. Analysis reveals that the fully reduced FMN and semiquinone are the primary sources of superoxide, and the iron-sulfur cluster N2 produces none. The FMN radical only produces ROS when the quinone reductase site is blocked. Model simulations reveal that ROS generation is maximized during reverse electron transport with both the FMN and the semiquinone producing similar amounts of superoxide. In addition, the model successfully predicts the increase in ROS generation when the membrane potential is high and matrix pH is alkaline. Of the total ROS produced by complex I, the majority originates from the FMN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason N Bazil
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Venkat R Pannala
- Biotechnology and Bioengineering Center and Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Ranjan K Dash
- Biotechnology and Bioengineering Center and Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Daniel A Beard
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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11
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Extended lifespan, reduced body size and leg skeletal muscle mass, and decreased mitochondrial function in clk-1 transgenic mice. Exp Gerontol 2014; 58:146-53. [PMID: 25106098 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mutational inactivation of clk-1, which encodes an enzyme necessary for the biosynthesis of coenzyme Q (CoQ), extends the lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans. However, whether mammalian clk-1 regulates the lifespan of mice is not known because clk-1-deficiencies are embryonic lethal. Here, we investigated the lifespan of clk-1 transgenic mice (Tg96/I), which were rescued from embryonic lethality via the transgenic expression of mouse clk-1. Tg96/I mice lived longer and had smaller bodies than wild-type mice, but Tg96/I mice had CoQ levels equivalent to wild-type mice. The small-sized Tg96/I mice exhibited reduced whole-body oxygen consumption (VO2) during the dark period, and lean leg skeletal muscles with reduced mitochondrial VO2 and ATP content compared with wild-type mice. These findings indicate a close relationship between lifespan extension and decreased mitochondrial function, which was induced by the transgenic expression of clk-1, in leg skeletal muscles that exhibit high metabolic activity.
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12
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de Miguel M, Cabezas JA, de María N, Sánchez-Gómez D, Guevara MÁ, Vélez MD, Sáez-Laguna E, Díaz LM, Mancha JA, Barbero MC, Collada C, Díaz-Sala C, Aranda I, Cervera MT. Genetic control of functional traits related to photosynthesis and water use efficiency in Pinus pinaster Ait. drought response: integration of genome annotation, allele association and QTL detection for candidate gene identification. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:464. [PMID: 24919981 PMCID: PMC4144121 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding molecular mechanisms that control photosynthesis and water use efficiency in response to drought is crucial for plant species from dry areas. This study aimed to identify QTL for these traits in a Mediterranean conifer and tested their stability under drought. RESULTS High density linkage maps for Pinus pinaster were used in the detection of QTL for photosynthesis and water use efficiency at three water irrigation regimes. A total of 28 significant and 27 suggestive QTL were found. QTL detected for photochemical traits accounted for the higher percentage of phenotypic variance. Functional annotation of genes within the QTL suggested 58 candidate genes for the analyzed traits. Allele association analysis in selected candidate genes showed three SNPs located in a MYB transcription factor that were significantly associated with efficiency of energy capture by open PSII reaction centers and specific leaf area. CONCLUSIONS The integration of QTL mapping of functional traits, genome annotation and allele association yielded several candidate genes involved with molecular control of photosynthesis and water use efficiency in response to drought in a conifer species. The results obtained highlight the importance of maintaining the integrity of the photochemical machinery in P. pinaster drought response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina de Miguel
- />Departamento de Ecología y Genética Forestal, INIA-CIFOR., Ctra, de La Coruña Km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- />Unidad Mixta de Genómica y Ecofisiología Forestal, INIA/UPM, Madrid, Spain
| | - José-Antonio Cabezas
- />Departamento de Ecología y Genética Forestal, INIA-CIFOR., Ctra, de La Coruña Km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- />Unidad Mixta de Genómica y Ecofisiología Forestal, INIA/UPM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuria de María
- />Departamento de Ecología y Genética Forestal, INIA-CIFOR., Ctra, de La Coruña Km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- />Unidad Mixta de Genómica y Ecofisiología Forestal, INIA/UPM, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Sánchez-Gómez
- />Departamento de Ecología y Genética Forestal, INIA-CIFOR., Ctra, de La Coruña Km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María-Ángeles Guevara
- />Departamento de Ecología y Genética Forestal, INIA-CIFOR., Ctra, de La Coruña Km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- />Unidad Mixta de Genómica y Ecofisiología Forestal, INIA/UPM, Madrid, Spain
| | - María-Dolores Vélez
- />Departamento de Ecología y Genética Forestal, INIA-CIFOR., Ctra, de La Coruña Km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- />Unidad Mixta de Genómica y Ecofisiología Forestal, INIA/UPM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrique Sáez-Laguna
- />Departamento de Ecología y Genética Forestal, INIA-CIFOR., Ctra, de La Coruña Km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- />Unidad Mixta de Genómica y Ecofisiología Forestal, INIA/UPM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis-Manuel Díaz
- />Departamento de Ecología y Genética Forestal, INIA-CIFOR., Ctra, de La Coruña Km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- />Unidad Mixta de Genómica y Ecofisiología Forestal, INIA/UPM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose-Antonio Mancha
- />Departamento de Ecología y Genética Forestal, INIA-CIFOR., Ctra, de La Coruña Km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María-Carmen Barbero
- />Departamento de Ecología y Genética Forestal, INIA-CIFOR., Ctra, de La Coruña Km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- />Unidad Mixta de Genómica y Ecofisiología Forestal, INIA/UPM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Collada
- />Unidad Mixta de Genómica y Ecofisiología Forestal, INIA/UPM, Madrid, Spain
- />ETSIM, Departamento de Biotecnología, Ciudad Universitaria, s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Díaz-Sala
- />Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad de Alcalá, Ctra. de Barcelona Km 33.6, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ismael Aranda
- />Departamento de Ecología y Genética Forestal, INIA-CIFOR., Ctra, de La Coruña Km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María-Teresa Cervera
- />Departamento de Ecología y Genética Forestal, INIA-CIFOR., Ctra, de La Coruña Km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- />Unidad Mixta de Genómica y Ecofisiología Forestal, INIA/UPM, Madrid, Spain
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Takahashi K, Takahashi M. Exogenous administration of coenzyme Q10 restores mitochondrial oxygen consumption in the aged mouse brain. Mech Ageing Dev 2013; 134:580-6. [PMID: 24333474 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2013.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Revised: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The level of coenzyme Q (CoQ) has been shown to decrease in an age-dependent manner in several types of animals. However, whether CoQ-dependent mitochondrial function decreases with aging remains unclear. In this study, we found that mitochondrial complexes I and II exhibited significantly reduced oxygen consumption in the brains of aged male mice relative to young male mice, although this decrease in oxygen consumption was not accompanied by a change in the CoQ9 or CoQ10 content. Nevertheless, the administration of exogenous CoQ10 significantly increased the content of CoQ10 and CoQ9 in the brain mitochondria of aged male mice and restored complex I- and II-mediated oxygen consumption to levels comparable to those observed in young mice. These results indicate that mitochondrial oxygen consumption in the brain decreases in aged male mice. Furthermore, these results suggest that exogenous CoQ10 restores mitochondrial oxygen use to levels equivalent to those observed in young mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhide Takahashi
- Biological Process of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
| | - Mayumi Takahashi
- Biological Process of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan.
