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Cope EC, Wang SH, Waters RC, Gore IR, Vasquez B, Laham BJ, Gould E. Activation of the CA2-ventral CA1 pathway reverses social discrimination dysfunction in Shank3B knockout mice. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1750. [PMID: 36991001 PMCID: PMC10060401 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37248-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutation or deletion of the SHANK3 gene, which encodes a synaptic scaffolding protein, is linked to autism spectrum disorder and Phelan-McDermid syndrome, conditions associated with social memory impairments. Shank3B knockout mice also exhibit social memory deficits. The CA2 region of the hippocampus integrates numerous inputs and sends a major output to the ventral CA1 (vCA1). Despite finding few differences in excitatory afferents to the CA2 in Shank3B knockout mice, we found that activation of CA2 neurons as well as the CA2-vCA1 pathway restored social recognition function to wildtype levels. vCA1 neuronal oscillations have been linked to social memory, but we observed no differences in these measures between wildtype and Shank3B knockout mice. However, activation of the CA2 enhanced vCA1 theta power in Shank3B knockout mice, concurrent with behavioral improvements. These findings suggest that stimulating adult circuitry in a mouse model with neurodevelopmental impairments can invoke latent social memory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise C Cope
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Samantha H Wang
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Renée C Waters
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Isha R Gore
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Betsy Vasquez
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Blake J Laham
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Elizabeth Gould
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA.
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2
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Liang W, Zhang K, Cao P, Liu X, Yang J, Zaiane OR. Exploiting task relationships for Alzheimer's disease cognitive score prediction via multi-task learning. Comput Biol Med 2023; 152:106367. [PMID: 36516575 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2022.106367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is highly prevalent and a significant cause of dementia and death in elderly individuals. Motivated by breakthroughs of multi-task learning (MTL), efforts have been made to extend MTL to improve the Alzheimer's disease cognitive score prediction by exploiting structure correlation. Though important and well-studied, three key aspects are yet to be fully handled in an unified framework: (i) appropriately modeling the inherent task relationship; (ii) fully exploiting the task relatedness by considering the underlying feature structure. (iii) automatically determining the weight of each task. To this end, we present the Bi-Graph guided self-Paced Multi-Task Feature Learning (BGP-MTFL) framework for exploring the relationship among multiple tasks to improve overall learning performance of cognitive score prediction. The framework consists of the two correlation regularization for features and tasks, ℓ2,1 regularization and self-paced learning scheme. Moreover, we design an efficient optimization method to solve the non-smooth objective function of our approach based on the Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers (ADMM) combined with accelerated proximal gradient (APG). The proposed model is comprehensively evaluated on the Alzheimer's disease neuroimaging initiative (ADNI) datasets. Overall, the proposed algorithm achieves an nMSE (normalized Mean Squared Error) of 3.923 and an wR (weighted R-value) of 0.416 for predicting eighteen cognitive scores, respectively. The empirical study demonstrates that the proposed BGP-MTFL model outperforms the state-of-the-art AD prediction approaches and enables identifying more stable biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liang
- Computer Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Computer Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Peng Cao
- Computer Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China; Key Laboratory of Intelligent Computing in Medical Image of Ministry of Education, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China.
| | - Xiaoli Liu
- DAMO Academy, Alibaba Group, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinzhu Yang
- Computer Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China; Key Laboratory of Intelligent Computing in Medical Image of Ministry of Education, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Osmar R Zaiane
- Alberta Machine Intelligence Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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3
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Saeed U, Desmarais P, Masellis M. The APOE ε4 variant and hippocampal atrophy in Alzheimer's disease and Lewy body dementia: a systematic review of magnetic resonance imaging studies and therapeutic relevance. Expert Rev Neurother 2021; 21:851-870. [PMID: 34311631 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2021.1956904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: The apolipoprotein E ɛ4-allele (APOE-ɛ4) increases the risk not only for Alzheimer's disease (AD) but also for Parkinson's disease dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies (collectively, Lewy body dementia [LBD]). Hippocampal volume is an important neuroimaging biomarker for AD and LBD, although its association with APOE-ɛ4 is inconsistently reported. We investigated the association of APOE-ε4 with hippocampal atrophy quantified using magnetic resonance imaging in AD and LBD.Areas covered: Databases were searched for volumetric and voxel-based morphometric studies published up until December 31st, 2020. Thirty-nine studies (25 cross-sectional, 14 longitudinal) were included. We observed that (1) APOE-ε4 was associated with greater rate of hippocampal atrophy in longitudinal studies in AD and in those who progressed from mild cognitive impairment to AD, (2) association of APOE-ε4 with hippocampal atrophy in cross-sectional studies was inconsistent, (3) APOE-ɛ4 may influence hippocampal atrophy in dementia with Lewy bodies, although longitudinal investigations are needed. We comprehensively discussed methodological aspects, APOE-based therapeutic approaches, and the association of APOE-ε4 with hippocampal sub-regions and cognitive performance.Expert opinion: The role of APOE-ɛ4 in modulating hippocampal phenotypes may be further clarified through more homogenous, well-powered, and pathology-proven, longitudinal investigations. Understanding the underlying mechanisms will facilitate the development of prevention strategies targeting APOE-ɛ4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usman Saeed
- Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,L.C. Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Unit, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada.,Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Philippe Desmarais
- Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,L.C. Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Unit, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada.,Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Mario Masellis
- Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,L.C. Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Unit, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada.,Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada.,Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Cognitive and Movement Disorders Clinic, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada
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4
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Al-Otaibi M, Lessard-Beaudoin M, Castellano CA, Gris D, Cunnane SC, Graham RK. Volumetric MRI demonstrates atrophy of the olfactory cortex in AD. Curr Alzheimer Res 2020; 17:904-915. [PMID: 33327913 DOI: 10.2174/1567205017666201215120909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Alzheimer disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder that affects millions of individuals worldwide. Symptoms include memory dysfunction and deficits in attention, planning, language, and overall cognitive function. Olfactory dysfunction is a common symptom of AD and evidence supports that it is an early marker. Furthermore, olfactory bulb and entorhinal cortex atrophy are well described in AD. However, in AD, no studies have assessed the olfactory cortex as a whole and if sex effects are observed. METHODS Magnetic Resonance Imaging was used to scan 39 participants with an average age of 72 years and included men and women. AAL Single-Subject Atlas (implemented in PNEURO tool - PMOD 3.8) was used to determine the volume of the olfactory cortex and the hippocampus. Olfactory cortex volume was lower in both men and women AD cases compared with controls. This decrease was more apparent in the left olfactory cortex and was influenced by age. As expected, hippocampal volume was also significantly reduced in AD. However, this was only observed in the male cohort. A significant correlation was observed between levels of education and hippocampal volume in controls that were not detected in the AD participants. Asymmetry was observed in the olfactory cortex volume when comparing left and right volumes in both the control and AD participants, which was not observed in the hippocampus. RESULTS These data highlight the importance of the role of olfactory cortical atrophy in the pathogenesis of AD and the interplay between the olfactory deficits and degeneration of olfactory regions in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Denis Gris
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Stephen C Cunnane
- Research Center on Aging, CIUSSS-IUGS de l'Estrie-CHUS, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Rona K Graham
- Research Center on Aging, CIUSSS-IUGS de l'Estrie-CHUS, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
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Leng F, Liu Y, Li G, Lai W, Zhang Q, Liu W, Hu C, Li P, Sheng F, Huang J, Zhang R. Cu2−xSe nanoparticles (Cu2−xSe NPs) mediated neurotoxicityviaoxidative stress damage in PC-12 cells and BALB/c mice. RSC Adv 2019; 9:36558-36569. [PMID: 35539053 PMCID: PMC9075139 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra06245a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Cu2−xSe nanoparticles (Cu2−xSe NPs) are widely used for optical diagnostic imaging and photothermal therapy due to their strong near-infrared (NIR) optical absorption. With the continuous expansion of applications using Cu2−xSe NPs, their biosafety has received increasing attention in recent years. Cu2−xSe NPs can enter the brain by crossing the blood–brain barrier, but the neurotoxicity of NPs remains unclear. The present investigation provides direct evidence that the toxicity of Cu2−xSe NPs can be specifically exploited to kill rat pheochromocytoma PC-12 cells (a cell line used as an in vitro model for brain neuron research) in dose- and time-dependent manners. These cytotoxicity events were accompanied by mitochondrial damage, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) depletion, production of oxidizing species (including reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)), as well as reductions in antioxidant defense systems (glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD)). Moreover, our in vivo study also confirmed that Cu2−xSe NPs markedly induced neurotoxicity and oxidative stress damage in the striatum and hippocampal tissues of BALB/c mice. These findings suggest that Cu2−xSe NPs induce neurotoxicity in PC-12 cells and BALB/c mice via oxidative stress damage, which provides useful information for understanding the neurotoxicity of Cu2−xSe NPs. Cu2−xSe nanoparticles (Cu2−xSe NPs) are widely used for optical diagnostic imaging and photothermal therapy due to their strong near-infrared (NIR) optical absorption.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Faning Leng
- Department of Pharmacology
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University
- Chongqing
- China
| | - Yali Liu
- Department of Pharmacology
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University
- Chongqing
- China
| | - Guobing Li
- Department of Pharmacology
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University
- Chongqing
- China
| | - Wenjing Lai
- Department of Pharmacology
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University
- Chongqing
- China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University
- Chongqing
- China
| | - Wuyi Liu
- Department of Pharmacology
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University
- Chongqing
- China
| | - Changpeng Hu
- Department of Pharmacology
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University
- Chongqing
- China
| | - Pantong Li
- Department of Pharmacology
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University
- Chongqing
- China
| | - Fangfang Sheng
- Department of Pharmacology
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University
- Chongqing
- China
| | - Jingbin Huang
- Department of Pharmacology
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University
- Chongqing
- China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University
- Chongqing
- China
