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Enomoto K, Shibata K, Muraoka H, Kawano M, Inada K, Ishigooka J, Nishimura K, Oshibuchi H. Effects of chronic haloperidol treatment on the expression of fear memory and fear memory extinction in the cued fear-conditioned rats. Neuropsychopharmacol Rep 2024; 44:197-205. [PMID: 38356296 PMCID: PMC10932774 DOI: 10.1002/npr2.12418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
AIM Impairments in emotional memory are frequently observed in several mental disorders, highlighting their significance as potential therapeutic targets. Recent research on the cued fear conditioning model has elucidated the neural circuits involved in fear memory processing. However, contradictory findings have been reported concerning the role of dopamine and the impact of dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) antagonists. There is notably limited knowledge regarding the clinical utility of chronic D2R antagonist treatments. This study aimed to uncover how such treatments affect fear memory processing. METHODS We utilized a cued fear conditioning rat model and conducted chronic haloperidol treatment for 14 days. Subsequently, to investigate the effect of chronic haloperidol treatment on fear-conditioned memory expression and extinction, we observed freezing behavior under exposure to a conditioned stimulus for 14 days. RESULTS Chronic haloperidol treatment suppressed freezing time on the fear memory expression. In contrast, a single haloperidol administration enhanced the freezing time on fear memory expression and delayed extinction. CONCLUSION The results of this study suggest that chronic administration of antipsychotic drugs affects fear memory processing differently from single-dose administration. This indicates that the effects of chronic D2R antagonist treatment are distinct from the nonspecific effects of the drugs. This study provides fundamental insights that may contribute to our understanding of therapeutic mechanisms for fear memory disorders related to D2R in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Enomoto
- Department of PsychiatryTokyo Women's Medical UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Kazuro Shibata
- Department of PsychiatryTokyo Women's Medical UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Hiroyuki Muraoka
- Department of PsychiatryKitasato UniversitySagamihara‐shiKanagawaJapan
| | | | - Ken Inada
- Department of PsychiatryKitasato UniversitySagamihara‐shiKanagawaJapan
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Hamati R, Ahrens J, Shvetz C, Holahan MR, Tuominen L. 65 years of research on dopamine's role in classical fear conditioning and extinction: A systematic review. Eur J Neurosci 2024; 59:1099-1140. [PMID: 37848184 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine, a catecholamine neurotransmitter, has historically been associated with the encoding of reward, whereas its role in aversion has received less attention. Here, we systematically gathered the vast evidence of the role of dopamine in the simplest forms of aversive learning: classical fear conditioning and extinction. In the past, crude methods were used to augment or inhibit dopamine to study its relationship with fear conditioning and extinction. More advanced techniques such as conditional genetic, chemogenic and optogenetic approaches now provide causal evidence for dopamine's role in these learning processes. Dopamine neurons encode conditioned stimuli during fear conditioning and extinction and convey the signal via activation of D1-4 receptor sites particularly in the amygdala, prefrontal cortex and striatum. The coordinated activation of dopamine receptors allows for the continuous formation, consolidation, retrieval and updating of fear and extinction memory in a dynamic and reciprocal manner. Based on the reviewed literature, we conclude that dopamine is crucial for the encoding of classical fear conditioning and extinction and contributes in a way that is comparable to its role in encoding reward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rami Hamati
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- University of Ottawa Institute of Mental Health Research, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jessica Ahrens
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cecelia Shvetz
- University of Ottawa Institute of Mental Health Research, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Matthew R Holahan
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lauri Tuominen
- University of Ottawa Institute of Mental Health Research, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Castell L, Le Gall V, Cutando L, Petit CP, Puighermanal E, Makrini-Maleville L, Kim HR, Jercog D, Tarot P, Tassou A, Harrus AG, Rubinstein M, Nouvian R, Rivat C, Besnard A, Trifilieff P, Gangarossa G, Janak PH, Herry C, Valjent E. Dopamine D2 receptors in WFS1-neurons regulate food-seeking and avoidance behaviors. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2024; 129:110883. [PMID: 37858736 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2023.110883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
The selection and optimization of appropriate adaptive responses depends on interoceptive and exteroceptive stimuli as well as on the animal's ability to switch from one behavioral strategy to another. Although growing evidence indicate that dopamine D2R-mediated signaling events ensure the selection of the appropriate strategy for each specific situation, the underlying neural circuits through which they mediate these effects are poorly characterized. Here, we investigated the role of D2R signaling in a mesolimbic neuronal subpopulation expressing the Wolfram syndrome 1 (Wfs1) gene. This subpopulation is located within the nucleus accumbens, the central amygdala, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and the tail of the striatum, all brain regions critical for the regulation of emotions and motivated behaviors. Using a mouse model carrying a temporally controlled deletion of D2R in WFS1-neurons, we demonstrate that intact D2R signaling in this neuronal population is necessary to regulate homeostasis-dependent food-seeking behaviors in both male and female mice. In addition, we found that reduced D2R signaling in WFS1-neurons impaired active avoidance learning and innate escape responses. Collectively, these findings identify a yet undocumented role for D2R signaling in WFS1-neurons as a novel effector through which dopamine optimizes appetitive behaviors and regulates defensive behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Castell
- IGF, Université, Montpellier, CNRS, Inserm, Montpellier F-34094, France; Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
| | - Valentine Le Gall
- Université, Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, Bordeaux F-33077, France
| | - Laura Cutando
- IGF, Université, Montpellier, CNRS, Inserm, Montpellier F-34094, France
| | - Chloé P Petit
- INM, Université, Montpellier, Inserm, Montpellier F-34000, France
| | - Emma Puighermanal
- IGF, Université, Montpellier, CNRS, Inserm, Montpellier F-34094, France
| | | | - Ha-Rang Kim
- Université, Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, Bordeaux F-33077, France
| | - Daniel Jercog
- Université, Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, Bordeaux F-33077, France
| | - Pauline Tarot
- IGF, Université, Montpellier, CNRS, Inserm, Montpellier F-34094, France
| | - Adrien Tassou
- INM, Université, Montpellier, Inserm, Montpellier F-34000, France
| | | | - Marcelo Rubinstein
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular, CONICET; FCEN, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Régis Nouvian
- INM, Université, Montpellier, Inserm, Montpellier F-34000, France
| | - Cyril Rivat
- INM, Université, Montpellier, Inserm, Montpellier F-34000, France
| | - Antoine Besnard
- IGF, Université, Montpellier, CNRS, Inserm, Montpellier F-34094, France
| | - Pierre Trifilieff
- Université, Bordeaux, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, Bordeaux F-33000, France
| | - Giuseppe Gangarossa
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Paris F-75013, France; Institut Universitaire de France, France
| | - Patricia H Janak
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Cyril Herry
- Université, Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, Bordeaux F-33077, France
| | - Emmanuel Valjent
- IGF, Université, Montpellier, CNRS, Inserm, Montpellier F-34094, France.
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Traina G, Tuszynski JA. The Neurotransmission Basis of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders by the Fear Conditioning Paradigm. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16327. [PMID: 38003517 PMCID: PMC10671801 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Fear conditioning constitutes the best and most reproducible paradigm to study the neurobiological mechanisms underlying emotions. On the other hand, studies on the synaptic plasticity phenomena underlying fear conditioning present neural circuits enforcing this learning pattern related to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Notably, in both humans and the rodent model, fear conditioning and context rely on dependent neurocircuitry in the amygdala and prefrontal cortex, cingulate gyrus, and hippocampus. In this review, an overview of the role that classical neurotransmitters play in the contextual conditioning model of fear, and therefore in PTSD, was reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Traina
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via Romana, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Jack A. Tuszynski
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering (DIMEAS), Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca Degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy;
- Department of Data Science and Engineering, The Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, 11335 Saskatchewan Dr NW, Edmonton, AB T6G 2M9, Canada
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Casey E, Avale ME, Kravitz A, Rubinstein M. Dopaminergic innervation at the central nucleus of the amygdala reveals distinct topographically segregated regions. Brain Struct Funct 2023; 228:663-675. [PMID: 36737539 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-023-02614-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) is involved in the expression of fear and anxiety disorders. Anatomically, it is divided into medial (CeM), lateral (CeL), and capsular (CeC) divisions. The CeA is densely innervated by dopaminergic projections that originate in the ventral periaqueductal gray/dorsal raphe (vPAG/DR) and the ventral tegmental area (VTA). However, whether dopamine (DA) exerts a homogenous control over the CeA or differentially regulates the various CeA subdivisions is still unknown. Here, we performed a neuroanatomical analysis of the mouse CeA and found that DAergic innervations from the PAG/DR and VTA constitute distinct, non-overlapping, pathways differing also in the relative expression of the dopamine transporter. By quantifying the distribution of DAergic fibers and the origin of DA inputs we identified two distinct regions in the CeL: a frontal region innervated by the VTA and vPAG/DR, a caudal region innervated only by the vPAG/DR, and three distinct regions in the CeC: fronto-dorsal innervated only by the VTA, fronto-ventral with sparse DAergic innervation, and a caudal region with low innervation from the vPAG/DR. In addition, we found that each region displays a distinct pattern of c-Fos activation following the administration of various DAeric drugs such as cocaine, SKF 38,393, quinpirole or haloperidol. In summary, we revealed unique properties of the DAergic pathways innervating the CeA, distinguishing six topographically segregated and functionally distinct regions. This unanticipated level of heterogeneity calls for more precise neuroanatomical specificity in future functional studies of the CeA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Casey
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Vuelta de Obligado 2490, 1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63108, USA
| | - María Elena Avale
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Vuelta de Obligado 2490, 1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, 1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alexxai Kravitz
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63108, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63108, USA.,Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63108, USA
| | - Marcelo Rubinstein
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Vuelta de Obligado 2490, 1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina. .,Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, 1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Amygdala Intercalated Cells: Gate Keepers and Conveyors of Internal State to the Circuits of Emotion. J Neurosci 2022; 42:9098-9109. [PMID: 36639901 PMCID: PMC9761677 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1176-22.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Generating adaptive behavioral responses to emotionally salient stimuli requires evaluation of complex associations between multiple sensations, the surrounding context, and current internal state. Neural circuits within the amygdala parse this emotional information, undergo synaptic plasticity to reflect learned associations, and evoke appropriate responses through their projections to the brain regions orchestrating these behaviors. Information flow within the amygdala is regulated by the intercalated cells (ITCs), which are densely packed clusters of GABAergic neurons that encircle the basolateral amygdala (BLA) and provide contextually relevant feedforward inhibition of amygdala nuclei, including the central and BLA. Emerging studies have begun to delineate the unique contribution of each ITC cluster and establish ITCs as key loci of plasticity in emotional learning. In this review, we summarize the known connectivity and function of individual ITC clusters and explore how different neuromodulators conveying internal state act via ITC gates to shape emotionally motivated behavior. We propose that the behavioral state-dependent function of ITCs, their unique genetic profile, and rich expression of neuromodulator receptors make them potential therapeutic targets for disorders, such as anxiety, schizophrenia spectrum, and addiction.