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14
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Ramos MH, Kerley MS. Mitochondrial complex I protein differs among residual feed intake phenotype in beef cattle. J Anim Sci 2013; 91:3299-304. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2012-5589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M. H. Ramos
- Research Institute Flávio Guarani, Rehagro–Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - M. S. Kerley
- Division of Animal Science, University of Missouri-Columbia 65211-5300
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15
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Muller F. The nature and mechanism of superoxide production by the electron transport chain: Its relevance to aging. J Am Aging Assoc 2013; 23:227-53. [PMID: 23604868 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-000-0022-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Most biogerontologists agree that oxygen (and nitrogen) free radicals play a major role in the process of aging. The evidence strongly suggests that the electron transport chain, located in the inner mitochondrial membrane, is the major source of reactive oxygen species in animal cells. It has been reported that there exists an inverse correlation between the rate of superoxide/hydrogen peroxide production by mitochondria and the maximum longevity of mammalian species. However, no correlation or most frequently an inverse correlation exists between the amount of antioxidant enzymes and maximum longevity. Although overexpression of the antioxidant enzymes SOD1 and CAT (as well as SOD1 alone) have been successful at extending maximum lifespan in Drosophila, this has not been the case in mice. Several labs have overexpressed SOD1 and failed to see a positive effect on longevity. An explanation for this failure is that there is some level of superoxide damage that is not preventable by SOD, such as that initiated by the hydroperoxyl radical inside the lipid bilayer, and that accumulation of this damage is responsible for aging. I therefore suggest an alternative approach to testing the free radical theory of aging in mammals. Instead of trying to increase the amount of antioxidant enzymes, I suggest using molecular biology/transgenics to decrease the rate of superoxide production, which in the context of the free radical theory of aging would be expected to increase longevity. This paper aims to summarize what is known about the nature and mechanisms of superoxide production and what genes are involved in controlling the rate of superoxide production.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Muller
- Laboratory of David M. Kramer, Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164 USA
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16
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Galano A, Gómez M, González FJ, González I. Correlation between Hydrogen Bonding Association Constants in Solution with Quantum Chemistry Indexes: The Case of Successive Association between Reduced Species of Quinones and Methanol. J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:10638-45. [DOI: 10.1021/jp309085g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Annia Galano
- Departamento de Química
de la Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Vicentina, Iztapalapa, C.P. 09340,
México D.F., México
| | - Martín Gómez
- Departamento de Sistemas Biológicos, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco, Calzada del
Hueso 1100, Col. Villa Quietud, Coyoacán, C.P.
04960, México D.F., México
| | - Felipe J. González
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Av. IPN 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, C.P. 07360, México
D.F., México
| | - Ignacio González
- Departamento de Química
de la Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Vicentina, Iztapalapa, C.P. 09340,
México D.F., México
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17
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Hoefs SJ, Rodenburg RJ, Smeitink JA, van den Heuvel LP. Molecular base of biochemical complex I deficiency. Mitochondrion 2012; 12:520-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2012.07.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2011] [Revised: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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18
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Batista AP, Marreiros BC, Pereira MM. The role of proton and sodium ions in energy transduction by respiratory complex I. IUBMB Life 2012; 64:492-8. [PMID: 22576956 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory complex I plays a central role in energy transduction. It catalyzes the oxidation of NADH and the reduction of quinone, coupled to cation translocation across the membrane, thereby establishing an electrochemical potential. For more than half a century, data on complex I has been gathered, including recently determined crystal structures, yet complex I is the least understood complex of the respiratory chain. The mechanisms of quinone reduction, charge translocation and their coupling are still unknown. The H(+) is accepted to be the coupling ion of the system; however, Na(+) has also been suggested to perform such a role. In this article, we address the relation of those two ions with complex I and refer ion pump and Na(+)/H(+) antiporter as possible transport mechanisms of the system. We put forward a hypothesis to explain some apparently contradictory data on the nature of the coupling ion, and we revisit the role of H(+) and Na(+) cycles in the overall bioenergetics of the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana P Batista
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da Republica EAN, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
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KIHARA S, KASUNO M, OKUGAKI T, SHIRAI O, MAEDA K. Biomimetic Charge Transfer Reactions at the Aqueous/Organic Solution Interface or through Artificial Membrane. ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2012. [DOI: 10.5796/electrochemistry.80.390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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20
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Papa S, Martino PL, Capitanio G, Gaballo A, De Rasmo D, Signorile A, Petruzzella V. The oxidative phosphorylation system in mammalian mitochondria. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 942:3-37. [PMID: 22399416 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-2869-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The chapter provides a review of the state of art of the oxidative phosphorylation system in mammalian mitochondria. The sections of the paper deal with: (i) the respiratory chain as a whole: redox centers of the chain and protonic coupling in oxidative phosphorylation (ii) atomic structure and functional mechanism of protonmotive complexes I, III, IV and V of the oxidative phosphorylation system (iii) biogenesis of oxidative phosphorylation complexes: mitochondrial import of nuclear encoded subunits, assembly of oxidative phosphorylation complexes, transcriptional factors controlling biogenesis of the complexes. This advanced knowledge of the structure, functional mechanism and biogenesis of the oxidative phosphorylation system provides a background to understand the pathological impact of genetic and acquired dysfunctions of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Papa
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Bari, Bari, Italy.