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Fu J, Gao J, Gong L, Ma Y, Xu H, Gu Z, Zhu J, Fan X. Silica nanoparticle exposure during the neonatal period impairs hippocampal precursor proliferation and social behavior later in life. Int J Nanomedicine 2018; 13:3593-3608. [PMID: 29950837 PMCID: PMC6018854 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s160828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Silica nanoparticles (SiO2-NPs) are currently among the most widely used nanomaterials, but their potentially adverse effects on brain development remain unknown. The developing brain is extremely sensitive to NP neurotoxicity during the early postnatal period. Materials and methods Herein, we investigated the effects of SiO2-NPs (doses of 10, 20, or 50 mg with a particle size of ~91 nm, equivalent to aerosol mass concentrations 55.56, 111.11, and 277.78 mg/m3, respectively) exposure from postnatal day (P) 1 to P7 on hippocampal precursor proliferation at P8 and long-term neurobehavior in adults. Results SiO2-NP exposure resulted in inflammatory cell infiltration in lung tissue, microglia over-activation in the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG), and decreased hippocampal precursor proliferation in the DG-subgranular zone at P8. Moreover, after exposure to 20 mg of SiO2-NPs, mice exhibited social interaction deficits and slight anxiety-like behaviors in adulthood, but this exposure did not induce locomotor activity impairment, depression-like behavior, or short-term memory impairment. Discussion These findings suggest that early-age SiO2-NP exposure induced inflammation and inhibited precursor proliferation in the DG in a dose-dependent manner, which might be related to the social dysfunction observed in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Fu
- School of Nursing, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.,Department of Developmental Neuropsychology, School of Psychology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Junwei Gao
- Department of Developmental Neuropsychology, School of Psychology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Linji Gong
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ma
- School of Nursing, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Haiwei Xu
- Southwest Eye Hospital/Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Zhanjun Gu
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jingci Zhu
- School of Nursing, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Xiaotang Fan
- Department of Developmental Neuropsychology, School of Psychology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
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Schuster C, Elamin M, Hardiman O, Bede P. Presymptomatic and longitudinal neuroimaging in neurodegeneration--from snapshots to motion picture: a systematic review. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2015; 86:1089-96. [PMID: 25632156 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2014-309888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent quantitative neuroimaging studies have been successful in capturing phenotype and genotype-specific changes in dementia syndromes, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson's disease and other neurodegenerative conditions. However, the majority of imaging studies are cross-sectional, despite the obvious superiority of longitudinal study designs in characterising disease trajectories, response to therapy, progression rates and evaluating the presymptomatic phase of neurodegenerative conditions. OBJECTIVES The aim of this work is to perform a systematic review of longitudinal imaging initiatives in neurodegeneration focusing on methodology, optimal statistical models, follow-up intervals, attrition rates, primary study outcomes and presymptomatic studies. METHODS Longitudinal imaging studies were identified from 'PubMed' and reviewed from 1990 to 2014. The search terms 'longitudinal', 'MRI', 'presymptomatic' and 'imaging' were utilised in combination with one of the following degenerative conditions; Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/motor neuron disease, frontotemporal dementia, Huntington's disease, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, ataxia, HIV, alcohol abuse/dependence. RESULTS A total of 423 longitudinal imaging papers and 103 genotype-based presymptomatic studies were identified and systematically reviewed. Imaging techniques, follow-up intervals and attrition rates showed significant variation depending on the primary diagnosis. Commonly used statistical models included analysis of annualised percentage change, mixed and random effect models, and non-linear cumulative models with acceleration-deceleration components. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Although longitudinal imaging studies have the potential to provide crucial insights into the presymptomatic phase and natural trajectory of neurodegenerative processes a standardised design is required to enable meaningful data interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Schuster
- Quantitative Neuroimaging Group, Academic Unit of Neurology, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Marwa Elamin
- Quantitative Neuroimaging Group, Academic Unit of Neurology, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Orla Hardiman
- Quantitative Neuroimaging Group, Academic Unit of Neurology, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Peter Bede
- Quantitative Neuroimaging Group, Academic Unit of Neurology, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
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8
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Peng GP, Feng Z, He FP, Chen ZQ, Liu XY, Liu P, Luo BY. Correlation of hippocampal volume and cognitive performances in patients with either mild cognitive impairment or Alzheimer's disease. CNS Neurosci Ther 2014; 21:15-22. [PMID: 25146658 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate hippocampal volume changes and neuropsychological performances in patients with either amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) or Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHODS Thirty-eight AD dementia, 22 aMCI patients, and 20 healthy controls were enrolled. Bilateral hippocampal volume was measured concurrently with mini-mental state examination (MMSE), auditory verbal learning test (AVLT), Boston naming test (BNT), and activities of daily living (ADL) test. Baseline and two additional follow-up examinations were conducted. RESULTS Baseline hippocampal volumes were significantly smaller in AD group than that in aMCI and control groups. MMSE, AVLT, ADL, and BNT scores for the AD group were significantly different from that of both aMCI and control groups. Baseline hippocampal volumes were positively correlated with MMSE and AVLT scores in AD and aMCI patients. At follow-up, left hippocampal volume loss was positively correlated with decreased MMSE and AVLT scores both in AD and aMCI groups, while right hippocampal volume loss was positively associated with decreased AVLT performance only in AD group. Increased ADL and decreased BNT scores were positively associated with left hippocampal volume reduction only in the AD group. CONCLUSIONS Current findings provide evidence of a close relationship between hippocampal volume and cognitive performances in patients with AD and aMCI, both at baseline and over follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Ping Peng
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Laboratory of Brain Medical Center, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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9
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Lockau H, Jessen F, Fellgiebel A, Drzezga A. Structural and Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer Disease. PET Clin 2013; 8:407-30. [PMID: 27156470 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpet.2013.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is playing an increasingly pivotal role in the clinical management of dementia, including Alzheimer disease (AD). In addition to established MR imaging procedures, the introduction of advanced instrumentation such as 7-T MR imaging, as well as novel MR imaging sequences such as arterial spin labeling, MR spectroscopy, diffusion tensor imaging, and resting-state functional MR imaging, may open new pathways toward improved diagnosis of AD even in early stages of disease such as mild cognitive impairment (MCI). This article describes the typical findings of established and new MR imaging procedures in healthy aging, MCI, and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Lockau
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Street 62, Cologne 50937, Germany
| | - Frank Jessen
- Department of Psychiatry, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Straße 25, Bonn 53105, Germany
| | - Andreas Fellgiebel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Mainz, Untere Zahlbacher Street 8, Mainz 55131, Germany
| | - Alexander Drzezga
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Street 62, Cologne 50937, Germany.
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10
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Frankó E, Joly O. Evaluating Alzheimer's disease progression using rate of regional hippocampal atrophy. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71354. [PMID: 23951142 PMCID: PMC3741167 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by neurofibrillary tangle and neuropil thread deposition, which ultimately results in neuronal loss. A large number of magnetic resonance imaging studies have reported a smaller hippocampus in AD patients as compared to healthy elderlies. Even though this difference is often interpreted as atrophy, it is only an indirect measurement. A more direct way of measuring the atrophy is to use repeated MRIs within the same individual. Even though several groups have used this appropriate approach, the pattern of hippocampal atrophy still remains unclear and difficult to relate to underlying pathophysiology. Here, in this longitudinal study, we aimed to map hippocampal atrophy rates in patients with AD, mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and elderly controls. Data consisted of two MRI scans for each subject. The symmetric deformation field between the first and the second MRI was computed and mapped onto the three-dimensional hippocampal surface. The pattern of atrophy rate was similar in all three groups, but the rate was significantly higher in patients with AD than in control subjects. We also found higher atrophy rates in progressive MCI patients as compared to stable MCI, particularly in the antero-lateral portion of the right hippocampus. Importantly, the regions showing the highest atrophy rate correspond to those that were described to have the highest burden of tau deposition. Our results show that local hippocampal atrophy rate is a reliable biomarker of disease stage and progression and could also be considered as a method to objectively evaluate treatment effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edit Frankó
- INSERM U1075, Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, Caen, France.
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11
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López-de-Ipiña K, Alonso JB, Travieso CM, Solé-Casals J, Egiraun H, Faundez-Zanuy M, Ezeiza A, Barroso N, Ecay-Torres M, Martinez-Lage P, de Lizardui UM. On the selection of non-invasive methods based on speech analysis oriented to automatic Alzheimer disease diagnosis. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2013; 13:6730-45. [PMID: 23698268 PMCID: PMC3690078 DOI: 10.3390/s130506730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The work presented here is part of a larger study to identify novel technologies and biomarkers for early Alzheimer disease (AD) detection and it focuses on evaluating the suitability of a new approach for early AD diagnosis by non-invasive methods. The purpose is to examine in a pilot study the potential of applying intelligent algorithms to speech features obtained from suspected patients in order to contribute to the improvement of diagnosis of AD and its degree of severity. In this sense, Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) have been used for the automatic classification of the two classes (AD and control subjects). Two human issues have been analyzed for feature selection: Spontaneous Speech and Emotional Response. Not only linear features but also non-linear ones, such as Fractal Dimension, have been explored. The approach is non invasive, low cost and without any side effects. Obtained experimental results were very satisfactory and promising for early diagnosis and classification of AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karmele López-de-Ipiña
- Systems Engineering and Automation Department, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Donostia 20018, Spain; E-Mails: (H.E.); (A.E.); (N.B.); (U.M.L.)
| | - Jesus-Bernardino Alonso
- Signal and Communication Departament (DSC), Institute for Technological Development and Innovation in Communications (IDeTIC), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Campus of Tafira, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria 35017, Spain; E-Mails: (J.-B.A.); (C.M.T.)
| | - Carlos Manuel Travieso
- Signal and Communication Departament (DSC), Institute for Technological Development and Innovation in Communications (IDeTIC), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Campus of Tafira, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria 35017, Spain; E-Mails: (J.-B.A.); (C.M.T.)
| | - Jordi Solé-Casals
- Digital Technologies Group, University of Vic, Sagrada família 7, Vic 08500, Spain; E-Mail:
| | - Harkaitz Egiraun
- Systems Engineering and Automation Department, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Donostia 20018, Spain; E-Mails: (H.E.); (A.E.); (N.B.); (U.M.L.)
