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Pacheco M, Dikec J, Winckler P, Coelho C, Perrier-Cornet JM. Spectroscopic and microscopic characterization of dipicolinic acid and its salt photoproducts - A UVc effect study on DPA in solution and in bacterial spores. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 280:121502. [PMID: 35752036 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.121502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial spores can cause significant problems such as food poisoning (like neurotoxin or emetic toxin) or serious illnesses (like anthrax or botulism). This dormant form of bacteria, made of several layers of barriers which provide extreme resistance to many abiotic stresses (radiation, temperature, pressure, etc.), are difficult to investigate in situ. To better understand the biological and chemical mechanisms involved and specific to spores resistance, the acquisition of environmental parameters is necessary. For that purpose, our research has been focused on the detection and analysis of a unique spore component, dipicolinic acid (DPA), used as the main in situ metabolite for sporulating bacteria detection. In its native form, DPA is only weakly fluorescent but after Ultraviolet irradiation at the wavelength of 254 nm (UVc), DPA photoproducts (DPAp) exhibit a remarkable fluorescence signal. These photoproducts are rarely identified and part of this study gives new insights offered by mass spectrometry (MS) in the determination of DPA photoproducts. Thanks to DPA assay techniques and fluorescence spectrometry, we highlighted the instability of photoproducts and introduced new assumptions on the effects of UVc on DPA. Studies in spectroscopy and microscopy allowed us to better understand these native probes in bacterial spores and will allow the implementation of a new method for studying the physico-chemical parameters of spore resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Pacheco
- UMR Procédés Alimentaires et Microbiologiques, L'Institut Agro Dijon, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 1, Esplanade Erasme, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Jonathan Dikec
- UMR Procédés Alimentaires et Microbiologiques, L'Institut Agro Dijon, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 1, Esplanade Erasme, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Pascale Winckler
- UMR Procédés Alimentaires et Microbiologiques, L'Institut Agro Dijon, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 1, Esplanade Erasme, 21000 Dijon, France; Dimacell Imaging Facility, L'Institut Agro Dijon, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 1 Esplanade Erasme, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Christian Coelho
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, VetAgro Sup campus agronomique de Lempdes, UMR F, 15000 Aurillac, France
| | - Jean-Marie Perrier-Cornet
- UMR Procédés Alimentaires et Microbiologiques, L'Institut Agro Dijon, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 1, Esplanade Erasme, 21000 Dijon, France; Dimacell Imaging Facility, L'Institut Agro Dijon, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 1 Esplanade Erasme, 21000 Dijon, France.
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Malyshev D, Öberg R, Landström L, Andersson PO, Dahlberg T, Andersson M. pH-induced changes in Raman, UV-vis absorbance, and fluorescence spectra of dipicolinic acid (DPA). SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 271:120869. [PMID: 35065519 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.120869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Dipicolinic acid (DPA) is an essential component for the protection of DNA in bacterial endospores and is often used as a biomarker for spore detection. Depending upon the pH of the solution, DPA exists in different ionic forms. Therefore, it is important to understand how these ionic forms influence spectroscopic response. In this work, we characterize Raman and absorption spectra of DPA in a pH range of 2.0-10.5. We show that the ring breathing mode Raman peak of DPA shifts from 1003 cm-1 to 1017 cm-1 and then to 1000 cm-1 as pH increases from 2 to 5. The relative peak intensities related to the different ionic forms of DPA are used to experimentally derive the pKa values (2.3 and 4.8). We observe using UV-vis spectroscopy that the changes in the absorption spectrum of DPA as a function of pH correlate with the changes observed in Raman spectroscopy, and the same pKa values are verified. Lastly, using fluorescence spectroscopy and exciting a DPA solution at between 210-330 nm, we observe a shift in fluorescence emission from 375 nm to 425 nm between pH 2 and pH 6 when exciting at 320 nm. Our work shows that the different spectral responses from the three ionic forms of DPA may have to be taken into account in, e.g., spectral analysis and for detection applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rasmus Öberg
- Dept of Physics, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Per Ola Andersson
- Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI), Umeå, Sweden; Department of Engineering Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Magnus Andersson
- Dept of Physics, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden; Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå, Sweden.
