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Silvestre AM, Souza JM, Millen DD. Adoption of adaptation protocols and feed additives to improve performance of feedlot cattle. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2023.2191679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio M. Silvestre
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Johnny M. Souza
- College of Agricultural and Technological Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Dracena, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Danilo D. Millen
- College of Agricultural and Technological Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Dracena, São Paulo, Brazil
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Ngoma NFN, Malahlela MN, Marufu MC, Cenci-Goga BT, Grispoldi L, Etter E, Kalake A, Karama M. Antimicrobial growth promoters approved in food-producing animals in South Africa induce shiga toxin-converting bacteriophages from Escherichia coli O157:H7. Gut Pathog 2023; 15:64. [PMID: 38057920 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-023-00590-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, four antimicrobial growth promoters, including virginiamycin, josamycin, flavophospholipol, poly 2-propenal 2-propenoic acid and ultraviolet light, were tested for their capacity to induce stx-bacteriophages in 47 Shiga toxin-producing E. coli O157:H7 isolates. Induced bacteriophages were characterized for shiga toxin subtypes and structural genes by PCR, DNA restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP) and morphological features by electron microscopy. Bacteriophages were induced from 72.3% (34/47) of the STEC O157:H7 isolates tested. Bacteriophage induction rates per induction method were as follows: ultraviolet light, 53.2% (25/47); poly 2-propenal 2-propenoic acid, 42.6% (20/47); virginiamycin, 34.0% (16/47); josamycin, 34.0% (16/47); and flavophospholipol, 29.8% (14/47). A total of 98 bacteriophages were isolated, but only 59 were digestible by NdeI, revealing 40 RFLP profiles which could be subdivided in 12 phylogenetic subgroups. Among the 98 bacteriophages, stx2a, stx2c and stx2d were present in 85.7%, 94.9% and 36.7% of bacteriophages, respectively. The Q, P, CIII, N1, N2 and IS1203 genes were found in 96.9%, 82.7%, 69.4%, 40.8%, 60.2% and 73.5% of the samples, respectively. Electron microscopy revealed four main representative morphologies which included three bacteriophages which all had long tails but different head morphologies: long hexagonal head, oval/oblong head and oval/circular head, and one bacteriophage with an icosahedral/hexagonal head with a short thick contractile tail. This study demonstrated that virginiamycin, josamycin, flavophospholipol and poly 2-propenal 2-propenoic acid induce genetically and morphologically diverse free stx-converting bacteriophages from STEC O157:H7. The possibility that these antimicrobial growth promoters may induce bacteriophages in vivo in animals and human hosts is a public health concern. Policies aimed at minimizing or banning the use of antimicrobial growth promoters should be promoted and implemented in countries where these compounds are still in use in animal agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nomonde F N Ngoma
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Veterinary Public Health Section, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
| | - Mogaugedi N Malahlela
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Veterinary Public Health Section, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
| | - Munyaradzi C Marufu
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Beniamino T Cenci-Goga
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Veterinary Public Health Section, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
- Departimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Laboratorio di Ispezione Degli Alimenti di Origine Animale, University of Perugia, Perugia, 06126, Italy
| | - Luca Grispoldi
- Departimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Laboratorio di Ispezione Degli Alimenti di Origine Animale, University of Perugia, Perugia, 06126, Italy
| | - Eric Etter
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Petit-Bourg, F-97170, France
- ASTRE, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | - Alan Kalake
- Gauteng Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, Johannesburg, 2001, South Africa
| | - Musafiri Karama
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Veterinary Public Health Section, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa.