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Bach-Morrow L, Boccalatte F, DeRosa A, Devos D, Garcia-Sanchez C, Inglese M, Droby A. Functional changes in prefrontal cortex following frequency-specific training. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20316. [PMID: 36434008 PMCID: PMC9700664 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24088-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies indicate a significant role of pre-frontal circuits (PFC) connectivity involving attentional and reward neural networks within attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) pathophysiology. To date, the neural mechanisms underlying the utility of non-invasive frequency-specific training systems in ADHD remediation remain underexplored. To address this issue, we created a portable electroencephalography (EEG)-based wireless system consisting of a novel headset, electrodes, and neuro program, named frequency specific cognitive training (FSCT). In a double-blind, randomized, controlled study we investigated the training effects in N = 46 school-age children ages 6-18 years with ADHD. 23 children in experimental group who underwent FCST training showed an increase in scholastic performance and meliorated their performance on neuropsychological tests associated with executive functions and memory. Their results were compared to 23 age-matched participants who underwent training with placebo (pFSCT). Electroencephalogram (EEG) data collected from participants trained with FSCT showed a significant increase in 14-18 Hz EEG frequencies in PFC brain regions, activities that indicated brain activation in frontal brain regions, the caudate nucleus, and putamen. These results demonstrate that FSCT targets specific prefrontal and striatal areas in children with ADHD, suggesting a beneficial modality for non-invasive modulation of brain areas implicated in attention and executive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francesco Boccalatte
- grid.240324.30000 0001 2109 4251Department of Pathology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY USA
| | - Antonio DeRosa
- grid.164295.d0000 0001 0941 7177Department of Mathematics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD USA
| | - David Devos
- grid.503422.20000 0001 2242 6780Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Univ of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Carmen Garcia-Sanchez
- grid.413396.a0000 0004 1768 8905Neuropsychology Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital de Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Matilde Inglese
- grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351Neurology Department, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA
| | - Amgad Droby
- grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351Neurology Department, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA
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Zafiri D, Duvarci S. Dopaminergic circuits underlying associative aversive learning. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:1041929. [PMID: 36439963 PMCID: PMC9685162 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.1041929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Associative aversive learning enables animals to predict and avoid threats and thus is critical for survival and adaptive behavior. Anxiety disorders are characterized with deficits in normal aversive learning mechanisms and hence understanding the neural circuits underlying aversive learning and memory has high clinical relevance. Recent studies have revealed the dopamine system as one of the key modulators of aversive learning. In this review, we highlight recent advances that provide insights into how distinct dopaminergic circuits contribute to aversive learning and memory.
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Alves Júnior AC, Daker MV, Machado AM, Luna AS, Valladares Neto DC, Valadares ER. Neuropsychiatric and sleep study in autosomal dominant dopa-responsive dystonia. Mol Genet Metab Rep 2022; 31:100870. [PMID: 35782624 PMCID: PMC9248209 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2022.100870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Although the diurnal fluctuation of motor dysfunction, reversible with small doses of dopamine, is a cornerstone for the phenotype of the autosomal dominant Segawa syndrome, the non-motor symptoms of this neurotransmitter deficiency have still received limited attention. Objective This study aims to evaluate non-motor symptoms of this dopa-responsive dystonia through an intrafamilial comparative cross-sectional study. Methods Seventeen individuals with a c.IVS5 + 3insT (c.626 + 3insT) variation in the GTP cyclohydrolase-1 gene (GCH1, HGNC: 4193) and 34 intrafamilial controls were studied using the Beck Depression Inventory-II, the Wiener Matrizen Test 2, the Epworth Sleepiness Scale, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, the MINI/MINI PLUS Questionnaires, the World Health Organization Quality of Life – BREF Instrument and a drug use assessment questionnaire. Results No significant difference was found between the groups in the prevalence of sleep disorders and in cognitive function. Nevertheless, generalized anxiety disorder (p = 0.050) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in childhood (p = 0.011) were observed only in individuals without the molecular variation. The group with the GCH1 variation presented a worse perception about how safe they feel in their daily lives (p = 0.034), less satisfaction with themselves (p = 0.049) and with their relationships (p = 0.029), and a higher prevalence of past major depressive episodes before use of L-Dopa (p = 0.046). Conclusion Low dopamine could have been protective against generalized anxiety disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in childhood in Segawa group individuals. The prevalence of depression was higher in individuals with the molecular variant prior to the L-Dopa treatment. Considering it, the penetrance estimates for the variant carriers increased from 58.8% to up to 88% in this large studied family. Additionally, neuropsychiatric tests of all individuals with a molecular diagnosis in an affected family are a valuable instrument for its clinical management. Depression can be a non-motor symptom of autosomal dominant DYT/PARK-GCH1. Variable expressivity and penetrance can be considered high in this syndrome. Relatives without dystonia should also be investigated for the genetic variation.
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Guzmán-Ramos K, Osorio-Gómez D, Bermúdez-Rattoni F. Cognitive impairment in alzheimer’s and metabolic diseases: A catecholaminergic hypothesis. Neuroscience 2022; 497:308-323. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Price ME, McCool BA. Structural, functional, and behavioral significance of sex and gonadal hormones in the basolateral amygdala: A review of preclinical literature. Alcohol 2022; 98:25-41. [PMID: 34371120 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2021.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The basolateral amygdala (BLA) is intimately involved in the development of neuropsychiatric disorders such as anxiety and alcohol use disorder (AUD). These disorders have clear sex biases, with women more likely to develop an anxiety disorder and men more likely to develop AUD. Preclinical models have largely confirmed these sex-specific vulnerabilities and emphasize the effects of sex hormones on behaviors influenced by the BLA. This review will discuss sex differences in BLA-related behaviors and highlight potential mechanisms mediated by altered BLA structure and function, including the composition of GABAergic interneuron subpopulations, glutamatergic pyramidal neuron morphology, glutamate/GABA neurotransmission, and neuromodulators. Further, sex hormones differentially organize dimorphic circuits during sensitive developmental periods (organizational effects) and initiate more transient effects throughout adulthood (activational effects). Current literature indicates that estradiol and allopregnanolone, a neuroactive progestogen, generally reduce BLA-related behaviors through a variety of mechanisms, including activation of estrogen receptors or facilitation of GABAA-mediated inhibition, respectively. This enhanced GABAergic inhibition may protect BLA pyramidal neurons from the excitability associated with anxiety and alcohol withdrawal. Understanding sex differences and the effects of sex hormones on BLA structure and function may help explain sex-specific vulnerabilities in BLA-related behaviors and ultimately improve treatments for anxiety and AUD.
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Dopamine and fear memory formation in the human amygdala. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:1704-1711. [PMID: 34862441 PMCID: PMC9095491 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01400-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Learning which environmental cues that predict danger is crucial for survival and accomplished through Pavlovian fear conditioning. In humans and rodents alike, fear conditioning is amygdala-dependent and rests on similar neurocircuitry. Rodent studies have implicated a causative role for dopamine in the amygdala during fear memory formation, but the role of dopamine in aversive learning in humans is unclear. Here, we show dopamine release in the amygdala and striatum during fear learning in humans. Using simultaneous positron emission tomography and functional magnetic resonance imaging, we demonstrate that the amount of dopamine release is linked to strength of conditioned fear responses and linearly coupled to learning-induced activity in the amygdala. Thus, like in rodents, formation of amygdala-dependent fear memories in humans seems to be facilitated by endogenous dopamine release, supporting an evolutionary conserved neurochemical mechanism for aversive memory formation.