- Research Center for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Plentzia Marine Station, University of the Basque Country, Plentzia 48620, Spain
| | - Marcos Faundez-Zanuy
- Escola Universitaria Politècnica de Mataró (UPC), Tecnocampus, Mataró, Barcelona 08302, Spain; E-Mail:
| | - Aitzol Ezeiza
- Systems Engineering and Automation Department, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Donostia 20018, Spain; E-Mails: (H.E.); (A.E.); (N.B.); (U.M.L.)
| | - Nora Barroso
- Systems Engineering and Automation Department, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Donostia 20018, Spain; E-Mails: (H.E.); (A.E.); (N.B.); (U.M.L.)
| | - Miriam Ecay-Torres
- CITA-Alzheimer Foundation, San Sebastian 20009, Spain; E-Mails: (M.E.-T.); (P.M.-L.)
| | - Pablo Martinez-Lage
- CITA-Alzheimer Foundation, San Sebastian 20009, Spain; E-Mails: (M.E.-T.); (P.M.-L.)
| | - Unai Martinez de Lizardui
- Systems Engineering and Automation Department, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Donostia 20018, Spain; E-Mails: (H.E.); (A.E.); (N.B.); (U.M.L.)
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12
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Henry MS, Passmore AP, Todd S, McGuinness B, Craig D, Johnston JA. The development of effective biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease: a review. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2013; 28:331-40. [PMID: 22674539 DOI: 10.1002/gps.3829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There is a widely recognised need to develop effective Alzheimer's disease (AD) biomarkers to aid the development of disease-modifying treatments, to facilitate early diagnosis and to improve clinical care. This overview aims to summarise the utility of key neuroimaging and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers for AD, before focusing on the latest efforts to identify informative blood biomarkers. DESIGN A literature search was performed using PubMed up to September 2011 for reviews and primary research studies of neuroimaging (magnetic resonance imaging, magnetic resonance spectroscopy, positron emission tomography and amyloid imaging), CSF and blood-based (plasma, serum and platelet) biomarkers in AD and mild cognitive impairment. Citations within individual articles were examined to identify additional studies relevant to this review. RESULTS Evidence of AD biomarker potential was available for imaging techniques reflecting amyloid burden and neurodegeneration. Several CSF measures are promising, including 42 amino acid β-amyloid peptide (Aβ42 ); total tau (T-tau) protein, reflecting axonal damage; and phosphorylated tau (P-tau), reflecting neurofibrillary tangle pathology. Studies of plasma Aβ have produced inferior diagnostic discrimination. Alternative plasma and platelet measures are described, which represent potential avenues for future research. CONCLUSIONS Several imaging and CSF markers demonstrate utility in predicting AD progression and determining aetiology. These require standardisation before forming core elements of diagnostic criteria. The enormous potential available for identifying a minimally-invasive, easily-accessible blood measure as an effective AD biomarker currently remains unfulfilled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Henry
- Centre for Public Health, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK.
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13
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Morris JC, Kimberly A, Quaid K, Holtzman DM, Kantarci K, Kaye J, Reiman EM, Klunk WE, Siemers ER. Role of biomarkers in studies of presymptomatic Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2012; 1:145-51. [PMID: 19595847 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2005.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2005] [Accepted: 09/29/2005] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biomarkers that have been developed largely for the study of patients with clinically diagnosed Alzheimer's disease (AD) can also be used in the study of cognitively normal individuals who may harbor underlying AD pathology. METHODS A meeting of invited experts on AD biomarkers was held on November 11 and 12, 2004 to review currently available data and to discuss unmet needs for biomarker research in presymptomatic AD. RESULTS Neuroimaging biomarkers have been studied to some extent in subjects at risk for AD. These imaging techniques include volumetric magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography using either fluorodeoxyglucose or newer ligands that bind directly to amyloid plaque. Similarly, biochemical measures from cerebrospinal fluid or other physiologic fluids are emerging as potentially useful tools. Such biomarkers may be used either as diagnostic tools or as indicators of disease severity when followed longitudinally. A clinical diagnosis of asymptomatic individuals using biomarkers and studies involving asymptomatic subjects may raise logistical and ethical concerns. CONCLUSIONS The technical development of biomarkers that are used for presymptomatic AD diagnosis and for longitudinally measuring disease severity is evolving rapidly. Ethical and privacy considerations must be made before such biomarkers can be applied routinely to asymptomatic populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Morris
- Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, MO, USA
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14
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Moretti DV, Prestia A, Fracassi C, Binetti G, Zanetti O, Frisoni GB. Specific EEG changes associated with atrophy of hippocampus in subjects with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. Int J Alzheimers Dis 2012; 2012:253153. [PMID: 22506130 PMCID: PMC3296269 DOI: 10.1155/2012/253153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Revised: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 11/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the association between hippocampal atrophy and increase of the EEG markers alpha3/alpha2 relative power ratio in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease patients. Seventy-nine subjects with MCI and 11 patients with AD underwent EEG recording and MRI scan. The MCI group was subdivided in three subgroups according to growing hippocampal atrophy. The groups were characterized by alpha3/alpha2 relative power ratio. In AD patients group mapped hippocampal regions were computed and related with alpha3/alpha2 power ratio. Results show that the increase of alpha3/alpha2 power ratio is correlated with atrophy of hippocampus both in MCI and in Alzheimer's disease patients. This finding confirms the possible diagnostic role of EEG markers as diagnostic and prognostic factors in patient with prodromal and declared Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. V. Moretti
- IRCCS Centro S. Giovanni Di Dio Fatebenefratelli, 25125 Brescia, Italy
| | - A. Prestia
- IRCCS Centro S. Giovanni Di Dio Fatebenefratelli, 25125 Brescia, Italy
| | - C. Fracassi
- IRCCS Centro S. Giovanni Di Dio Fatebenefratelli, 25125 Brescia, Italy
| | - G. Binetti
- IRCCS Centro S. Giovanni Di Dio Fatebenefratelli, 25125 Brescia, Italy
| | - O. Zanetti
- IRCCS Centro S. Giovanni Di Dio Fatebenefratelli, 25125 Brescia, Italy
| | - G. B. Frisoni
- IRCCS Centro S. Giovanni Di Dio Fatebenefratelli, 25125 Brescia, Italy
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15
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Multimodal MRI neuroimaging biomarkers for cognitive normal adults, amnestic mild cognitive impairment, and Alzheimer's disease. Neurol Res Int 2011; 2012:907409. [PMID: 21949904 PMCID: PMC3178148 DOI: 10.1155/2012/907409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Revised: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Multimodal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques have been developed to noninvasively measure structural, metabolic, hemodynamic and functional changes of the brain. These advantages have made MRI an important tool to investigate neurodegenerative disorders, including diagnosis, disease progression monitoring, and treatment efficacy evaluation. This paper discusses recent findings of the multimodal MRI in the context of surrogate biomarkers for identifying the risk for AD in normal cognitive (NC) adults, brain anatomical and functional alterations in amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI), and Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. Further developments of these techniques and the establishment of promising neuroimaging biomarkers will enhance our ability to diagnose aMCI and AD in their early stages and improve the assessment of therapeutic efficacy in these diseases in future clinical trials.
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16
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Moretti DV, Frisoni GB, Fracassi C, Pievani M, Geroldi C, Binetti G, Rossini PM, Zanetti O. MCI patients' EEGs show group differences between those who progress and those who do not progress to AD. Neurobiol Aging 2011; 32:563-71. [PMID: 20022139 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2009.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2008] [Revised: 03/20/2009] [Accepted: 04/06/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The theta/gamma and alpha3/alpha2 ratio were investigated as early markers for prognosticating of progression to dementia. 76 subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) underwent EEG recording, MRI scans and neuropsychological (NPS) tests. After 3 years of follow-up, three subgroups were characterized as converters to Alzheimer's disease (AD, N=18), converters to non-AD dementia (N=14) and non-converters (N=44). The theta/gamma and alpha3/alpha2 ratio, performance on cognitive tests and hippocampal volume, as evaluated at the time of initial MCI diagnosis, were studied in the three groups. As expected, MCI to AD converters had the smallest mean hippocampal volume and poorest performance on verbal learning tests, whereas MCI to non-AD converters had poorest cognitive performance in non-verbal learning tests, abstract thinking, and letter fluency. Increased theta/gamma ratio was associated with conversion to both AD and non-AD dementia; increased alpha3/alpha2 ratio was only associated with conversion to AD. Theta/gamma and alpha3/alpha2 ratio could be promising prognostic markers in MCI patients. In particular, the increase of high alpha frequency seems to be associated with conversion in AD. EEG markers allow a mean correct percentage of correct classification up to 88.3%. Future prospective studies are needed to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of these measures for predicting an AD outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- D V Moretti
- IRCCS S. Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy.
