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Sockwell AK, Wetzler M. Beyond Biological Chelation: Coordination of f‐Block Elements by Polyhydroxamate Ligands. Chemistry 2018; 25:2380-2388. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201803176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Kirstin Sockwell
- Clemson UniversityChemistry Department Address 211 S Palmetto Blvd Clemson SC 29634 USA
| | - Modi Wetzler
- Clemson UniversityChemistry Department Address 211 S Palmetto Blvd Clemson SC 29634 USA
- Clemson UniversityNuclear Environmental Engineering, Sciences and Radioactive Waste Management Address 342 Computer Ct Anderson SC 29625 USA
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Besserglick J, Olshvang E, Szebesczyk A, Englander J, Levinson D, Hadar Y, Gumienna-Kontecka E, Shanzer A. Ferrichrome Has Found Its Match: Biomimetic Analogues with Diversified Activity Map Discrete Microbial Targets. Chemistry 2017; 23:13181-13191. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201702647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Besserglick
- Department of Organic Chemistry; The Weizmann Institute of Science; Rehovot 7610001 Israel
| | - Evgenia Olshvang
- Department of Organic Chemistry; The Weizmann Institute of Science; Rehovot 7610001 Israel
| | - Agnieszka Szebesczyk
- Faculty of Chemistry; University of Wrocław; F. Joliot-Curie 14 50-383 Wrocław Poland
| | - Joseph Englander
- Department of Organic Chemistry; The Weizmann Institute of Science; Rehovot 7610001 Israel
| | - Dana Levinson
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology; The R.H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture Food and Environment; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Rehovot 7610001 Israel
| | - Yitzhak Hadar
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology; The R.H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture Food and Environment; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Rehovot 7610001 Israel
| | | | - Abraham Shanzer
- Department of Organic Chemistry; The Weizmann Institute of Science; Rehovot 7610001 Israel
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Szebesczyk A, Olshvang E, Shanzer A, Carver PL, Gumienna-Kontecka E. Harnessing the power of fungal siderophores for the imaging and treatment of human diseases. Coord Chem Rev 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Olshvang E, Szebesczyk A, Kozłowski H, Hadar Y, Gumienna-Kontecka E, Shanzer A. Biomimetic ferrichrome: structural motifs for switching between narrow- and broad-spectrum activities in P. putida and E. coli. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:20850-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c5dt02685g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mimics with ferrichrome-like activity allowed the formulation of guidelines for broad-spectrum active compounds. Deviation from these guidelines provided narrow-spectrum active compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenia Olshvang
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- The Weizmann Institute of Science
- Rehovot 76100
- Israel
| | | | | | - Yitzhak Hadar
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology
- The R.H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture Food and Environment
- The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
- Rehovot 76100
- Israel
| | | | - Abraham Shanzer
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- The Weizmann Institute of Science
- Rehovot 76100
- Israel
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Divergent effects of desferrioxamine on bacterial growth and characteristics. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2012; 66:199-203. [PMID: 23232933 DOI: 10.1038/ja.2012.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Desferrioxamines (DF's) are siderophores produced by some groups of bacteria. Previously, we discovered that DFE, produced by Streptomyces griseus, induced divergent developmental phenotypes in various Streptomyces isolates. In this study, we isolated bacteria whose phenotype was affected by the presence of 0.1 mM DFB from soil samples, and studied their phylogenetic position via 16 S rRNA gene-based analysis. Isolates belonging to Microbacterium grew only in the presence of DFB in the medium. DFB promoted growth of some isolates, while significantly inhibiting that of other divergent bacteria. Different groups of isolates were affected, not because of growth-related changes, but because of changes in the colony morphology based on possible stimulation of motility. An isolate affiliated with Janthinobacterium was stimulated for violacein production as well as for pilus formation. The wide and divergent effects of DFB suggest that availability of siderophores significantly affect the structure of microbial community.