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Abbasi S, Nasehi M, Ebrahimi-Ghiri M, Zarrindast MR. Anodal tDCS applied to the left frontal cortex abrogates scopolamine-induced fear memory deficit via the dopaminergic system. Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars) 2021. [DOI: 10.21307/ane-2021-016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Khelifa MS, Skov LJ, Holst B. Biased Ghrelin Receptor Signaling and the Dopaminergic System as Potential Targets for Metabolic and Psychological Symptoms of Anorexia Nervosa. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:734547. [PMID: 34646236 PMCID: PMC8503187 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.734547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Anorexia Nervosa (AN) is a complex disease that impairs the metabolic, mental and physiological health of affected individuals in a severe and sometimes lethal way. Many of the common symptoms in AN patients, such as reduced food intake, anxiety, impaired gut motility or overexercising are connected to both the orexigenic gut hormone ghrelin and the dopaminergic system. Targeting the ghrelin receptor (GhrR) to treat AN seems a promising possibility in current research. However, GhrR signaling is highly complex. First, the GhrR can activate four known intracellular pathways Gαq, Gαi/o, Gα12/13 and the recruitment of β-arrestin. Biased signaling provides the possibility to activate or inhibit only one or a subset of the intracellular pathways of a pleiotropic receptor. This allows specific targeting of physiological functions without adverse effects. Currently little is known on how biased signaling could specifically modulate GhrR effects. Second, GhrR signaling has been shown to be interconnected with the dopaminergic system, particularly in the context of AN symptoms. This review highlights that a biased agonist for the GhrR may be a promising target for the treatment of AN, however extensive and systematic translational studies are still needed and the connection to the dopaminergic system has to be taken into account.
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García-Amado M, Prensa L. Neurons Expressing Parvalbumin and Calretinin in the Human Amygdaloid Complex: A Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis in Every Nucleus and Nuclear Subdivision. Neuroscience 2020; 452:153-168. [PMID: 33220188 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The primate amygdaloid complex (AC) contains projection neurons as well as subsets of interneurons (IN), many of which express calcium-binding proteins, that through their local circuits control the activity of the projection neurons. The inhibitory parvalbumin (PV) and calretinin (CR)-positive (+) AC IN have a crucial role in the appearance of synchronized oscillations in local ensembles of projection neurons that mediate the consolidation and recall of fear memories. The GABAergic transmission of these subsets of IN is modulated by dopamine. To expand the knowledge regarding the cellular composition and distribution of IN in the human AC, we focused on two non-overlapping populations: the PV+ and CR+. We have analyzed the distribution of these IN throughout the AC from subjects without any neurological or psychiatric disorders and estimated their absolute number and density using stereological methods. We have also provided percentages of the IN with respect to the total AC neurons. The CR + IN were distributed throughout the AC, whereas the PV+ were only present in the basolateral nuclear group. The quantity of CR + IN was four times higher than that of PV+ and the percentages varied from less than 1% for PV + IN to 6-20% for CR+. The differences in quantity and distribution of CR+ and PV + IN could be related to their differential inhibitory properties and to the intrinsic and extrinsic connections of every amygdaloid region.
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Affiliation(s)
- María García-Amado
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Neuroscience, Medical School, Autonomous University of Madrid, c/ Arzobispo Morcillo 2, 28029 Madrid Spain.
| | - Lucía Prensa
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Neuroscience, Medical School, Autonomous University of Madrid, c/ Arzobispo Morcillo 2, 28029 Madrid Spain
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16
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Ross JA, Van Bockstaele EJ. The role of catecholamines in modulating responses to stress: Sex-specific patterns, implications, and therapeutic potential for post-traumatic stress disorder and opiate withdrawal. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 52:2429-2465. [PMID: 32125035 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Emotional arousal is one of several factors that determine the strength of a memory and how efficiently it may be retrieved. The systems at play are multifaceted; on one hand, the dopaminergic mesocorticolimbic system evaluates the rewarding or reinforcing potential of a stimulus, while on the other, the noradrenergic stress response system evaluates the risk of threat, commanding attention, and engaging emotional and physical behavioral responses. Sex-specific patterns in the anatomy and function of the arousal system suggest that sexually divergent therapeutic approaches may be advantageous for neurological disorders involving arousal, learning, and memory. From the lens of the triple network model of psychopathology, we argue that post-traumatic stress disorder and opiate substance use disorder arise from maladaptive learning responses that are perpetuated by hyperarousal of the salience network. We present evidence that catecholamine-modulated learning and stress-responsive circuitry exerts substantial influence over the salience network and its dysfunction in stress-related psychiatric disorders, and between the sexes. We discuss the therapeutic potential of targeting the endogenous cannabinoid system; a ubiquitous neuromodulator that influences learning, memory, and responsivity to stress by influencing catecholamine, excitatory, and inhibitory synaptic transmission. Relevant preclinical data in male and female rodents are integrated with clinical data in men and women in an effort to understand how ideal treatment modalities between the sexes may be different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Ross
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Elisabeth J Van Bockstaele
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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17
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Brandão ML, Coimbra NC. Understanding the role of dopamine in conditioned and unconditioned fear. Rev Neurosci 2019; 30:325-337. [DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2018-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Pharmacological and molecular imaging studies in anxiety disorders have primarily focused on the serotonin system. In the meantime, dopamine has been known as the neurotransmitter of reward for 60 years, particularly for its action in the nervous terminals of the mesocorticolimbic system. Interest in the mediation by dopamine of the well-known brain aversion system has grown recently, particularly given recent evidence obtained on the role of D2 dopamine receptors in unconditioned fear. However, it has been established that excitation of the mesocorticolimbic pathway, originating from dopaminergic (DA) neurons from the ventral tegmental area (VTA), is relevant for the development of anxiety. Among the forebrain regions innervated by this pathway, the amygdala is an essential component of the neural circuitry of conditioned fear. Current findings indicate that the dopamine D2 receptor-signaling pathway connecting the VTA to the basolateral amygdala modulates fear and anxiety, whereas neural circuits in the midbrain tectum underlie the expression of innate fear. The A13 nucleus of the zona incerta is proposed as the origin of these DA neurons projecting to caudal structures of the brain aversion system. In this article we review data obtained in studies showing that DA receptor-mediated mechanisms on ascending or descending DA pathways play opposing roles in fear/anxiety processes. Dopamine appears to mediate conditioned fear by acting at rostral levels of the brain and regulate unconditioned fear at the midbrain level.
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18
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Maffei A, Angrilli A. Spontaneous blink rate as an index of attention and emotion during film clips viewing. Physiol Behav 2019; 204:256-263. [PMID: 30822434 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Spontaneous blinking is a non-invasive indicator known to reflect dopaminergic influence over frontal cortex and attention allocation in perceptual tasks. 38 participants watched eighteen short film clips (2 min), designed to elicit specific affective states, and arranged in six different emotional categories, while their eye movements were recorded from the vertical electroculogram. The largest blink rate inhibition, reflecting greater attention allocation to the movie, was observed during the presentation of Erotic clips, excerpts on wilderness depicting beautiful landscapes (Scenery), as well as clips showing crying characters (Compassion). Instead, the minimum blink rate inhibition was found for Fear clips, which induced a defensive response with stimulus rejection. Blink rate across time evidenced how Compassion clips elicited early inhibition while Sadness clips induced a slower, later inhibition. Correlation analyses also revealed a negative correlation (r < -0.40) between total blink rate recorded during Erotic and Compassion clips and self-reported interest. Overall, the main variable explaining blink rate was emotional Valence. Results suggest that blink modulation is related with the motivational relevance and biological significance of the stimuli, tracking their differential recruitment of attentional resources. Furthermore, they provide a solid background for studying the emotion-attention patterns and their deficits also in clinical samples (e.g., neurological and psychiatric patients) using spontaneous blinking as a not-interfering psychophysiological measure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Maffei
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Alessandro Angrilli
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Italy; IN CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Padova Section, Italy; PNC - Padua Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, Italy.