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17
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Wu J, Wang C, Sun J, Xue Y. Neurotoxicity of silica nanoparticles: brain localization and dopaminergic neurons damage pathways. ACS NANO 2011; 5:4476-4489. [PMID: 21526751 DOI: 10.1021/nn103530b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Silica nanoparticles (SiO(2)-NPs) are being used increasingly in diagnosis, imaging, and drug delivery for the central nervous system. However, to date, little is known concerning the potential adverse effects on the brain associated with exposure to SiO(2)-NPs. The present study was conducted to trace, locate, and quantify SiO(2)-NPs in the brain by a radiolabeling approach after intranasal instillation with SiO(2)-NPs. The oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and levels of neurochemicals in the brain were also analyzed. Furthermore, in vitro studies were carried out to elucidate the pathway and mechanism of in vivo damage with a co-incubation model of dopaminergic neuron PC12 and SiO(2)-NPs. The results indicated that SiO(2)-NPs via intranasal instillation entered into the brain and especially deposited in the striatum. Exposure to SiO(2)-NPs also induced oxidative damage and an increased inflammatory response in the striatum. Meanwhile, results of in vitro studies demonstrated that exposure to SiO(2)-NPs decreased cell viability, increased levels of lactate dehydrogenase, triggered oxidative stress, disturbed cell cycle, induced apoptosis, and activated the p53-mediated signaling pathway. In addition, the in vivo injury of neurochemicals occurred as the SiO(2)-NPs appeared to induce depleted dopamine in the striatum, and the down-regulation of tyrosine hydroxylase protein was the main contribution. These data demonstrate that SiO(2)-NPs possibly have a negative impact on the striatum and dopaminergic neurons as well as a potential risk for neurodegenerative diseases. There is potential concern with SiO(2)-NPs' neurotoxicity in biomedical applications and occupational exposure in large-scale production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wu
- Shanghai Biomaterials Research & Testing Center, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200023, China
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18
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Pievani M, Galluzzi S, Thompson PM, Rasser PE, Bonetti M, Frisoni GB. APOE4 is associated with greater atrophy of the hippocampal formation in Alzheimer's disease. Neuroimage 2011; 55:909-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.12.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2010] [Revised: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 12/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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19
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Shi F, Liu B, Zhou Y, Yu C, Jiang T. Hippocampal volume and asymmetry in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease: Meta-analyses of MRI studies. Hippocampus 2010; 19:1055-64. [PMID: 19309039 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.20573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Numerous studies have reported a smaller hippocampal volume in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients than in aging controls. However, in mild cognitive impairment (MCI), the results are inconsistent. Moreover, the left-right asymmetry of the hippocampus receives less research attention. In this article, meta-analyses are designed to determine the extent of hippocampal atrophy in MCI and AD, and to evaluate the asymmetry pattern of the hippocampal volume in control, MCI, and AD groups. From 14 studies including 365 MCI patients and 382 controls, significant atrophy is found in both the left [Effect size (ES), 0.92; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.72-1.11] and right (ES, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.57-0.98) hippocampus, which is lower than that in AD (ES, 1.60, 95% CI, 1.37-1.84, in left; ES, 1.52, 95% CI, 1.31-1.72, in right). Comparing with aging controls, the average volume reduction weighted by sample size is 12.9% and 11.1% in left and right hippocampus in MCI, and 24.2% and 23.1% in left and right hippocampus in AD, respectively. The findings show a bilateral hippocampal volume loss in MCI and the extent of atrophy is less than that in AD. By comparing the left and right hippocampal volume, a consistent left-less-than-right asymmetry pattern is found, but with different extents in control (ES, 0.39), MCI (ES, 0.56), and AD (ES, 0.30) group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Shi
- National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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20
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den Heijer T, van der Lijn F, Koudstaal PJ, Hofman A, van der Lugt A, Krestin GP, Niessen WJ, Breteler MMB. A 10-year follow-up of hippocampal volume on magnetic resonance imaging in early dementia and cognitive decline. Brain 2010; 133:1163-72. [PMID: 20375138 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awq048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hippocampal atrophy is frequently observed on magnetic resonance images from patients with Alzheimer's disease and persons with mild cognitive impairment. Even in asymptomatic elderly, a small hippocampal volume on magnetic resonance imaging is a risk factor for developing Alzheimer's disease. However, not everyone with a small hippocampus develops dementia. With the increased interest in the use of sequential magnetic resonance images as potential surrogate biomarkers of the disease process, it has also been shown that the rate of hippocampal atrophy is higher in persons with Alzheimer's disease compared to those with mild cognitive impairment and the healthy elderly. Whether a higher rate of hippocampal atrophy also predicts Alzheimer's disease or subtle cognitive decline in non-demented elderly is unknown. We examine these associations in a group of 518 elderly (age 60-90 years, 50% female), taken from the population-based Rotterdam Scan Study. A magnetic resonance imaging examination was performed at baseline in 1995-96 that was repeated in 1999-2000 (in 244 persons) and in 2006 (in 185 persons). Using automated segmentation procedures, we assessed hippocampal volumes on all magnetic resonance imaging scans. All persons were free of dementia at baseline and followed over time for cognitive decline and incident dementia. Persons had four repeated neuropsychological tests at the research centre over a 10-year period. We also continuously monitored the medical records of all 518 participants for incident dementia. During a total follow-up of 4360 person-years, (mean 8.4, range 0.1-11.3), 50 people developed incident dementia (36 had Alzheimer's disease). We found an increased risk to develop incident dementia per standard deviation faster rate of decline in hippocampal volume [left hippocampus 1.6 (95% confidence interval 1.2-2.3, right hippocampus 1.6 (95% confidence interval 1.2-2.1)]. Furthermore, decline in hippocampal volume predicted onset of clinical dementia when corrected for baseline hippocampal volume. In people who remained free of dementia during the whole follow-up period, we found that decline in hippocampal volume paralleled, and preceded, specific decline in delayed word recall. No associations were found in this sample between rate of hippocampal atrophy, Mini Mental State Examination and tests of executive function. Our results suggest that rate of hippocampal atrophy is an early marker of incipient memory decline and dementia, and could be of additional value when compared with a single hippocampal volume measurement as a surrogate biomarker of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom den Heijer
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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21
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Tarawneh R, Holtzman DM. Biomarkers in translational research of Alzheimer's disease. Neuropharmacology 2010; 59:310-22. [PMID: 20394760 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2010.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2009] [Revised: 03/14/2010] [Accepted: 04/07/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The identification and characterization of amyloid-beta (Abeta) and tau as the main pathological substrates of Alzheimer's disease (AD) have driven many efforts in search for suitable biomarkers for AD. In the last decade, research in this area has focused on developing a better understanding of the principles that govern protein deposition, mechanisms that link aggregation to toxicity and neuronal death, and a better understanding of protein dynamics in brain tissue, interstitial fluid and CSF. While Abeta and tau represent the two key pathological mediators of disease, other aspects of this multifaceted disease (e.g. oxidative stress, calcium-mediated toxicity, and neuroinflammation) are being unraveled, with the hope to develop a more comprehensive approach in exploring disease mechanisms. This has not only expanded possible areas for disease-modifying therapies, but has also allowed the introduction of novel, and potentially useful, fluid and radiological markers for the presence and progression of AD pathology. There is no doubt that the identification of several fluid and imaging biomarkers that can reliably detect the early stages of AD will have great implications in the design of clinical trials, in the selection of homogenous research populations, and in the assessment of disease outcomes. Markers with good diagnostic specificity will aid researchers in differentiating individuals with preclinical and probable AD from individuals who do not have AD pathology or have other dementing disorders. Markers that change with disease progression may offer utility in assessing the rates of disease progression and the efficacy of potential therapeutic agents on AD pathology. For both of these purposes, CSF Abeta42, amyloid imaging, and CSF tau appear to be very good markers of the presence of AD pathology as well as predictive of who will progress from MCI to AD. Volumetric MRI is also good at separating individuals with MCI and AD from controls and is predictive of who will progress from MCI to AD. Perhaps the most important role biomarkers will have, and the most needed at this time, lies in the identification of individuals who are cognitively normal, and yet have evidence of AD pathology (i.e. preclinical AD). Such individuals, it appears, can be identified with CSF Abeta42, amyloid imaging, and CSF tau. Such individuals are the most likely to benefit from future disease modifying/prevention therapies as they become available, and therefore represent the population in which the field can make the biggest therapeutic impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rawan Tarawneh
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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22
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Morra JH, Tu Z, Apostolova LG, Green AE, Avedissian C, Madsen SK, Parikshak N, Hua X, Toga AW, Jack CR, Schuff N, Weiner MW, Thompson PM. Automated 3D mapping of hippocampal atrophy and its clinical correlates in 400 subjects with Alzheimer's disease, mild cognitive impairment, and elderly controls. Hum Brain Mapp 2009; 30:2766-88. [PMID: 19172649 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.20708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
We used a new method we developed for automated hippocampal segmentation, called the auto context model, to analyze brain MRI scans of 400 subjects from the Alzheimer's disease neuroimaging initiative. After training the classifier on 21 hand-labeled expert segmentations, we created binary maps of the hippocampus for three age- and sex-matched groups: 100 subjects with Alzheimer's disease (AD), 200 with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and 100 elderly controls (mean age: 75.84; SD: 6.64). Hippocampal traces were converted to parametric surface meshes and a radial atrophy mapping technique was used to compute average surface models and local statistics of atrophy. Surface-based statistical maps visualized links between regional atrophy and diagnosis (MCI versus controls: P = 0.008; MCI versus AD: P = 0.001), mini-mental state exam (MMSE) scores, and global and sum-of-boxes clinical dementia rating scores (CDR; all P < 0.0001, corrected). Right but not left hippocampal atrophy was associated with geriatric depression scores (P = 0.004, corrected); hippocampal atrophy was not associated with subsequent decline in MMSE and CDR scores, educational level, ApoE genotype, systolic or diastolic blood pressure measures, or homocysteine. We gradually reduced sample sizes and used false discovery rate curves to examine the method's power to detect associations with diagnosis and cognition in smaller samples. Forty subjects were sufficient to discriminate AD from normal and correlate atrophy with CDR scores; 104, 200, and 304 subjects, respectively, were required to correlate MMSE with atrophy, to distinguish MCI from normal, and MCI from AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan H Morra
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, Department of Neurology, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90095-1769, USA
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23
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Miller MI, Priebe CE, Qiu A, Fischl B, Kolasny A, Brown T, Park Y, Ratnanather JT, Busa E, Jovicich J, Yu P, Dickerson BC, Buckner RL. Collaborative computational anatomy: an MRI morphometry study of the human brain via diffeomorphic metric mapping. Hum Brain Mapp 2009; 30:2132-41. [PMID: 18781592 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.20655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
This article describes a large multi-institutional analysis of the shape and structure of the human hippocampus in the aging brain as measured via MRI. The study was conducted on a population of 101 subjects including nondemented control subjects (n = 57) and subjects clinically diagnosed with Alzheimer's Disease (AD, n = 38) or semantic dementia (n = 6) with imaging data collected at Washington University in St. Louis, hippocampal structure annotated at the Massachusetts General Hospital, and anatomical shapes embedded into a metric shape space using large deformation diffeomorphic metric mapping (LDDMM) at the Johns Hopkins University. A global classifier was constructed for discriminating cohorts of nondemented and demented subjects based on linear discriminant analysis of dimensions derived from metric distances between anatomical shapes, demonstrating class conditional structure differences measured via LDDMM metric shape (P < 0.01). Localized analysis of the control and AD subjects only on the coordinates of the population template demonstrates shape changes in the subiculum and the CA1 subfield in AD (P < 0.05). Such large scale collaborative analysis of anatomical shapes has the potential to enhance the understanding of neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael I Miller
- Center for Imaging Science, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
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24
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Hampel H, Broich K, Hoessler Y, Pantel J. Biological markers for early detection and pharmacological treatment of Alzheimer's disease. DIALOGUES IN CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2009. [PMID: 19585950 PMCID: PMC3181918 DOI: 10.31887/dcns.2009.11.2/hhampel] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The introduction of biological markers in the clinical management of Alzheimer's disease (AD) will not only improve diagnosis relating to early detection of neuropathology with underlying molecular mechanisms, but also provides tools for the assessment of objective treatment benefits. In this review, we identify a number of in vivo neurochemistry and neuroimaging techniques, which can reliably assess aspects of physiology, pathology, chemistry, and neuroanatomy of AD, and hold promise as meaningful biomarkers in the early diagnostic process, as well as for the tracking of disease-modifying pharmacological effects. These neurobiological measures appear to relate closely to pathophysiological, neuropathological, and clinical data, such as hyperphosphorylation of tau, abeta metabolism, lipid peroxidation, pattern and rate of atrophy, loss of neuronal integrity, and functional and cognitive decline, as well as risk of future decline. As a perspective, the important role of biomarkers in the development of innovative drug treatments for AD and the related regulatory process is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Hampel
- Department of Psychiatry, Ludwig-Maximilian University Munich, Alzheimer Memorial Center, Munich, Germany.