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Carvalho PHV, Latack BC, Montano MF, Zinn RA. Influence of supplemental flavomycin on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and nutrient digestibility in calf-fed Holstein steers. Transl Anim Sci 2023; 7:txad005. [PMID: 36777098 PMCID: PMC9909504 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txad005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of supplemental flavomycin on cattle growth performance, carcass characteristics, diet digestibility, and ruminal fermentation characteristics of calf-fed Holstein steers. One hundred Holstein steers (123 ± 7 kg) were balanced by weight and assigned to 20 pens. Dietary treatments consisted of a steam flaked corn-based diet supplemented with (dry matter basis): 1) control, no feed additive; 2) 6.6 mg/kg flavomycin; 3) 13.2 mg/kg flavomycin, and 4) 30 mg/kg monensin (MON). There were no treatment effects (P ≥ 0.17) on live weight, average daily gain (ADG), and gain efficiency. Flavomycin did not affect dry matter intake (DMI; P ≥ 0.24). Flavomycin supplementation did not affect (P ≥ 0.37) the ratio of observed vs. expected DMI. However, MON decreased (P = 0.02) observed vs. expected DMI by 3.7%. There were no treatment effects (P ≥ 0.44) on ruminal pH or temperature. Flavomycin did not affect (P ≥ 0.13) carcass characteristics and liver abscess among steers. Four Holstein steers (463 ± 20 kg) with ruminal cannulas were used in 4 × 4 Latin square experiment to study treatment effects on site and extent of digestion, ruminal pH, and volatile fatty acid (VFA) molar proportions. Dietary treatments were the same as experiment 1. Flavomycin tended to increase (linear effect, P = 0.07) ruminal organic matter (OM) digestion, associated with increased (linear effect, P < 0.01) ruminal starch digestion. Supplementing flavomycin at 13.2 mg/kg decreased net microbial N synthesis (quadratic effect, P = 0.03). Compared with control, MON tended to increase (P = 0.10) ruminal neutral detergent fiber (NDF) digestion and increased (P < 0.01) ruminal starch digestion. Monensin did not affect (P = 0.39) net microbial N synthesis, but decreased (P = 0.01) ruminal degradation of feed nitrogen (N). There were no treatment effects (P > 0.10) on total tract apparent digestion of DM, OM, NDF, and starch. Flavomycin decreased ruminal pH (quadratic effect, P < 0.01) measured 4 h postprandial. Compared with control, MON increased ruminal pH (P = 0.03). Flavomycin increased (linear effect, P = 0.03) ruminal propionate molar proportion and decreased (linear effect, P ≤ 0.04) ruminal molar proportions of acetate and butyrate, and decreased (linear effect, P = 0.02) acetate:propionate molar ratio and estimated methane production. We conclude that supplementing flavomycin at 6.6 or 13.2 mg/kg had no major effects on cattle growth performance, carcass characteristics, diet digestibility, and ruminal fermentation characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brooke C Latack
- Cooperative Extension, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of California, Holtville, CA 92250
| | - Martin F Montano
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, carretera Mexicali/San Felipe, Mexicali, Baja California 21386, México
| | - Richard A Zinn
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
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Structural diversity, bioactivity, and biosynthesis of phosphoglycolipid family antibiotics: recent advances. BBA ADVANCES 2022; 2:100065. [PMID: 37082588 PMCID: PMC10074958 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadva.2022.100065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Moenomycins, such as moenomycin A, are phosphoglycolipid specialized metabolites produced by a number of actinobacterial species. They are among the most potent antibacterial compounds known to date, which drew numerous studies directed at various aspects of the chemistry and biology of moenomycins. In this review, we outline the advances in moenomycin research over the last decade. We focus on biological aspects, highlighting the contribution of the novel methods of genomics and molecular biology to the deciphering of the biosynthesis and activity of moenomycins. Specifically, we describe the structural diversity of moenomycins as well as the underlying genomic variations in moenomycin biosynthetic gene clusters. We also describe the most recent data on the mechanism of action and assembly of complicated phosphoglycolipid scaffold. We conclude with the description of the genetic control of moenomycin production by Streptomyces bacteria and a brief outlook on future developments.