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19
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Du P, He Z, Cai Z, Hao X, Dong N, Yuan W, Hou W, Yang J, Jia R, Tai F. Chronic central oxytocin infusion impairs sociability in mandarin voles. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2017; 161:38-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2017.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 09/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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20
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Shi YW, Fan BF, Xue L, Wen JL, Zhao H. Regulation of Fear Extinction in the Basolateral Amygdala by Dopamine D2 Receptors Accompanied by Altered GluR1, GluR1-Ser845 and NR2B Levels. Front Behav Neurosci 2017; 11:116. [PMID: 28676746 PMCID: PMC5476700 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The amygdala, a critical structure for both Pavlovian fear conditioning and fear extinction, receives sparse but comprehensive dopamine innervation and contains dopamine D1 and D2 receptors. Fear extinction, which involves learning to suppress the expression of a previously learned fear, appears to require the dopaminergic system. The specific roles of D2 receptors in mediating associative learning underlying fear extinction require further study. Intra-basolateral amygdala (BLA) infusions of a D2 receptor agonist, quinpirole, and a D2 receptor antagonist, sulpiride, prior to fear extinction and extinction retention were tested 24 h after fear extinction training for long-term memory (LTM). LTM was facilitated by quinpirole and attenuated by sulpiride. In addition, A-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor glutamate receptor 1 (GluR1) subunit, GluR1 phospho-Ser845, and N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor NR2B subunit levels in the BLA were generally increased by quinpirole and down-regulated by sulpiride. The present study suggests that activation of D2 receptors facilitates fear extinction and that blockade of D2 receptors impairs fear extinction, accompanied by changes in GluR1, GluR1-Ser845 and NR2B levels in the amygdala.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Wei Shi
- Faculty of Forensic Medicine, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Translational Forensic Medicine Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Bu-Fang Fan
- Faculty of Forensic Medicine, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Li Xue
- Faculty of Forensic Medicine, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Translational Forensic Medicine Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Jia-Ling Wen
- Faculty of Forensic Medicine, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Hu Zhao
- Faculty of Forensic Medicine, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Translational Forensic Medicine Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
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21
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Schayek R, Maroun M. Dissociation in the effects of stress and D1 receptors activation on basolateral amygdalar LTP in juvenile and adult animals. Neuropharmacology 2017; 113:511-518. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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22
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Lee JH, Lee S, Kim JH. Amygdala Circuits for Fear Memory: A Key Role for Dopamine Regulation. Neuroscientist 2016; 23:542-553. [DOI: 10.1177/1073858416679936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In addition to modulating a number of cognitive functions including reward, punishment, motivation, and salience, dopamine (DA) plays a pivotal role in regulating threat-related emotional memory. Changes in neural circuits of the amygdala nuclei are also critically involved in the acquisition and expression of emotional memory. In this review, we summarize the regulation of amygdala circuits by DA. Specifically, we describe DA signaling in the amygdala, and DA regulation of synaptic transmission and synaptic plasticity of the amygdala neurons. Finally, we discuss a potential contribution of DA-related mechanisms to the pathogenesis of posttraumatic stress disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo Han Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk, Korea
| | - Seungho Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk, Korea
| | - Joung-Hun Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk, Korea
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23
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Dopamine D2 receptors gate generalization of conditioned threat responses through mTORC1 signaling in the extended amygdala. Mol Psychiatry 2016; 21:1545-1553. [PMID: 26782052 PMCID: PMC5101541 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2015.210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Overgeneralization of conditioned threat responses is a robust clinical marker of anxiety disorders. In overgeneralization, responses that are appropriate to threat-predicting cues are evoked by perceptually similar safety-predicting cues. Inappropriate learning of conditioned threat responses may thus form an etiological basis for anxiety disorders. The role of dopamine (DA) in memory encoding is well established. Indeed by signaling salience and valence, DA is thought to facilitate discriminative learning between stimuli representing safety or threat. However, the neuroanatomical and biochemical substrates through which DA modulates overgeneralization of threat responses remain poorly understood. Here we report that the modulation of DA D2 receptor (D2R) signaling bidirectionally regulates the consolidation of fear responses. While the blockade of D2R induces generalized threat responses, its stimulation facilitates discriminative learning between stimuli representing safety or threat. Moreover, we show that controlled threat generalization requires the coordinated activation of D2R in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and the central amygdala. Finally, we identify the mTORC1 cascade activation as an important molecular event by which D2R mediates its effects. These data reveal that D2R signaling in the extended amygdala constitutes an important checkpoint through which DA participates in the control of threat processing and the emergence of overgeneralized threat responses.
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24
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Abstract
This study examined the effects of emotion on implicit timing. In the implicit timing task used, the participants did not receive any temporal instructions. Instead they were simply asked and trained to press a key as quickly as possible after a stimulus (response stimulus) that was separated from a preceding stimulus by a given temporal interval (reference interval duration). However, in the testing phase, the interval duration was the reference interval duration or a shorter or longer interval duration. In addition, the participants attended two sessions: a first baseline session in which no stimulus was presented during the inter-stimulus intervals, and a second emotional session in which emotional facial expressions (angry, neutral and sad facial expressions) were presented during these intervals. Results showed faster RTs for interval durations close to the reference duration in both the baseline and the emotional conditions and yielded a U-shaped curve. This suggests that implicit processing of time persists in emotional contexts. In addition, the RT was faster for the facial expressions of anger than for those of neutrality and sadness. However, the U-shaped RT curve did not peak clearly at a shorter interval duration for the angry than for the other facial expressions. This lack of time distortion in an implicit timing task in response to arousing emotional stimuli questions the idea of an automatic speeding-up of the interval clock system involved in the representation of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Droit-Volet
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Laboratoire de psychologie sociale et cognitive, CNRS, UMR 6024, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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25
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Patrono E, Gasbarri A, Tomaz C, Nishijo H. Transitionality in addiction: A "temporal continuum" hypotheses involving the aberrant motivation, the hedonic dysregulation, and the aberrant learning. Med Hypotheses 2016; 93:62-70. [PMID: 27372858 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2016.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Addiction is a chronic compulsion and relapsing disorder. It involves several brain areas and circuits, which encode vary functions such as reward, motivation, and memory. Drug addiction is defined as a "pathological pattern of use of a substance", characterized by the loss of control on drug-taking-related behaviors, the pursuance of those behaviors even in the presence of negative consequences, and a strong motivated activity to assume substances. Three different theories guide experimental research on drug addiction. Each of these theories consider singles features, such as an aberrant motivation, a hedonic dysregulation, and an aberrant habit learning as the main actor to explain the entire process of the addictive behaviors. The major goal of this study is to present a new hypotheses of transitionality from a controlled use to abuse of addictive substances trough the overview of the three different theories, considering all the single features of each single theory together on the same "temporal continuum" from use to abuse of addictive substances. Recently, it has been suggested that common neural systems may be activated by natural and pharmacological stimuli, raising the hypotheses that binge-eating disorders could be considered as addictive behaviors. The second goal of this study is to present evidences in order to highlight a possible psycho-bio-physiological superimposition between drug and "food addiction". Finally, interesting questions are brought up starting from last findings about a theoretical/psycho-bio-physiological superimposition between drug and "food addiction" and their possibly same transitionality along the same "temporal continuum" from use to abuse of addictive substances in order to investigate new therapeutic strategies based on new therapeutic strategies based on the individual moments characterizing the transition from the voluntary intake of substances to the maladaptive addictive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Patrono
- System Emotional Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.
| | - Antonella Gasbarri
- Department of Applied Clinical Science and Biotechnology, University of L'Aquila, Coppito, Italy
| | - Carlos Tomaz
- Primate Center and Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, DF, Brazil; Neuroscience Research Group, UNICEUMA, São Luis, MA, Brazil
| | - Hisao Nishijo
- System Emotional Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
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26
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Okita K, Ghahremani DG, Payer DE, Robertson CL, Dean AC, Mandelkern MA, London ED. Emotion dysregulation and amygdala dopamine D2-type receptor availability in methamphetamine users. Drug Alcohol Depend 2016; 161:163-70. [PMID: 26880595 PMCID: PMC4792713 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2015] [Revised: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals who use methamphetamine chronically exhibit emotional and dopaminergic neurochemical deficits. Although the amygdala has an important role in emotion processing and receives dopaminergic innervation, little is known about how dopamine transmission in this region contributes to emotion regulation. This investigation aimed to evaluate emotion regulation in subjects who met DSM-IV criteria for methamphetamine dependence, and to test for a relationship between self-reports of difficulty in emotion regulation and D2-type dopamine receptor availability in the amygdala. METHOD Ninety-four methamphetamine-using and 102 healthy-control subjects completed the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS); 33 of those who used methamphetamine completed the Addiction Severity Index (ASI). A subset of 27 methamphetamine-group and 20 control-group subjects completed positron emission tomography with [(18)F]fallypride to assay amygdala D2-type dopamine receptor availability, measured as binding potential (BPND). RESULTS The methamphetamine group scored higher than the control group on the DERS total score (p<0.001), with DERS total score positively correlated with the Drug Composite Score on the ASI (p=0.02) in the methamphetamine group. The DERS total score was positively correlated with amygdala BPND in both groups and the combined group of participants (combined: r=0.331, p=0.02), and the groups did not differ in this relationship. CONCLUSION These findings highlight problems with emotion regulation linked to methamphetamine use, possibly contributing to personal and interpersonal behavioral problems. They also suggest that D2-type dopamine receptors in the amygdala contribute to emotion regulation in both healthy and methamphetamine-using subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoji Okita
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA 90024,Department of Research, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA 90073
| | - Dara G. Ghahremani
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA 90024
| | - Doris E. Payer
- Addiction Imaging Research Group, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Chelsea L. Robertson
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA 90024,Department of Research, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA 90073
| | - Andy C. Dean
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA 90024
| | - Mark A. Mandelkern
- Department of Research, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA 90073,Department of Physics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA 92697
| | - Edythe D. London
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA 90024,Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA 90024,Brain Research Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA 90024,Department of Research, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA 90073
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27
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Role of the basolateral amygdala dopamine receptors in arachidonylcyclopropylamide-induced fear learning deficits. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2016; 233:213-24. [PMID: 26546370 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-4096-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
There is much evidence suggesting that the mesoamygdala dopaminergic (DAergic) system plays a crucial role in the formation and expression of fear conditioning, with both D1 and D2 receptors being involved. In addition, cannabinoid CB1 receptor (CB1R) signaling modulates DAergic pathways. The present study sought to determine the involvement of basolateral amygdala (BLA) dopamine receptors in arachidonylcyclopropylamide (ACPA)-induced fear learning deficits. Context- and tone-dependent fear conditioning in adult male NMRI mice was evaluated. Pre-training intraperitoneal administration of ACPA (0.1 mg/kg) decreased the percentage of freezing in context- or tone-dependent fear conditioning, suggesting an acquisition impairment. Pre-training intra-BLA microinjection of a subthreshold dose of SKF38393 (D1-like receptor agonist), SCH23390 (D1-like receptor antagonist), quinpirole (D2-like receptor agonist), or sulpiride (D2-like receptor antagonist) did not alter the context-dependent fear learning deficit induced by ACPA, while SKF38393 or quinpirole restored ACPA effect on tone-dependent fear learning. Moreover, SKF38393 (1 μg/mouse), SCH23390 (0.04 and 0.08 μg/mouse), or quinpirole (0.1 μg/mouse) all impaired context-dependent fear learning. It is concluded that D1 or D2 dopamine (DA) receptor activation restores tone- but not context-dependent fear learning deficit induced by CB1 activation using ACPA.
