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Pérez-Maldonado MA, González-González XA, Chimal-Monroy J, Marín-Llera JC. Influence of DNA-methylation at multiple stages of limb chondrogenesis. Dev Biol 2024; 512:1-10. [PMID: 38657748 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2024.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Precise regulation of gene expression is of utmost importance during cell fate specification. DNA methylation is a key epigenetic mechanism that plays a significant role in the regulation of cell fate by recruiting repression proteins or inhibiting the binding of transcription factors to DNA to regulate gene expression. Limb development is a well-established model for understanding cell fate decisions, and the formation of skeletal elements is coordinated through a sequence of events that control chondrogenesis spatiotemporally. It has been established that epigenetic control participates in cartilage maturation. However, further investigation is required to determine its role in the earliest stages of chondrocyte differentiation. This study investigates how the DNA methylation environment affects cell fate divergence during the early chondrogenic events. Our research has shown for the first time that inhibiting DNA methylation in interdigital tissue with 5-azacytidine results in the formation of an ectopic digit. This discovery suggested that DNA methylation dynamics could regulate the fate of cells between chondrogenesis and cell death during autopod development. Our in vitro findings indicate that DNA methylation at the early stages of chondrogenesis is integral in regulating condensation by controlling cell adhesion and proapoptotic genes. As a result, the dynamics of methylation and demethylation are crucial in governing chondrogenesis and cell death during different stages of limb chondrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Alberto Pérez-Maldonado
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Apartado Postal 70228, Ciudad de México, 04510, México
| | - Ximena Alexandra González-González
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Apartado Postal 70228, Ciudad de México, 04510, México
| | - Jesús Chimal-Monroy
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Apartado Postal 70228, Ciudad de México, 04510, México.
| | - Jessica Cristina Marín-Llera
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Apartado Postal 70228, Ciudad de México, 04510, México.
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2
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Wang W, Yang N, Wang L, Zhu Y, Chu X, Xu W, Li Y, Xu Y, Gao L, Zhang B, Zhang G, Sun Q, Wang W, Wang Q, Zhang W, Chen D. The TET-Sall4-BMP regulatory axis controls craniofacial cartilage development. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113873. [PMID: 38427557 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Craniofacial microsomia (CFM) is a congenital defect that usually results from aberrant development of embryonic pharyngeal arches. However, the molecular basis of CFM pathogenesis is largely unknown. Here, we employ the zebrafish model to investigate mechanisms of CFM pathogenesis. In early embryos, tet2 and tet3 are essential for pharyngeal cartilage development. Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals that loss of Tet2/3 impairs chondrocyte differentiation due to insufficient BMP signaling. Moreover, biochemical and genetic evidence reveals that the sequence-specific 5mC/5hmC-binding protein, Sall4, binds the promoter of bmp4 to activate bmp4 expression and control pharyngeal cartilage development. Mechanistically, Sall4 directs co-phase separation of Tet2/3 with Sall4 to form condensates that mediate 5mC oxidation on the bmp4 promoter, thereby promoting bmp4 expression and enabling sufficient BMP signaling. These findings suggest the TET-BMP-Sall4 regulatory axis is critical for pharyngeal cartilage development. Collectively, our study provides insights into understanding craniofacial development and CFM pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weigang Wang
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Na Yang
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Yunnan University, Kunming, China; Department of Ultrasound, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Liangliang Wang
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Yuanxiang Zhu
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Xiao Chu
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Weijie Xu
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Yawei Li
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Yihai Xu
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Lina Gao
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Beibei Zhang
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Guoqiang Zhang
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Qinmiao Sun
- Institute of Stem Cells and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Weihong Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.
| | - Qiang Wang
- Division of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Wenxin Zhang
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.
| | - Dahua Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Yunnan University, Kunming, China; Southwest United Graduate School, Kunming, China.
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Sedas Perez S, McQueen C, Stainton H, Pickering J, Chinnaiya K, Saiz-Lopez P, Placzek M, Ros MA, Towers M. Fgf signalling triggers an intrinsic mesodermal timer that determines the duration of limb patterning. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5841. [PMID: 37730682 PMCID: PMC10511490 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41457-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Complex signalling between the apical ectodermal ridge (AER - a thickening of the distal epithelium) and the mesoderm controls limb patterning along the proximo-distal axis (humerus to digits). However, the essential in vivo requirement for AER-Fgf signalling makes it difficult to understand the exact roles that it fulfils. To overcome this barrier, we developed an amenable ex vivo chick wing tissue explant system that faithfully replicates in vivo parameters. Using inhibition experiments and RNA-sequencing, we identify a transient role for Fgfs in triggering the distal patterning phase. Fgfs are then dispensable for the maintenance of an intrinsic mesodermal transcriptome, which controls proliferation/differentiation timing and the duration of patterning. We also uncover additional roles for Fgf signalling in maintaining AER-related gene expression and in suppressing myogenesis. We describe a simple logic for limb patterning duration, which is potentially applicable to other systems, including the main body axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Sedas Perez
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Caitlin McQueen
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
- Chester Medical School, Chester, CH2 1BR, UK
| | - Holly Stainton
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Joseph Pickering
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Kavitha Chinnaiya
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Patricia Saiz-Lopez
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria, IBBTEC (CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria), 39011, Santander, Spain
- Departamento de Anatomía y Biología Celular Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cantabria, 39011, Santander, Spain
| | - Marysia Placzek
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Maria A Ros
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria, IBBTEC (CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria), 39011, Santander, Spain
- Departamento de Anatomía y Biología Celular Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cantabria, 39011, Santander, Spain
| | - Matthew Towers
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK.
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4
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Marín-Llera JC, García-García D, Garay-Pacheco E, Adrian Cortes-Morales V, Montesinos-Montesinos JJ, Chimal-Monroy J. Commitment of human mesenchymal stromal cells to skeletal lineages is independent of their morphogenetic capacity. World J Stem Cells 2023; 15:701-712. [PMID: 37545756 PMCID: PMC10401422 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v15.i7.701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are multipotent cell populations obtained from fetal and adult tissues. They share some characteristics with limb bud mesodermal cells such as differentiation potential into osteogenic, chondrogenic, and tenogenic lineages and an embryonic mesodermal origin. Although MSCs differentiate into skeletal-related lineages in vitro, they have not been shown to self-organize into complex skeletal structures or connective tissues, as in the limb. In this work, we demonstrate that the expression of molecular markers to commit MSCs to skeletal lineages is not sufficient to generate skeletal elements in vivo.
AIM To evaluate the potential of MSCs to differentiate into skeletal lineages and generate complex skeletal structures using the recombinant limb (RL) system.
METHODS We used the experimental system of RLs from dissociated-reaggregated human placenta (PL) and umbilical cord blood (UCB) MSCs. After being harvested and reaggregated in a pellet, cultured cells were introduced into an ectodermal cover obtained from an early chicken limb bud. Next, this filled ectoderm was grafted into the back of a donor chick embryo. Under these conditions, the cells received and responded to the ectoderm’s embryonic signals in a spatiotemporal manner to differentiate and pattern into skeletal elements. Their response to differentiation and morphogenetic signals was evaluated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction, histology, immunofluorescence, scanning electron microscopy, and in situ hybridization.
RESULTS We found that human PL-MSCs and UCB-MSCs constituting the RLs expressed chondrogenic, osteogenic, and tenogenic molecular markers while differentially committing into limb lineages but could not generate complex structures in vivo. MSCs-RL from PL or UCB were committed early to chondrogenic lineage. Nevertheless, the UCB-RL osteogenic commitment was favored, although preferentially to a tenogenic cell fate. These findings suggest that the commitment of MSCs to differentiate into skeletal lineages differs according to the source and is independent of their capacity to generate skeletal elements or connective tissue in vivo. Our results suggest that the failure to form skeletal structures may be due to the intrinsic characteristics of MSCs. Thus, it is necessary to thoroughly evaluate the biological aspects of MSCs and how they respond to morphogenetic signals in an in vivo context.
CONCLUSION PL-MSCs and UCB-MSCs express molecular markers of differentiation into skeletal lineages, but they are not sufficient to generate complex skeletal structures in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Cristina Marín-Llera
- Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacan 04510, Mexico
| | - Damián García-García
- Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacan 04510, Mexico
| | - Estefania Garay-Pacheco
- Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacan 04510, Mexico
| | - Victor Adrian Cortes-Morales
- Laboratorio de Células Troncales Mesenquimales, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Oncológicas, Hospital de Oncología Centro Medico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
| | - Juan Jose Montesinos-Montesinos
- Laboratorio de Células Troncales Mesenquimales, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Oncológicas, Hospital de Oncología Centro Medico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
| | - Jesus Chimal-Monroy
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacan 04510, Mexico
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5
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de Boer E, Marcelis C, Neveling K, van Beusekom E, Hoischen A, Klein WM, de Leeuw N, Mantere T, Melo US, van Reeuwijk J, Smeets D, Spielmann M, Kleefstra T, van Bokhoven H, Vissers LE. A complex structural variant near SOX3 causes X-linked split-hand/foot malformation. HGG ADVANCES 2023; 4:100200. [PMID: 37216008 PMCID: PMC10196709 DOI: 10.1016/j.xhgg.2023.100200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Split-hand/foot malformation (SHFM) is a congenital limb defect most typically presenting with median clefts in hands and/or feet, that can occur in a syndromic context as well as in isolated form. SHFM is caused by failure to maintain normal apical ectodermal ridge function during limb development. Although several genes and contiguous gene syndromes are implicated in the monogenic etiology of isolated SHFM, the disorder remains genetically unexplained for many families and associated genetic loci. We describe a family with isolated X-linked SHFM, for which the causative variant could be detected after a diagnostic journey of 20 years. We combined well-established approaches including microarray-based copy number variant analysis and fluorescence in situ hybridization coupled with optical genome mapping and whole genome sequencing. This strategy identified a complex structural variant (SV) comprising a 165-kb gain of 15q26.3 material ([GRCh37/hg19] chr15:99795320-99960362dup) inserted in inverted position at the site of a 38-kb deletion on Xq27.1 ([GRCh37/hg19] chrX:139481061-139518989del). In silico analysis suggested that the SV disrupts the regulatory framework on the X chromosome and may lead to SOX3 misexpression. We hypothesize that SOX3 dysregulation in the developing limb disturbed the fine balance between morphogens required for maintaining AER function, resulting in SHFM in this family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke de Boer
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Carlo Marcelis
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Kornelia Neveling
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Ellen van Beusekom
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Alexander Hoischen
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Willemijn M. Klein
- Department of Medical Imaging, Radiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Nicole de Leeuw
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Tuomo Mantere
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Tumor Biology, Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Uirá S. Melo
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, RG Development & Disease, Berlin, Germany
- Institute for Medical and Human Genetics, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jeroen van Reeuwijk
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Dominique Smeets
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Malte Spielmann
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, RG Development & Disease, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospitals Schleswig-Holstein, University of Lübeck and Kiel University, 23562 Lübeck, Kiel, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Lübeck/Kiel, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Tjitske Kleefstra
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Center of Excellence for Neuropsychiatry, Vincent van Gogh Institute for Psychiatry, Venray, the Netherlands
| | - Hans van Bokhoven
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Lisenka E.L.M. Vissers
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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6
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Duarte-Olivenza C, Hurle JM, Montero JA, Lorda-Diez CI. Modeling the Differentiation of Embryonic Limb Chondroprogenitors by Cell Death and Cell Senescence in High Density Micromass Cultures and Their Regulation by FGF Signaling. Cells 2022; 12:cells12010175. [PMID: 36611968 PMCID: PMC9818968 DOI: 10.3390/cells12010175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Considering the importance of programmed cell death in the formation of the skeleton during embryonic development, the aim of the present study was to analyze whether regulated cell degeneration also accompanies the differentiation of embryonic limb skeletal progenitors in high-density tridimensional cultures (micromass cultures). Our results show that the formation of primary cartilage nodules in the micromass culture assay involves a patterned process of cell death and cell senescence, complementary to the pattern of chondrogenesis. As occurs in vivo, the degenerative events were preceded by DNA damage detectable by γH2AX immunolabeling and proceeded via apoptosis and cell senescence. Combined treatments of the cultures with growth factors active during limb skeletogenesis, including FGF, BMP, and WNT revealed that FGF signaling modulates the response of progenitors to signaling pathways implicated in cell death. Transcriptional changes induced by FGF treatments suggested that this function is mediated by the positive regulation of the genetic machinery responsible for apoptosis and cell senescence together with hypomethylation of the Sox9 gene promoter. We propose that FGF signaling exerts a primordial function in the embryonic limb conferring chondroprogenitors with their biological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Juan A. Montero
- Correspondence: (J.A.M.); (C.I.L.-D.); Fax: +34-942201923 (J.A.M. and C.I.L.-D.)