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Novel salts of dipicolinic acid as viscosity modifiers for high concentration antibody solutions. Int J Pharm 2018; 548:682-688. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Burbank KA, Walker RA, Peyton BM. A molecular level mechanism for uranium (VI) toxicity through Ca2+ displacement in pyrroloquinoline quinone-dependent bacterial dehydrogenase. J Inorg Biochem 2015; 149:59-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2014.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Durkaya F, Dege N, Demirtaş G, Uçar I. Aqua-(di-2-pyridyl-amine-κN,N)(pyridine-2,6-dicarboxyl-ato-κO,N,O)zinc monohydrate. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2011; 67:m687. [PMID: 21754593 PMCID: PMC3120453 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536811015571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2011] [Accepted: 04/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In the title compound, [Zn(C(7)H(3)NO(4))(C(10)H(9)N(3))(H(2)O)]·H(2)O, the Zn(II) atom has a distorted octa-hedral coordination geometry. One of the water mol-ecules is coordinated with the Zn(II) ion and this mol-ecule forms an O-H⋯O inter-action with the lattice water mol-ecule. The pyridine-2,6-dicarboxyl-ate ligand is almost planar (r.m.s. deviation = 0.0242 Å). In the crystal, C-H⋯O, C-H⋯N, O-H⋯O and N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds are present.
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Nackos AN, Truong TV, Pulsipher TC, Kimball JA, Tolley HD, Robison RA, Bartholomew CH, Lee ML. One-step conversion of to its using salts for GC-MSdetection of bacterial endospores. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2011; 3:245-258. [PMID: 32938021 DOI: 10.1039/c0ay00270d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Methyl sulfate (MeSO4-) salts were explored as thermochemolysis-methylation (TCM) reagents for gas chromatographic (GC) analysis of dipicolinic acid (DPA) as its dimethyl ester (Me2DPA) from bacterial endospores. The reaction was carried out under non-pyrolytic conditions by inserting a small coiled wire filament coated with the sample and reagents directly inside a GC injection port at 290 °C. Above 10 : 1 methyl donor/DPA ratios, alkali metal salts of MeSO4- effected 80-90% conversion of DPA to Me2DPA, which was 10-20 times more active than the same amount of tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMA-OH) at this temperature. A quaternary salt mixture consisting of 1 : 3 : 1 : 3 TMA+/Na+/OH-/MeSO4- methylated spore DPA with an average conversion of 86% (mean conversion by TMA-OH under the same conditions was 4%). Therefore, the sensitivity for detection of bacterial endospores was increased over 20-fold compared to that observed with the more commonly employed TMA-OH methylating reagent. The limit of detection by this method was 9 × 104 total spores. Mechanisms describing the observed behavior are proposed and discussed. This is the first use of MeSO4- as a TCM reagent for GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron N Nackos
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA.
| | - Tai V Truong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA.
| | | | - Jon A Kimball
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA.
| | - H Dennis Tolley
- Department of Statistics, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Richard A Robison
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Calvin H Bartholomew
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA.
| | - Milton L Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA.
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Rahimi-Yazdi S, Ferrer MA, Corredig M. Nonsuppressed ion chromatographic determination of total calcium in milk. J Dairy Sci 2010; 93:1788-93. [PMID: 20412892 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2009-2446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2009] [Accepted: 01/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A novel approach for measuring calcium in milk by the use of high performance nonsuppressed ion chromatography is proposed. Total calcium as well as the calcium present in the colloidal and salt state in milk can be quantified. Because the presence of citrate in the milk serum interferes with the measurement of calcium by the conductivity detector, the free and chelated calcium can also be distinguished. By using a sample preparation procedure using Amberlite resin (Fluka, Steinheim, Germany), the amount of soluble calcium in milk can be determined. Because the quantification of calcium in milk and milk derivatives is becoming increasingly important in order to understand the functionality of the milk proteins, better methods need to be developed to determine, with a high level of accuracy, the amount of calcium present in milk in various forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rahimi-Yazdi
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1H 2W1, Canada