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28
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Bonasera SJ, Schenk AK, Luxenberg EJ, Wang X, Basbaum A, Tecott LH. Mice Lacking Serotonin 2C Receptors Have increased Affective Responses to Aversive Stimuli. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142906. [PMID: 26630489 PMCID: PMC4667991 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Although central serotonergic systems are known to influence responses to noxious stimuli, mechanisms underlying serotonergic modulation of pain responses are unclear. We proposed that serotonin 2C receptors (5-HT2CRs), which are expressed within brain regions implicated in sensory and affective responses to pain, contribute to the serotonergic modulation of pain responses. In mice constitutively lacking 5-HT2CRs (2CKO mice) we found normal baseline sensory responses to noxious thermal, mechanical and chemical stimuli. In contrast, 2CKO mice exhibited a selective enhancement of affect-related ultrasonic afterdischarge vocalizations in response to footshock. Enhanced affect-related responses to noxious stimuli were also exhibited by 2CKO mice in a fear-sensitized startle assay. The extent to which a brief series of unconditioned footshocks produced enhancement of acoustic startle responses was markedly increased in 2CKO mice. As mesolimbic dopamine pathways influence affective responses to noxious stimuli, and these pathways are disinhibited in 2CKO mice, we examined the sensitivity of footshock-induced enhancement of startle to dopamine receptor blockade. Systemic administration of the dopamine D2/D3 receptor antagonist raclopride selectively reduced footshock-induced enhancement of startle without influencing baseline acoustic startle responses. We propose that 5-HT2CRs regulate affective behavioral responses to unconditioned aversive stimuli through mechanisms involving the disinhibition of ascending dopaminergic pathways.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Dopamine Antagonists/pharmacology
- Fear/physiology
- Female
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Raclopride/pharmacology
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2C/physiology
- Receptors, Dopamine D2/chemistry
- Reflex, Startle/drug effects
- Reflex, Startle/physiology
- Ultrasonics
- Vocalization, Animal/drug effects
- Vocalization, Animal/physiology
- Vocalization, Animal/radiation effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J. Bonasera
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - A. Katrin Schenk
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Evan J. Luxenberg
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Xidao Wang
- Department of Anatomy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Allan Basbaum
- Department of Anatomy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Laurence H. Tecott
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
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29
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Yildirim BO, Derksen JJL. Mesocorticolimbic dopamine functioning in primary psychopathy: A source of within-group heterogeneity. Psychiatry Res 2015; 229:633-77. [PMID: 26277034 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Despite similar emotional deficiencies, primary psychopathic individuals can be situated on a continuum that spans from controlled to disinhibited. The constructs on which primary psychopaths are found to diverge, such as self-control, cognitive flexibility, and executive functioning, are crucially regulated by dopamine (DA). As such, the goal of this review is to examine which specific alterations in the meso-cortico-limbic DA system and corresponding genes (e.g., TH, DAT, COMT, DRD2, DRD4) might bias development towards a more controlled or disinhibited expression of primary psychopathy. Based on empirical data, it is argued that primary psychopathy is generally related to a higher tonic and population activity of striatal DA neurons and lower levels of D2-type DA receptors in meso-cortico-limbic projections, which may boost motivational drive towards incentive-laden goals, dampen punishment sensitivity, and increase future reward-expectancy. However, increasingly higher levels of DA activity in the striatum (moderate versus pathological elevations), lower levels of DA functionality in the prefrontal cortex, and higher D1-to-D2-type receptor ratios in meso-cortico-limbic projections may lead to increasingly disinhibited and impetuous phenotypes of primary psychopathy. Finally, in order to provide a more coherent view on etiological mechanisms, we discuss interactions between DA and serotonin that are relevant for primary psychopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bariş O Yildirim
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Radboud University Nijmegen, De Kluyskamp 1002, 6545 JD Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Jan J L Derksen
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Room: A.07.04B, Radboud University Nijmegen, Montessorilaan 3, 6525 HR Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Jones GL, Soden ME, Knakal CR, Lee H, Chung AS, Merriam EB, Zweifel LS. A genetic link between discriminative fear coding by the lateral amygdala, dopamine, and fear generalization. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 26402461 PMCID: PMC4621744 DOI: 10.7554/elife.08969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The lateral amygdala (LA) acquires differential coding of predictive and non-predictive fear stimuli that is critical for proper fear memory assignment. The neurotransmitter dopamine is an important modulator of LA activity and facilitates fear memory formation, but whether dopamine neurons aid in the establishment of discriminative fear coding by the LA is unknown. NMDA-type glutamate receptors in dopamine neurons are critical for the prevention of generalized fear following an aversive experience, suggesting a potential link between a cell autonomous function of NMDAR in dopamine neurons and fear coding by the LA. Here, we utilized mice with a selective genetic inactivation functional NMDARs in dopamine neurons (DAT-NR1 KO mice) combined with behavior, in vivo electrophysiology, and ex vivo electrophysiology in LA neurons to demonstrate that plasticity underlying differential fear coding in the LA is regulated by NMDAR signaling in dopamine neurons and alterations in this plasticity is associated non-discriminative cued-fear responses. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.08969.001 When we experience a situation that causes us to feel fearful, the brain processes information about the events that led up to it. This information is encoded by groups of nerve cells called neurons in a region of the brain called the lateral amygdala. The nerve cells communicate with each other through chemicals called neurotransmitters. At a junction between two neurons—called a synapse—neurotransmitters are released from one cell and influence the activity of the other cell. Long-term changes in the strength of these communications in response to specific cues underlie the formation of memories about fearful events. When these changes occur incorrectly they can lead to memories about particular events becoming inaccurate, which can lead to fear being associated with related, but non-threatening, situations. This ‘generalization’ of fear can lead to generalized anxiety disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that plays an important role in forming memories of fearful events. However, it is not clear whether neurons that release dopamine are also involved in correctly discriminating fearful events from non-fearful ones. ‘Receptor’ proteins called NMDARs on the surface of neurons that release dopamine are critical for preventing generalized fear. These receptors detect another neurotransmitter called glutamate. Jones et al. used genetics and ‘electrophysiology’ techniques to study these receptors in mice. The experiments show that a gene that encodes part of an NMDAR in dopamine neurons plays a key role in how fear memories are formed. When this gene is selectively switched off in the dopamine neurons, mice are more likely to develop generalized fear and anxiety behaviors after a threatening experience. The experiments also demonstrate that these generalized threat responses are associated with differences in the way the synaptic connections in the lateral amygdala are strengthened. The next major challenge will be to find out which specific synaptic connections are strengthened and to establish how dopamine neuron activity patterns influences this connectivity. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.08969.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham L Jones
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and the Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Marta E Soden
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and the Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Cerise R Knakal
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and the Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Heather Lee
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and the Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Amanda S Chung
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and the Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Elliott B Merriam
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and the Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Larry S Zweifel
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and the Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
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Chang CH, Grace AA. Dopaminergic Modulation of Lateral Amygdala Neuronal Activity: Differential D1 and D2 Receptor Effects on Thalamic and Cortical Afferent Inputs. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 18:pyv015. [PMID: 25716776 PMCID: PMC4571626 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyv015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In auditory fear conditioning, the lateral nucleus of the amygdala (LA) integrates a conditioned stimulus (CS) from the auditory thalamus (MGN) and the auditory association cortex (Te3) with an aversive unconditioned stimulus. The thalamic input provides a basic version of the CS, while the cortical input provides a processed representation of the stimulus. Dopamine (DA) is released in the LA under heightened arousal during the presentation of the CS. METHODS In this study we examined how D1 or D2 receptor activation affects LA afferent-driven neuronal firing using in vivo extracellular single-unit recordings with local micro-iontophoretic drug application in anesthetized rats. LA neurons that were responsive (~50%) to electrical stimulation in either the MGN or the Te3 were tested by iontophoresis of either the D1 agonist, SKF38393, or the D2 agonist, quinpirole. RESULTS We found that most of the LA projection neurons exhibited either facilitatory or attenuating effects (changes in evoked probability >15% relative to baseline) on afferent input by activation of D1 or D2 receptors. In general, it required significantly higher stimulation current to evoke ~50% baseline responses to the cortical input. Activation of the D1 receptor showed no difference in modulation between the thalamic or cortical pathways. On the other hand, activation of the D2 receptor had a stronger inhibitory modulation of the cortical pathway, but a stronger excitatory modulation of the thalamic pathway. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that there is a shift in balance favoring the thalamic pathway in response to DA acting via the D2 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hui Chang
- Departments of Neuroscience, Psychiatry, and Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 (Drs Chang and Grace).
| | - Anthony A Grace
- Departments of Neuroscience, Psychiatry, and Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 (Drs Chang and Grace)
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Gray CL, Norvelle A, Larkin T, Huhman KL. Dopamine in the nucleus accumbens modulates the memory of social defeat in Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus). Behav Brain Res 2015; 286:22-8. [PMID: 25721736 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Conditioned defeat (CD) is a behavioral response that occurs in Syrian hamsters after they experience social defeat. Subsequently, defeated hamsters no longer produce territorial aggression but instead exhibit heightened levels of avoidance and submission, even when confronted with a smaller, non-aggressive intruder. Dopamine in the nucleus accumbens is hypothesized to act as a signal of salience for both rewarding and aversive stimuli to promote memory formation and appropriate behavioral responses to significant events. The purpose of the present study was to test the hypothesis that dopamine in the nucleus accumbens modulates the acquisition and expression of behavioral responses to social defeat. In Experiment 1, bilateral infusion of the non-specific D1/D2 receptor antagonist cis(z)flupenthixol (3.75 μg/150 nl saline) into the nucleus accumbens 5 min prior to defeat training significantly reduced submissive and defensive behavior expressed 24h later in response to a non-aggressive intruder. In Experiment 2, infusion of 3.75 μg cis-(Z)-flupenthixol 5 min before conditioned defeat testing with a non-aggressive intruder significantly increased aggressive behavior in drug-infused subjects. In Experiment 3, we found that the effect of cis-(Z)-flupenthixol on aggression was specific to defeated animals as infusion of drug into the nucleus accumbens of non-defeated animals did not significantly alter their behavior in response to a non-aggressive intruder. These data demonstrate that dopamine in the nucleus accumbens modulates both acquisition and expression of social stress-induced behavioral changes and suggest that the nucleus accumbens plays an important role in the suppression of aggression that is observed after social defeat.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Gray
- Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA
| | - A Norvelle
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302, USA
| | - T Larkin
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302, USA
| | - K L Huhman
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302, USA.