| | - Carlos I. Lorda-Diez
- Correspondence: (J.A.M.); (C.I.L.-D.); Fax: +34-942201923 (J.A.M. and C.I.L.-D.)
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7
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Kim H, Seo J, Lee Y, Park K, Perry TA, Arden NK, Mobasheri A, Choi H. The current state of the osteoarthritis drug development pipeline: a comprehensive narrative review of the present challenges and future opportunities. Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis 2022; 14:1759720X221085952. [PMID: 36504595 PMCID: PMC9732806 DOI: 10.1177/1759720x221085952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In this narrative review article, we critically assess the current state of the osteoarthritis (OA) drug development pipeline. We discuss the current state-of-the-art in relation to the development and evaluation of candidate disease-modifying OA drugs (DMOADs) and the limitations associated with the tools and methodologies that are used to assess outcomes in OA clinical trials. We focus on the definition of DMOADs, highlight the need for an updated definition in the form of a consensus statement from all the major stakeholders, including academia, industry, regulatory agencies, and patient organizations, and provide a summary of the results of recent clinical trials of novel DMOAD candidates. We propose that DMOADs should be more appropriately targeted and investigated according to the emerging clinical phenotypes and molecular endotypes of OA. Based on the findings from recent clinical trials, we propose key topics and directions for the development of future DMOADs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heungdeok Kim
- Institute of Bio Innovation Research, Kolon
Life Science, Inc., Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jinwon Seo
- Institute of Bio Innovation Research, Kolon
Life Science, Inc., Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yunsin Lee
- Institute of Bio Innovation Research, Kolon
Life Science, Inc., Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kiwon Park
- Institute of Bio Innovation Research, Kolon
Life Science, Inc., Seoul, South Korea
| | - Thomas A. Perry
- Centre for Osteoarthritis Pathogenesis Versus
Arthritis, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford,
UK
| | - Nigel K. Arden
- Versus Arthritis Centre for Sport, Exercise and
Osteoarthritis, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK,Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Orthopaedic
Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Ali Mobasheri
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and
Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland,Department of Regenerative Medicine, State
Research Institute Center for Innovative Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania,Department of Orthopedics and Department of
Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht,
Utrecht, The Netherlands,Department of Joint Surgery, The First
Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China,World Health Organization Collaborating Center
for Public Health Aspects of Musculoskeletal Health and Aging, Université de
Liège, Liège, Belgium
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8
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Griffing AH, Gamble T, Bauer AM, Russell AP. Ontogeny of the paraphalanges and derived phalanges of Hemidactylus turcicus (Squamata: Gekkonidae). J Anat 2022; 241:1039-1053. [PMID: 35920508 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Gekkotan lizards of the genus Hemidactylus exhibit derived digital morphologies. These include heavily reduced antepenultimate phalanges of digits III and IV of the manus and digits III-V of the pes, as well as enigmatic cartilaginous structures called paraphalanges. Despite this well-known morphological derivation, no studies have investigated the development of these structures. We aimed to determine if heterochrony underlies the derived antepenultimate phalanges of Hemidactylus. Furthermore, we aimed to determine if convergently evolved paraphalanges exhibit similar or divergent developmental patterns. Herein we describe embryonic skeletal development in the hands and feet of four gekkonid species, exhibiting a range of digital morphologies. We determined that the derived antepenultimate phalanges of Hemidactylus are the products of paedomorphosis. Furthermore, we found divergent developmental patterns between convergently evolved paraphalanges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron H Griffing
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.,Milwaukee Public Museum, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA.,Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Tony Gamble
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.,Milwaukee Public Museum, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.,Bell Museum of Natural History, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Aaron M Bauer
- Department of Biology and Center for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Stewardship, Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anthony P Russell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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9
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Zhang Z, Chu M, Bao Q, Bao P, Guo X, Liang C, Yan P. Two Different Copy Number Variations of the SOX5 and SOX8 Genes in Yak and Their Association with Growth Traits. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12121587. [PMID: 35739923 PMCID: PMC9219506 DOI: 10.3390/ani12121587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Copy number variation (CNV) is a structural variant with significant impact on genetic diversity. CNV has been widely used in breeding for growth traits, meat production or quality, and coat color. SRY-like box genes (SOXs) are a class of transcription factors that play a regulatory role in cell fate specification and differentiation. SOX5 and SOX8 belong to subgroups D and E of the SOXs, respectively. Previous studies have shown that SOX5 and SOX8 are essential in the development of bones. In this study, we explored the association between the growth traits and CNVs of SOX5 and SOX8 in 326 Ashidan yaks and detected mRNA expression levels in different tissues. Our results illustrated that CNVs of SOX5 and SOX8 were significantly associated with withers height at 18 months of age and chest girth at 30 months of age (p < 0.05). The CNV combination of SOX5 and SOX8 was significantly associated with withers height at 18 months of age (p < 0.01). SOX5 expression in the lung was significantly higher than in the heart, spleen, kidney, and muscle (p < 0.05). SOX8 expression in the lung was significantly higher than in the liver and muscle (p < 0.05). Our results provide evidence that the CNVs of SOX5 and SOX8 genes could be used as new markers for the selection of yak growth traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhilong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China; (Z.Z.); (M.C.); (Q.B.); (P.B.); (X.G.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Min Chu
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China; (Z.Z.); (M.C.); (Q.B.); (P.B.); (X.G.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Qi Bao
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China; (Z.Z.); (M.C.); (Q.B.); (P.B.); (X.G.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Pengjia Bao
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China; (Z.Z.); (M.C.); (Q.B.); (P.B.); (X.G.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Xian Guo
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China; (Z.Z.); (M.C.); (Q.B.); (P.B.); (X.G.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Chunnian Liang
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China; (Z.Z.); (M.C.); (Q.B.); (P.B.); (X.G.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou 730050, China
- Correspondence: (C.L.); (P.Y.)
| | - Ping Yan
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China; (Z.Z.); (M.C.); (Q.B.); (P.B.); (X.G.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou 730050, China
- Correspondence: (C.L.); (P.Y.)
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10
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Khalid S, Ekram S, Salim A, Chaudhry GR, Khan I. Transcription regulators differentiate mesenchymal stem cells into chondroprogenitors, and their in vivo implantation regenerated the intervertebral disc degeneration. World J Stem Cells 2022; 14:163-182. [PMID: 35432734 PMCID: PMC8963382 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v14.i2.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) is the leading cause of lower back pain. Disc degeneration is characterized by reduced cellularity and decreased production of extracellular matrix (ECM). Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been envisioned as a promising treatment for degenerative illnesses. Cell-based therapy using ECM-producing chondrogenic derivatives of MSCs has the potential to restore the functionality of the intervertebral disc (IVD).
AIM To investigate the potential of chondrogenic transcription factors to promote differentiation of human umbilical cord MSCs into chondrocytes, and to assess their therapeutic potential in IVD regeneration.
METHODS MSCs were isolated and characterized morphologically and immunologically by the expression of specific markers. MSCs were then transfected with Sox-9 and Six-1 transcription factors to direct differentiation and were assessed for chondrogenic lineage based on the expression of specific markers. These differentiated MSCs were implanted in the rat model of IVDD. The regenerative potential of transplanted cells was investigated using histochemical and molecular analyses of IVDs.
RESULTS Isolated cells showed fibroblast-like morphology and expressed CD105, CD90, CD73, CD29, and Vimentin but not CD45 antigens. Overexpression of Sox-9 and Six-1 greatly enhanced the gene expression of transforming growth factor beta-1 gene, BMP, Sox-9, Six-1, and Aggrecan, and protein expression of Sox-9 and Six-1. The implanted cells integrated, survived, and homed in the degenerated intervertebral disc. Histological grading showed that the transfected MSCs regenerated the IVD and restored normal architecture.