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Srivastava A, Pitesky ME, Steele PT, Tobias HJ, Fergenson DP, Horn JM, Russell SC, Czerwieniec GA, Lebrilla CB, Gard EE, Frank M. Comprehensive assignment of mass spectral signatures from individual Bacillus atrophaeus spores in matrix-free laser desorption/ionization bioaerosol mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2007; 77:3315-23. [PMID: 15889924 DOI: 10.1021/ac048298p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We have fully characterized the mass spectral signatures of individual Bacillus atrophaeus spores obtained using matrix-free laser desorption/ionization bioaerosol mass spectrometry (BAMS). Mass spectra of spores grown in unlabeled, 13C-labeled, and 15N-labeled growth media were used to determine the number of carbon and nitrogen atoms associated with each mass peak observed in mass spectra from positive and negative ions. To determine the parent ion structure associated with fragment ion peaks, the fragmentation patterns of several chemical standards were independently determined. Our results confirm prior assignments of dipicolinic acid, amino acids, and calcium complex ions made in the spore mass spectra. The identities of several previously unidentified mass peaks, key to the recognition of Bacillus spores by BAMS, have also been revealed. Specifically, a set of fragment peaks in the negative polarity is shown to be consistent with the fragmentation pattern of purine nucleobase-containing compounds. The identity of m/z = +74, a marker peak that helps discriminate B. atrophaeus from Bacillus thuringiensis spores grown in rich media is [N1C4H12]+. A probable precursor molecule for the [N1C4H12]+ ion observed in spore spectra is trimethylglycine (+N(CH3)3CH2COOH), which produces a m/z = +74 peak when ionized in the presence of dipicolinic acid. A clear assignment of all the mass peaks in the spectra from bacterial spores, as presented in this work, establishes their relationship to the spore chemical composition and facilitates the evaluation of the robustness of "marker" peaks. This is especially relevant for peaks that have been used to discriminate Bacillus spore species, B. thuringiensis and B. atrophaeus, in our previous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abneesh Srivastava
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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Matano Y, Yasuda Y, Tochikubo K. Evidence that dipicolinic acid is covalently bound to specific macromolecules in spores of Bacillus subtilis. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1993. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1993.tb06166.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Lundin RE, Sacks LE. High-resolution solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance of bacterial spores: identification of the alpha-carbon signal of dipicolinic acid. Appl Environ Microbiol 1988; 54:923-8. [PMID: 3132103 PMCID: PMC202574 DOI: 10.1128/aem.54.4.923-928.1988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural-abundance solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectra were obtained for bacterial spores for the first time by using the technique of cross-polarization magic-angle-spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. A resonance at about 150 ppm, detectable in spore samples having a Mn content of less than 0.05%, was consistent with an identification as the alpha-carbon signal of calcium dipicolinate; this signal was missing from a spore sample treated with acid to release dipicolinate and from a spore coat preparation. Carbohydrate peaks were particularly intense in spores and coat preparations of Bacillus macerans. Signals ascribable to beta-hydroxybutyrate were prominent in a B. cereus sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Lundin
- Western Regional Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Berkeley, California 94710
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Lindsay JA, Murrell WG. Solution spectroscopy of dipicolinic acid interaction with nucleic acids: Role in spore heat resistance. Curr Microbiol 1986. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01568649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
Laser-excited Raman spectra were examined in lyophilized spores of Bacillus cereus. In a comparison of the spectrum of the dormant spore with that of the germinated spore, we found several Raman bands which occurred in the former but not in the latter. Among these Raman bands, the 1,573, 1,395, 1,017, 822, and 662 cm-1 bands were assigned to the vibrational frequencies of calcium dipicolinate (CaDPA). No Raman bands and peaks due to dipicolinic acid (H2DPA) were observed. This Raman evidence indicates that CaDPA is the predominant DPA species in this spore. We also proposed a tentative assignment for other vibrational frequencies due to several components of the spore.