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Neumann M, Souza AMD, Falbo MK, Bertagnon HG, Costa LD, Sidor FDS. Avaliação da eficácia, inocuidade e depleção residual da flavomicina em novilhos confinados. CIÊNCIA ANIMAL BRASILEIRA 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/1809-6891v23e-72054p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Resumo A flavomicina é um aditivo que pertence à classe dos não ionóforos, contudo, com poucos estudos realizados com bovinos confinados em fase de terminação. Diante disso, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a eficácia da flavomicina sobre o desempenho produtivo, comportamento ingestivo, características de carcaça e os parâmetros bioquímicos de novilhos terminados em confinamento. Foram avaliados 32 novilhos inteiros, ½ sangue Angus ½ sangue Nelore, provenientes do mesmo rebanho, com idade média de 11 meses ± 1,5 meses e peso corporal inicial de 337 kg ± 6 kg. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados, composto por dois tratamentos e oito repetições, sendo: Dieta sem flavomicina (controle) e Dieta com flavomicina (0,5 g animal dia-1 do produto FLAVIMPEX®80). Não ocorrendo diferença entre os tratamentos, o consumo de matéria seca médio dos animais foi de 10,03 kg dia-1, eficiência alimentar de 0,158 kg, ganho médio diário de 1,593 kg dia-1, digestibilidade aparente da dieta de 61,69%. O uso da flavomicina não foi eficaz no desempenho animal, assim como não trouxe alterações no comportamento ingestivo e melhorias nas características de carcaça dos animais. A Proteína Plasmática Total, Aspartato amino-transferase e creatinina foram inferiores para os animais suplementados com flavomicina em relação ao grupo controle. Em relação ao período experimental houve redução nos índices de Proteína Plasmática Total, aumento na albumina, Gama-Glutamil Transferase e ureia dos bovinos, mas todos se mantiveram dentro dos valores de referência para a espécie.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Neumann
- Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste (UNICENTRO), Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Luísa da Costa
- Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste (UNICENTRO), Brazil
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Neumann M, Souza AMD, Falbo MK, Bertagnon HG, Costa LD, Sidor FDS. On the efficacy, innocuity and residual depletion of flavomycin in confined steers. CIÊNCIA ANIMAL BRASILEIRA 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/1809-6891v23e-72054e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Flavomycin is a non-ionophore additive little studied in finishing confined cattle. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of flavomycin on productive performance, ingestive behavior, carcass traits and biochemical parameters of steers finished in confinement. 32 whole steers, ½ Angus e ½ Nellore blood, from the same herd, with a mean age of 11 ± 1.5 months and initial body weight of 337 ± 6 kg were evaluated. The experiment was a randomized block design, consisting of two treatments and eight replications, as follows: Diet without flavomycin (control) and Diet with flavomycin (0.5 g FLAVIMPEX®80 animal day-1). There was no difference between treatments, the average dry matter intake of the animals was 10.03 kg day-1, feed efficiency was 0.158 kg, average daily gain was 1.593 kg day-1, apparent diet digestibility was 61.69%. The use of flavomycin was not effective in animal performance, and caused no changes in ingestive behavior and carcass traits of the animals. Total Plasma Protein, Aspartate amino-transferase and creatinine were lower for animals supplemented with flavomycin compared to the control group. In relation to the experimental period, there was a reduction in the levels of Total Plasma Protein, an increase in albumin, Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase and urea in cattle, but all remained within the reference range for the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Neumann
- Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste (UNICENTRO), Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Luísa da Costa
- Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste (UNICENTRO), Brazil
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Limede AC, Marques RS, Polizel DM, Cappellozza BI, Miszura AA, Barroso JPR, Storti Martins A, Sardinha LA, Baggio M, Pires AV. Effects of supplementation with narasin, salinomycin, or flavomycin on performance and ruminal fermentation characteristics of Bos indicus Nellore cattle fed with forage-based diets. J Anim Sci 2021; 99:6231516. [PMID: 33861855 PMCID: PMC8051843 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the inclusion of narasin, salinomycin, or flavomycin for 140 d on ruminal fermentation parameters, apparent nutrient digestibility, and performance of Nellore cattle offered a forage-based diet. In experiment 1, 32 rumen-cannulated Bos indicus Nellore steers [initial body weight (BW) = 220 ± 12.6 kg] were assigned to individual pens in a randomized complete block design according to their initial shrunk BW. Within block, animals were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments: (1) forage-based diet without feed additives (CON; n = 8), (2) CON diet plus 13 ppm of narasin (NAR; n = 