CONCLUSION Genetically modified MSCs accelerate cartilage regeneration, providing a unique opportunity and impetus for stem cell-based therapeutic approach for degenerative disc diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumaila Khalid
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Sobia Ekram
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Asmat Salim
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - G. Rasul Chaudhry
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309, United States
| | - Irfan Khan
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Sindh, Pakistan
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11
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Vellosillo L, Pascual-Guerra J, Muñoz MP, Rodríguez-Navarro JA, González-Nieto D, Barrio LC, Lobo MDVT, Paíno CL. Oligodendroglia Generated From Adult Rat Adipose Tissue by Direct Cell Conversion. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:741499. [PMID: 35223826 PMCID: PMC8873586 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.741499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Obtaining oligodendroglial cells from dispensable tissues would be of great interest for autologous or immunocompatible cell replacement therapy in demyelinating diseases, as well as for studying myelin-related pathologies or testing therapeutic approaches in culture. We evaluated the feasibility of generating oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) from adult rat adipose tissue by expressing genes encoding transcription factors involved in oligodendroglial development. Adipose-derived mesenchymal cells were lentivirally transduced with tetracycline-inducible Sox10, Olig2, Zfp536, and/or Nkx6.1 transgenes. Immunostaining with the OPC-specific O4 monoclonal antibody was used to mark oligodendroglial induction. O4- and myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG)-positive cells emerged after 3 weeks when using the Sox10 + Olig2 + Zfp536 combination, followed in the ensuing weeks by GFAP-, O1 antigen-, p75NTR (low-affinity NGF receptor)-, and myelin proteins-positive cells. The O4+ cell population progressively expanded, eventually constituting more than 70% of cells in culture by 5 months. Sox10 transgene expression was essential for generating O4+ cells but was insufficient for inducing a full oligodendroglial phenotype. Converted cells required continuous transgene expression to maintain their glial phenotype. Some vestigial characteristics of mesenchymal cells were maintained after conversion. Growth factor withdrawal and triiodothyronine (T3) supplementation generated mature oligodendroglial phenotypes, while FBS supplementation produced GFAP+- and p75NTR+-rich cultures. Converted cells also showed functional characteristics of neural-derived OPCs, such as the expression of AMPA, NMDA, kainate, and dopaminergic receptors, as well as similar metabolic responses to differentiation-inducing drugs. When co-cultured with rat dorsal root ganglion neurons, the converted cells differentiated and ensheathed multiple axons. We propose that functional oligodendroglia can be efficiently generated from adult rat mesenchymal cells by direct phenotypic conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Vellosillo
- Servicio de Neurobiología-Investigación, IRYCIS, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Technology (CTB), Universidad Politécnica, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Pascual-Guerra
- Servicio de Neurobiología-Investigación, IRYCIS, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Paz Muñoz
- Servicio de Neurobiología-Investigación, IRYCIS, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Antonio Rodríguez-Navarro
- Servicio de Neurobiología-Investigación, IRYCIS, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Luis Carlos Barrio
- Unidad de Neurología Experimental, IRYCIS, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria del Val Toledo Lobo
- Departamento de Biomedicina y Biotecnología, IRYCIS, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Carlos Luis Paíno
- Servicio de Neurobiología-Investigación, IRYCIS, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Technology (CTB), Universidad Politécnica, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Carlos Luis Paíno,
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12
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Liang W, Han B, Hai Y, Sun D, Yin P. Mechanism of Action of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes in the Intervertebral Disc Degeneration Treatment and Bone Repair and Regeneration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:833840. [PMID: 35096846 PMCID: PMC8795890 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.833840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles formed by various donor cells that regulate gene expression and cellular function in recipient cells. Exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSC-Exos) perform the regulatory function of stem cells by transporting proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids. Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is one of the main causes of low back pain, and it is characterized by a decreased number of nucleus pulposus cells, extracellular matrix decomposition, aging of the annulus fibrosus, and cartilage endplate calcification. Besides, nutrient transport and structural repair of intervertebral discs depend on bone and cartilage and are closely related to the state of the bone. Trauma, disease and aging can all cause bone injury. However, there is a lack of effective drugs against IDD and bone injury. Recent MSC-Exos fine tuning has led to significant progress in the IDD treatment and bone repair and regeneration. In this review, we looked at the uniqueness of MSC-Exos, and the potential treatment mechanisms of MSC-Exos with respect to IDD, bone defects and injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weishi Liang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Han
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Hai
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Duan Sun
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Yin
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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13
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Liu S, Deng Z, Chen K, Jian S, Zhou F, Yang Y, Fu Z, Xie H, Xiong J, Zhu W. Cartilage tissue engineering: From proinflammatory and anti‑inflammatory cytokines to osteoarthritis treatments (Review). Mol Med Rep 2022; 25:99. [PMID: 35088882 PMCID: PMC8809050 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2022.12615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA), one of the most common joint diseases, is characterized by fibrosis, rhagadia, ulcers and attrition of articular cartilage due to a number of factors. The etiology of OA remains unclear, but its occurrence has been associated with age, obesity, inflammation, trauma and genetic factors. Inflammatory cytokines are crucial for the occurrence and progression of OA. The intra-articular proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines jointly maintain a dynamic balance, in accordance with the physiological metabolism of articular cartilage. However, dynamic imbalance between proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines can cause abnormal metabolism in knee articular cartilage, which leads to deformation, loss and abnormal regeneration, and ultimately destroys the normal structure of the knee joint. The ability of articular cartilage to self-repair once damaged is limited, due to its inability to obtain nutrients from blood vessels, nerves and lymphatic vessels, as well as limitations in the extracellular matrix. There are several disadvantages inherent to conventional repair methods, while cartilage tissue engineering (CTE), which combines proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, offers a new therapeutic approach for OA. The aim of the present review was to examine the proinflammatory factors implicated in OA, including IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-15, IL-17 and IL-18, as well as the key anti-inflammatory factors reducing OA-related articular damage, including IL-4, insulin-like growth factor and TGF-β. The predominance of proinflammatory over anti-inflammatory cytokine effects ultimately leads to the development of OA. CTE, which employs mesenchymal stem cells and scaffolding technology, may prevent OA by maintaining the homeostasis of pro- and anti-inflammatory factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyu Liu
- Department of Sports Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518035, P.R. China
| | - Zhenhan Deng
- Department of Sports Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518035, P.R. China
| | - Kang Chen
- Department of Sports Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518035, P.R. China
| | - Shengsheng Jian
- Department of Orthopedics, Luo Hu Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518001, P.R. China
| | - Feifei Zhou
- Department of Sports Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518035, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Yang
- Department of Sports Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518035, P.R. China
| | - Zicai Fu
- Department of Sports Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518035, P.R. China
| | - Huanyu Xie
- Department of Sports Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518035, P.R. China
| | - Jianyi Xiong
- Department of Sports Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518035, P.R. China
| | - Weimin Zhu
- Department of Sports Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518035, P.R. China
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14
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Regulation of Developmental Cell Death in the Animal Kingdom: A Critical Analysis of Epigenetic versus Genetic Factors. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031154. [PMID: 35163078 PMCID: PMC8835556 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The present paper proposes a new level of regulation of programmed cell death (PCD) in developing systems based on epigenetics. We argue against the traditional view of PCD as an altruistic “cell suicide” activated by specific gene-encoded signals with the function of favoring the development of their neighboring progenitors to properly form embryonic organs. In contrast, we propose that signals and local tissue interactions responsible for growth and differentiation of the embryonic tissues generate domains where cells retain an epigenetic profile sensitive to DNA damage that results in its subsequent elimination in a fashion reminiscent of what happens with scaffolding at the end of the construction of a building. Canonical death genes, including Bcl-2 family members, caspases, and lysosomal proteases, would reflect the downstream molecular machinery that executes the dying process rather than being master cell death regulatory signals.
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15
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Wells KM, Baumel M, McCusker CD. The Regulation of Growth in Developing, Homeostatic, and Regenerating Tetrapod Limbs: A Minireview. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:768505. [PMID: 35047496 PMCID: PMC8763381 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.768505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The size and shape of the tetrapod limb play central roles in their functionality and the overall physiology of the organism. In this minireview we will discuss observations on mutant animal models and humans, which show that the growth and final size of the limb is most impacted by factors that regulate either limb bud patterning or the elongation of the long bones. We will also apply the lessons that have been learned from embryos to how growth could be regulated in regenerating limb structures and outline the challenges that are unique to regenerating animals.