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21
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A two-state stabilization-change mechanism for proton-pumping complex I. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2011; 1807:1364-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2011.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2011] [Revised: 04/17/2011] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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22
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Genova ML, Lenaz G. New developments on the functions of coenzyme Q in mitochondria. Biofactors 2011; 37:330-54. [PMID: 21989973 DOI: 10.1002/biof.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Accepted: 04/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The notion of a mobile pool of coenzyme Q (CoQ) in the lipid bilayer has changed with the discovery of respiratory supramolecular units, in particular the supercomplex comprising complexes I and III; in this model, the electron transfer is thought to be mediated by tunneling or microdiffusion, with a clear kinetic advantage on the transfer based on random collisions. The CoQ pool, however, has a fundamental function in establishing a dissociation equilibrium with bound quinone, besides being required for electron transfer from other dehydrogenases to complex III. The mechanism of CoQ reduction by complex I is analyzed regarding recent developments on the crystallographic structure of the enzyme, also in relation to the capacity of complex I to generate superoxide. Although the mechanism of the Q-cycle is well established for complex III, involvement of CoQ in proton translocation by complex I is still debated. Some additional roles of CoQ are also examined, such as the antioxidant effect of its reduced form and the capacity to bind the permeability transition pore and the mitochondrial uncoupling proteins. Finally, a working hypothesis is advanced on the establishment of a vicious circle of oxidative stress and supercomplex disorganization in pathological states, as in neurodegeneration and cancer.
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Steimle S, Bajzath C, Dörner K, Schulte M, Bothe V, Friedrich T. Role of Subunit NuoL for Proton Translocation by Respiratory Complex I. Biochemistry 2011; 50:3386-93. [DOI: 10.1021/bi200264q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Steimle
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, Albertstrasse 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Csaba Bajzath
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, Albertstrasse 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Katerina Dörner
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, Albertstrasse 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marius Schulte
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, Albertstrasse 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Vinzenz Bothe
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, Albertstrasse 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Friedrich
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, Albertstrasse 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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Treberg JR, Brand MD. A model of the proton translocation mechanism of complex I. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:17579-84. [PMID: 21454533 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.227751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite decades of speculation, the proton pumping mechanism of complex I (NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase) is unknown and continues to be controversial. Recent descriptions of the architecture of the hydrophobic region of complex I have resolved one vital issue: this region appears to have multiple proton transporters that are mechanically interlinked. Thus, transduction of conformational changes to drive the transmembrane transporters linked by a "connecting rod" during the reduction of ubiquinone (Q) can account for two or three of the four protons pumped per NADH oxidized. The remaining proton(s) must be pumped by direct coupling at the Q-binding site. Here, we present a mixed model based on a crucial constraint: the strong dependence on the pH gradient across the membrane (ΔpH) of superoxide generation at the Q-binding site of complex I. This model combines direct and indirect coupling mechanisms to account for the pumping of the four protons. It explains the observed properties of the semiquinone in the Q-binding site, the rapid superoxide production from this site during reverse electron transport, its low superoxide production during forward electron transport except in the presence of inhibitory Q-analogs and high protonmotive force, and the strong dependence of both modes of superoxide production on ΔpH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R Treberg
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California 94945, USA.
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25
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Tocilescu MA, Zickermann V, Zwicker K, Brandt U. Quinone binding and reduction by respiratory complex I. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2010; 1797:1883-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2010.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2010] [Revised: 05/08/2010] [Accepted: 05/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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26
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Suthammarak W, Morgan PG, Sedensky MM. Mutations in mitochondrial complex III uniquely affect complex I in Caenorhabditis elegans. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:40724-31. [PMID: 20971856 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.159608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial supercomplexes containing complexes I, III, and IV of the electron transport chain are now regarded as an established entity. Supercomplex I·III·IV has been theorized to improve respiratory chain function by allowing quinone channeling between complexes I and III. Here, we show that the role of the supercomplexes extends beyond channeling. Mutant analysis in Caenorhabditis elegans reveals that complex III affects supercomplex I·III·IV formation by acting as an assembly or stabilizing factor. Also, a complex III mtDNA mutation, ctb-1, inhibits complex I function by weakening the interaction of complex IV in supercomplex I·III·IV. Other complex III mutations inhibit complex I function either by decreasing the amount of complex I (isp-1), or decreasing the amount of complex I in its most active form, the I·III·IV supercomplex (isp-1;ctb-1). ctb-1 suppresses a nuclear encoded complex III defect, isp-1, without improving complex III function. Allosteric interactions involve all three complexes within the supercomplex and are necessary for maximal enzymatic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wichit Suthammarak
- Department of Genetics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
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27