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Rajan KS, Jaw R, Grecz N. Role of chelation and water binding of calcium in dormancy and heat resistance of bacterial endospores. BIOINORGANIC CHEMISTRY 1978; 8:477-91. [PMID: 359055 DOI: 10.1016/0006-3061(78)80002-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The possible relationship between the water binding by bacterial endospores and their dormancy and heat resistances has been examined in terms of the coordination characteristics of the spore-bound calcium. Stabilities of the calcium complexes of typical cytoplasmic and structural spore components were determined by potentiometric equilibrium pH measurements in model systems consisting of DPA, glycine, alanine, glutamic acid, alanyl-glutamic acid, triglycine, and tetraglycine. The Ca++-form and H+-form spores of Clostridium botulinum 33A were investigated in vivo with respect to their water sorption and heat-resistance characteristics. The results suggest that the complexing of calcium and Ca(II)-DPA may be biologically significant for spore resistance and dormancy at the following three levels: (1) complexing with spore cytoplasmic pool constituents consistent with the idea of a metal-chelate cross-linked cytoplasm or spore cement stabilizing the essential biological macromolecules, (2) complexing with structural components of the spore as indicated by the interaction with model peptides, and (3) coordination with water to produce an apparently dehydrated environment in the spore as evident from the much greater water-sorption capacity of the Ca++-form spores vs the much smaller water sorption of the H+-form spores. Interestingly enough, DPA itself, in the absence of metal ion, showed some interaction with di-, tri-, and tetrapeptides and a weak but detectable interaction with amino acids. Although the exact mode of the DPA-peptide interaction is not clear, it is attractive to speculate about its possible involvement in the control of spore dormancy and resistance.
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Carstensen EL, Marquis RE, Gerhardt P. Dielectric study of the physical state of electrolytes and water within Bacillus cereus spores. J Bacteriol 1971; 107:106-13. [PMID: 4998245 PMCID: PMC246892 DOI: 10.1128/jb.107.1.106-113.1971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Dielectric measurements revealed that dormant spores of Bacillus cereus have extremely low conductivities at high frequencies (50 MHz) and so must contain remarkably low concentrations of mobile ions both within the core and in the surrounding integuments. Activation, germination, and outgrowth were all accompanied by increases in conductivity of the cells and their suspending medium, and this result indicated that intracellular electrolytes had become ionized and leaked from the spores. High-frequency dielectric constants of spores were consistent with normal states for cell water. These values increased during successive stages of development from dormant spore to vegetative bacillus, and they could be directly related to increases in cell water content. In all, the results refuted a model of the dormant spore involving freely mobile, ionized electrolytes and supported a model involving electrostatically bound electrolytes.
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Chung L, Rajan KS, Merdinger E, Grecz N. Coordinative binding of divalent cations with ligands related to bacterial spores. Equilibrium studies. Biophys J 1971; 11:469-82. [PMID: 5569493 PMCID: PMC1484009 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(71)86229-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been repeatedly postulated that the high heat resistance of bacterial spores is due to stabilization of biopolymers in the spore interior by a solid deposit of protective cement consisting of coordination complexes of ligands with divalent metal ions. This report presents data on metal-binding characteristics of some of the ligands related to spores as determined by means of potentiometric equilibrium measurements under conditions of temperature and ionic strength (t = 25.0 degrees C; mu = 1.0 KNO(3)) identical with those reported earlier by the authors in order to facilitate correlation by using comparable data. The spore ligands investigated in this study included 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylic acid (DPA), alpha,epsilon-diaminopimelic acid, D-glutamic acid, and D-alanine in a ratio of 1:1 with metal ions which are known to play a role in heat resistance of spores. Stability constants of the chelates of these spore ligands with metal ions such as Ca(II), Mg(II), Cu(II), Ni(II), Zn(II), Co(II), and Mn(II) have been determined. In general the metal chelates of DPA exhibited the greatest stability. On the basis of a consideration of the stability data together with the known configurations of the ligand and the coordination requirements of the metal ions, possible structures indicating the coordinate binding of the spore ligands with the metal ions are presented. All the metal chelates except those of Ca(II) were found to undergo hydrolysis and separation of solid phase in the pH range 7-8.5. The relatively greater hydrolytic stability of Ca(II) chelates and the high affinity of DPA for metal ions appear to be of biological significance insofar as these two spore components are more widely associated with the heat resistance of bacterial spores.
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Berg PE, Grecz N. Relationship of dipicolinic acid content in spores of Bacillus cereus T to ultraviolet and gamma radiation resistance. J Bacteriol 1970; 103:517-9. [PMID: 4988248 PMCID: PMC248113 DOI: 10.1128/jb.103.2.517-519.1970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Spores of Bacillus cereus T lacking dipicolinic acid showed a statistically significant reduction in resistance to ultraviolet and gamma radiation as compared with spores with high dipicolinic acid content.
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