8), (3) CON diet plus 20 ppm of salinomycin (SAL; n = 8), or (4) CON diet plus 3 ppm of flavomycin (FLA; n = 8). The experimental period lasted 140 d and was divided into 5 periods of 28 d each. The inclusion of feed additives did not impact (P ≥ 0.17) dry matter intake (DMI), nutrient intake, and apparent total tract digestibility of nutrients. Nonetheless, steers fed NAR had lower (P < 0.01) molar proportion of acetate compared with CON, SAL, and FLA steers, whereas ruminal acetate tended to be greater (P < 0.09) for SAL vs. CON and FLA, but did not differ (P = 0.68) between CON vs. FLA steers. Ruminal propionate was the highest (P < 0.01) for steers fed NAR and did not differ (P > 0.20) between CON, SAL, and FLA. Consequently, NAR steers had the lowest (P < 0.01) Ac:Pr ratio, whereas Ac:Pr did not differ (P > 0.18) among CON, SAL, and FLA. Total volatile fatty acids were greater (P < 0.04) for NAR and CON vs. SAL and FLA, but did not differ (P > 0.67) among NAR vs. CON and SAL vs. FLA. In experiment 2, 164 Nellore bulls (initial shrunk BW = 299 ± 2.5 kg) were assigned to feedlot pens for 140 d in a randomized complete block design. Within block (n = 10), animals were randomly assigned to the same treatments used in experiment 1. Average daily gain was greater (P < 0.01) in NAR vs. CON, SAL, and FLA bulls, and did not differ (P > 0.12) between CON, SAL, and FLA bulls. Bulls fed NAR had greater (P < 0.02) DMI (as kg/d or % BW) and final shrunk BW compared with CON, SAL, and FLA bulls, whereas DMI and final shrunk BW did not differ (P > 0.26) between CON, SAL, and FLA bulls. Feed efficiency, however, was not impacted (P = 0.51) by any feed additives used herein. Collectively, narasin was the only feed additive that benefited performance and ruminal fermentation of Nellore animals fed a forage-based diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaldo Cintra Limede
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Animal Production, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-000, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo S Marques
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717
| | - Daniel Montanher Polizel
- Department of Animal Science, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba 13418-900, Brazil
| | | | - Alexandre Arantes Miszura
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Animal Production, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-000, Brazil
| | - José Paulo Roman Barroso
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Animal Production, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-000, Brazil
| | - André Storti Martins
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Animal Production, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-000, Brazil
| | - Lairana Aline Sardinha
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Animal Production, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-000, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Baggio
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Animal Production, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-000, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Vaz Pires
- Department of Animal Science, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba 13418-900, Brazil
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Lemos BJM, Castro FGF, Santos LS, Mendonça BPC, Couto VRM, Fernandes JJR. Monensin, virginiamycin, and flavomycin in a no-roughage finishing diet fed to zebu cattle. J Anim Sci 2017; 94:4307-4314. [PMID: 27898865 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2016-0504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Two experiments were designed to evaluate the effects of monensin, virginiamycin, and flavomycin on growth performance, carcass characteristics, apparent total tract nutrient digestibility, and rumen fermentation of zebu cattle fed a no-roughage finishing diet (whole shelled corn [WSC] based). In Exp. 1, 100 crossbred bulls (; 392 kg [SD 46.8] average initial BW) were blocked by initial BW in a 101-d feedlot trial. Five treatments were evaluated using 4 pens per treatment (5 bulls/pen): monensin at 30 mg/kg DM, virginiamycin at 25 mg/kg DM, monensin at 20 mg/kg DM plus virginiamycin at 25 mg/kg DM, flavomycin at 4.4 mg/kg DM, and monensin at 20 mg/kg DM plus flavomycin at 2.2 mg/kg DM. There were no differences in growth performance (final BW, ADG, DMI, and G:F; ≥ 0.527) and carcass characteristics (HCW, dressing percent, and 12th-rib fat; ≥ 0.235) among treatments. In Exp. 2, 7 ruminally fistulated steers were used in a 7 × 7 Latin square design to evaluate the 5 treatments of Exp. 1 and 2 additional treatments: monensin at 30 mg/kg DM plus virginiamycin at 25 mg/kg DM and monensin at 20 mg/kg DM plus flavomycin at 4.4 mg/kg DM. Experimental periods were 14 d in length (9 d of adaptation and 5 d of measurements). Apparent total tract DM, OM, CP, and NDF digestibilities were similar among treatments ( ≥ 0.224). There was no treatment effect ( ≥ 0.253) in rumen fermentation responses (ruminal pH, rumen ammonia nitrogen, VFA, and number of protozoa). In conclusion, no evidence of benefits to cattle fed a no-roughage WSC-based diet was found to support the use of monensin combined with virginiamycin or flavomycin in the doses tested herein.