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25
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Schuff N, Woerner N, Boreta L, Kornfield T, Shaw LM, Trojanowski JQ, Thompson PM, Jack CR, Weiner MW. MRI of hippocampal volume loss in early Alzheimer's disease in relation to ApoE genotype and biomarkers. Brain 2009; 132:1067-77. [PMID: 19251758 PMCID: PMC2668943 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awp007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 409] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2008] [Revised: 11/24/2008] [Accepted: 12/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hippocampal volume change over time, measured with MRI, has huge potential as a marker for Alzheimer's disease. The objectives of this study were: (i) to test if constant and accelerated hippocampal loss can be detected in Alzheimer's disease, mild cognitive impairment and normal ageing over short periods, e.g. 6-12 months, with MRI in the large multicentre setting of the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI); (ii) to determine the extent to which the polymorphism of the apolipoprotein E (ApoE) gene modulates hippocampal change; and (iii) to determine if rates of hippocampal loss correlate with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease, such as the beta-amyloid (Abeta(1-42)) and tau proteins (tau). The MRI multicentre study included 112 cognitive normal elderly individuals, 226 mild cognitive impairment and 96 Alzheimer's disease patients who all had at least three successive MRI scans, involving 47 different imaging centres. The mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease groups showed hippocampal volume loss over 6 months and accelerated loss over 1 year. Moreover, increased rates of hippocampal loss were associated with presence of the ApoE allele epsilon4 gene in Alzheimer's disease and lower CSF Abeta(1-42) in mild cognitive impairment, irrespective of ApoE genotype, whereas relations with tau were only trends. The power to measure hippocampal change was improved by exploiting correlations statistically between successive MRI observations. The demonstration of considerable hippocampal loss in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease patients over only 6 months and accelerated loss over 12 months illustrates the power of MRI to track morphological brain changes over time in a large multisite setting. Furthermore, the relations between faster hippocampal loss in the presence of ApoE allele epsilon4 and decreased CSF Abeta(1-42) supports the concept that increased hippocampal loss is an indicator of Alzheimer's disease pathology and a potential marker for the efficacy of therapeutic interventions in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Schuff
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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26
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Ding B, Chen KM, Ling HW, Sun F, Li X, Wan T, Chai WM, Zhang H, Zhan Y, Guan YJ. Correlation of iron in the hippocampus with MMSE in patients with Alzheimer's disease. J Magn Reson Imaging 2009; 29:793-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jmri.21730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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27
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Absent gender differences of hippocampal atrophy in amnestic type mild cognitive impairment. Neurosci Lett 2008; 450:85-9. [PMID: 19071194 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.11.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2008] [Revised: 11/11/2008] [Accepted: 11/11/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hippocampus displayed progressively gender-associated damage in Alzheimer's disease. However, gender effects have been largely neglected in studies of amnestic type mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) patients who were believed to represent an early stage of this disease. The goal of this study was to use in vivo neuroimaging techniques to determine whether there were any evidences of gender differences in hippocampal atrophy in aMCI. A region of interest-based magnetic resonance imaging approach was used to compare hippocampal volume between aMCI patients (22 male, 17 female) and normal aging controls (12 male, 11 female). Independent of group, male hippocampal volumes were larger than female volumes and right hippocampal volumes were typically smaller than left volumes. Hippocampal volumes were significantly reduced in the clinical group but no gender differences were noted in terms of degree of atrophy present. However, female patients showed more impaired cognitive function than male patients despite this apparent equivalence in atrophy. The absence of a gender difference suggested that early neuropathological progression might be independent of gender. However, the data also suggested female aMCI patients had an increased vulnerability to cognitive impairment earlier in the illness course.
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Teipel SJ, Meindl T, Grinberg L, Heinsen H, Hampel H. Novel MRI techniques in the assessment of dementia. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2008; 35 Suppl 1:S58-69. [PMID: 18205002 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-007-0703-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Positive markers of Alzheimer's disease (AD) have been established in MRI that may allow early detection of AD in at-risk groups. In the near future, these markers will be of high relevance for the selection of at-risk subjects in secondary preventive trials. METHODS We describe the methodology and diagnostic value of manual volumetry of the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex, automated voxel-based morphometry, cortical thickness measurement, basal forebrain volumetry and deformation-based morphometry, implementing multivariate statistics and machine learning algorithms to improve group separation and prediction of AD in at-risk groups. We also describe the methodological basis and results obtained in AD using the recently developed technique of diffusion tensor-based morphometry (DTI). This technique gives access to the integrity of subcortical fibre systems in the human brain. RESULTS The best established structural biomarker of AD to date is hippocampus volume that already has been implemented as secondary endpoint in clinical trials on disease modification in AD. Automated approaches will gain an increasing role as endpoints of clinical trials in the near future given the interest in these techniques expressed by the regulatory authorities. DTI is still a developing field where analysis techniques are presently being devised to make optimal use of the multivariate data. Data on changes of fibre tract in preclinical AD are still limited, but the first results are promising in respect to a further enhancement of diagnostic accuracy by combining MRI and DTI. CONCLUSION Besides their diagnostic use, MRI and DTI will broaden our understanding of the pathophysiology of AD and the structural and functional basis of normal cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan J Teipel
- Dementia and Neuroimaging Section, Department of Psychiatry, Alzheimer Memorial Center, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Nussbaumstrasse 7, Munich, Germany.
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Jack CR, Weigand SD, Shiung MM, Przybelski SA, O'Brien PC, Gunter JL, Knopman DS, Boeve BF, Smith GE, Petersen RC. Atrophy rates accelerate in amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Neurology 2008; 70:1740-52. [PMID: 18032747 PMCID: PMC2734477 DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000281688.77598.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We tested if rates of brain atrophy accelerate in individuals with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) as they progress to typical late onset Alzheimer disease (AD). We included comparisons to subjects with aMCI who did not progress (labeled aMCI-S) and also to cognitively normal elderly subjects (CN). METHODS We studied 46 subjects with aMCI who progressed to AD (labeled aMCI-P), 46 CN, and 23 aMCI-S. All subjects must have had three or more serial MRI scans. Rates of brain shrinkage and ventricular expansion were measured across all available serial MRI scans in each subject. Change in volumes relative to the point at which subjects progressed to a clinical diagnosis of AD (the index date) was modeled in aMCI-P. Change in volumes relative to age was modeled in all three clinical groups. RESULTS In aMCI-P the change in pre to post index rate (i.e., acceleration) of ventricular expansion was 1.7 cm(3)/year, and acceleration in brain shrinkage was 5.3 cm(3)/year. Brain volume declined and ventricular volume increased in all three groups with age. Volume changes decelerated with increasing age in aMCI-P, and to a lesser extent in aMCI-S, but were linear in the matched CN. Among all subjects with aMCI, rates of atrophy were greater in apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 carriers than noncarriers. CONCLUSIONS Rates of atrophy accelerate as individuals progress from amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) to typical late onset Alzheimer disease (AD). Rates of atrophy are greater in younger than older subjects with aMCI who progressed to AD and subjects with aMCI who did not progress. We did not find that atrophy rates varied with age in 70- to 90-year-old cognitively normal subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Jack
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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Barnes J, Bartlett JW, van de Pol LA, Loy CT, Scahill RI, Frost C, Thompson P, Fox NC. A meta-analysis of hippocampal atrophy rates in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2008; 30:1711-23. [PMID: 18346820 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2008.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2007] [Revised: 01/04/2008] [Accepted: 01/18/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Hippocampal atrophy rates are useful in both diagnosing and tracking Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, cohorts and methods used to determine such rates are heterogeneous, leading to differences in reported annualised rates. We performed a meta-analysis of hippocampal atrophy rates in AD patients and matched controls from studies reported in the peer-reviewed literature. Studies reporting longitudinal volume change in hippocampi in AD subjects together with controls were systematically identified and appraised. All authors were contacted either to confirm the results or to provide missing data. Meta-analysis and meta-regression were then performed on this data. Nine studies were included from seven centres, with data from a total of 595 AD and 212 matched controls. Mean (95% CIs) annualised hippocampal atrophy rates were found to be 4.66% (95% CI 3.92, 5.40) for AD subjects and 1.41% (0.52, 2.30) for controls. The difference between AD and control subject in this rate was 3.33% (1.73, 4.94).