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Murata M, Miwa Y, Sato I. Expression of respiratory chain enzyme mRNA and the morphological properties of mitochondria in the masseter muscles of klotho mutant mice. Okajimas Folia Anat Jpn 2010; 86:93-103. [PMID: 20166550 DOI: 10.2535/ofaj.86.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The activity of respiratory chain enzymes in a rat's masseter muscle changes as the animal ages; however, there is little information about the RNA transcript levels of mitochondrial enzymes in klotho mutant mice as they age. We measured the activities of NADH-ferricyanide oxidoreductase and NADH-O2 oxidoreductase, and the RNA transcript levels of NADH dehydrogenase, the mitochondrial isoform of ND1, the nuclear isoforms of the 51 kDa and 75 kDa subunits of Complex I, the nuclear isoform of cytochrome c, and the mitochondrial isoform of beta subunits of ATPase (Complex V). In addition, we measured the RNA transcript levels of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), which are associated with antioxidant proteins. Moreover, we measured ATP concentrations using a luciferin-luciferase assay, and we determined the amount of cytochrome c associated with mitochondria in both klotho mutant mice and wild-type mice. However, the mRNA levels of cytochrome c and Complex V components, the mRNA levels of CAT, SOD, and apoptosis-inducing factor (Aifm), and the protein level of cytochrome c remained constant as klotho mutant mice aged from 5 weeks to 7 weeks. In wild-type mice, these components (except for those of Complex I) increased over time. NADH-ferricyanide oxidoreductase and NADH-O2 oxidoreductase activities decreased in klotho mutant mice as they aged from 5 weeks to 7 weeks. A few large mitochondria were scattered between myofibrils, and 7-week-old klotho mutant mice displayed an increased number of irregular mitochondria with fewer cristae. Our results indicate that the klotho protein plays a role in the diminished functional adaptability of enzymes in the masseter muscle of klotho mutant mice throughout the aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Murata
- Department of Anatomy, School of Dentistry at Tokyo, Nippon Dental University, 1-9-20 Fujimi Chiyoda-Ku, Tokyo, Japan 102-8159
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28
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Lyubenova S, Maly T, Zwicker K, Brandt U, Ludwig B, Prisner T. Multifrequency pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance on metalloproteins. Acc Chem Res 2010; 43:181-9. [PMID: 19842617 DOI: 10.1021/ar900050d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Metalloproteins often contain metal centers that are paramagnetic in some functional state of the protein; hence electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy can be a powerful tool for studying protein structure and function. Dipolar spectroscopy allows the determination of the dipole-dipole interactions between metal centers in protein complexes, revealing the structural arrangement of different paramagnetic centers at distances of up to 8 nm. Hyperfine spectroscopy can be used to measure the interaction between an unpaired electron spin and nuclear spins within a distance of 0.8 nm; it therefore permits the characterization of the local structure of the paramagnetic center's ligand sphere with very high precision. In this Account, we review our laboratory's recent applications of both dipolar and hyperfine pulsed EPR methods to metalloproteins. We used pulsed dipolar relaxation methods to investigate the complex of cytochrome c and cytochrome c oxidase, a noncovalent protein-protein complex involved in mitochondrial electron-transfer reactions. Hyperfine sublevel correlation spectroscopy (HYSCORE) was used to study the ligand sphere of iron-sulfur clusters in complex I of the mitochondrial respiratory chain and substrate binding to the molybdenum enzyme polysulfide reductase. These examples demonstrate the potential of the two techniques; however, they also highlight the difficulties of data interpretation when several paramagnetic species with overlapping spectra are present in the protein. In such cases, further approaches and data are very useful to enhance the information content. Relaxation filtered hyperfine spectroscopy (REFINE) can be used to separate the individual components of overlapping paramagnetic species on the basis of differences in their longitudinal relaxation rates; it is applicable to any kind of pulsed hyperfine or dipolar spectroscopy. Here, we show that the spectra of the iron-sulfur clusters in complex I can be separated by this method, allowing us to obtain hyperfine (and dipolar) information from the individual species. Furthermore, performing pulsed EPR experiments at different magnetic fields is another important tool to disentangle the spectral components in such complex systems. Despite the fact that high magnetic fields do not usually lead to better spectral separation for metal centers, they provide additional information about the relative orientation of different paramagnetic centers. Our high-field EPR studies on cytochrome c oxidase reveal essential information regarding the structural arrangement of the binuclear Cu(A) center with respect to both the manganese ion within the enzyme and the cytochrome in the protein-protein complex with cytochrome c.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevdalina Lyubenova
- Cluster of Excellence Macromolecular Complexes, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Thorsten Maly
- Cluster of Excellence Macromolecular Complexes, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Klaus Zwicker
- Cluster of Excellence Macromolecular Complexes, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ulrich Brandt
- Cluster of Excellence Macromolecular Complexes, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Bernd Ludwig
- Cluster of Excellence Macromolecular Complexes, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Thomas Prisner
- Cluster of Excellence Macromolecular Complexes, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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29
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30
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Leonard M, Eryl Sharp R, Darrouzet E, Moser C, Ohnishi T, Gibney B, Daldal F, Leslie Dutton P. Coenzyme Q Oxidation Reduction Reactions in Mitochondrial Electron Transport. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1201/9781420036701.sec1b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
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31
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Clason T, Ruiz T, Schägger H, Peng G, Zickermann V, Brandt U, Michel H, Radermacher M. The structure of eukaryotic and prokaryotic complex I. J Struct Biol 2010; 169:81-8. [PMID: 19732833 PMCID: PMC3144259 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2009.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2009] [Revised: 08/28/2009] [Accepted: 08/29/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The structures of the NADH dehydrogenases from Bos taurus and Aquifex aeolicus have been determined by 3D electron microscopy, and have been analyzed in comparison with the previously determined structure of Complex I from Yarrowia lipolytica. The results show a clearly preserved domain structure in the peripheral arm of complex I, which is similar in the bacterial and eukaryotic complex. The membrane arms of both eukaryotic complexes show a similar shape but also significant differences in distinctive domains. One of the major protuberances observed in Y. lipolytica complex I appears missing in the bovine complex, while a protuberance not found in Y. lipolytica connects in bovine complex I a domain of the peripheral arm to the membrane arm. The structural similarities of the peripheral arm agree with the common functional principle of all complex Is. The differences seen in the membrane arm may indicate differences in the regulatory mechanism of the enzyme in different species.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Clason
- University of Vermont, College of Medicine, Department Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - T. Ruiz
- University of Vermont, College of Medicine, Department Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - H. Schägger