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16
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Roscito JG, Sameith K, Kirilenko BM, Hecker N, Winkler S, Dahl A, Rodrigues MT, Hiller M. Convergent and lineage-specific genomic differences in limb regulatory elements in limbless reptile lineages. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110280. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
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17
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Díaz-Hernández ME, Galván-Hernández CI, Marín-Llera JC, Camargo-Sosa K, Bustamante M, Wischin S, Chimal-Monroy J. Activation of the WNT-BMP-FGF Regulatory Network Induces the Onset of Cell Death in Anterior Mesodermal Cells to Establish the ANZ. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:703836. [PMID: 34820367 PMCID: PMC8606791 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.703836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The spatiotemporal control of programmed cell death (PCD) plays a significant role in sculpting the limb. In the early avian limb bud, the anterior necrotic zone (ANZ) and the posterior necrotic zone are two cell death regions associated with digit number reduction. In this study, we evaluated the first events triggered by the FGF, BMP, and WNT signaling interactions to initiate cell death in the anterior margin of the limb to establish the ANZ. This study demonstrates that in a period of two to 8 h after the inhibition of WNT or FGF signaling or the activation of BMP signaling, cell death was induced in the anterior margin of the limb concomitantly with the regulation of Dkk, Fgf8, and Bmp4 expression. Comparing the gene expression profile between the ANZ and the undifferentiated zone at 22HH and 25HH and between the ANZ of 22HH and 25HH stages correlates with functional programs controlled by the regulatory network FGF, BMP, and WNT signaling in the anterior margin of the limb. This work provides novel insights to recognize a negative feedback loop between FGF8, BMP4, and DKK to control the onset of cell death in the anterior margin of the limb to the establishment of the ANZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Elena Díaz-Hernández
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, México, Mexico
| | - Claudio Iván Galván-Hernández
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, México, Mexico
| | - Jessica Cristina Marín-Llera
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, México, Mexico
| | - Karen Camargo-Sosa
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, México, Mexico
| | - Marcia Bustamante
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, México, Mexico
| | - Sabina Wischin
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, México, Mexico
| | - Jesús Chimal-Monroy
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, México, Mexico
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18
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Roberts JH, Halper J. Growth Factor Roles in Soft Tissue Physiology and Pathophysiology. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1348:139-159. [PMID: 34807418 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-80614-9_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Repair and healing of injured and diseased tendons has been traditionally fraught with apprehension and difficulties, and often led to rather unsatisfactory results. The burgeoning research field of growth factors has opened new venues for treatment of tendon disorders and injuries, and possibly for treatment of disorders of the aorta and major arteries as well. Several chapters in this volume elucidate the role of transforming growth factor β (TGFß) in pathogenesis of several heritable disorders affecting soft tissues, such as aorta, cardiac valves, and tendons and ligaments. Several members of the bone morphogenetic group either have been approved by the FDA for treatment of non-healing fractures or have been undergoing intensive clinical and experimental testing for use of healing bone fractures and tendon injuries. Because fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are involved in embryonic development of tendons and muscles among other tissues and organs, the hope is that applied research on FGF biological effects will lead to the development of some new treatment strategies providing that we can control angiogenicity of these growth factors. The problem, or rather question, regarding practical use of imsulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) in tendon repair is whether IGF-I acts independently or under the guidance of growth hormone. FGF2 or platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) alone or in combination with IGF-I stimulates regeneration of periodontal ligament: a matter of importance in Marfan patients with periodontitis. In contrast, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) appears to have rather deleterious effects on experimental tendon healing, perhaps because of its angiogenic activity and stimulation of matrix metalloproteinases-proteases whose increased expression has been documented in a variety of ruptured tendons. Other modalities, such as local administration of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and/or of mesenchymal stem cells have been explored extensively in tendon healing. Though treatment with PRP and mesenchymal stem cells has met with some success in horses (who experience a lot of tendon injuries and other tendon problems), the use of PRP and mesenchymal stem cells in people has been more problematic and requires more studies before PRP and mesenchymal stem cells can become reliable tools in management of soft tissue injuries and disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer H Roberts
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Jaroslava Halper
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Department of Basic Sciences, AU/UGA Medical Partnership, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
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19
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Li J, Wu X, Shi Y, Zhao H. FGD5-AS1 facilitates the osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells via targeting the miR-506-3p/BMP7 axis. J Orthop Surg Res 2021; 16:665. [PMID: 34772438 PMCID: PMC8588622 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-021-02694-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteoporosis is a systemic disease characterized by impaired bone formation, increased bone resorption, and brittle bone fractures. The osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) is considered to be a vital process for bone formation. Numerous studies have reported that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are involved in the osteogenic differentiation of hBMSCs. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of FGD5 antisense RNA 1 (FGD5-AS1) on osteogenic differentiation. METHODS RT-qPCR was performed to detect the expression of FGD5-AS1, miR-506-3p, and osteogenesis-related genes OCN, OPN, OSX, and RUNX2. Western blotting was carried out to detect the protein levels of osteogenesis-related markers. In addition, the regulatory effect of FGD5-AS1 on osteogenic differentiation was detected through alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, Alizarin Red S (ARS) staining, and Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8). Bioinformatics analysis and luciferase reporter assay were used to predict and validate the interaction between FGD5-AS1 and miR-506-3p as well as miR-506-3p and bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP7). RESULTS The RT-qPCR analysis revealed that FGD5-AS1 was upregulated in hBMSCs following induction of osteogenic differentiation. In addition, FGD5-AS1 knockdown attenuated hBMSC viability and osteogenic differentiation. Bioinformatics analysis and luciferase reporter assays verified that FGD5-AS1 could directly interact with microRNA (miR)-506-3p. Furthermore, miR-506-3p could directly target the 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) of BMP7. Additionally, functional assays demonstrated that miR-506-3p silencing could restore the suppressive effect of FGD5-AS1 knockdown on osteogenic differentiation and viability of hBMSCs, and miR-506-3p could attenuate osteogenic differentiation via targeting BMP7. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, the results of the present study suggested that FGD5-AS1 could positively regulate the osteogenic differentiation of hBMSCs via targeting the miR-506-3p/BMP7 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Changzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 25 Heping North Road, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213000, P.R. China
| | - Xingbiao Wu
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Changzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 25 Heping North Road, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213000, P.R. China
| | - Yaohua Shi
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Changzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 25 Heping North Road, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213000, P.R. China
| | - Hong Zhao
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Changzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 25 Heping North Road, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213000, P.R. China.
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20
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Lorda-Diez CI, Duarte-Olivenza C, Hurle JM, Montero JA. Transforming growth factor beta signaling: The master sculptor of fingers. Dev Dyn 2021; 251:125-136. [PMID: 33871876 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) constitutes a large and evolutionarily conserved superfamily of secreted factors that play essential roles in embryonic development, cancer, tissue regeneration, and human degenerative pathology. Studies of this signaling cascade in the regulation of cellular and tissue changes in the three-dimensional context of a developing embryo have notably advanced in the understanding of the action mechanism of these growth factors. In this review, we address the role of TGFβ signaling in the developing limb, focusing on its essential function in the morphogenesis of the autopod. As we discuss in this work, modern mouse genetic experiments together with more classical embryological approaches in chick embryos, provided very valuable information concerning the role of TGFβ and Activin family members in the morphogenesis of the digits of tetrapods, including the formation of phalanxes, digital tendons, and interphalangeal joints. We emphasize the importance of the Activin and TGFβ proteins as digit inducing factors and their critical interaction with the BMP signaling to sculpt the hand and foot morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos I Lorda-Diez
- Departamento de Anatomía y Biología Celular and IDIVAL, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Cristina Duarte-Olivenza
- Departamento de Anatomía y Biología Celular and IDIVAL, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Juan M Hurle
- Departamento de Anatomía y Biología Celular and IDIVAL, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Juan A Montero
- Departamento de Anatomía y Biología Celular and IDIVAL, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
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21
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Farrera-Hernández A, Marín-Llera JC, Chimal-Monroy J. WNT5A-Ca 2+-CaN-NFAT signalling plays a permissive role during cartilage differentiation in embryonic chick digit development. Dev Biol 2021; 469:86-95. [PMID: 33058830 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2020.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
During digit development, the correct balance of chondrogenic signals ensures the recruitment of undifferentiated cells into the cartilage lineage or the maintenance of cells at the undifferentiated stage. WNT/β catenin maintains the pool of progenitor cells, whereas TGFβ signalling promotes cartilage differentiation by inducing Sox9 expression. Moreover, WNT5A promotes the degradation of β catenin during mouse limb development. Although these mechanisms are well established, it is still unknown whether the signalling pathway downstream WNT5A is also involved in early chondrogenesis during digit formation. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the role of WNT5A during the recruitment of progenitor cells during digit development. Our results showed that WNT5A activated calcium (Ca2+) release in the undifferentiated region during digit development. Further, the blockade of Ca2+ release or calcineurin (CaN) or nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT) functions resulted in an inhibition of cartilage differentiation. Together, our results demonstrate that non canonical WNT5A-Ca2+-CaN-NFAT signalling plays a key role during embryonic digit development in vivo promoting the competence for chondrogenic signals and also acts as a permissive factor for chondrogenesis independently of cell death mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Farrera-Hernández
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Ciudad Universitaria, Apartado Postal 70228, Mexico
| | - Jessica Cristina Marín-Llera
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Ciudad Universitaria, Apartado Postal 70228, Mexico
| | - Jesús Chimal-Monroy
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Ciudad Universitaria, Apartado Postal 70228, Mexico.
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22
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Cordeiro IR, Yu R, Tanaka M. Regulation of the limb shape during the development of the Chinese softshell turtles. Evol Dev 2020; 22:451-462. [PMID: 32906209 PMCID: PMC7757393 DOI: 10.1111/ede.12352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Interdigital cell death is an important mechanism employed by amniotes to shape their limbs; inhibiting this process leads to the formation of webbed fingers, as seen in bats and ducks. The Chinese softshell turtle Pelodiscus sinensis (Reptilia: Testudines: Trionychidae) has a distinctive limb morphology: the anterior side of the limbs has partially webbed fingers with claw‐like protrusions, while the posterior fingers are completely enclosed in webbings. Here, P. sinensis embryos were investigated to gain insights on the evolution of limb‐shaping mechanisms in amniotes. We found cell death and cell senescence in their interdigital webbings. Spatial or temporal modulation of these processes were correlated with the appearance of indentations in the webbings, but not a complete regression of this tissue. No differences in interdigital cell proliferation were found. In subsequent stages, differential growth of the finger cartilages led to a major difference in limb shape. While no asymmetry in bone morphogenetic protein signaling was evident during interdigital cell death stages, some components of this pathway were expressed exclusively in the clawed digit tips, which also had earlier ossification. In addition, a delay and/or truncation in the chondrogenesis of the posterior digits was found in comparison with the anterior digits of P. sinensis, and also when compared with the previously published pattern of digit skeletogenesis of turtles without posterior webbings. In conclusion, modulation of cell death, as well as a heterochrony in digit chondrogenesis, may contribute to the formation of the unique limbs of the Chinese softshell turtles. Cell death and senescence shape the interdigital webbings of Pelodiscus sinensis. Delayed chondrogenesis/ossification and truncated tips are found in posterior digits, as well as differential expression of bone morphogenetic proteins and Msh homeobox 1 transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid R Cordeiro
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Reiko Yu
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Mikiko Tanaka
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
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23
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Montero JA, Lorda-Diez CI, Sanchez-Fernandez C, Hurle JM. Cell death in the developing vertebrate limb: A locally regulated mechanism contributing to musculoskeletal tissue morphogenesis and differentiation. Dev Dyn 2020; 250:1236-1247. [PMID: 32798262 PMCID: PMC8451844 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Our aim is to critically review current knowledge of the function and regulation of cell death in the developing limb. We provide a detailed, but short, overview of the areas of cell death observed in the developing limb, establishing their function in morphogenesis and structural development of limb tissues. We will examine the functions of this process in the formation and growth of the limb primordia, formation of cartilaginous skeleton, formation of synovial joints, and establishment of muscle bellies, tendons, and entheses. We will analyze the plasticity of the cell death program by focusing on the developmental potential of progenitors prior to death. Considering the prolonged plasticity of progenitors to escape from the death process, we will discuss a new biological perspective that explains cell death: this process, rather than secondary to a specific genetic program, is a consequence of the tissue building strategy employed by the embryo based on the formation of scaffolds that disintegrate once their associated neighboring structures differentiate. We examine the functions of cell death in the formation and growth of the limb primordia. We analyze the plasticity of the cell death program by focusing on the developmental potential of progenitors prior to death. Considering the prolonged plasticity of progenitors to escape from the death process and the absence of defined genetic program in their regulation we propose that cell death is a consequence of the tissue building strategy employed by the embryo regulated by epigenetic factors .