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Sahoo SK, Sharma D, Bera RK, Crisponi G, Callan JF. Iron(III) selective molecular and supramolecular fluorescent probes. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:7195-227. [PMID: 22885471 DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35152h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 490] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Iron is one of the most important elements in metabolic processes, being indispensable for all living systems and therefore it is extensively distributed in environmental and biological materials. However, both its deficiency and excess from the normal permissible limit can induce serious disorders. Therefore, several analytical techniques have been adopted for the detection of iron. Among the various techniques used for its detection, the method based on fluorescent sensors has received considerable interest in recent years because of its ability to provide online monitoring of very low concentrations without any pre-treatment of the sample together with the advantages of spatial and temporal resolution. In this article, efforts have been made to review the various molecular and supramolecular fluorescent sensors that have been developed for the selective detection of iron(III).
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Affiliation(s)
- Suban K Sahoo
- Department of Applied Chemistry, SV National Institute Technology, Surat-395007, Gujrat, India.
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Kornreich-Leshem H, Ziv C, Gumienna-Kontecka E, Arad-Yellin R, Chen Y, Elhabiri M, Albrecht-Gary AM, Hadar Y, Shanzer A. Ferrioxamine B Analogues: Targeting the FoxA Uptake System in the Pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica. J Am Chem Soc 2005; 127:1137-45. [PMID: 15669853 DOI: 10.1021/ja035182m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A series of ferrioxamine B analogues that target the bacterium Yersinia enterocolitica were prepared. These iron carriers are composed of three hydroxamate-containing monomeric units. Two identical monomers consist of N-hydroxy-3-aminopropionic acid coupled with beta-alanine, and a third unit at the amino terminal is composed of N-hydroxy-3-aminopropionic acid and one of the following amino acids: beta-alanine (1a), phenylalanine (1b), cyclohexylalanine (1c), or glycine (1d). Thermodynamic results for representatives of the analogues have shown a strong destabilization (3-4 orders of magnitude) of the ferric complexes with respect to ferrioxamine B, probably due to shorter spacers and a more strained structure around the metal center. No significant effect of the variations at the N-terminal has been observed on the stability of the ferric complexes. By contrast, using in vivo radioactive uptake experiments, we have found that these modifications have a substantial effect on the mechanism of iron(III) uptake in the pathogenic bacteria Yersinia enterocolitica. Analogues 1a and 1d were utilized by the ferrioxamine B uptake system (FoxA), while 1b and 1c either used different uptake systems or were transported to the microbial cell nonspecifically by diffusion via the cell membrane. Transport via the FoxA system was also confirmed by uptake experiments with the FoxA deficient strain of Yersinia enterocolitica. A fluorescent marker, attached to 1a in a way that did not interfere with its biological activity, provided additional means to monitor the uptake mechanism by fluorescence techniques. Of particular interest is the observation that 1a was utilized by the uptake system of ferrioxamine B in Yersinia enterocolitica (FoxA) but failed to use the ferrioxamine uptake route in Pseudomonas putida. Here, we present a case in which biomimetic siderophore analogues deliberately designed for a particular bacterium can distinguish between related uptake systems of different microorganisms.