- Goethe-Universität, Fachbereich Medizin, Molekulare Bioenergetik, D-60590 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - G. Peng
- Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Department of Molecular Membrane Biology, D-60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - V. Zickermann
- Goethe-Universität, Fachbereich Medizin, Molekulare Bioenergetik, D-60590 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - U. Brandt
- Goethe-Universität, Fachbereich Medizin, Molekulare Bioenergetik, D-60590 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - H. Michel
- Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Department of Molecular Membrane Biology, D-60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - M. Radermacher
- University of Vermont, College of Medicine, Department Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
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Dudkina NV, Kouril R, Peters K, Braun HP, Boekema EJ. Structure and function of mitochondrial supercomplexes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2009; 1797:664-70. [PMID: 20036212 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2009.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2009] [Revised: 12/14/2009] [Accepted: 12/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The five complexes (complexes I-V) of the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) system of mitochondria can be extracted in the form of active supercomplexes. Single-particle electron microscopy has provided 2D and 3D data describing the interaction between complexes I and III, among I, III and IV and in a dimeric form of complex V, between two ATP synthase monomers. The stable interactions are called supercomplexes which also form higher-ordered oligomers. Cryo-electron tomography provides new insights on how these supercomplexes are arranged within intact mitochondria. The structure and function of OXPHOS supercomplexes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalya V Dudkina
- Electron microscopy group, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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Sharma LK, Lu J, Bai Y. Mitochondrial respiratory complex I: structure, function and implication in human diseases. Curr Med Chem 2009; 16:1266-77. [PMID: 19355884 DOI: 10.2174/092986709787846578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are ubiquitous organelles in eukaryotic cells whose primary function is to generate energy supplies in the form of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. As the entry point for most electrons into the respiratory chain, NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase, or complex I, is the largest and least understood component of the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation system. Substantial progress has been made in recent years in understanding its subunit composition, its assembly, the interaction among complex I and other respiratory components, and its role in oxidative stress and apoptosis. This review provides an updated overview of the structure of complex I, as well as its cellular functions, and discusses the implication of complex I dysfunction in various human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lokendra K Sharma
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Sciences Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
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Lenaz G, Genova ML. Mobility and function of Coenzyme Q (ubiquinone) in the mitochondrial respiratory chain. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2009; 1787:563-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2009.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2008] [Revised: 02/23/2009] [Accepted: 02/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Zickermann V, Kerscher S, Zwicker K, Tocilescu MA, Radermacher M, Brandt U. Architecture of complex I and its implications for electron transfer and proton pumping. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2009; 1787:574-83. [PMID: 19366614 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2009.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2008] [Revised: 01/15/2009] [Accepted: 01/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Proton pumping NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I) is the largest and remains by far the least understood enzyme complex of the respiratory chain. It consists of a peripheral arm harbouring all known redox active prosthetic groups and a membrane arm with a yet unknown number of proton translocation sites. The ubiquinone reduction site close to iron-sulfur cluster N2 at the interface of the 49-kDa and PSST subunits has been mapped by extensive site directed mutagenesis. Independent lines of evidence identified electron transfer events during reduction of ubiquinone to be associated with the potential drop that generates the full driving force for proton translocation with a 4H(+)/2e(-) stoichiometry. Electron microscopic analysis of immuno-labelled native enzyme and of a subcomplex lacking the electron input module indicated a distance of 35-60 A of cluster N2 to the membrane surface. Resolution of the membrane arm into subcomplexes showed that even the distal part harbours subunits that are prime candidates to participate in proton translocation because they are homologous to sodium/proton antiporters and contain conserved charged residues in predicted transmembrane helices. The mechanism of redox linked proton translocation by complex I is largely unknown but has to include steps where energy is transmitted over extremely long distances. In this review we compile the available structural information on complex I and discuss implications for complex I function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Zickermann
- Goethe-Universität, Fachbereich Medizin, Molekulare Bioenergetik, ZBC, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Haus 26, D-60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Challenges in elucidating structure and mechanism of proton pumping NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I). J Bioenerg Biomembr 2008; 40:475-83. [PMID: 18982432 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-008-9171-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2008] [Accepted: 08/01/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Proton pumping NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I) is the most complicated and least understood enzyme of the respiratory chain. All redox prosthetic groups reside in the peripheral arm of the L-shaped structure. The NADH oxidation domain harbouring the FMN cofactor is connected via a chain of iron-sulfur clusters to the ubiquinone reduction site that is located in a large pocket formed by the PSST- and 49-kDa subunits of complex I. An access path for ubiquinone and different partially overlapping inhibitor binding regions were defined within this pocket by site directed mutagenesis. A combination of biochemical and single particle analysis studies suggests that the ubiquinone reduction site is located well above the membrane domain. Therefore, direct coupling mechanisms seem unlikely and the redox energy must be converted into a conformational change that drives proton pumping across the membrane arm. It is not known which of the subunits and how many are involved in proton translocation. Complex I is a major source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that are predominantly formed by electron transfer from FMNH(2). Mitochondrial complex I can cycle between active and deactive forms that can be distinguished by the reactivity towards divalent cations and thiol-reactive agents. The physiological role of this phenomenon is yet unclear but it could contribute to the regulation of complex I activity in-vivo.