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan A Montero
- Departamento de Anatomía y Biología Celular and IDIVAL, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Carlos I Lorda-Diez
- Departamento de Anatomía y Biología Celular and IDIVAL, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | | | - Juan M Hurle
- Departamento de Anatomía y Biología Celular and IDIVAL, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
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24
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Wang W, Rigueur D, Lyons KM. TGFβ as a gatekeeper of BMP action in the developing growth plate. Bone 2020; 137:115439. [PMID: 32442550 PMCID: PMC7891678 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The ligands that comprise the Transforming Growth Factor β superfamily highly govern the development of the embryonic growth plate. Members of this superfamily activate canonical TGFβ and/or BMP (Bone Morphogenetic Protein) signaling pathways. How these pathways interact with one another is an area of active investigation. These two signaling pathways have been described to negatively regulate one another through crosstalk involving Smad proteins, the primary intracellular effectors of canonical signaling. More recently, a mechanism for regulation of the BMP pathway through TGFβ and BMP receptor interactions has been described. Here in this review, we demonstrate examples of how TGFβ is a gatekeeper of BMP action in the developing growth plate at both the receptor and transcriptional levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiguang Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Orthopaedic Institute for Children, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States of America
| | - Diana Rigueur
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States of America
| | - Karen M Lyons
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Orthopaedic Institute for Children, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States of America; Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States of America.
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25
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Hingert D, Ekström K, Aldridge J, Crescitelli R, Brisby H. Extracellular vesicles from human mesenchymal stem cells expedite chondrogenesis in 3D human degenerative disc cell cultures. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:323. [PMID: 32727623 PMCID: PMC7391655 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-01832-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Extracellular vesicles (EVs) from human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) are known to be mediators of intercellular communication and have been suggested as possible therapeutic agents in many diseases. Their potential use in intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration associated with low back pain (LBP) is yet to be explored. Since LBP affects more than 85% of the western population resulting in high socioeconomic consequences, there is a demand for exploring new and possibly mini-invasive treatment alternatives. In this study, the effect of hMSC-derived small EVs (sEVs) on degenerated disc cells (DCs) isolated from patients with degenerative discs and chronic LBP was investigated in a 3D in vitro model. Methods hMSCs were isolated from bone marrow aspirate, and EVs were isolated from conditioned media of the hMSCs by differential centrifugation and filtration. 3D pellet cultures of DCs were stimulated with the sEVs at 5 × 1010 vesicles/ml concentration for 28 days and compared to control. The pellets were harvested at days 7, 14, and 28 and evaluated for cell proliferation, viability, ECM production, apoptotic activity, chondrogenesis, and cytokine secretions. Results The findings demonstrated that treatment with sEVs from hMSCs resulted in more than 50% increase in cell proliferation and decrease in cellular apoptosis in degenerated DCs from this patient group. ECM production was also observed as early as in day 7 and was more than three times higher in the sEV-treated DC pellets compared to control cultures. Further, sEV treatment suppressed secretion of MMP-1 in the DCs. Conclusion hMSC-derived sEVs improved cell viability and expedited chondrogenesis in DCs from degenerated IVDs. These findings open up for new tissue regeneration treatment strategies to be developed for degenerative disorders of the spine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphne Hingert
- Department of Orthopedics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Karin Ekström
- Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jonathan Aldridge
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Rosella Crescitelli
- Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Helena Brisby
- Department of Orthopedics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Orthopedics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
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26
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Sanchez-Fernandez C, Lorda-Diez CI, Hurlé JM, Montero JA. The methylation status of the embryonic limb skeletal progenitors determines their cell fate in chicken. Commun Biol 2020; 3:283. [PMID: 32504030 PMCID: PMC7275052 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-1012-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Digits shape is sculpted by interdigital programmed cell death during limb development. Here, we show that DNA breakage in the periphery of 5-methylcytosine nuclei foci of interdigital precursors precedes cell death. These cells showed higher genome instability than the digit-forming precursors when exposed to X-ray irradiation or local bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) treatments. Regional but not global DNA methylation differences were found between both progenitors. DNA-Methyl-Transferases (DNMTs) including DNMT1, DNMT3B and, to a lesser extent, DNMT3A, exhibited well-defined expression patterns in regions destined to degenerate, as the interdigital tissue and the prospective joint regions. Dnmt3b functional experiments revealed an inverse regulation of cell death and cartilage differentiation, by transcriptional regulation of key genes including Sox9, Scleraxis, p21 and Bak1, via differential methylation of CpG islands across their promoters. Our findings point to a regulation of cell death versus chondrogenesis of limb skeletal precursors based on epigenetic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Sanchez-Fernandez
- Departamento de Anatomía y Biología Celular and IDIVAL, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, 39011, Spain
| | - Carlos Ignacio Lorda-Diez
- Departamento de Anatomía y Biología Celular and IDIVAL, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, 39011, Spain
| | - Juan M Hurlé
- Departamento de Anatomía y Biología Celular and IDIVAL, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, 39011, Spain.
| | - Juan Antonio Montero
- Departamento de Anatomía y Biología Celular and IDIVAL, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, 39011, Spain.
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27
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Fowler DA, Larsson HCE. The tissues and regulatory pattern of limb chondrogenesis. Dev Biol 2020; 463:124-134. [PMID: 32417169 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2020.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Initial limb chondrogenesis offers the first differentiated tissues that resemble the mature skeletal anatomy. It is a developmental progression of three tissues. The limb begins with undifferentiated mesenchyme-1, some of which differentiates into condensations-2, and this tissue then transforms into cartilage-3. Each tissue is identified by physical characteristics of cell density, shape, and extracellular matrix composition. Tissue specific regimes of gene regulation underlie the diagnostic physical and chemical properties of these three tissues. These three tissue based regimes co-exist amid a background of other gene regulatory regimes within the same tissues and time-frame of limb development. The bio-molecular indicators of gene regulation reveal six identifiable patterns. Three of these patterns describe the unique bio-molecular indicators of each of the three tissues. A fourth pattern shares bio-molecular indicators between condensation and cartilage. Finally, a fifth pattern is composed of bio-molecular indicators that are found in undifferentiated mesenchyme prior to any condensation differentiation, then these bio-molecular indicators are upregulated in condensations and downregulated in undifferentiated mesenchyme. The undifferentiated mesenchyme that remains in between the condensations and cartilage, the interdigit, contains a unique set of bio-molecular indicators that exhibit dynamic behaviour during chondrogenesis and therefore argue for its own inclusion as a tissue in its own right and for more study into this process of differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald A Fowler
- Redpath Museum, McGill University, 859 Sherbrooke St W, Montréal, QC, H3A 0C4, Canada; Department of Biology, McGill University, Stewart Biology Building, 1205 Docteur Penfield, Montréal, QC, H3A 1B1, Canada.
| | - Hans C E Larsson
- Redpath Museum, McGill University, 859 Sherbrooke St W, Montréal, QC, H3A 0C4, Canada.
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28
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Tejedor G, Laplace-Builhé B, Luz-Crawford P, Assou S, Barthelaix A, Mathieu M, Kissa K, Jorgensen C, Collignon J, Chuchana P, Djouad F. Whole embryo culture, transcriptomics and RNA interference identify TBX1 and FGF11 as novel regulators of limb development in the mouse. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3597. [PMID: 32107392 PMCID: PMC7046665 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60217-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying genes involved in vertebrate developmental processes and characterizing this involvement are daunting tasks, especially in the mouse where viviparity complicates investigations. Attempting to devise a streamlined approach for this type of study we focused on limb development. We cultured E10.5 and E12.5 embryos and performed transcriptional profiling to track molecular changes in the forelimb bud over a 6-hour time-window. The expression of certain genes was found to diverge rapidly from its normal path, possibly reflecting the activation of a stress-induced response. Others, however, maintained for up to 3 hours dynamic expression profiles similar to those seen in utero. Some of these resilient genes were known regulators of limb development. The implication of the others in this process was either unsuspected or unsubstantiated. The localized knockdown of two such genes, Fgf11 and Tbx1, hampered forelimb bud development, providing evidence of their implication. These results show that combining embryo culture, transcriptome analysis and RNA interference could speed up the identification of genes involved in a variety of developmental processes, and the validation of their implication.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Patricia Luz-Crawford
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Said Assou
- IRMB, Univ Montpellier, INSERM, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | - Christian Jorgensen
- IRMB, Univ Montpellier, INSERM, Paris, France.,CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Jérôme Collignon
- Université de Paris, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, Paris, France
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29
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Hingert D, Nawilaijaroen P, Aldridge J, Baranto A, Brisby H. Investigation of the Effect of Secreted Factors from Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Disc Cells from Degenerated Discs. Cells Tissues Organs 2020; 208:76-88. [PMID: 32092752 DOI: 10.1159/000506350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Low back pain is experienced by a large number of people in western countries and may be caused and influenced by many different pathologies and psychosocial factors including disc degeneration. Disc degeneration involves the increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in the disc environment, which leads to the loss of extracellular matrix (ECM) and the viability of the native disc cells (DCs). Treatment approaches using growth factors and cell therapy have been proposed due to the compelling results that growth factors and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can influence the degenerated discs. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of conditioned media (CM) from human MSCs (hMSCs) and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) and TGF-β on disc cells, and hMSCs isolated from patients with degenerative discs and severe low back pain. The aim was also to examine the constituents of CM in order to study the peptides that could bring about intervertebral disc (IVD) regeneration. DCs and hMSC pellets (approx.. 200,000 cells) were cultured and stimulated with hMSC-derived CM or CTGF and TGF-β over 28 days. The effects of CM and CTGF on DCs and hMSCs were assessed via cell viability, proteoglycan production, the expression of ECM proteins, and chondrogenesis in 3D pellet culture. To identify the constituents of CM, CM was analyzed with tandem mass spectrometry. The findings indicate that CM enhanced the cellular viability and ECM production of DCs while CTGF and the control exhibited nonsignificant differences. The same was observed in the hMSC group. Mass spectrometry analysis of CM identified >700 peptides, 129 of which showed a relative abundance of ≥2 (CTGF among them). The results suggest that CM holds potential to counter the progression of disc degeneration, likely resulting from the combination of all the substances released by the hMSCs. The soluble factors released belong to different peptide families. The precise mechanism underlying the regenerative effect needs to be investigated further, prior to incorporating peptides in the development of new treatment strategies for low back pain that is potentially caused by IVD degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphne Hingert