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Matsumoto K, Ozawa T, Jitsukawa K, Masuda H. Synthesis, Solution Behavior, Thermal Stability, and Biological Activity of an Fe(III) Complex of an Artificial Siderophore with Intramolecular Hydrogen Bonding Networks. Inorg Chem 2004; 43:8538-46. [PMID: 15606204 DOI: 10.1021/ic048761g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Previously, an artificial siderophore complex, the iron(III) complex with tris[2-[(N-acetyl-N-hydroxy)glycylamino]ethyl]amine (TAGE), was constructed in order to understand the effect of intramolecular hydrogen bonding interaction on the siderophore function, and its structural characterization in the solid state was reported (Inorg. Chem. 2001, 40, 190). In this paper, the solution behavior of the M(III)-TAGE (M = Fe, Ga) system has been investigated using (1)H NMR, UV-vis, and FAB mass spectroscopies in efforts to characterize the biological implication of hydrogen bonding networks between the amide hydrogens and coordinating aminohydroxy oxygens of the complex. The temperature dependence of (1)H NMR spectra for Ga(III) complex of TAGE indicates that hydrogen bonding networks are maintained in polar solvents such as DMSO-d(6) and D(2)O. The UV-vis spectra of the Fe(III)-TAGE system under various pH conditions have shown that TAGE forms a tris(hydroxamato)iron(III) complex in an aqueous solution in the pH range 4-8. By contrast, tris[2-[(N-acetyl-N-hydroxy)propylamido]ethyl]amine (TAPE; TAGE analogue that is difficult to form intramolecular hydrogen bonding networks), which has been synthesized as a comparison of TAGE, forms both of bis- and tris(hydroxamato)iron(III) complexes in the same pH range. Both the stability constants (log beta(FeTAGE) = 28.6; beta(FeTAGE) = [Fe(III)TAGE]/([Fe(3+)][TAGE(3)(-)])) and pM (-log[Fe(3+)]) value for Fe(III)TAGE (pM 25) are comparable to those of a natural siderophore ferrichrome (log beta = 29.1 and pM 25.2). The kinetic study of the TAGE-Fe(III) system has given the following rate constants: the rate of the ligand exchange reaction between Fe(III)TAGE and EDTA is 6.7 x 10(-4) s(-1), and the removal rates of iron from diferric bovine plasma transferrin by TAGE are 2.8 x 10(-2) and 6.0 x 10(-3) min(-1). These values are also comparable to those of a natural siderophore desferrioxamine B under the same conditions. In a biological activity experiment, TAGE has promoted the growth of the siderophore-auxotroph Gram-positive bacterium Microbacterium flavescens, suggesting that TAGE mimics the activity of ferrichrome. These results indicate that the artificial siderophore with intramolecular hydrogen bonding networks, TAGE, is a good structural and functional model for a natural ferrichrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Matsumoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
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9
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Saito R, Ghosh KK, Harada K, Katoh A. Microbial growth-promotion activity of 3-hydroxymonoazine- and N-hydroxydiazine-type heterocycles. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2002; 122:703-5. [PMID: 12235861 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.122.703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Three 3-hydroxymonoazine- and three N-hydroxydiazine-type heterocycles were tested whether they act as artificial siderophores toward Aureobacterium flavescens JG-9 (ATCC No. 25091). Among them, 1-hydroxy-3,5,6-trimethyl-2(1H)-pyrazinone (3) showed the highest growth-promotion activity comparable to desferrioxamine B (DFB), a natural trihydroxamate siderophore, at 48.5 microM or above, followed by 1-hydroxy-5,6-dimethyl-2(1H)-pyrazinone (2), 1-hydroxy-4,6-dimethyl-2(1H)-pyrimidinone (1), and 3-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-phenyl-4(1H)-pyridinone (6), while 3-hydroxy-1,2-dimethyl-4(1H)-pyridinone (5) did not show the bioactivity. These results are the first examples of N-hydroxydiazine-type heterocycles acting as artificial siderophores for A. flavescens JG-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Saito
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Seikei University, 3-3-1, Kichijoji-kitamachi, Musashino-shi, Tokyo 180-8633, Japan
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Hara Y, Shen L, Tsubouchi A, Akiyama M, Umemoto K. Tripodal peptide hydroxamates as siderophore models. Iron(III) binding with ligands containing H-(alanyl)n-beta-(N-hydroxy)alanyl strands (n = 1-3) anchored by nitrilotriacetic acid. Inorg Chem 2000; 39:5074-82. [PMID: 11233204 DOI: 10.1021/ic0001210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Combining three units of one of H-(alanyl)n-beta-(HO)alanyl peptides (n = 1-3) with nitrilotriacetic acid affords tripodal peptide hydroxamate ligands (1L, 1D, 2LL, 2DL, and 3LLL, where each L or D denotes the L- or D-alanyl residue). These ligands form six-coordinate octahedral complexes (Fe-1L, Fe-1D, Fe-2LL, Fe-2DL, and Fe-3LLL) with iron(III) in aqueous near neutral pH solution, and the stability and the chirality of