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Zhao L, Lin Y, Lao G, Wang Y, Guan L, Wei J, Yang Z, Ni P, Li X, Jiang Z, Li T, Hao X, Lin D, Cao L, Ma X. Association study of dopamine receptor genes polymorphism with cognitive functions in bipolar I disorder patients. J Affect Disord 2015; 170:85-90. [PMID: 25233244 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2014.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the correlation among the polymorphisms of dopamine receptor genes, cognitive function of Bipolar disorder (BD) patients, and BD. METHODS Twenty-three Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) of dopamine receptor genes were genotyped using Illumina GoldenGate genotyping assay in 375 patients with bipolar I disorder (BD-I) (patients group) and 475 healthy controls (control group). Cognitive function tests were performed in 158 patients who were clinically stable and 307 healthy controls who were matched with the patients in age, sex, and education. RESULTS The allele frequencies of rs3758653 in the promoter region of the DRD4 gene were significantly different between patients group and control group (χ(2)=9.386, Corrected P=0.046). This significant difference was also observed between BD-I patients with psychotic symptoms and healthy controls (χ(2)=9.27, Corrected P=0.049). Patients with BD-I performed significantly worse than healthy controls in all cognitive domains (p<0.01) except TMTA errors and illegal time. Significant interactions between polymorphisms of rs5326 in DRD1 gene and phenotype (affected or unaffected with BD-I) were found in non-perseverative errors (β=3.20 and Corrected P=0.0034) on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST). The allele of this SNP denoted the positive effect on the WCST non-perseverative errors in BD-I patients group (β=2.80 and Corrected P=0.017). The genotypic association analyses also supported the findings (F=4.24 and P=0.007), but this effect was not found in controls. LIMITATIONS The sample size was relatively small and the SNP coverage was limited, making it very important to be cautious when drawing a conclusion. CONCLUSIONS DRD4 gene may play an important role in psychotic symptomatology rather than in unique diagnosis, BD, for example. A genetic association exists between DRD1 gene and impaired cognition in BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liansheng Zhao
- Psychiatric Laboratory and Department of Psychiatry, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 1 Keyuan 4 Road, High Tech Parkm, Chengdu 610041, PR China; National Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Yin Lin
- Guangzhou Brain Hospital, Affilated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, No. 36 Minxin Road, Liwan District, Guangzhou 510370, PR China
| | - Guohui Lao
- Guangzhou Brain Hospital, Affilated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, No. 36 Minxin Road, Liwan District, Guangzhou 510370, PR China
| | - Yingcheng Wang
- Psychiatric Laboratory and Department of Psychiatry, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 1 Keyuan 4 Road, High Tech Parkm, Chengdu 610041, PR China; National Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Lijie Guan
- Guangzhou Brain Hospital, Affilated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, No. 36 Minxin Road, Liwan District, Guangzhou 510370, PR China
| | - Jinxue Wei
- Psychiatric Laboratory and Department of Psychiatry, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 1 Keyuan 4 Road, High Tech Parkm, Chengdu 610041, PR China; National Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Zhenxing Yang
- Psychiatric Laboratory and Department of Psychiatry, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 1 Keyuan 4 Road, High Tech Parkm, Chengdu 610041, PR China; National Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Peiyan Ni
- Psychiatric Laboratory and Department of Psychiatry, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 1 Keyuan 4 Road, High Tech Parkm, Chengdu 610041, PR China; National Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Xuan Li
- Guangzhou Brain Hospital, Affilated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, No. 36 Minxin Road, Liwan District, Guangzhou 510370, PR China
| | - Zeyu Jiang
- Guangzhou Brain Hospital, Affilated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, No. 36 Minxin Road, Liwan District, Guangzhou 510370, PR China
| | - Tao Li
- Psychiatric Laboratory and Department of Psychiatry, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 1 Keyuan 4 Road, High Tech Parkm, Chengdu 610041, PR China; National Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Xiaoyu Hao
- Guangzhou Brain Hospital, Affilated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, No. 36 Minxin Road, Liwan District, Guangzhou 510370, PR China
| | - Dongtao Lin
- Psychiatric Laboratory and Department of Psychiatry, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 1 Keyuan 4 Road, High Tech Parkm, Chengdu 610041, PR China; College of Foreign Languages and Cultures, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, PR China
| | - Liping Cao
- Guangzhou Brain Hospital, Affilated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, No. 36 Minxin Road, Liwan District, Guangzhou 510370, PR China.
| | - Xiaohong Ma
- Psychiatric Laboratory and Department of Psychiatry, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 1 Keyuan 4 Road, High Tech Parkm, Chengdu 610041, PR China; National Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China.
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Abstract
We review recent work on the role of intrinsic amygdala networks in the regulation of classically conditioned defensive behaviors, commonly known as conditioned fear. These new developments highlight how conditioned fear depends on far more complex networks than initially envisioned. Indeed, multiple parallel inhibitory and excitatory circuits are differentially recruited during the expression versus extinction of conditioned fear. Moreover, shifts between expression and extinction circuits involve coordinated interactions with different regions of the medial prefrontal cortex. However, key areas of uncertainty remain, particularly with respect to the connectivity of the different cell types. Filling these gaps in our knowledge is important because much evidence indicates that human anxiety disorders results from an abnormal regulation of the networks supporting fear learning.
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Wade DM, Brewin CR, Howell DCJ, White E, Mythen MG, Weinman JA. Intrusive memories of hallucinations and delusions in traumatized intensive care patients: An interview study. Br J Health Psychol 2014; 20:613-31. [DOI: 10.1111/bjhp.12109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy M. Wade
- Critical Care Department; University College Hospital; London UK
- Department of Psychology; University College London; UK
| | | | | | - Emily White
- Critical Care Department; University College Hospital; London UK
| | | | - John A. Weinman
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science; King's College London; UK
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36
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Walsh JJ, Han MH. The heterogeneity of ventral tegmental area neurons: Projection functions in a mood-related context. Neuroscience 2014; 282:101-8. [PMID: 24931766 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The ventral tegmental area (VTA) in the brain's reward circuitry is composed of a heterogeneous population of dopamine, GABA, and glutamate neurons that play important roles in mediating mood-related functions including depression. These neurons project to different brain regions, including the nucleus accumbens (NAc), the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), and the amygdala. The functional understanding of these projection pathways has been improved since the extensive use of advanced techniques such as viral-mediated gene transfer, cell-type-specific neurophysiology and circuit-probing optogenetics. In this article, we will discuss the recent progress in understanding these VTA projection-specific functions, focusing on mood-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Walsh
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Neuroscience Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - M H Han
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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37
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Morrison FG, Ressler KJ. From the neurobiology of extinction to improved clinical treatments. Depress Anxiety 2014; 31:279-90. [PMID: 24254958 PMCID: PMC4293038 DOI: 10.1002/da.22214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The neural circuitry underlying the fear response is extremely well conserved across mammalian species, which has allowed for the rapid translation of research findings in rodent models of fear to therapeutic interventions in human populations. Many aspects of exposure-based psychotherapy treatments in humans, which are widely used in the treatment of PTSD, panic disorder, phobias, and other anxiety disorders, are closely paralleled by extinction training in rodent fear conditioning models. Here, we discuss how the neural circuitry of fear learning and extinction in rodent animal models may be used to understand the underlying neural circuitry of fear-related disorders, such as PTSD in humans. We examine the factors that contribute to the pathology and development of PTSD. Next, we will review how fear is measured in animal models using classical Pavlovian fear conditioning paradigms, as well as brain regions such as the amygdala, which are involved in the fear response across species. Finally, we highlight the following three systems involved in the extinction of fear, all of which represent promising avenues for therapeutic interventions in the clinic: (1) the role of the glutamatergic N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, (2) the role of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-tyrosine kinase B (TrkB) induced signaling pathway, and (3) the role of the renin-angiotensin system. The modulation of pathways underlying fear learning and extinction, such as the ones presented in this review, in combination with extinction-based exposure therapy, represents promising avenues for therapeutic intervention in the treatment of human fear related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filomene G. Morrison
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Kerry J. Ressler
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland,Correspondence to: Kerry J. Ressler, Yerkes Research Center, 954 Gatewood Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30329.