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Galkin A, Meyer B, Wittig I, Karas M, Schägger H, Vinogradov A, Brandt U. Identification of the mitochondrial ND3 subunit as a structural component involved in the active/deactive enzyme transition of respiratory complex I. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:20907-13. [PMID: 18502755 PMCID: PMC2475694 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m803190200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2008] [Revised: 05/23/2008] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial complex I (NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase) undergoes reversible deactivation upon incubation at 30-37 degrees C. The active/deactive transition could play an important role in the regulation of complex I activity. It has been suggested recently that complex I may become modified by S-nitrosation under pathological conditions during hypoxia or when the nitric oxide:oxygen ratio increases. Apparently, a specific cysteine becomes accessible to chemical modification only in the deactive form of the enzyme. By selective fluorescence labeling and proteomic analysis, we have identified this residue as cysteine-39 of the mitochondrially encoded ND3 subunit of bovine heart mitochondria. Cysteine-39 is located in a loop connecting the first and second transmembrane helix of this highly hydrophobic subunit. We propose that this loop connects the ND3 subunit of the membrane arm with the PSST subunit of the peripheral arm of complex I, placing it in a region that is known to be critical for the catalytic mechanism of complex I. In fact, mutations in three positions of the loop were previously reported to cause Leigh syndrome with and without dystonia or progressive mitochondrial disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Galkin
- Molecular Bioenergetics Group, Cluster of
Excellence Frankfurt “Macromolecular complexes,” Medical School,
Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590
Frankfurt am Main, Germany, the Institut
für Pharmazeutische Chemie, Cluster of Excellence Frankfurt
“Macromolecular complexes,” Johann Wolfgang
Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue Str.-9, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main,
Germany, and the Department of Biochemistry,
School of Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russian
Federation
| | - Björn Meyer
- Molecular Bioenergetics Group, Cluster of
Excellence Frankfurt “Macromolecular complexes,” Medical School,
Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590
Frankfurt am Main, Germany, the Institut
für Pharmazeutische Chemie, Cluster of Excellence Frankfurt
“Macromolecular complexes,” Johann Wolfgang
Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue Str.-9, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main,
Germany, and the Department of Biochemistry,
School of Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russian
Federation
| | - Ilka Wittig
- Molecular Bioenergetics Group, Cluster of
Excellence Frankfurt “Macromolecular complexes,” Medical School,
Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590
Frankfurt am Main, Germany, the Institut
für Pharmazeutische Chemie, Cluster of Excellence Frankfurt
“Macromolecular complexes,” Johann Wolfgang
Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue Str.-9, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main,
Germany, and the Department of Biochemistry,
School of Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russian
Federation
| | - Michael Karas
- Molecular Bioenergetics Group, Cluster of
Excellence Frankfurt “Macromolecular complexes,” Medical School,
Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590
Frankfurt am Main, Germany, the Institut
für Pharmazeutische Chemie, Cluster of Excellence Frankfurt
“Macromolecular complexes,” Johann Wolfgang
Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue Str.-9, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main,
Germany, and the Department of Biochemistry,
School of Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russian
Federation
| | - Hermann Schägger
- Molecular Bioenergetics Group, Cluster of
Excellence Frankfurt “Macromolecular complexes,” Medical School,
Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590
Frankfurt am Main, Germany, the Institut
für Pharmazeutische Chemie, Cluster of Excellence Frankfurt
“Macromolecular complexes,” Johann Wolfgang
Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue Str.-9, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main,
Germany, and the Department of Biochemistry,
School of Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russian
Federation
| | - Andrei Vinogradov
- Molecular Bioenergetics Group, Cluster of
Excellence Frankfurt “Macromolecular complexes,” Medical School,
Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590
Frankfurt am Main, Germany, the Institut
für Pharmazeutische Chemie, Cluster of Excellence Frankfurt
“Macromolecular complexes,” Johann Wolfgang
Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue Str.-9, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main,
Germany, and the Department of Biochemistry,
School of Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russian
Federation
| | - Ulrich Brandt
- Molecular Bioenergetics Group, Cluster of
Excellence Frankfurt “Macromolecular complexes,” Medical School,
Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590
Frankfurt am Main, Germany, the Institut
für Pharmazeutische Chemie, Cluster of Excellence Frankfurt
“Macromolecular complexes,” Johann Wolfgang
Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue Str.-9, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main,
Germany, and the Department of Biochemistry,
School of Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russian
Federation
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38
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Exploring the inhibitor binding pocket of respiratory complex I. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2008; 1777:660-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2008.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2008] [Revised: 04/10/2008] [Accepted: 04/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Vinogradov AD. NADH/NAD+ interaction with NADH: ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I). BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2008; 1777:729-34. [PMID: 18471432 PMCID: PMC2494570 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2008.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2008] [Revised: 03/20/2008] [Accepted: 04/13/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The quantitative data on the binding affinity of NADH, NAD(+), and their analogues for complex I as emerged from the steady-state kinetics data and from more direct studies under equilibrium conditions are summarized and discussed. The redox-dependency of the nucleotide binding and the reductant-induced change of FMN affinity to its tight non-covalent binding site indicate that binding (dissociation) of the substrate (product) may energetically contribute to the proton-translocating activity of complex I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei D Vinogradov
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russian Federation.
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40
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Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species by Mitochondrial Complex I: Implications in Neurodegeneration. Neurochem Res 2008; 33:2487-501. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-008-9747-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2008] [Accepted: 05/09/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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41