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Effect of cholesterol on the molecular structure and transitions in a clinical-grade lung surfactant extract. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E3592-E3601. [PMID: 28416656 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1701239114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The lipid-protein film covering the interface of the lung alveolar in mammals is vital for proper lung function and its deficiency is related to a range of diseases. Here we present a molecular-level characterization of a clinical-grade porcine lung surfactant extract using a multitechnique approach consisting of [Formula: see text]-[Formula: see text] solid-state nuclear magnetic spectroscopy, small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering, and mass spectrometry. The detailed characterization presented for reconstituted membranes of a lung extract demonstrates that the molecular structure of lung surfactant strongly depends on the concentration of cholesterol. If cholesterol makes up about 11% of the total dry weight of lung surfactant, the surfactant extract adopts a single liquid-ordered lamellar phase, [Formula: see text], at physiological temperatures. This [Formula: see text] phase gradually changes into a liquid-disordered lamellar phase, [Formula: see text], when the temperature is increased by a few degrees. In the absence of cholesterol the system segregates into one lamellar gel phase and one [Formula: see text] phase. Remarkably, it was possible to measure a large set of order parameter magnitudes [Formula: see text] from the liquid-disordered and -ordered lamellar phases and assign them to specific C-H bonds of the phospholipids in the biological extract with no use of isotopic labeling. These findings with molecular details on lung surfactant mixtures together with the presented NMR methodology may guide further development of pulmonary surfactant pharmaceuticals that better mimic the physiological self-assembly compositions for treatment of pathological states such as respiratory distress syndrome.
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Leftin A, Molugu TR, Job C, Beyer K, Brown MF. Area per lipid and cholesterol interactions in membranes from separated local-field (13)C NMR spectroscopy. Biophys J 2015; 107:2274-86. [PMID: 25418296 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2014.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Investigations of lipid membranes using NMR spectroscopy generally require isotopic labeling, often precluding structural studies of complex lipid systems. Solid-state (13)C magic-angle spinning NMR spectroscopy at natural isotopic abundance gives site-specific structural information that can aid in the characterization of complex biomembranes. Using the separated local-field experiment DROSS, we resolved (13)C-(1)H residual dipolar couplings that were interpreted with a statistical mean-torque model. Liquid-disordered and liquid-ordered phases were characterized according to membrane thickness and average cross-sectional area per lipid. Knowledge of such structural parameters is vital for molecular dynamics simulations, and provides information about the balance of forces in membrane lipid bilayers. Experiments were conducted with both phosphatidylcholine (dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) and palmitoyloleoylphosphatidylcholine (POPC)) and egg-yolk sphingomyelin (EYSM) lipids, and allowed us to extract segmental order parameters from the (13)C-(1)H residual dipolar couplings. Order parameters were used to calculate membrane structural quantities, including the area per lipid and bilayer thickness. Relative to POPC, EYSM is more ordered in the ld phase and experiences less structural perturbation upon adding 50% cholesterol to form the lo phase. The loss of configurational entropy is smaller for EYSM than for POPC, thus favoring its interaction with cholesterol in raftlike lipid systems. Our studies show that solid-state (13)C NMR spectroscopy is applicable to investigations of complex lipids and makes it possible to obtain structural parameters for biomembrane systems where isotope labeling may be prohibitive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avigdor Leftin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Trivikram R Molugu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Constantin Job
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Klaus Beyer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Michael F Brown
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona; Department of Physics, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.