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine Barnes
- Dementia Research Centre, University College London, Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK.
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31
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Xu Y, Valentino DJ, Scher AI, Dinov I, White LR, Thompson PM, Launer LJ, Toga AW. Age effects on hippocampal structural changes in old men: the HAAS. Neuroimage 2007; 40:1003-15. [PMID: 18280181 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2007] [Revised: 12/11/2007] [Accepted: 12/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the variability of the hippocampus in human brain research is essential. The effect of age on the hippocampus has been explored in several studies that have been focused on either normal aging or neural degeneration. Shape analysis of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides morphological measures for brain structures. This study further investigates the age effects on hippocampal morphology in three groups (104 normal controls, 24 Alzheimer's disease (AD) and 14 vascular dementia (VaD) patients). By utilizing a parametric shape analysis of hippocampal MRI scans, each individual distance map is generated and analyzed statistically. Specifically, after eliminating similarity parameters (rotation, translation, and scaling) effects for each hippocampus, an individual distance map is generated from parametric hippocampal surfaces and medial axes. Then statistical methods, including regression, and permutation tests, are applied to detect the differences in hippocampal distance maps and volumes under the effect of age in each group. Statistical analyses reveal that the loss of hippocampal volume and changes in shape are more significantly related to aging in the control group than in AD/VaD. The results also show that the asymmetry of hippocampus in healthy subjects is greater than that in either of the disease groups. Our study shows that 3D statistical shape analysis could enhance the understanding of age effects on local areas of hippocampi. However, the sample sizes of disease groups are relatively low; further studies with more AD/VaD data are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Xu
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, Department of Neurology, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1721, USA
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Hampel H, Bürger K, Teipel SJ, Bokde ALW, Zetterberg H, Blennow K. Core candidate neurochemical and imaging biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2007; 4:38-48. [PMID: 18631949 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2007.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 359] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2007] [Accepted: 08/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the earliest clinical stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD) when symptoms are mild, clinical diagnosis can be difficult. AD pathology most likely precedes symptoms. Biomarkers can serve as early diagnostic indicators or as markers of preclinical pathologic change. Candidate biomarkers derived from structural and functional neuroimaging and those measured in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma show the greatest promise. Unbiased exploratory approaches, eg, proteomics or cortical thickness analysis, could yield novel biomarkers. The objective of this article was to review recent progress in selected imaging and neurochemical biomarkers for early diagnosis, classification, progression, and prediction of AD. METHODS We performed a survey of recent research, focusing on core biomarker candidates in AD. RESULTS A number of in vivo neurochemistry and neuroimaging techniques, which can reliably assess aspects of physiology, pathology, chemistry, and neuroanatomy, hold promise as biomarkers. These neurobiologic measures appear to relate closely to pathophysiologic, neuropathologic, and clinical data, such as hyperphosphorylation of tau, amyloid beta (Abeta) metabolism, lipid peroxidation, pattern and rate of atrophy, loss of neuronal integrity, functional and cognitive decline, as well as risk of future decline. Current advances in the neuroimaging of mediotemporal, neocortical, and subcortical areas of the brain of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD subjects are presented. CSF levels of Abeta42, tau, and hyperphosphorylated tau protein (p-tau) can distinguish subjects with MCI who are likely to progress to AD. They also show preclinical alterations that predict later development of early AD symptoms. Studies on plasma Abeta are not entirely consistent, but recent findings suggest that decreased plasma Abeta42 relative to Abeta40 might increase the risk of AD. Increased production of Abeta in aging is suggested by elevation of BACE1 protein and enzyme activity in the brain and CSF of subjects with MCI. CSF tau and p-tau are increased in MCI as well and show predictive value. Other biomarkers might indicate components of a cascade initiated by Abeta, such as oxidative stress or inflammation. These merit further study in MCI and earlier. CONCLUSIONS A number of neuroimaging candidate markers are promising, such as hippocampus and entorhinal cortex volumes, basal forebrain nuclei, cortical thickness, deformation-based and voxel-based morphometry, structural and effective connectivity by using diffusion tensor imaging, tractography, and functional magnetic resonance imaging. CSF Abeta42, BACE1, total tau, and p-tau are substantially altered in MCI and clinical AD. Other interesting novel marker candidates derived from blood are being currently proposed (phase I). Biomarker discovery through proteomic approaches requires further research. Large-scale international controlled multicenter trials (such as the U.S., European, Australian, and Japanese Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative and the German Dementia Network) are engaged in phase III development of the core feasible imaging and CSF biomarker candidates in AD. Biomarkers are in the process of implementation as primary outcome variables into regulatory guideline documents regarding study design and approval for compounds claiming disease modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Hampel
- School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, The Adelaide and Meath Hospital Incorporating The National Children's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
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Tupler LA, Krishnan KRR, Greenberg DL, Marcovina SM, Payne ME, MacFall JR, Charles HC, Doraiswamy PM. Predicting memory decline in normal elderly: Genetics, MRI, and cognitive reserve. Neurobiol Aging 2007; 28:1644-56. [PMID: 16916565 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2006.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2006] [Revised: 06/23/2006] [Accepted: 07/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Major predictors of Alzheimer's disease (AD) include apolipoprotein E (APOE)-epsilon4, hippocampal atrophy on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and memory dysfunction prior to diagnosis. We examined 159 normal elderly subjects with MRI and the California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT); 84 returned for longitudinal follow-up 5 years later. Analyses at baseline revealed significant variance in hippocampal volume accounted for by cerebral volume and age but not by APOE isoform. However, interactions involving APOE isoform and laterality were observed. As hypothesized, an APOE x time interaction was revealed for CVLT long-delay free recall: APOE-epsilon3/4 subjects had significantly poorer performance than APOE-epsilon3/3 subjects at follow-up. Forward stepwise multiple regression analysis predicting follow-up long-delay free recall selected baseline recall, followed by number of APOE-epsilon4 alleles, followed by left-hippocampal volume. Age and sex did not enter into the model. We conclude that APOE-epsilon4 predicts longitudinal memory decline in healthy controls and that MRI morphometry of hippocampus adds slightly to predictive value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry A Tupler
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Box 3018, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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Teipel SJ, Born C, Ewers M, Bokde ALW, Reiser MF, Möller HJ, Hampel H. Multivariate deformation-based analysis of brain atrophy to predict Alzheimer's disease in mild cognitive impairment. Neuroimage 2007; 38:13-24. [PMID: 17827035 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2007] [Revised: 06/19/2007] [Accepted: 07/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Automated deformation-based analysis of MRI scans can be used to detect specific pattern of brain atrophy in Alzheimer's disease (AD), but it still lacks an established model to derive the individual risk of AD in at-risk subjects, such as patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). We applied principal component analysis to deformation maps derived from MRI scans of 32 AD patients, 18 elderly healthy controls and 24 MCI patients. Principal component scores were used to discriminate between AD patients and controls and between MCI converters and MCI non-converters. We found a significant regional pattern of atrophy (p<0.001) in medial temporal lobes, neocortical association areas, thalamus and basal ganglia and corresponding widening of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) spaces (p<0.001) in AD patients compared to controls. Accuracy was 81% for CSF- and 83% for brain-based deformation maps to separate AD patients from controls. Nine out of 24 MCI patients converted to AD during clinical follow-up. Discrimination between MCI converters and non-converters reached 80% accuracy based on CSF maps and 73% accuracy based on brain maps. In a logistic regression model, principal component scores based on CSF maps predicted clinical outcome in MCI patients even after controlling for age, gender, MMSE score and time of follow-up. Our findings indicate that multivariate network analysis of deformation maps detects typical features of AD pathology and provides a powerful tool to predict conversion into AD in non-demented at risk patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan J Teipel
- Alzheimer Memorial Center, Dementia and Neuroimaging Section, Department of Psychiatry, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Nussbaumstr 7, 80336, Munich, Germany.
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Hampel H, Teipel SJ, Bürger K. [Neurobiological early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease]. DER NERVENARZT 2007; 78:1310-8. [PMID: 17611728 DOI: 10.1007/s00115-007-2317-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In order to improve diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), candidate biological markers in CSF as well as structural and functional imaging were investigated. Biomarkers are clearly needed to support detection of incipient AD in subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). To date the most promising core candidate markers are total and hyperphosphorylated tau protein and amyloid beta peptides in the CSF, as well as hippocampus and whole brain volumetry using MRI. None of the candidates has been finally validated and established for clinical routine so far. International controlled multicenter cooperative studies are ongoing to further develop these core diagnostic marker candidates (phase III). The core markers are reviewed in detail. Promising novel approaches are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Hampel
- Alzheimer Gedächtniszentrum, Forschungsgruppe Dementielle Erkrankungen und Bildgebende Verfahren, Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München.