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38
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Striatal dopamine D1 receptor is essential for contextual fear conditioning. Sci Rep 2014; 4:3976. [PMID: 24496082 PMCID: PMC3913917 DOI: 10.1038/srep03976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Fear memory is critical for animals to trigger behavioural adaptive responses to potentially threatening stimuli, while too much or inappropriate fear may cause psychiatric problems. Numerous studies have shown that the amygdala, hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex play important roles in Pavlovian fear conditioning. Recently, we showed that striatal neurons are required for the formation of the auditory fear memory when the unconditioned stimulus is weak. Here, we found that selective ablation of striatal neurons strongly diminished contextual fear conditioning irrespective of the intensity of footshock. Furthermore, contextual fear conditioning was strongly reduced in striatum-specific dopamine D1 receptor knockout mice. On the other hand, striatum-specific dopamine D2 receptor knockout mice showed freezing responses comparable to those of control mice. These results suggest that striatal D1 receptor is essential for contextual fear conditioning.
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Sears RM, Schiff HC, LeDoux JE. Molecular Mechanisms of Threat Learning in the Lateral Nucleus of the Amygdala. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2014; 122:263-304. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-420170-5.00010-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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40
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Colombo AC, de Oliveira AR, Reimer AE, Brandão ML. Dopaminergic mechanisms underlying catalepsy, fear and anxiety: do they interact? Behav Brain Res 2013; 257:201-7. [PMID: 24120401 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Revised: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Haloperidol is a dopamine D2 receptor antagonist that induces catalepsy when systemically administered to rodents. The haloperidol-induced catalepsy is a state of akinesia and rigidity very similar to that seen in Parkinson's disease. There exists great interest in knowing whether or not some degree of emotionality underlies catalepsy. If so, what kind of emotional distress would permeate such motor disturbance? This study is an attempt to shed some light on this issue through an analysis of ultrasound vocalizations (USVs) of 22 kHz, open-field test, and contextual conditioned fear in rats with some degree of catalepsy induced by haloperidol. Systemic administration of haloperidol caused catalepsy and decreased exploratory activity in the open-field. There was no difference in the emission of USVs between groups during the catalepsy or the exploratory behavior in the open-field test. In the contextual conditioned fear, when administered before training session, haloperidol did not change the emission of USVs or the freezing response. When administered before testing session, haloperidol enhanced the freezing response and decreased the emission of USVs on the test day. These findings suggest that the involvement of dopaminergic mechanisms in threatening situations depends on the nature of the aversive stimulus. Activation of D2 receptors occurs in the setting up of adaptive responses to conditioned fear stimuli so that these mechanisms seem to be important for the emission of 22 kHz USVs during the testing phase of the contextual conditioned fear, but not during the training session or the open-field test (unconditioned fear stimuli). Catalepsy, on the other hand, is the result of the blockage of D2 receptors in neural circuits associated to motor behavior that appears to be dissociated from those directly linked to dopamine-mediated neural mechanisms associated to fear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Caroline Colombo
- Laboratório de Psicobiologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; Instituto de Neurociências e Comportamento (INeC), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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Lee S, Kim SJ, Kwon OB, Lee JH, Kim JH. Inhibitory networks of the amygdala for emotional memory. Front Neural Circuits 2013; 7:129. [PMID: 23914157 PMCID: PMC3729980 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2013.00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The amygdala is important for emotional memory, including learned fear. A number of studies for amygdala neural circuits that underlie fear conditioning have elucidated specific cellular and molecular mechanisms of emotional memory. Recent technical advances such as optogenetic approaches have not only confirmed the importance of excitatory circuits in fear conditioning, but have also shed new light for a direct role of inhibitory circuits in both the acquisition and extinction of fear memory in addition to their role in fine tuning of excitatory neural circuitry. As a result, the circuits in amygdala could be drawn more elaborately, and it led us to understand how fear or extinction memories are formed in the detailed circuit level, and various neuromodulators affect these circuit activities, inducing subtle behavioral changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungho Lee
- Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology Pohang, South Korea
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42
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Piri M, Ayazi E, Zarrindast MR. Involvement of the dorsal hippocampal dopamine D2 receptors in histamine-induced anxiogenic-like effects in mice. Neurosci Lett 2013; 550:139-44. [PMID: 23872092 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Anxiety-related behaviors increase histamine and dopamine release in the brain. On the other hand, central histamine counteracts reward and reinforcement processes mediated by the mesolimbic dopamine system. We investigated the effects of the histaminergic system and dopamine D2 receptors agents and their interactions on anxiety-related behaviors using the elevated plus-maze (EPM). The intra-hippocampal (Intra-CA1) microinjection of histamine (10 μg/mouse) decreased the percentage of open arm time (%OAT) and open arm entries (%OAE) but not the locomotor activity, indicating an anxiogenic-like response. Quinpirole (0.5 and 2 μg/mouse) or sulpiride (0.3 and 1 μg/mouse) when injected into the dorsal hippocampus also induced anxiety-like behavior, however, the drugs reversed the anxiogenic response induced by the effective dose of histamine (10 μg/mouse). Taken together and under the present experimental design, our results indicate that activation of the dorsal hippocampal histaminergic receptors causes anxiety-like behaviors altered by dopamine D2 receptor agonist and antagonist. Histamine can decrease dopaminergic tone in the dorsal hippocampus through decreasing the endogenous dopamine release, whereas quinpirole does the same via the postsynaptic DA receptors' activation. Sulpiride however renders the same effect through autoreceptors' blockade and potentiated dopamine transmission. Thus, quinpirole and sulpiride seem to compensate the effects of the intra-CA1 injection of exogenous histamine, and tend to exert anxiolytic effects in the presence of histamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Piri
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Ardabil Branch, Ardabil, Iran
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43
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Hill JE, Gasser PJ. Organic cation transporter 3 is densely expressed in the intercalated cell groups of the amygdala: anatomical evidence for a stress hormone-sensitive dopamine clearance system. J Chem Neuroanat 2013; 52:36-43. [PMID: 23694905 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2013.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The intercalated cell groups of the amygdala (ITCs) are clusters of GABAergic neurons which exert powerful modulatory control of amygdala output, and are thought to play key roles in the extinction of conditioned fear responses. Dopamine, acting through D1 receptors, inhibits ITC neuronal activity, an action that has the potential to disinhibit amygdala activity, leading to changes in behavioral responses. Dopaminergic neurotransmission in the ITC occurs through a combination of synaptic and volume transmission. Thus, mechanisms, including transport mechanisms, that regulate extracellular dopamine concentrations in the ITC, are likely to be important determinants of amygdala function. We have recently demonstrated the expression of organic cation transporter 3 (OCT3), a high-capacity transporter for dopamine and other monoamines, throughout the rat brain. In this study, we used immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence techniques to examine the distribution of OCT3 in the ITC, to identify the phenotype of OCT3-expressing cells, and to describe the spatial relationships of OCT3 to dopaminergic terminals and dopamine D1 receptors in these areas. We observed high densities of OCT3-immunoreactive perikarya and punctae throughout the D1 receptor-rich main, anterior and paracapsular ITCs, in contrast with the basolateral amygdala, where OCT3 immunoreactive perikarya and puncta were observed at much lower density. OCT3-immunoreactive perikarya in the ITC were identified as neurons. Tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive fibers in the ITC were immunonegative for OCT3, though OCT3-immunoreactive punctae were observed in close proximity to TH+ terminals. Punctate OCT3-immunoreactivity in the ITCs was observed in very close proximity (<1 μm) to D1 receptor immunoreactivity. These anatomical data are consistent with the hypothesis that OCT3 plays a central role in regulating dopaminergic neurotransmission in the ITC, and that it represents a post- or peri-synaptic dopamine clearance mechanism. Inhibition of OCT3-mediated transport by corticosterone may represent a mechanism by which acute stress alters dopaminergic neurotransmission in the amygdala, leading to alterations in fear and anxiety-like behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan E Hill
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, 516 N 15th Street, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA.