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Smith AN, Caporini MA, Fanucci GE, Long JR. A Method for Dynamic Nuclear Polarization Enhancement of Membrane Proteins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201410249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Smith AN, Caporini MA, Fanucci GE, Long JR. A method for dynamic nuclear polarization enhancement of membrane proteins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 54:1542-6. [PMID: 25504310 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201410249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) magic-angle spinning (MAS) solid-state NMR (ssNMR) spectroscopy has the potential to enhance NMR signals by orders of magnitude and to enable NMR characterization of proteins which are inherently dilute, such as membrane proteins. In this work spin-labeled lipid molecules (SL-lipids), when used as polarizing agents, lead to large and relatively homogeneous DNP enhancements throughout the lipid bilayer and to an embedded lung surfactant mimetic peptide, KL4 . Specifically, DNP MAS ssNMR experiments at 600 MHz/395 GHz on KL4 reconstituted in liposomes containing SL-lipids reveal DNP enhancement values over two times larger for KL4 compared to liposome suspensions containing the biradical TOTAPOL. These findings suggest an alternative sample preparation strategy for DNP MAS ssNMR studies of lipid membranes and integral membrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam N Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, 214 Leigh Hall Gainesville, FL 32611-7200 (USA)
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Ferreira TM, Coreta-Gomes F, Ollila OHS, Moreno MJ, Vaz WLC, Topgaard D. Cholesterol and POPC segmental order parameters in lipid membranes: solid state 1H-13C NMR and MD simulation studies. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 15:1976-89. [PMID: 23258433 DOI: 10.1039/c2cp42738a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The concentration of cholesterol in cell membranes affects membrane fluidity and thickness, and might regulate different processes such as the formation of lipid rafts. Since interpreting experimental data from biological membranes is rather intricate, investigations on simple models with biological relevance are necessary to understand the natural systems. We study the effect of cholesterol on the molecular structure of multi-lamellar vesicles (MLVs) composed of 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC), a phospholipid ubiquitous in cell membranes, with compositions in the range 0-60 mol% cholesterol. Order parameters, |S(CH)|, are experimentally determined by using (1)H-(13)C solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy with segmental detail for all parts of both the cholesterol and POPC molecules, namely the ring system and alkyl chain of the sterol, as well as the glycerol backbone, choline headgroup and the sn-1 and sn-2 acyl chains of POPC. With increasing cholesterol concentration the acyl chains gradually adopt a more extended conformation while the orientation and dynamics of the polar groups are rather unaffected. Additionally, we perform classical molecular dynamics simulations on virtual bilayers mimicking the POPC-cholesterol MLVs investigated by NMR. Good agreement between experiments and simulations is found for the cholesterol alignment in the bilayer and for the |S(CH)| profiles of acyl chains below 15 mol% cholesterol. Deviations occur for the choline headgroup and glycerol backbone parts of POPC, as well as for the phospholipid and cholesterol alkyl chains at higher cholesterol concentrations. The unprecedented detail of the NMR data enables a more complete comparison between simulations and experiments on POPC-cholesterol bilayers and may aid in developing more realistic model descriptions of biological membranes.