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Peters K, Dudkina NV, Jänsch L, Braun HP, Boekema EJ. A structural investigation of complex I and I+III2 supercomplex from Zea mays at 11-13 A resolution: assignment of the carbonic anhydrase domain and evidence for structural heterogeneity within complex I. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2007; 1777:84-93. [PMID: 18047828 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2007.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2007] [Revised: 10/18/2007] [Accepted: 10/19/2007] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The projection structures of complex I and the I+III2 supercomplex from the C4 plant Zea mays were determined by electron microscopy and single particle image analysis to a resolution of up to 11 A. Maize complex I has a typical L-shape. Additionally, it has a large hydrophilic extra-domain attached to the centre of the membrane arm on its matrix-exposed side, which previously was described for Arabidopsis and which was reported to include carbonic anhydrase subunits. A comparison with the X-ray structure of homotrimeric gamma-carbonic anhydrase from the archaebacterium Methanosarcina thermophila indicates that this domain is also composed of a trimer. Mass spectrometry analyses allowed to identify two different carbonic anhydrase isoforms, suggesting that the gamma-carbonic anhydrase domain of maize complex I most likely is a heterotrimer. Statistical analysis indicates that the maize complex I structure is heterogeneous: a less-abundant "type II" particle has a 15 A shorter membrane arm and an additional small protrusion on the intermembrane-side of the membrane arm if compared to the more abundant "type I" particle. The I+III2 supercomplex was found to be a rigid structure which did not break down into subcomplexes at the interface between the hydrophilic and the hydrophobic arms of complex I. The complex I moiety of the supercomplex appears to be only of "type I". This would mean that the "type II" particles are not involved in the supercomplex formation and, hence, could have a different physiological role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Peters
- Institute for Plant Genetics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Herrenhäuser Str. 2, D-30419 Hannover, Germany
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42
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Grivennikova VG, Kotlyar AB, Karliner JS, Cecchini G, Vinogradov AD. Redox-dependent change of nucleotide affinity to the active site of the mammalian complex I. Biochemistry 2007; 46:10971-8. [PMID: 17760425 PMCID: PMC2258335 DOI: 10.1021/bi7009822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A very potent and specific inhibitor of mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I), a derivative of NADH (NADH-OH) has recently been discovered (Kotlyar, A. B., Karliner, J. S., and Cecchini, G. (2005) FEBS Lett. 579, 4861-4866). Here we present a quantitative analysis of the interaction of NADH-OH and other nucleotides with oxidized and reduced complex I in tightly coupled submitochondrial particles. Both the rate of the NADH-OH binding and its affinity to complex I are strongly decreased in the presence of succinate. The effect of succinate is completely reversed by rotenone, antimycin A, and uncoupler. The relative affinity of ADP-ribose, a competitive inhibitor of NADH oxidation, is also shown to be significantly affected by enzyme reduction (KD of 30 and 500 microM for oxidized and the succinate-reduced enzyme, respectively). Binding of NADH-OH is shown to abolish the succinate-supported superoxide generation by complex I. Gradual inhibition of the rotenone-sensitive uncoupled NADH oxidase and the reverse electron transfer activities by NADH-OH yield the same final titration point (approximately 0.1 nmol/mg of protein). The titration of NADH oxidase appears as a straight line, whereas the titration of the reverse reaction appears as a convex curve. Possible models to explain the different titration patterns for the forward and reverse reactions are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexander B. Kotlyar
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. (A.D.V.) Phone/fax: 7 495 939 1376. E-mail: . (A.B.K.) Phone: (415) 221-4810 ext. 3416. Fax: (415) 750-6959. E-mail:
| | | | | | - Andrei D. Vinogradov
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. (A.D.V.) Phone/fax: 7 495 939 1376. E-mail: . (A.B.K.) Phone: (415) 221-4810 ext. 3416. Fax: (415) 750-6959. E-mail:
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Abstract
The number of NADH dehydrogenases and their role in energy transduction in
Escherchia coli
have been under debate for a long time. Now it is evident that
E. coli
possesses two respiratory NADH dehydrogenases, or NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductases, that have traditionally been called NDH-I and NDH-II. This review describes the properties of these two NADH dehydrogenases, focusing on the mechanism of the energy converting NADH dehydrogenase as derived from the high resolution structure of the soluble part of the enzyme. In
E. coli
, complex I operates in aerobic and anaerobic respiration, while NDH-II is repressed under anaerobic growth conditions. The insufficient recycling of NADH most likely resulted in excess NADH inhibiting tricarboxylic acid cycle enzymes and the glyoxylate shunt.
Salmonella enterica
serovar Typhimurium complex I mutants are unable to activate ATP-dependent proteolysis under starvation conditions. NDH-II is a single subunit enzyme with a molecular mass of 47 kDa facing the cytosol. Despite the absence of any predicted transmembrane segment it has to be purified in the presence of detergents, and the activity of the preparation is stimulated by an addition of lipids.
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Lenaz G, Fato R, Formiggini G, Genova ML. The role of Coenzyme Q in mitochondrial electron transport. Mitochondrion 2007; 7 Suppl:S8-33. [PMID: 17485246 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2007.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2006] [Revised: 03/20/2007] [Accepted: 03/22/2007] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In mitochondria, most Coenzyme Q is free in the lipid bilayer; the question as to whether tightly bound, non-exchangeable Coenzyme Q molecules exist in mitochondrial complexes is still an open question. We review the mechanism of inter-complex electron transfer mediated by ubiquinone and discuss the kinetic consequences of the supramolecular organization of the respiratory complexes (randomly dispersed vs. super-complexes) in terms of Coenzyme Q pool behavior vs. metabolic channeling, respectively, both in physiological and in some pathological conditions. As an example of intra-complex electron transfer, we discuss in particular Complex I, a topic that is still under active investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Lenaz
- Dipartimento di Biochimica, Università di Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
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45
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Huo X, Su D, Wang A, Zhai Y, Xu J, Li X, Bartlam M, Sun F, Rao Z. Preliminary molecular characterization and crystallization of mitochondrial respiratory complex II from porcine heart. FEBS J 2007; 274:1524-9. [PMID: 17480203 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2007.05698.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The mitochondrial respiratory complex II, or succinate:ubiquinone oxidoreductase, is an integral membrane protein complex in both the tricarboxylic acid cycle (Krebs cycle) and aerobic respiration. The gene sequences of each complex II subunit were measured by RT-PCR. N-terminal sequencing work was performed to identify the mitochondrial targeting signal peptide of each subunit. Complex II was extracted from porcine heart and purified by the ammonium sulfate precipitation method. The sample was solubilized by 0.5% (w/v) sugar detergent n-decyl-beta-D-maltoside, stabilized by 200 mM sucrose, and crystallized with 5% (w/v) poly(ethylene glycol) 4000. Important factors for the extraction, purification and crystallization of mitochondrial respiratory complex II are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Huo
- Tsinghua-Nankai-IBP Joint Research Group for Structural Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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46
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Clason T, Zickermann V, Ruiz T, Brandt U, Radermacher M. Direct localization of the 51 and 24 kDa subunits of mitochondrial complex I by three-dimensional difference imaging. J Struct Biol 2007; 159:433-42. [PMID: 17591445 PMCID: PMC2700006 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2007.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2007] [Revised: 04/27/2007] [Accepted: 05/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Complex I is the largest complex in the respiratory chain, and the least understood. We have determined the 3D structure of complex I from Yarrowia lipolytica lacking the flavoprotein part of the N-module, which consists of the 51 kDa (NUBM) and the 24 kDa (NUHM) subunits. The reconstruction was determined by 3D electron microscopy of single particles. A comparison to our earlier reconstruction of the complete Y. lipolytica complex I clearly assigns the two flavoprotein subunits to an outer lobe of the peripheral arm of complex I. Localizing the two subunits allowed us to fit the X-ray structure of the hydrophilic fragment of complex I from Thermus thermophilus. The fit that is most consistent with previous immuno-electron microscopic data predicts that the ubiquinone reducing catalytic center resides in the second peripheral lobe, while the 75 kDa subunit is placed near the previously seen connection between the peripheral arm and the membrane arm protrusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd Clason