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Radke AK, Gewirtz JC. Increased dopamine receptor activity in the nucleus accumbens shell ameliorates anxiety during drug withdrawal. Neuropsychopharmacology 2012; 37:2405-15. [PMID: 22692565 PMCID: PMC3442355 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2012.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A number of lines of evidence suggest that negative emotional symptoms of withdrawal involve reduced activity in the mesolimbic dopamine system. This study examined the contribution of dopaminergic signaling in structures downstream of the ventral tegmental area to withdrawal from acute morphine exposure, measured as potentiation of the acoustic startle reflex. Systemic administration of the general dopamine receptor agonist apomorphine or a cocktail of the D1-like receptor agonist SKF82958 and the D2-like receptor agonist quinpirole attenuated potentiated startle during morphine withdrawal. This effect was replicated by apomorphine infusion into the nucleus accumbens shell. Finally, apomorphine injection was shown to relieve startle potentiation during nicotine withdrawal and conditioned place aversion to morphine withdrawal. These results suggest that transient activation of the ventral tegmental area mesolimbic dopamine system triggers the expression of anxiety and aversion during withdrawal from multiple classes of abused drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Radke
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jonathan C Gewirtz
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Minneapolis, MN, USA,Department of Neuroscience, Minneapolis, MN, USA,Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA,Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, N-218 Elliott Hall, 75 East River Road, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA, Tel: +1 612 625 6653, Fax: +1 612 626 2079 E-mail:
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Naudts KH, Azevedo RT, David AS, van Heeringen C, Gibbs AA. Influence of COMT val158met and ADRA2B deletion polymorphisms on recollection and familiarity components of human emotional memory. J Psychopharmacol 2012; 26:819-29. [PMID: 21965191 DOI: 10.1177/0269881111416688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Emotional enhancement of memory is a widely accepted phenomenon that, in addition to its adaptive role, may play a role in the evolution of psychiatric disorders. Hence a comprehensive understanding of its neurobiological basis is imperative. Whilst the pharmacological and neural mechanisms are well known, the contribution of genetic variation is not. Research suggests that two qualitatively different processes (recollection and familiarity) contribute to recognition memory. In this study, we examined the relative contribution of two common genetic polymorphisms, the deletion variant of the ADRA2B gene that codes the α2b adrenergic receptor and the val158met polymorphism of the COMT gene that codes the catechol-O-methyltransferase enzyme, to emotional enhancement of these two memory processes in 97 healthy male volunteers. There was a significant interaction between COMT genotype and emotional arousal in relation to recollection, but not familiarity, with the former being significantly elevated for emotionally arousing versus neutral pictures in carriers of the val158 allele compared with met158 carriers. There were no main effects or interactions in relation to ADRA2B genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- K H Naudts
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
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Hettinger JA, Liu X, Hudson ML, Lee A, Cohen IL, Michaelis RC, Schwartz CE, Lewis SME, Holden JJA. DRD2 and PPP1R1B (DARPP-32) polymorphisms independently confer increased risk for autism spectrum disorders and additively predict affected status in male-only affected sib-pair families. Behav Brain Funct 2012; 8:19. [PMID: 22559203 PMCID: PMC3479424 DOI: 10.1186/1744-9081-8-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 05/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) modulates executive functions, learning, and emotional processing, all of which are impaired in individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). Our previous findings suggest a role for dopamine-related genes in families with only affected males. Methods We examined two additional genes which affect DA function, the DRD2 and PPP1R1B (DARPP-32) genes, in a cohort of 112 male-only affected sib-pair families. Selected polymorphisms spanning these genes were genotyped and both family-based and population-based tests were carried out for association analysis. General discriminant analysis was used to examine the gene-gene interactions in predicting autism susceptibility. Results There was a significantly increased frequency of the DRD2 rs1800498TT genotype (P = 0.007) in affected males compared to the comparison group, apparently due to over-transmission of the T allele (P = 0.0003). The frequency of the PPP1R1B rs1495099CC genotype in affected males was also higher than that in the comparison group (P = 0.002) due to preferential transmission of the C allele from parents to affected children (P = 0.0009). Alleles rs1800498T and rs1495099C were associated with more severe problems in social interaction (P = 0.0002 and P = 0.0016, respectively) and communication (P = 0.0004 and P = 0.0046), and increased stereotypic behaviours (P = 0.0021 and P = 0.00072). General discriminant analysis found that the DRD2 and PPP1R1B genes additively predicted ASDs (P = 0.00011; Canonical R = 0.26) and explain ~7% of the variance in our families. All findings remained significant following corrections for multiple testing. Conclusion Our findings support a role for the DRD2 and PPP1R1B genes in conferring risk for autism in families with only affected males and show an additive effect of these genes towards prediction of affected status in our families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe A Hettinger
- Department of Physiology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
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Lee SY, Chen SL, Chang YH, Chen SH, Chu CH, Huang SY, Tzeng NS, Wang CL, Lee IH, Yeh TL, Yang YK, Lu RB. The DRD2/ANKK1 gene is associated with response to add-on dextromethorphan treatment in bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord 2012; 138:295-300. [PMID: 22326841 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2012.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Revised: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Dextromethorphan (DM) is a non-competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist that may be neuroprotective for monoamine neurons. We hypothesized that adding DM to valproate (VPA) treatment would attenuate bipolar disorder (BP) symptoms. We evaluated in BP patients the association between the DRD2/ANKK1 TaqIA polymorphism with treatment response to VPA+add-on DM and to VPA+placebo. This double-blind, stratified, randomized study ran from January 2007 through December 2010. BP patients undergoing regular VPA treatments were randomly assigned to groups given either add-on DM (60 mg/day) (n=167) or placebo (n=83) for 12 weeks. The Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) were used to evaluate clinical response. The genotypes of the DRD2/ANKK1 TaqIA polymorphisms were determined using polymerase chain reactions plus restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. To adjust within-subject dependence over repeated assessments, multiple linear regression with generalized estimating equation methods was used to analyze the effects of the DRD2/ANKK1 TaqIA polymorphism on clinical performance. Both groups showed significantly decreased YMRS and HDRS scores after 12 weeks of treatment; the differences between groups were non-significant. Decreases in YMRS scores were greater in patients with the A1A1 (P=0.004) genotypes than with the A2A2 genotype. We conclude that the DRD2/ANKK1 TaqIA polymorphism influenced responses to DM by decreasing manic symptoms in BP patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Yu Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine and Hospital, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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Ryan SJ, Ehrlich DE, Jasnow AM, Daftary S, Madsen TE, Rainnie DG. Spike-timing precision and neuronal synchrony are enhanced by an interaction between synaptic inhibition and membrane oscillations in the amygdala. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35320. [PMID: 22563382 PMCID: PMC3338510 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Accepted: 03/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The basolateral complex of the amygdala (BLA) is a critical component of the neural circuit regulating fear learning. During fear learning and recall, the amygdala and other brain regions, including the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, exhibit phase-locked oscillations in the high delta/low theta frequency band (∼2-6 Hz) that have been shown to contribute to the learning process. Network oscillations are commonly generated by inhibitory synaptic input that coordinates action potentials in groups of neurons. In the rat BLA, principal neurons spontaneously receive synchronized, inhibitory input in the form of compound, rhythmic, inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs), likely originating from burst-firing parvalbumin interneurons. Here we investigated the role of compound IPSPs in the rat and rhesus macaque BLA in regulating action potential synchrony and spike-timing precision. Furthermore, because principal neurons exhibit intrinsic oscillatory properties and resonance between 4 and 5 Hz, in the same frequency band observed during fear, we investigated whether compound IPSPs and intrinsic oscillations interact to promote rhythmic activity in the BLA at this frequency. Using whole-cell patch clamp in brain slices, we demonstrate that compound IPSPs, which occur spontaneously and are synchronized across principal neurons in both the rat and primate BLA, significantly improve spike-timing precision in BLA principal neurons for a window of ∼300 ms following each IPSP. We also show that compound IPSPs coordinate the firing of pairs of BLA principal neurons, and significantly improve spike synchrony for a window of ∼130 ms. Compound IPSPs enhance a 5 Hz calcium-dependent membrane potential oscillation (MPO) in these neurons, likely contributing to the improvement in spike-timing precision and synchronization of spiking. Activation of the cAMP-PKA signaling cascade enhanced the MPO, and inhibition of this cascade blocked the MPO. We discuss these results in the context of spike-timing dependent plasticity and modulation by neurotransmitters important for fear learning, such as dopamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Ryan
- Division of Behavioral Neuroscience and Psychiatric Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Yerkes Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
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Bananej M, Karimi-Sori A, Zarrindast MR, Ahmadi S. D1 and D2 dopaminergic systems in the rat basolateral amygdala are involved in anxiogenic-like effects induced by histamine. J Psychopharmacol 2012; 26:564-74. [PMID: 21628344 DOI: 10.1177/0269881111405556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Involvement of the dopamine receptors in the basolateral amygdala (BLA) in the effects of histamine on anxiety-like behaviors of the elevated plus maze in male Wistar rats was investigated. The results showed that bilateral intra-BLA injections of histamine (2.5, 5 and 7.5 µg/rat) induced an anxiogenic-like effect, revealed by decreases in percentage of open arm time (%OAT) and open arm entries (%OAE). Intra-BLA administration of dopamine D1 receptor agonist, SKF38393 (0.25 µg/rat), and dopamine D2 receptor agonist, quinpirole (0.03 and 0.05 µg/rat), decreased %OAT but not %OAE. Conversely, intra-BLA administration of dopamine D1 receptor antagonist, SCH23390 (0.5 and 1 µg/rat), and dopamine D2 receptor antagonist, sulpiride (0.3 and 0.5 µg/rat), increased %OAT and %OAE, suggesting an anxiolytic-like effect for both drugs. Interestingly, co-administration of a silent dose of SCH23390 or sulpiride prevented anxiogenic-like effects of SKF38393 and quinpirole, respectively. Conjoint administration of a sub-effective dose of SKF38393 (0.125 µg/rat) or quinpirole (0.01 µg/rat) along with lower doses of histamine (1 and 2.5 µg/rat) induced anxiolytic-like effects. On the other hand, intra-BLA pretreatment with a silent dose of SCH23390 (0.25 µg/rat) or sulpiride (0.1 µg/rat) prevented the anxiogenic-like effect of higher doses of histamine (5 and 7.5 µg/rat). No significant change was observed in total closed arm entries, as an index for motor activity of the animals. It can be concluded that the dopamine D1 and D2 receptors in the BLA may be involved in the anxiogenic-like effects induced by histamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Bananej
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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de la Mora MP, Gallegos-Cari A, Crespo-Ramirez M, Marcellino D, Hansson A, Fuxe K. Distribution of dopamine D2-like receptors in the rat amygdala and their role in the modulation of unconditioned fear and anxiety. Neuroscience 2012; 201:252-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Revised: 10/12/2011] [Accepted: 10/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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