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Orientation and depth of surfactant protein B C-terminal helix in lung surfactant bilayers. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2012; 1818:1165-72. [PMID: 22252270 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2012.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Revised: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
SP-B(CTERM) is a cationic amphipathic helical peptide and functional fragment composed of residues 63 to 78 of surfactant protein B (SP-B). Static oriented and magic angle spinning solid state NMR, along with molecular dynamics simulation was used to investigate its structure, orientation, and depth in lipid bilayers of several compositions, namely POPC, DPPC, DPPC/POPC/POPG, and bovine lung surfactant extract (BLES). In all lipid environments the peptide was oriented parallel to the membrane surface. While maintaining this approximately planar orientation, SP-B(CTERM) exhibited a flexible topology controlled by subtle variations in lipid composition. SP-B(CTERM)-induced lipid realignment and/or conformational changes at the level of the head group were observed using (31)P solid-state NMR spectroscopy. Measurements of the depth of SP-B(CTERM) indicated the peptide center positions ~8Å more deeply than the phosphate headgroups, a topology that may allow the peptide to promote functional lipid structures without causing micellization upon compression.
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15
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Ostash B, Walker S. Moenomycin family antibiotics: chemical synthesis, biosynthesis, and biological activity. Nat Prod Rep 2010; 27:1594-617. [PMID: 20730219 PMCID: PMC2987538 DOI: 10.1039/c001461n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The review (with 214 references cited) is devoted to moenomycins, the only known group of antibiotics that directly inhibit bacterial peptidoglycan glycosytransferases. Naturally occurring moenomycins and chemical and biological approaches to their derivatives are described. The biological properties of moenomycins and plausible mechanisms of bacterial resistance to them are also covered here, portraying a complete picture of the chemistry and biology of these fascinating natural products
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Affiliation(s)
- Bohdan Ostash
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave., Armenise Bldg. 2, Rm 630, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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16
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Combined application of 13C NMR spectroscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy—Investigation on biofilm structure and physico-chemical properties. Chem Eng Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2010.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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17
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Adachi M, Zhang Y, Leimkuhler C, Sun B, LaTour JV, Kahne DE. Degradation and reconstruction of moenomycin A and derivatives: dissecting the function of the isoprenoid chain. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 128:14012-3. [PMID: 17061868 PMCID: PMC3197780 DOI: 10.1021/ja065905c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Moenomycin A is the only known natural product that inhibits peptidoglycan biosynthesis by binding the bacterial transglycosylases. We describe a degradation/reconstruction route to manipulate the reducing end of moenomycin A. A comparison of the biological and enzyme inhibitory activity of moenomycin A and an analogue containing a nerol lipid in place of the natural C25 lipid chain provides insight into the role of the moenocinol unit. Our results show that a lipid chain having ten carbons in moenocinol is sufficient for enzyme inhibition, but a longer chain is required for biological acitivity, apparently because the molecule must partition into biological membranes to reach its target in bacterial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaatsu Adachi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Catherine Leimkuhler
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Binyuan Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544
| | - John V. LaTour
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544
| | - Daniel E. Kahne
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
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18
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Pfeiffer H, Klose G, Heremans K, Glorieux C. Thermotropic phase behaviour of the pseudobinary mixtures of DPPC/C12E5 and DMPC/C12E5 determined by differential scanning calorimetry and ultrasonic velocimetry. Chem Phys Lipids 2006; 139:54-67. [PMID: 16293237 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2005.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2005] [Revised: 09/25/2005] [Accepted: 10/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The present paper reports on the phase behaviour of the pseudobinary aqueous mixtures of 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC)/pentaethylene glycol monododecyl ether (C12E5) and 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine monohydrate (DMPC)/C12E5. Both systems exhibit a variety of mesophases, such as lamellar gel, liquid crystalline and micellar phases. The phase diagrams show peritectic and eutectic behaviours. The existence of a compound complex is established. From the phase diagrams, the temperature dependence of the solubilisation parameters is obtained. The phase diagrams, especially with respect to the solubilisation process were qualitatively explained assuming that the packing of the constituents plays a dominating role. Finally, differential scanning calorimetry and ultrasonic velocimetry are compared concerning their potentials to determine characteristics of phase transitions in pseudobinary phospholipid/surfactant mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Pfeiffer