- University of Vermont, College of Medicine, Department Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
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47
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Lopes R, Solter PF, Sisson DD, Oyama MA, Prosek R. Correlation of mitochondrial protein expression in complexes I to V with natural and induced forms of canine idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Am J Vet Res 2007; 67:971-7. [PMID: 16740089 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.67.6.971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify qualitative and quantitative differences in cardiac mitochondrial protein expression in complexes I to V between healthy dogs and dogs with natural or induced dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). SAMPLE POPULATION Left ventricle samples were obtained from 7 healthy dogs, 7 Doberman Pinschers with naturally occurring DCM, and 7 dogs with DCM induced by rapid right ventricular pacing. PROCEDURES Fresh and frozen mitochondrial fractions were isolated from the left ventricular free wall and analyzed by 2-dimensional electrophoresis. Protein spots that increased or decreased in density by 2-fold or greater between groups were analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry or quadrupole selecting, quadrupole collision cell, time-of-flight mass spectrometry. RESULTS A total of 22 altered mitochondrial proteins were identified in complexes I to V. Ten and 12 were found in complex I and complexes II to V, respectively. Five were mitochondrial encoded, and 17 were nuclear encoded. Most altered mitochondrial proteins in tissue specimens from dogs with naturally occurring DCM were associated with complexes I and V, whereas in tissue specimens from dogs subjected to rapid ventricular pacing, complexes I and IV were more affected. In the experimentally induced form of DCM, only nuclear-encoded subunits were changed in complex I. In both disease groups, the 22-kd subunit was downregulated. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Natural and induced forms of DCM resulted in altered mitochondrial protein expression in complexes I to V. However, subcellular differences between the experimental and naturally occurring forms of DCM may exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosana Lopes
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
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48
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Sherwood S, Hirst J. Investigation of the mechanism of proton translocation by NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I) from bovine heart mitochondria: does the enzyme operate by a Q-cycle mechanism? Biochem J 2006; 400:541-50. [PMID: 16895522 PMCID: PMC1698589 DOI: 10.1042/bj20060766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Complex I (NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase) is the first enzyme of the membrane-bound electron transport chain in mitochondria. It conserves energy, from the reduction of ubiquinone by NADH, as a protonmotive force across the inner membrane, but the mechanism of energy transduction is not known. The structure of the hydrophilic arm of thermophilic complex I supports the idea that proton translocation is driven at (or close to) the point of quinone reduction, rather than at the point of NADH oxidation, with a chain of iron-sulfur clusters transferring electrons between the two active sites. Here, we describe experiments to determine whether complex I, isolated from bovine heart mitochondria, operates via a Q-cycle mechanism analogous to that observed in the cytochrome bc1 complex. No evidence for the 'reductant-induced oxidation' of ubiquinol could be detected; therefore no support for a Q-cycle mechanism was obtained. Unexpectedly, in the presence of NADH, complex I inhibited by either rotenone or piericidin A was found to catalyse the exchange of redox states between different quinone and quinol species, providing a possible route for future investigations into the mechanism of energy transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Sherwood
- Medical Research Council Dunn Human Nutrition Unit, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2XY, U.K
| | - Judy Hirst
- Medical Research Council Dunn Human Nutrition Unit, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2XY, U.K
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
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49
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Galkin A, Dröse S, Brandt U. The proton pumping stoichiometry of purified mitochondrial complex I reconstituted into proteoliposomes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2006; 1757:1575-81. [PMID: 17094937 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2006.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2006] [Revised: 09/28/2006] [Accepted: 10/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I) is the largest and most complicated enzyme of aerobic electron transfer. The mechanism how it uses redox energy to pump protons across the bioenergetic membrane is still not understood. Here we determined the pumping stoichiometry of mitochondrial complex I from the strictly aerobic yeast Yarrowia lipolytica. With intact mitochondria, the measured value of 3.8H(+)/2e indicated that four protons are pumped per NADH oxidized. For purified complex I reconstituted into proteoliposomes we measured a very similar pumping stoichiometry of 3.6H(+)/2e . This is the first demonstration that the proton pump of complex I stayed fully functional after purification of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Galkin
- Universität Frankfurt, Fachbereich Medizin, Zentrum der Biologischen Chemie, Molekulare Bioenergetik, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Haus 26, D-60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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50
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Ide Y, Sato I. Effect of changes in food consistency on NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase activity and levels of mRNA for ND1, 51kDa, 75kDa and myosin heavy chain isoforms in two different portions of rat masseter muscle. Okajimas Folia Anat Jpn 2006; 83:61-71. [PMID: 16944839 DOI: 10.2535/ofaj.83.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the effect of a change in food consistency on properties of the masseter muscle in 3-week-old rats fed a soft diet for 9 weeks (Group S) and fed a soft diet for 5 weeks followed by a hard diet for 4 weeks (Group S-H). The NADH-O2 oxidoreductase activity, levels of mRNAs transcribed from genes encoding NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase (Complex I: ND1, 51kDa, and 75kDa) and myosin heavy chain (MyHC) isoforms and the phenotype of the muscle fibers were measured in the superficial and deep portions of the muscle. In the period from 8 weeks to 12 weeks of age, NADH-O2 oxidoreductase enzyme activity in both the superficial and deep portions of the muscle showed similar patterns in Group S and Group S-H. In contrast, the ND1, 51kDa and 75kDa mRNA levels in the superficial and deep portions of the masseter muscle in the Group S-H were higher than those of Group S in the 12-week-old rats, except for the 51kDa mRNA in the superficial portion of the masseter muscle. MyHC-IIa and MyHC-IId/x mRNA levels in the superficial portion of the masseter muscle were higher in the Group S-H than in the Group S. These observations suggest that short-term feeding stress such as the transition from a soft diet to a hard diet causes changes in oxidative metabolism, in mRNA levels for the Complex I components ND1 and 75kDa, and the mRNA levels for the MyHC isoforms IIa and IId/x in the superficial portion of rat masseter muscle, but no changes in the composition of muscle fiber types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Ide
- Department of Anatomy, School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, the Nippon Dental University, 1-9-20 Fujimi, Chiyoda-Ku, Tokyo 102-8159, Japan
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