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36
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Barnes J, Foster J, Fox NC. Structural magnetic resonance imaging-derived biomarkers for Alzheimer’s disease. Biomark Med 2007; 1:79-92. [DOI: 10.2217/17520363.1.1.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The development and validation of biomarkers for prediction, diagnosis and tracking of progression of Alzheimer’s disease are both increasingly important. As potential pharmaceutical agents are developed for Alzheimer’s disease, their efficacy needs to be assessed. When medications become available, those subjects who may derive most benefit from such treatments need to be selected and their response to treatment monitored. As such, there has been much research into biomarkers in recent years, with many showing promise in all areas of biomarker utility. This review focuses on the potential of structural imaging as a biomarker in Alzheimer’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine Barnes
- Dementia Research Centre, University College London, Box 16, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Jo Foster
- Dementia Research Centre, University College London, Box 16, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Nick C Fox
- Dementia Research Centre, University College London, Box 16, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
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37
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Thompson PM, Hayashi KM, Dutton RA, Chiang MC, Leow AD, Sowell ER, De Zubicaray G, Becker JT, Lopez OL, Aizenstein HJ, Toga AW. Tracking Alzheimer's disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007; 1097:183-214. [PMID: 17413023 PMCID: PMC3197831 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1379.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Population-based brain mapping provides great insight into the trajectory of aging and dementia, as well as brain changes that normally occur over the human life span. We describe three novel brain mapping techniques, cortical thickness mapping, tensor-based morphometry (TBM), and hippocampal surface modeling, which offer enormous power for measuring disease progression in drug trials, and shed light on the neuroscience of brain degeneration in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). We report the first time-lapse maps of cortical atrophy spreading dynamically in the living brain, based on averaging data from populations of subjects with Alzheimer's disease and normal subjects imaged longitudinally with MRI. These dynamic sequences show a rapidly advancing wave of cortical atrophy sweeping from limbic and temporal cortices into higher-order association and ultimately primary sensorimotor areas, in a pattern that correlates with cognitive decline. A complementary technique, TBM, reveals the 3D profile of atrophic rates, at each point in the brain. A third technique, hippocampal surface modeling, plots the profile of shape alterations across the hippocampal surface. The three techniques provide moderate to highly automated analyses of images, have been validated on hundreds of scans, and are sensitive to clinically relevant changes in individual patients and groups undergoing different drug treatments. We compare time-lapse maps of AD, MCI, and other dementias, correlate these changes with cognition, and relate them to similar time-lapse maps of childhood development, schizophrenia, and HIV-associated brain degeneration. Strengths and weaknesses of these different imaging measures for basic neuroscience and drug trials are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Thompson
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, UCLA School of Medicine, 635 Charles E. Young Drive South, Suite 225E, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7332, USA.
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Daselaar SM, Fleck MS, Dobbins IG, Madden DJ, Cabeza R. Effects of healthy aging on hippocampal and rhinal memory functions: an event-related fMRI study. Cereb Cortex 2006; 16:1771-82. [PMID: 16421332 PMCID: PMC1810232 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhj112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 294] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to study the effects of healthy aging on hippocampal and rhinal memory functions. Memory for past events can be based on retrieval accompanied by specific contextual details (recollection) or on the feeling that an event is old or new without the recovery of contextual details (familiarity). There is evidence that recollection is more dependent on hippocampus, whereas familiarity is more dependent on the rhinal cortex, and that healthy aging has greater effects on recollection than on familiarity. However, little evidence is available about the neural correlates of these effects. Here, we isolated activity associated with recollection and familiarity by distinguishing between linear and quasi-exponential "perceived oldness" functions derived from recognition confidence levels. The main finding was a double dissociation within the medial temporal lobes between recollection-related activity in hippocampus, which was reduced by aging, and familiarity-related activity in rhinal cortex, which was increased by aging. In addition, age dissociations were found within parietal and posterior midline regions. Finally, aging reduced functional connectivity within a hippocampal-retrosplenial/parietotemporal network but increased connectivity within a rhinal-frontal network. These findings indicate that older adults compensate for hippocampal deficits by relying more on rhinal cortex, possibly through a top-down frontal modulation. This finding has important clinical implications because early Alzheimer's disease impairs both hippocampus and rhinal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander M Daselaar
- Univeristy of Amsterdam, Animal Physiology and Cognitive Neuroscience section/Swammerdam Institute of Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 166, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Lehéricy S, Marjanska M, Mesrob L, Sarazin M, Kinkingnehun S. Magnetic resonance imaging of Alzheimer's disease. Eur Radiol 2006; 17:347-62. [PMID: 16865367 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-006-0341-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2006] [Revised: 05/12/2006] [Accepted: 05/22/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A modern challenge for neuroimaging techniques is to contribute to the early diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Early diagnosis includes recognition of pre-demented conditions, such as mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or having a high risk of developing AD. The role of neuroimaging therefore extends beyond its traditional role of excluding other conditions such as neurosurgical lesions. In addition, early diagnosis would allow early treatment using currently available therapies or new therapies in the future. Structural imaging can detect and follow the time course of subtle brain atrophy as a surrogate marker for pathological processes. New MR techniques and image analysis software can detect subtle brain microstructural, perfusion or metabolic changes that provide new tools to study the pathological processes and detect pre-demented conditions. This review focuses on markers of macro- and microstructural, perfusion, diffusion and metabolic MR imaging and spectroscopy in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Lehéricy
- Department of Neuroradiology, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47-83 boulevard de l'Hôpital, Paris 75651, Cedex 13, France.
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Thal LJ, Kantarci K, Reiman EM, Klunk WE, Weiner MW, Zetterberg H, Galasko D, Praticò D, Griffin S, Schenk D, Siemers E. The role of biomarkers in clinical trials for Alzheimer disease. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 2006; 20:6-15. [PMID: 16493230 PMCID: PMC1820855 DOI: 10.1097/01.wad.0000191420.61260.a8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Biomarkers are likely to be important in the study of Alzheimer disease (AD) for a variety of reasons. A clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer disease is inaccurate even among experienced investigators in about 10% to 15% of cases, and biomarkers might improve the accuracy of diagnosis. Importantly for the development of putative disease-modifying drugs for Alzheimer disease, biomarkers might also serve as indirect measures of disease severity. When used in this way, sample sizes of clinical trials might be reduced, and a change in biomarker could be considered supporting evidence of disease modification. This review summarizes a meeting of the Alzheimer's Association's Research Roundtable, during which existing and emerging biomarkers for AD were evaluated. Imaging biomarkers including volumetric magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography assessing either glucose utilization or ligands binding to amyloid plaque are discussed. Additionally, biochemical biomarkers in blood or cerebrospinal fluid are assessed. Currently appropriate uses of biomarkers in the study of Alzheimer disease, and areas where additional work is needed, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon J. Thal
- From the University of California San Diego, Department of Neurosciences, La Jolla, California
| | - Kejal Kantarci
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Eric M. Reiman
- Banner Good Samaritan Medical Center, University of Arizona, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Arizona Alzheimer’s Disease Consortium, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - William E. Klunk
- Department of Psychiatry, Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael W. Weiner
- Center for Imaging of Neurodegenerative Diseases, VA Medical Center
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Francisco; San Francisco, California; # Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- From the University of California San Diego, Department of Neurosciences, La Jolla, California
- Institute of Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Experimental Neuroscience, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Douglas Galasko
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego; San Diego, California
| | - Domenico Praticò
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Experimental Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sue Griffin
- Donald W. Reynolds Institute on Aging, Department of Geriatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and GRECC VA Medical Center, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Dale Schenk
- Elan Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, California
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Müller MJ, Greverus D, Dellani PR, Weibrich C, Wille PR, Scheurich A, Stoeter P, Fellgiebel A. Functional implications of hippocampal volume and diffusivity in mild cognitive impairment. Neuroimage 2005; 28:1033-42. [PMID: 16084115 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2005] [Revised: 06/13/2005] [Accepted: 06/23/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hippocampal atrophy has been related to mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and early Alzheimer disease (AD), but the diagnostic significance of cross-sectionally determined hippocampal volumes is still ambiguous. Diffusion-Tensor-Imaging (DTI) in MCI patients revealed an association of microstructural changes in hippocampal areas with verbal memory decline. MRI volumetry and DTI were combined to investigate 18 MCI patients attending a memory clinic, and 18 carefully age- and gender-matched healthy controls. Neuropsychological testing, high resolution T1-weighted volume MRI scans, and DTI scans with regions-of-interest in hippocampal areas were applied. Left hippocampal volume was significantly lower (-11%, P = 0.02) in MCI patients than in control subjects. No significant differences were found for the right hippocampus (-4%). Mean diffusivity (MD) was significantly elevated in MCI patients vs. controls in left (+10%, P = 0.002) and right hippocampal areas (+13%, P = 0.02). Hippocampal volume and MD values were not significantly correlated. Combining left hippocampal volume and MD measures showed that lower left hippocampal volumes were associated with poor verbal memory performance particularly when co-occurring with high MD values. No comparable associations could be found regarding the right hippocampal formation and with respect to non-verbal memory function. The results demonstrate that microstructural abnormalities as revealed by DTI are very sensitive early indicators of hippocampal dysfunction. The combination of macro- and microstructural parameters in hippocampal areas could be promising in early detection of neurodegenerative processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias J Müller
- Department of Psychiatry, Untere Zahlbacher Str. 8, D-55131 Mainz, Germany.
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Barnes J, Scahill RI, Schott JM, Frost C, Rossor MN, Fox NC. Does Alzheimer's disease affect hippocampal asymmetry? Evidence from a cross-sectional and longitudinal volumetric MRI study. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2005; 19:338-44. [PMID: 15785035 DOI: 10.1159/000084560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with preferential atrophy of either the left or right hippocampus. METHODS We examined right-left asymmetry in hippocampal volume and atrophy rates in 32 subjects with probable AD and 50 age-matched controls. Hippocampi were measured on two serial volumetric MRI scans using a technique that minimizes laterality bias. RESULTS We found a non-significant trend for right > left (R > L) asymmetry in controls at both time points (R > L: 1.7%; CI: -0.3-3.7%; p = 0.1). AD subjects showed a similar non-significant trend for R > L asymmetry at baseline (R > L: 1.8%; CI: -1.9-5.5%; p = 0.32), but not at repeat (p = 0.739). Change in R/L ratio between visits in AD patients was significant (p = 0.02). The AD group had significantly higher variance in these ratios than the controls at baseline (p = 0.02), but not repeat (p = 0.06). AD patients had higher atrophy rates than controls (p < 0.001). Mean (CI) annualized atrophy rates for left and right hippocampi were 1.2% (0.5-1.8%) and 1.1% (0.5-1.8%) for the controls, and 4.6% (3.3-6.0%) and 6.3% (4.9-7.8%) for AD subjects. There was no significant asymmetry in atrophy rates in controls (p = 0.9), but borderline significantly higher atrophy rates in the right hippocampus of the AD group (p = 0.05) compared to the left. Presence of an APOEepsilon4 allele had no significant effect on the size, asymmetry or atrophy rates in AD (p > 0.20). CONCLUSIONS We report minor R > L asymmetry in hippocampal volumes in controls and present some evidence to suggest that there is a change in the natural R > L asymmetry during the progression of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine Barnes
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Clinical Neurology, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK.