- Department of Orthopedics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden,
| | | | - Jonathan Aldridge
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Adad Baranto
- Department of Orthopedics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Orthopedics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Helena Brisby
- Department of Orthopedics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Orthopedics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
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30
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Takeuchi S, Hirasaki E, Kumakura H. Muscle Spindle Density of Lateral Rotators of the Thigh in Japanese Macaques and a Gibbon. Cells Tissues Organs 2020; 208:1-12. [PMID: 31927538 DOI: 10.1159/000504958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We examined the six small lateral rotators of the hip joint, which is one of the most flexible joints and allows kinematically complex motions of the hindlimb, to elucidate the functional differentiation among these muscles and to test the hypothesis that species-specific characteristics in hindlimb use during locomotion are reflected in the muscle spindle density and in other parameters of the deep small hip joint rotators. For these purposes, we estimated the number of muscle spindles of the superior gemellus muscle (SG), inferior gemellus muscle, quadratus femoris muscle, obturator internus muscle (OI), obturator externus muscle, and piriformis muscle in three Japanese macaques and a gibbon, using 30-µm-thick serial sections throughout each muscle length after azan staining. The numbers of muscle spindles per 10,000 muscle fibers were determined to compare inter-muscle variation. The spindle density was highest in the SG and lowest in the OI in the Japanese macaques, suggesting that the SG, which is attached to the tendon of the OI, functions as a kinesiological monitor of the OI. On the other hand, SG the was missing in the gibbon, and the OI in the gibbon contained more spindles than that in the Japanese macaques. This suggests that the SG and the OI fused into one muscle in the gibbon. We postulate that the relative importance of the deep small hip rotator muscles differs between the Japanese macaques and gibbon and that the gibbon's muscles are less differentiated in terms of the spindle density, probably because this brachiating species uses its hindlimbs less frequently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sawa Takeuchi
- Department of Biological Anthropology, Graduate School of Human Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Eishi Hirasaki
- Section of Evolutionary Morphology, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan,
| | - Hiroo Kumakura
- Department of Biological Anthropology, Graduate School of Human Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
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31
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Marín-Llera JC, Garciadiego-Cázares D, Chimal-Monroy J. Understanding the Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms That Control Early Cell Fate Decisions During Appendicular Skeletogenesis. Front Genet 2019; 10:977. [PMID: 31681419 PMCID: PMC6797607 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of the vertebrate skeleton is orchestrated in time and space by a number of gene regulatory networks that specify and position all skeletal tissues. During embryonic development, bones have two distinct origins: bone tissue differentiates directly from mesenchymal progenitors, whereas most long bones arise from cartilaginous templates through a process known as endochondral ossification. Before endochondral bone development takes place, chondrocytes form a cartilage analgen that will be sequentially segmented to form joints; thus, in the cartilage template, either the cartilage maturation programme or the joint formation programme is activated. Once the cartilage differentiation programme starts, the growth plate begins to form. In contrast, when the joint formation programme is activated, a capsule begins to form that contains special articular cartilage and synovium to generate a functional joint. In this review, we will discuss the mechanisms controlling the earliest molecular events that regulate cell fate during skeletogenesis in long bones. We will explore the initial processes that lead to the recruitment of mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells, the commitment of chondrocyte lineages, and the formation of skeletal elements during morphogenesis. Thereafter, we will review the process of joint specification and joint morphogenesis. We will discuss the links between transcription factor activity, cell–cell interactions, cell–extracellular matrix interactions, growth factor signalling, and other molecular interactions that control mesenchymal stem/progenitor cell fate during embryonic skeletogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Cristina Marín-Llera
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Jesús Chimal-Monroy
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City, Mexico
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32
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Henriksson HB, Papadimitriou N, Hingert D, Baranto A, Lindahl A, Brisby H. The Traceability of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells After Injection Into Degenerated Discs in Patients with Low Back Pain. Stem Cells Dev 2019; 28:1203-1211. [PMID: 31237488 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2019.0074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Low back pain is a major health issue and one main cause to this condition is believed to be intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration. Stem cell therapy for degenerated discs using mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) has been suggested. The aim of the study was to investigate the presence and distribution pattern of autologous MSCs transplanted into degenerated IVDs in patients and explanted posttransplantation. IVD tissues from four patients (41, 45, 47, and 47 years of age) participating in a clinical feasibility study on MSC transplantation to degenerative discs were investigated. Three patients decided to undergo fusion surgery at time points 8 months and one patient at 28 months posttransplantation. Pretransplantation, MSCs from bone marrow aspirate were isolated by centrifugation in FICOLL® test tubes and cultured (passage 1). Before transplantation, MSCs were labeled with 1 mg/mL iron sucrose (Venofer®) and 1 × 106 MSCs were transplanted into degenerated IVDs. At the time point of surgery, IVD tissues were collected. IVD tissue samples were fixated, embedded in paraffin, and sections prepared. IVD samples were stained with Prussian Blue, by which iron deposits are visualized and examined (light microscopy). Immunohistochemistry (IHC), including SOX9 (sex determining region Y box 9), Coll2A1 (collagen 2A1), and cell viability (TUNEL) were performed. Cells positive for iron deposits were observed in IVD tissues (3/4 patients). The cells/iron deposits were observed in clusters and/or as solitary cells in regions in IVD tissue samples [regions of interest (ROIs)]. By IHC, SOX9- and Coll2A1-positive cells were detected in the same regions as the detected cells/iron deposits. A few nonviable cells were detected by TUNEL assay in ROIs. Results demonstrated that MSCs, labeled with iron sucrose, transplanted into degenerated IVDs were detectable 8 months posttransplantation. The detected cellular activity indicates that MSCs have differentiated into chondrocyte-like cells and that the injected MSCs and/or their progeny have survived since the cells were found in large cluster and as solitary cells which were distributed at different parts of the IVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Barreto Henriksson
- Department of Orthopedics, Institute for Clinical Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Sahlgrenska Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Nikolaos Papadimitriou
- Department of Orthopedics, Institute for Clinical Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Orthopedics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Daphne Hingert
- Department of Orthopedics, Institute for Clinical Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Adad Baranto
- Department of Orthopedics, Institute for Clinical Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Orthopedics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anders Lindahl
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Helena Brisby
- Department of Orthopedics, Institute for Clinical Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Orthopedics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Hingert D, Nilsson J, Barreto Henriksson H, Baranto A, Brisby H. Pathological Effects of Cortisol on Intervertebral Disc Cells and Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Lower Back Pain Patients. Cells Tissues Organs 2019; 207:34-45. [PMID: 31269492 DOI: 10.1159/000500772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In western countries, lower back pain (LBP) is one of the most common disorders, experienced by more than 80% of the population. Chronic LBP due to disc degeneration has been linked to ongoing inflammatory processes in the disc and endplates. Pain effects the body in different ways, inducing a general stress response in which the body responds by releasing the stress hormone cortisol. Little is known about the impact of pain-induced stress on the progression of disc degeneration. Thus, the effects of cortisol on disc cells (DCs) and human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) were explored in vitro with the objective of investigating the repercussions of cortisol on these cell types involved in de- and regenerative mechanisms of the disc. DC and hMSC pellet cultures were exposed to cortisol at two concentrations (150 and 300 ng/mL) for 28 days to simulate pain-induced stress. Cell viability, histological staining, and GAG DNA, along with apo-ptotic assays were conducted. Detection of OCT4, SOX9, IL-1R, and CXCR2 expressions was performed by immunohistochemistry. With cortisol treatment, restricted cell proliferation and less GAG production in both DCs and hMSCs were observed. Suppression of the differentiation and immunomodulatory efficacy of hMSCs was also detected. Moreover, elevated expressions of IL-1R and CXCR2 were detected in both cell types. To conclude, constant exposure to cortisol even at a physiological level enhanced pathological cellular processes in both DCs and hMSCs, which further jeopardized chondrogenesis. This suggests that cortisol resulting from pain-induced stress is a contributing component of intervertebral disc degeneration and may negatively affect regenerative attempts of the disc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphne Hingert
- Department of Orthopedics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden,
| | - Johanna Nilsson
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Helena Barreto Henriksson
- Department of Orthopedics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Orthopedics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Adad Baranto
- Department of Orthopedics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Orthopedics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Helena Brisby
- Department of Orthopedics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Orthopedics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Cordeiro IR, Kabashima K, Ochi H, Munakata K, Nishimori C, Laslo M, Hanken J, Tanaka M. Environmental Oxygen Exposure Allows for the Evolution of Interdigital Cell Death in Limb Patterning. Dev Cell 2019; 50:155-166.e4. [PMID: 31204171 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Amphibians form fingers without webbing by differential growth between digital and interdigital regions. Amniotes, however, employ interdigital cell death (ICD), an additional mechanism that contributes to a greater variation of limb shapes. Here, we investigate the role of environmental oxygen in the evolution of ICD in tetrapods. While cell death is restricted to the limb margin in amphibians with aquatic tadpoles, Eleutherodactylus coqui, a frog with terrestrial-direct-developing eggs, has cell death in the interdigital region. Chicken requires sufficient oxygen and reactive oxygen species to induce cell death, with the oxygen tension profile itself being distinct between the limbs of chicken and Xenopus laevis frogs. Notably, increasing blood vessel density in X. laevis limbs, as well as incubating tadpoles under high oxygen levels, induces ICD. We propose that the oxygen available to terrestrial eggs was an ecological feature crucial for the evolution of ICD, made possible by conserved autopod-patterning mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Rosenburg Cordeiro
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, B-17, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Kaori Kabashima
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, B-17, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Haruki Ochi
- Institute for Promotion of Medical Science Research, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Keijiro Munakata
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, B-17, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Chika Nishimori
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, B-17, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Mara Laslo
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - James Hanken
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Mikiko Tanaka
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, B-17, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan.