the complexes formed depend on the alanyl residues incorporated. Thus Fe-2LL is the most stable against attack of H+ and OH- ions and the least labile in the iron(III) removal by EDTA. The CD spectra show a predominance of the A configuration for Fe-1D, Fe-2LL, Fe-2DL, and Fe-3LLL, but the opposite delta configuration for Fe-1L. These ligands and their gallium(III) complexes are studied by 1H NMR spectroscopy in DMSO-d6 solution. CD and NMR spectral analysis, aided by molecular model examinations, indicates that critical factors in controlling the configuration and the stability of the complexes are (1) the hydroxamate-carrying alanyl residue, (2) the expanse of an interior space in the ligand, and (3) an interstrand amide NH hydrogen bond; the latter bonding is possible with ligands 2LL and 2DL. A microbial growth promotion activity test shows that ligands 1L, 2LL, and 3LLL all act as iron-transporting agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Hara
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Japan
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11
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Weizman H, Ardon O, Mester B, Libman J, Dwir O, Hadar Y, Chen Y, Shanzer A. Fluorescently-Labeled Ferrichrome Analogs as Probes for Receptor-Mediated, Microbial Iron Uptake. J Am Chem Soc 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/ja9610646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haim Weizman
- Contribution from the Department of Organic Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science, and Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Faculty of Agriculture, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Orly Ardon
- Contribution from the Department of Organic Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science, and Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Faculty of Agriculture, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Brenda Mester
- Contribution from the Department of Organic Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science, and Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Faculty of Agriculture, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Jacqueline Libman
- Contribution from the Department of Organic Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science, and Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Faculty of Agriculture, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Oren Dwir
- Contribution from the Department of Organic Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science, and Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Faculty of Agriculture, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Yitzhak Hadar
- Contribution from the Department of Organic Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science, and Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Faculty of Agriculture, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Yona Chen
- Contribution from the Department of Organic Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science, and Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Faculty of Agriculture, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Abraham Shanzer
- Contribution from the Department of Organic Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science, and Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Faculty of Agriculture, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
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Lytton SD, Loyevsky M, Mester B, Libman J, Landau I, Shanzer A, Cabantchik ZI. In vivo antimalarial action of a lipophilic iron (III) chelator: suppression of Plasmodium vinckei infection by reversed siderophore. Am J Hematol 1993; 43:217-20. [PMID: 8352239 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.2830430311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
We assessed in vivo antimalarial action of a lipophilic iron (III) chelator belonging to a new synthetic family of biomimetic siderophores previously termed reversed siderophores (RSFs). The family member, RSF ileum2, was chosen for its high membrane permeability and fast irreversible inhibition of human malaria parasite growth in vitro. [Shanzer A, et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88:6585, 1991 and Lytton SD, et al., Blood 81:214, 1993]. The lipophilic drug was administered to Swiss mice by subcutaneous route in fractionated coconut oil at a dosage of 0.37 g/kg every 8 hr with no adverse reactions observed. After 3-4 injections demonstrable suppression of Plasmodium vinckei petteri infection was observed and an additional 3-4 injections resulted in 2-3-fold lower parasitemia with prolonged survival time over sham-injected control mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Lytton
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