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Acoustics and Thermal Physics Section, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
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19
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Schneider H, Manz B, Westhoff M, Mimietz S, Szimtenings M, Neuberger T, Faber C, Krohne G, Haase A, Volke F, Zimmermann U. The impact of lipid distribution, composition and mobility on xylem water refilling of the resurrection plant Myrothamnus flabellifolia. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2003; 159:487-505. [PMID: 33873352 DOI: 10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00814.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
• Lipids play a crucial role in the maintenance of the structural and functional integrity of the water-conducting elements and cells of the resurrection plant Myrothamnus flabellifolia during complete dehydration. • Lipid composition, mobility and distribution within the internodal and nodal xylem regions (including short shoots and leaves) were investigated in the presence and absence of water by using various nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and imaging techniques differing greatly in the level of spatial resolution and acquisition of lipid parameters. • Significant findings include: a discontinuity in the branch xylem between an inner zone where no water moves and an outer zone where the water moves; the blocking of water movement in the inner zone by lipids that are not dispersed by water, and the facilitation of water advance in the xylem elements and pits of the outer zone by water-dispersed lipids; the relative impermeability of leaf trace xylem to the rehydrating water and, hence, the relative hydraulic isolation of the leaves. • These results elucidated part of the strategy used by the resurrection plant to cope with extreme drought and to minimize transpirational water loss upon hydration.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Schneider
- Lehrstuhl für Biotechnologie, Biozentrum der Universität, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - B Manz
- Fraunhofer Institut für Biomedizinische Technik, Ensheimer Strasse 48, D-66386 St Ingbert, Germany
| | - M Westhoff
- Lehrstuhl für Biotechnologie, Biozentrum der Universität, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - S Mimietz
- Lehrstuhl für Biotechnologie, Biozentrum der Universität, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - M Szimtenings
- Lehrstuhl für Experimentelle Physik V (Biophysik) der Universität, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - T Neuberger
- Lehrstuhl für Experimentelle Physik V (Biophysik) der Universität, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - C Faber
- Lehrstuhl für Experimentelle Physik V (Biophysik) der Universität, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - G Krohne
- Abteilung für Elektronenmikroskopie, Biozentrum der Universität, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - A Haase
- Lehrstuhl für Experimentelle Physik V (Biophysik) der Universität, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - F Volke
- Fraunhofer Institut für Biomedizinische Technik, Ensheimer Strasse 48, D-66386 St Ingbert, Germany
| | - U Zimmermann
- Lehrstuhl für Biotechnologie, Biozentrum der Universität, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
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20
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Kerner M, Hohenberg H, Ertl S, Reckermann M, Spitzy A. Self-organization of dissolved organic matter to micelle-like microparticles in river water. Nature 2003; 422:150-4. [PMID: 12634782 DOI: 10.1038/nature01469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2002] [Accepted: 01/27/2003] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In aquatic systems, the concept of the 'microbial loop' is invoked to describe the conversion of dissolved organic matter to particulate organic matter by bacteria. This process mediates the transfer of energy and matter from dissolved organic matter to higher trophic levels, and therefore controls (together with primary production) the productivity of aquatic systems. Here we report experiments on laboratory incubations of sterile filtered river water in which we find that up to 25% of the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) aggregates abiotically to particles of diameter 0.4-0.8 micrometres, at rates similar to bacterial growth. Diffusion drives aggregation of low- to high-molecular-mass DOC and further to larger micelle-like microparticles. The chemical composition of these microparticles suggests their potential use as food by planktonic bacterivores. This pathway is apparent from differences in the stable carbon isotope compositions of picoplankton and the microparticles. A large fraction of dissolved organic matter might therefore be channelled through microparticles directly to higher trophic levels--bypassing the microbial loop--suggesting that current concepts of carbon conversion in aquatic systems require revision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kerner
- University of Hamburg, Institute for Hydrobiology and Fishery Science, D-22765 Hamburg, Zeiseweg 9, Germany.
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21
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Zhou Z, Sayer BG, Stark RE, Epand RM. High-resolution magic-angle spinning 1H nuclear magnetic resonance studies of lipid dispersions using spherical glass ampoules. Chem Phys Lipids 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-3084(97)00082-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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