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35
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UHRF genes regulate programmed interdigital tissue regression and chondrogenesis in the embryonic limb. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:347. [PMID: 31024001 PMCID: PMC6484032 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1575-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The primordium of the limb contains a number of progenitors far superior to those necessary to form the skeletal components of this appendage. During the course of development, precursors that do not follow the skeletogenic program are removed by cell senescence and apoptosis. The formation of the digits provides the most representative example of embryonic remodeling via cell degeneration. In the hand/foot regions of the embryonic vertebrate limb (autopod), the interdigital tissue and the zones of interphalangeal joint formation undergo massive degeneration that accounts for jointed and free digit morphology. Developmental senescence and caspase-dependent apoptosis are considered responsible for these remodeling processes. Our study uncovers a new upstream level of regulation of remodeling by the epigenetic regulators Uhrf1 and Uhrf2 genes. These genes are spatially and temporally expressed in the pre-apoptotic regions. UHRF1 and UHRF2 showed a nuclear localization associated with foci of methylated cytosine. Interestingly, nuclear labeling increased in cells progressing through the stages of degeneration prior to TUNEL positivity. Functional analysis in cultured limb skeletal progenitors via the overexpression of either UHRF1 or UHRF2 inhibited chondrogenesis and induced cell senescence and apoptosis accompanied with changes in global and regional DNA methylation. Uhrfs modulated canonical cell differentiation factors, such as Sox9 and Scleraxis, promoted apoptosis via up-regulation of Bak1, and induced cell senescence, by arresting progenitors at the S phase and upregulating the expression of p21. Expression of Uhrf genes in vivo was positively modulated by FGF signaling. In the micromass culture assay Uhrf1 was down-regulated as the progenitors lost stemness and differentiated into cartilage. Together, our findings emphasize the importance of tuning the balance between cell differentiation and cell stemness as a central step in the initiation of the so-called “embryonic programmed cell death” and suggest that the structural organization of the chromatin, via epigenetic modifications, may be a precocious and critical factor in these regulatory events.
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Agrawal Singh S, Lerdrup M, Gomes ALR, van de Werken HJ, Vilstrup Johansen J, Andersson R, Sandelin A, Helin K, Hansen K. PLZF targets developmental enhancers for activation during osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells. eLife 2019; 8:40364. [PMID: 30672466 PMCID: PMC6344081 DOI: 10.7554/elife.40364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The PLZF transcription factor is essential for osteogenic differentiation of hMSCs; however, its regulation and molecular function during this process is not fully understood. Here, we revealed that the ZBTB16 locus encoding PLZF, is repressed by Polycomb (PcG) and H3K27me3 in naive hMSCs. At the pre-osteoblast stage of differentiation, the locus lost PcG binding and H3K27me3, gained JMJD3 recruitment, and H3K27ac resulting in high expression of PLZF. Subsequently, PLZF was recruited to osteogenic enhancers, influencing H3K27 acetylation and expression of nearby genes important for osteogenic function. Furthermore, we identified a latent enhancer within the ZBTB16/PLZF locus itself that became active, gained PLZF, p300 and Mediator binding and looped to the promoter of the nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT) gene. The increased expression of NNMT correlated with a decline in SAM levels, which is dependent on PLZF and is required for osteogenic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuchi Agrawal Singh
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Hematology, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Welcome Trust/MRC Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Centre for Epigenetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mads Lerdrup
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Centre for Epigenetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ana-Luisa R Gomes
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Centre for Epigenetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Harmen Jg van de Werken
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Cancer Computational Biology Center, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Urology, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jens Vilstrup Johansen
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Centre for Epigenetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Biology, The Bioinformatics Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Robin Andersson
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Centre for Epigenetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Biology, The Bioinformatics Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Albin Sandelin
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Centre for Epigenetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Biology, The Bioinformatics Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristian Helin
- The Novo Nordisk Center for Stem Cell Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States.,Center for Epigenetics Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States
| | - Klaus Hansen
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Centre for Epigenetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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37
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Janssen R, Andersson E, Betnér E, Bijl S, Fowler W, Höök L, Leyhr J, Mannelqvist A, Panara V, Smith K, Tiemann S. Embryonic expression patterns and phylogenetic analysis of panarthropod sox genes: insight into nervous system development, segmentation and gonadogenesis. BMC Evol Biol 2018; 18:88. [PMID: 29884143 PMCID: PMC5994082 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-018-1196-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sox (Sry-related high-mobility-group box) genes represent important factors in animal development. Relatively little, however, is known about the embryonic expression patterns and thus possible function(s) of Sox genes during ontogenesis in panarthropods (Arthropoda+Tardigrada+Onychophora). To date, studies have been restricted exclusively to higher insects, including the model system Drosophila melanogaster, with no comprehensive data available for any other arthropod group, or any tardigrade or onychophoran. RESULTS This study provides a phylogenetic analysis of panarthropod Sox genes and presents the first comprehensive analysis of embryonic expression patterns in the flour beetle Tribolium castaneum (Hexapoda), the pill millipede Glomeris marginata (Myriapoda), and the velvet worm, Euperipatoides kanangrensis (Onychophora). 24 Sox genes were identified and investigated: 7 in Euperipatoides, 8 in Glomeris, and 9 in Tribolium. Each species possesses at least one ortholog of each of the five expected Sox gene families, B, C, D, E, and F, many of which are differentially expressed during ontogenesis. CONCLUSION Sox gene expression (and potentially function) is highly conserved in arthropods and their closest relatives, the onychophorans. Sox B, C and D class genes appear to be crucial for nervous system development, while the Sox B genes Dichaete (D) and Sox21b likely play an additional conserved role in panarthropod segmentation. The Sox B gene Sox21a likely has a conserved function in foregut and Malpighian tubule development, at least in Hexapoda. The data further suggest that Sox D and E genes are involved in mesoderm differentiation, and that Sox E genes are involved in gonadal development. The new data expand our knowledge about the expression and implied function of Sox genes to Mandibulata (Myriapoda+Pancrustacea) and Panarthropoda (Arthropoda+Onychophora).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Janssen
- Uppsala University, Department of Earth Sciences, Palaeobiology, Villavägen 16, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Emil Andersson
- Uppsala University, Department of Earth Sciences, Palaeobiology, Villavägen 16, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ellinor Betnér
- Uppsala University, Department of Earth Sciences, Palaeobiology, Villavägen 16, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sifra Bijl
- Uppsala University, Department of Earth Sciences, Palaeobiology, Villavägen 16, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Will Fowler
- Uppsala University, Department of Earth Sciences, Palaeobiology, Villavägen 16, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lars Höök
- Uppsala University, Department of Earth Sciences, Palaeobiology, Villavägen 16, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jake Leyhr
- Uppsala University, Department of Earth Sciences, Palaeobiology, Villavägen 16, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Alexander Mannelqvist
- Uppsala University, Department of Earth Sciences, Palaeobiology, Villavägen 16, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Virginia Panara
- Uppsala University, Department of Earth Sciences, Palaeobiology, Villavägen 16, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kate Smith
- Uppsala University, Department of Earth Sciences, Palaeobiology, Villavägen 16, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sydney Tiemann
- Uppsala University, Department of Earth Sciences, Palaeobiology, Villavägen 16, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden
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38
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Bickelmann C, Frota-Lima GN, Triepel SK, Kawaguchi A, Schneider I, Fröbisch NB. Noncanonical Hox, Etv4, and Gli3 gene activities give insight into unique limb patterning in salamanders. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2018; 330:138-147. [PMID: 29602205 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Limb development in salamanders is unique among tetrapods in significant ways. Not only can salamanders regenerate lost limbs repeatedly and throughout their lives, but also the preaxial zeugopodial element and digits form before the postaxial ones and, hence, with a reversed polarity compared to all other tetrapods. Moreover, in salamanders with free-swimming larval stages, as exemplified by the axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum), each digit buds independently, instead of undergoing a paddle stage. Here, we report gene expression patterns of Hoxa and d clusters, and other crucial transcription factors during axolotl limb development. During early phases of limb development, expression patterns are mostly similar to those reported for amniotes and frogs. Likewise, Hoxd and Shh regulatory landscapes are largely conserved. However, during late digit-budding phases, remarkable differences are present: (i) the Hoxd13 expression domain excludes developing digits I and IV, (ii) we expand upon previous observation that Hoxa11 expression, which traditionally marks the zeugopodium, extends distally into the developing digits, and (iii) Gli3 and Etv4 show prolonged expression in developing digits. Our findings identify derived patterns in the expression of key transcription factors during late phases of salamander limb development, and provide the basis for a better understanding of the unique patterning of salamander limbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constanze Bickelmann
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz-Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätsforschung, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gabriela Neiva Frota-Lima
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz-Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätsforschung, Berlin, Germany.,Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Sandra Karla Triepel
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz-Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätsforschung, Berlin, Germany
| | - Akane Kawaguchi
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Campus Vienna Biocenter 1, Vienna, Austria
| | - Igor Schneider
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Nadia Belinda Fröbisch
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz-Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätsforschung, Berlin, Germany.,Institut für Biologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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39
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Kerney RR, Hanken J, Blackburn DC. Early limb patterning in the direct-developing salamander Plethodon cinereus revealed by sox9 and col2a1. Evol Dev 2018. [PMID: 29527799 DOI: 10.1111/ede.12250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Direct-developing amphibians form limbs during early embryonic stages, as opposed to the later, often postembryonic limb formation of metamorphosing species. Limb patterning is dramatically altered in direct-developing frogs, but little attention has been given to direct-developing salamanders. We use expression patterns of two genes, sox9 and col2a1, to assess skeletal patterning during embryonic limb development in the direct-developing salamander Plethodon cinereus. Limb patterning in P. cinereus partially resembles that described in other urodele species, with early formation of digit II and a generally anterior-to-posterior formation of preaxial digits. Unlike other salamanders described to date, differentiation of preaxial zeugopodial cartilages (radius/tibia) is not accelerated in relation to the postaxial cartilages, and there is no early differentiation of autopodial elements in relation to more proximal cartilages. Instead, digit II forms in continuity with the ulnar/fibular arch. This amniote-like connectivity to the first digit that forms may be a consequence of the embryonic formation of limbs in this direct-developing species. Additionally, and contrary to recent models of amphibian digit identity, there is no evidence of vestigial digits. This is the first account of gene expression in a plethodontid salamander and only the second published account of embryonic limb patterning in a direct-developing salamander species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan R Kerney