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Dickerson BC, Sperling RA. Neuroimaging biomarkers for clinical trials of disease-modifying therapies in Alzheimer's disease. NeuroRx 2005; 2:348-60. [PMID: 15897955 PMCID: PMC1064996 DOI: 10.1602/neurorx.2.2.348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The pathophysiologic process leading to neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is thought to begin long before clinical symptoms develop. Existing therapeutics for AD improve symptoms, but increasing efforts are being directed toward the development of therapies to impede the pathologic progression of the disease. Although these medications must ultimately demonstrate efficacy in slowing clinical decline, there is a critical need for biomarkers that will indicate whether a candidate disease-modifying therapeutic agent is actually altering the underlying degenerative process. A number of in vivo neuroimaging techniques, which can reliably and noninvasively assess aspects of neuroanatomy, chemistry, physiology, and pathology, hold promise as biomarkers. These neuroimaging measures appear to relate closely to neuropathological and clinical data, such as rate of cognitive decline and risk of future decline. As this work has matured, it has become clear that neuroimaging measures may serve a variety of potential roles in clinical trials of candidate neurotherapeutic agents for AD, depending in part on the question of interest and phase of drug development. In this article, we review data related to the range of neuroimaging biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease and consider potential applications of these techniques to clinical trials, particularly with respect to the monitoring of disease progression in trials of disease-modifying therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradford C Dickerson
- Department of Neurology and the Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA.
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Sunderland T, Gur RE, Arnold SE. The use of biomarkers in the elderly: current and future challenges. Biol Psychiatry 2005; 58:272-6. [PMID: 16018985 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2004] [Revised: 05/04/2005] [Accepted: 05/10/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Biomarkers are hypothesized but not frequently used in research with the elderly because of a general paucity of supportive scientific data. However, there is an obvious need for greater diagnostic specificity and sensitivity across many diagnoses in the elderly, as well as good targets for therapeutic trials. The authors reviewed the available information in this field as part of a general review of geriatric research for the . Potential biomarkers with pathophysiologic significance have been studied in the field of Alzheimer disease research with some success, especially in the area of genetic markers (apolipoprotein E [APOE] epsilon4 allele), neuroimaging, and cerebrospinal fluid markers (beta-amyloid and tau). While some progress has been made in the search for adequate biomarkers in the elderly, in particular with Alzheimer disease, much more work is needed before these potential biomarkers can be reliably used in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trey Sunderland
- Geriatric Psychiatry Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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Bittner D, Grön G, Schirrmeister H, Reske SN, Riepe MW. [18F]FDG-PET in patients with Alzheimer's disease: marker of disease spread. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2005; 19:24-30. [PMID: 15383742 DOI: 10.1159/000080967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/16/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is not known yet whether temporoparietal glucose hypometabolism in patients with probable Alzheimer's disease (AD) reflects disease severity or different subtypes of patients. METHODS Twenty-five subjects with mild probable AD [NINCDS-ADRDA criteria; age 65.8 +/- 9.3 years (mean +/- SD); Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) 26.0 +/- 3.3] were investigated. [(18)F]FDG-PET data were analyzed visually with raters blinded to the diagnosis and with a quantitative analysis in the region of interest on individual anatomically normalized PET scans. RESULTS Thirteen of 25 patients showed temporoparietal hypometabolism on visual inspection (PET+; age 65.7 +/- 10.7), 12 patients had normal FDG-PET results (PET-; age 65.9 +/- 8.0; n.s.). The MMSE and immediate reproduction of the Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS-R-I) were 27.7 +/- 1.9 and 31.1 +/- 6.1 in the PET- vs. 24.5 +/- 3.6 (p = 0.012) and 22.0 +/- 7.4 (p = 0.006) in the PET+ group. Immediate and delayed recall in the California Verbal Learning Test and delayed reproduction in the Wechsler Memory Scale were alike. Regression analysis revealed a significant correlation of temporoparietal glucose metabolism with the block span (r = 0.60; p < 0.01) and the WMS-R-I (r = 0.68; p < 0.01) but not with measures of hippocampal function. CONCLUSIONS Temporoparietal glucose metabolism in patients with very mild AD is a sign of disease spread beyond the temporal lobe. This may aid in establishing objective parameters for future therapeutic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Bittner
- Memory Clinic, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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Geuze E, Vermetten E, Bremner JD. MR-based in vivo hippocampal volumetrics: 2. Findings in neuropsychiatric disorders. Mol Psychiatry 2005; 10:160-84. [PMID: 15356639 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4001579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has opened a new window to the brain. Measuring hippocampal volume with MRI has provided important information about several neuropsychiatric disorders. We reviewed the literature and selected all English-language, human subject, data-driven papers on hippocampal volumetry, yielding a database of 423 records. Smaller hippocampal volumes have been reported in epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease, dementia, mild cognitive impairment, the aged, traumatic brain injury, cardiac arrest, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, Cushing's disease, herpes simplex encephalitis, Turner's syndrome, Down's syndrome, survivors of low birth weight, schizophrenia, major depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, chronic alcoholism, borderline personality disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and antisocial personality disorder. Significantly larger hippocampal volumes have been correlated with autism and children with fragile X syndrome. Preservation of hippocampal volume has been reported in congenital hyperplasia, children with fetal alcohol syndrome, anorexia nervosa, attention-deficit and hyperactivity disorder, bipolar disorder, and panic disorder. Possible mechanisms of hippocampal volume loss in neuropsychiatric disorders are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Geuze
- Department of Military Psychiatry, Central Military Hospital, Utrecht, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, Mailbox B.01.2.06, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Thompson PM, Hayashi KM, De Zubicaray GI, Janke AL, Rose SE, Semple J, Hong MS, Herman DH, Gravano D, Doddrell DM, Toga AW. Mapping hippocampal and ventricular change in Alzheimer disease. Neuroimage 2004; 22:1754-66. [PMID: 15275931 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 419] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2004] [Revised: 03/25/2004] [Accepted: 03/30/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We developed an anatomical mapping technique to detect hippocampal and ventricular changes in Alzheimer disease (AD). The resulting maps are sensitive to longitudinal changes in brain structure as the disease progresses. An anatomical surface modeling approach was combined with surface-based statistics to visualize the region and rate of atrophy in serial MRI scans and isolate where these changes link with cognitive decline. Sixty-two [corrected] high-resolution MRI scans were acquired from 12 AD patients (mean [corrected] age +/- SE at first scan: 68.7 +/- 1.7 [corrected] years) and 14 matched controls (age: 71.4 +/- 0.9 years) [corrected] each scanned twice (1.9 +/- 0.2 [corrected] years apart, when all subjects are pooled [corrected] 3D parametric mesh models of the hippocampus and temporal horns were created in sequential scans and averaged across subjects to identify systematic patterns of atrophy. As an index of radial atrophy, 3D distance fields were generated relating each anatomical surface point to a medial curve threading down the medial axis of each structure. Hippocampal atrophic rates and ventricular expansion were assessed statistically using surface-based permutation testing and were faster in AD than in controls. Using color-coded maps and video sequences, these changes were visualized as they progressed anatomically over time. Additional maps localized regions where atrophic changes linked with cognitive decline. Temporal horn expansion maps were more sensitive to AD progression than maps of hippocampal atrophy, but both maps correlated with clinical deterioration. These quantitative, dynamic visualizations of hippocampal atrophy and ventricular expansion rates in aging and AD may provide a promising measure to track AD progression in drug trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Thompson
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, Brain Mapping Division, Department of Neurology, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Wolf H, Hensel A, Kruggel F, Riedel-Heller SG, Arendt T, Wahlund LO, Gertz HJ. Structural correlates of mild cognitive impairment. Neurobiol Aging 2004; 25:913-24. [PMID: 15212845 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2003.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2002] [Revised: 07/29/2003] [Accepted: 08/28/2003] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The structural correlates of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) were examined in 105 elderly subjects whose cognitive function ranged from intact to demented, including 38 subjects with MCI. Hippocampal volumes (left and right HcV), brain volume (BV), and grey matter volume (GMV) and white matter volume (WMV) were segmented from high resolution magnetic resonance data sets and normalised to intracranial volume (ICV). Hippocampal volume reductions, but not global brain, white or grey matter atrophy, were associated with MCI. White matter lesion severity did not differ over cognitive states. In multiple logistic regression models, normalised HcV and ICV (indicating premorbid brain volume) were significant predictors of MCI versus normality. Normalised BV and ICV significantly predicted dementia versus MCI. Absolute volumetric measures of HcV and BV yielded comparable classification accuracies. Hippocampal atrophy may be the crucial step for the transition from normality to MCI. Widespread brain atrophy may be the step to determine the transition from MCI to dementia. Brain volume reserve effects appear to be involved in both of these steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrike Wolf
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
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Abstract
Recent advances in understanding the molecular biology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) offer the promise of useful therapeutic intervention in the foreseeable future. Hence, improved methods for early diagnosis and noninvasive surrogates of disease severity in AD have become more imperative. Various quantitative magnetic resonance (MR) techniques that measure the anatomic, biochemical, microstructural, functional, and blood-flow changes are being evaluated as possible surrogate measures of disease progression. Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies indicate that MR-based volume measurements are potential surrogates of disease progression in AD, starting from the preclinical stages. The validity of MR-based volumetry as a surrogate marker for therapeutic efficacy in AD remains to be tested in a positive disease-modifying drug trial. Recent development of amyloid imaging tracers for positron emission tomography has been a major breakthrough in the field of imaging markers for AD. Efforts to image plaques are also underway in MR imaging. As with indirect MR measures, these approaches of directly imaging the pathological substrate will need to undergo a validation process with longitudinal studies to prove their usefulness as surrogate markers in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kejal Kantarci
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA.
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Atiya M, Hyman BT, Albert MS, Killiany R. Structural magnetic resonance imaging in established and prodromal Alzheimer disease: a review. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 2004; 17:177-95. [PMID: 14512832 DOI: 10.1097/00002093-200307000-00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Atiya
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02129, USA.
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