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Shanzer A, Libman J, Yakirevitch P, Hadar Y, Chen Y, Jurkevitch E. Siderophore-Mediated microbial iron(III) uptake: An exercise in chiral recognition. Chirality 1993. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.530050516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Paterlini MG, Freedman TB, Nafie LA, Tor Y, Shanzer A. Vibrational CD studies of interchain hydrogen-bonded tripodal peptides. Biopolymers 1992; 32:765-82. [PMID: 1391630 DOI: 10.1002/bip.360320706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The solution conformations of three trispeptides--L,L,L-1,3,5-C6H3[CH2NHCOCH(X)-NHBoc++ +]3, X = CH3 (Ala) or CH2CH(CH3)2 (Leu), and L,L,L-N(CH2CH2NHCOCH[CH2-CH(CH3)2]NHBoc)3--have been determined from their ir and vibrational CD (VCD) spectra in the NH stretching and carbonyl stretching regions in apolar solution. The compounds containing L-Leu are shown to occur primarily in a propeller conformation with C3 symmetry that is stabilized by interchain hydrogen bonds. Through application of the coupled oscillator model of VCD, a right-handed sense for the hydrogen-bonded chains in the propeller is deduced, in agreement with previous empirical force field calculations. The spectra also provide evidence for interchain association between two chains, resulting in a C10-ring. For chains not involved in interchain association, the spectra reveal the presence of C7-rings within a chain. The trispeptide containing L-Ala is found to occur primarily in a random form.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Paterlini
- Department of Chemistry Syracuse University, New York 13244-4100
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Jurkevitch E, Hadar Y, Chen Y, Libman J, Shanzer A. Iron uptake and molecular recognition in Pseudomonas putida: receptor mapping with ferrichrome and its biomimetic analogs. J Bacteriol 1992; 174:78-83. [PMID: 1309523 PMCID: PMC205679 DOI: 10.1128/jb.174.1.78-83.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of an Fe(3+)-ferrichrome uptake system in fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. was demonstrated, and its structural requirements were mapped in Pseudomonas putida with the help of biomimetic ferrichrome analogs. Growth tests, 55Fe3+ uptake, and competition experiments demonstrated that the synthetic L-alanine derivative B5 inhibits the action of ferrichrome but does not facilitate Fe3+ transport, while the enantiomeric D-Ala derivative B6 fails to compete with ferrichrome. Contraction of the molecule's envelope by replacing L-Ala by glycine provided a synthetic carrier, B9, which fully simulates ferrichrome as a growth promoter. Sodium azide inhibited 55Fe3+ uptake of the Gly derivative B9, suggesting an active transport process. These data demonstrate the chiral discrimination of the ferrichrome receptor and its sensitivity to subtle structural changes. They further confirm that receptor binding is a necessary but not sufficient condition for Fe3+ uptake to occur and suggest that binding to the receptor and transport proteins might rely on different recognition patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Jurkevitch
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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Katoh A, Akiyama M. N-hydroxy amides. Part 9. Synthesis and lron(III) complexes of tripodal hydroxamic acids derived from ω-(N-hydroxyamino)alkanoic acids and tris(2-aminoethyl)amine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1039/p19910001839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Berner I, Yakirevitch P, Libman J, Shanzer A, Winkelmann G. Chiral linear hydroxamates as biomimetic analogues of ferrioxamine and coprogen and their use in probing siderophore-receptor specificity in bacteria and fungi. BIOLOGY OF METALS 1991; 4:186-91. [PMID: 1657086 DOI: 10.1007/bf01141313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Linear hydroxamate derivatives, possessing chiral alpha-amino acid moieties, were synthesized and their iron transport activities were studied in bacteria and fungi. No growth-promoting activity could be detected in the Gram-positive hydroxamate-auxotroph Aureobacterium flavescens JG9. However, Gram-negative enterobacteria, such as Escherichia coli, Pantoea agglomerans and Hafnia alvei were able to utilize iron from these analogues. Uptake of 55Fe-labeled analogues was inhibited by sodium azide, suggesting an active transport process. The receptors involved during uptake in enterobacteria were identified by using appropriate indicator organisms which are defective in the transport of either ferrioxamines (P. agglomerans FM13), coprogens (H. alvei), or both of these siderophore classes (E. coli fhuE). Our data suggest that the chiral hydroxamates are recognized by the ferrioxamine receptor (FoxA) and the coprogen receptor (FhuE) at a ratio which depends on the optical lambda/delta isomer fraction and the nature of side chains. Transport was also observed in the fungus Neurospora crassa, known to take up coprogen rather than ferrioxamines, suggesting that in this fungus the synthetic analogues behave like coprogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Berner
- University of Tübingen, Federal Republic of Germany
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