- Department of Biology, Gettysburg College, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania
| | - James Hanken
- Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - David C Blackburn
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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40
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Marín-Llera JC, Chimal-Monroy J. A small population of resident limb bud mesenchymal cells express few MSC-associated markers, but the expression of these markers is increased immediately after cell culture. Cell Biol Int 2018; 42:570-579. [PMID: 29314362 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal progenitors are derived from resident limb bud mesenchymal cells of the vertebrate embryos. However, it remains poorly understood if they represent stem cells, progenitors, or multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC). Derived-MSC of different adult tissues under in vitro experimental conditions can differentiate into the same cellular lineages that are present in the limb. Here, comparing non-cultured versus cultured mesenchymal limb bud cells, we determined the expression of MSC-associated markers, the in vitro differentiation capacity and their gene expression profile. Results showed that in freshly isolated limb bud mesenchymal cells, the proportion of cells expressing Sca1, CD44, CD105, CD90, and CD73 is very low and a low expression of lineage-specific genes was observed. However, recently seeded limb bud mesenchymal cells acquired Sca1 and CD44 markers and the expression of the key differentiation genes Runx2 and Sox9, while Scx and Pparg genes decreased. Also, their chondrogenic differentiation capacity decreased through cellular passages while the osteogenic increased. Our findings suggest that the modification of the cell adhesion process through the in vitro method changed the limb mesenchymal cell immunophenotype leading to the expression and maintenance of common MSC-associated markers. These findings could have a significant impact on MSC study and isolation strategy because they could explain common variations observed in the MSC immunophenotype in different tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Cristina Marín-Llera
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Ciudad Universitaria. Apartado Postal 70228, México
| | - Jesús Chimal-Monroy
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Ciudad Universitaria. Apartado Postal 70228, México
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41
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Hingert D, Barreto Henriksson H, Brisby H. Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells Pretreated with Interleukin-1β and Stimulated with Bone Morphogenetic Growth Factor-3 Enhance Chondrogenesis. Tissue Eng Part A 2017; 24:775-785. [PMID: 28978269 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2017.0087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Low back pain is one of the most common ailments in western countries afflicting more than 80% of the population, and the main cause is considered to be degeneration of intervertebral discs. Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) is a vital inflammatory cytokine found in abundance in degenerated disc environment, whereas bone morphogenetic growth factor-3 (BMP-3) is believed to promote chondrogenesis through transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) pathway. The aim was to study the effects of BMP-3, IL-1β, and combination (pretreatment with IL-1β) on human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) encapsulated in PuraMatrix™ hydrogel (Phg) especially in the absence of TGF-β in order to investigate the proliferation and differentiation ability of hMSCs over 28-day period. One hundred microliters of hMSCs' cell suspension was encapsulated between two layers of 100 μL hydrogels forming a sandwich-like structure. The encapsulated hMSCs were cultured in two sets of media, chondrogenic (C) and nonchondrogenic (nC) media, along with addition of BMP-3 (10 ng/mL) and IL-1β (10 ng/mL). To study the combined effects of BMP-3 and IL-1β, the encapsulated hMSCs were first pretreated with relevant media containing IL-1β for 24 h, and then the media was replaced by media containing BMP-3 for the remaining experimental time period. IL-1β pretreatment was carried out in both C and nC media. The samples were collected at day 7, 14, and 28. Proliferation and differentiation of hMSCs into chondrocyte-like cells were observed in all samples. Proteoglycan accumulation was observed in pretreatment samples in C media. The protein and gene expression of Sox-9 and COL2A1, respectively, showed the occurrence of chondrogenesis in all samples. High cell viability, proliferation, and differentiation were achieved in this in vitro model confirming that BMP-3 alone in the absence of TGF-β could drive hMSCs into chondrogenic lineage. Pretreatment with IL-1β followed by BMP-3 stimulation resulted in high proteoglycan accumulation compared to stimulation with growth factors or cytokine alone. This suggests that pretreatment with a pro-inflammatory cytokine before driving them into a chondrogenic lineage might be of importance also in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphne Hingert
- 1 Department of Orthopedics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg, Sweden .,2 Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology , Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Helena Barreto Henriksson
- 1 Department of Orthopedics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg, Sweden .,3 Department of Orthopedics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital , Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Helena Brisby
- 1 Department of Orthopedics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg, Sweden .,3 Department of Orthopedics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital , Gothenburg, Sweden
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42
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Barter MJ, Gomez R, Hyatt S, Cheung K, Skelton AJ, Xu Y, Clark IM, Young DA. The long non-coding RNA ROCR contributes to SOX9 expression and chondrogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells. Development 2017; 144:4510-4521. [PMID: 29084806 PMCID: PMC5769619 DOI: 10.1242/dev.152504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are expressed in a highly tissue-specific manner and function in various aspects of cell biology, often as key regulators of gene expression. In this study, we established a role for lncRNAs in chondrocyte differentiation. Using RNA sequencing we identified a human articular chondrocyte repertoire of lncRNAs from normal hip cartilage donated by neck of femur fracture patients. Of particular interest are lncRNAs upstream of the master chondrocyte transcription factor SOX9 locus. SOX9 is an HMG-box transcription factor that plays an essential role in chondrocyte development by directing the expression of chondrocyte-specific genes. Two of these lncRNAs are upregulated during chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Depletion of one of these lncRNAs, LOC102723505, which we termed ROCR (regulator of chondrogenesis RNA), by RNA interference disrupted MSC chondrogenesis, concomitant with reduced cartilage-specific gene expression and incomplete matrix component production, indicating an important role in chondrocyte biology. Specifically, SOX9 induction was significantly ablated in the absence of ROCR, and overexpression of SOX9 rescued the differentiation of MSCs into chondrocytes. Our work sheds further light on chondrocyte-specific SOX9 expression and highlights a novel method of chondrocyte gene regulation involving a lncRNA. Summary: This study identified a chondrocyte repertoire of lncRNAs and discovered that ROCR (regulator of chondrogenesis RNA) is important for MSC chondrogenesis and cartilage gene expression by promoting the expression of SOX9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt J Barter
- Skeletal Research Group, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Rodolfo Gomez
- Musculoskeletal Pathology Group, Institute IDIS, Travesia choupana s/n, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, 15706, Spain
| | - Sam Hyatt
- Institute of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Kat Cheung
- Skeletal Research Group, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Andrew J Skelton
- Skeletal Research Group, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Yaobo Xu
- Skeletal Research Group, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Ian M Clark
- Biomedical Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - David A Young
- Skeletal Research Group, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
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Saad E, Milley K, Al-Khan A, Nimmo J, Bacci B, Tayebi M, Day M, Richardson S, Danks J. Canine Mixed Mammary Tumour as a Model for Human Breast Cancer with Osseous Metaplasia. J Comp Pathol 2017; 156:352-365. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Montero JA, Lorda-Diez CI, Francisco-Morcillo J, Chimal-Monroy J, Garcia-Porrero JA, Hurle JM. Sox9 Expression in Amniotes: Species-Specific Differences in the Formation of Digits. Front Cell Dev Biol 2017; 5:23. [PMID: 28386540 PMCID: PMC5362607 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2017.00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In tetrapods the digit pattern has evolved to adapt to distinct locomotive strategies. The number of digits varies between species or even between hindlimb and forelimb within the same species. These facts illustrate the plasticity of embryonic limb autopods. Sox9 is a precocious marker of skeletal differentiation of limb mesenchymal cells. Its pattern of expression in the developing limb has been widely studied and reflects the activity of signaling cascades responsible for skeletogenesis. In this assay we stress previously overlooked differences in the pattern of expression of Sox9 in limbs of avian, mouse and turtle embryos which may reflect signaling differences associated with distinct limb skeletal morphologies observed in these species. Furthermore, we show that Sox9 gene expression is higher and maintained in the interdigital region in species with webbed digits in comparison with free digit animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan A Montero
- Departamento de Anatomía y Biología Celular and IDIVAL, Universidad de Cantabria Santander, Spain
| | - Carlos I Lorda-Diez
- Departamento de Anatomía y Biología Celular and IDIVAL, Universidad de Cantabria Santander, Spain
| | | | - Jesus Chimal-Monroy
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Juan A Garcia-Porrero
- Departamento de Anatomía y Biología Celular and IDIVAL, Universidad de Cantabria Santander, Spain
| | - Juan M Hurle
- Departamento de Anatomía y Biología Celular and IDIVAL, Universidad de Cantabria Santander, Spain
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Jia D, Li Y, Wang K, Cai G, Yang L, Meng X. [Molecular biological research progress of non-coding RNAs modulating osteoarthritis]. ZHONGGUO XIU FU CHONG JIAN WAI KE ZA ZHI = ZHONGGUO XIUFU CHONGJIAN WAIKE ZAZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF REPARATIVE AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY 2017; 31:374-378. [PMID: 29806271 DOI: 10.7507/1002-1892.201610123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Objective To summarize the molecular biological research progress of non-coding RNAs modulating osteoarthritis (OA), and provide a reference basis for biological study and clinical treatment of OA. Methods Recent domestic and foreign related literature about the regulation of OA pathological process by non-coding RNAs was widely reviewed. Results Non-coding RNAs can be divided into three types based on the length of RNA. A lot of non-coding RNAs participating in OA pathological process are screened out by high throughput sequencing technology and microarray technology, and it is verified that these non-coding RNAs involve in the regulation of OA by RT-PCR. The mechanism of OA mediated target is clarified by knocking-down and overexpressing of the most prominent expressed non-coding RNAs in OA. There are the complicated gene expressed network topology in non-coding RNAs, and between non-coding RNAs and coding RNAs. It provides a basis for clearing the effect of gene structure and function, and finding the definite therapeutic target of OA. Conclusion There is preliminary study on molecular biological mechanism of non-coding RNAs mediating OA, but the key structure or sequence of non-coding RNAs, formation and interaction of effecting composite structure about mediating OA are unknown, and it needs further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Jia
- Department of Sports Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming Yunnan, 650000, P.R.China
| | - Yanlin Li
- Department of Sports Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming Yunnan, 650000,
| | - Kun Wang
- Department of Sports Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming Yunnan, 650000, P.R.China
| | - Guofeng Cai
- Department of Sports Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming Yunnan, 650000, P.R.China
| | - Lingjian Yang
- Department of Sports Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming Yunnan, 650000, P.R.China
| | - Xuhan Meng
- Department of Sports Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming Yunnan, 650000, P.R.China
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Chen J, Tambalo M, Barembaum M, Ranganathan R, Simões-Costa M, Bronner ME, Streit A. A systems-level approach reveals new gene regulatory modules in the developing ear. Development 2017; 144:1531-1543. [PMID: 28264836 PMCID: PMC5399671 DOI: 10.1242/dev.148494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The inner ear is a complex vertebrate sense organ, yet it arises from a simple epithelium, the otic placode. Specification towards otic fate requires diverse signals and transcriptional inputs that act sequentially and/or in parallel. Using the chick embryo, we uncover novel genes in the gene regulatory network underlying otic commitment and reveal dynamic changes in gene expression. Functional analysis of selected transcription factors reveals the genetic hierarchy underlying the transition from progenitor to committed precursor, integrating known and novel molecular players. Our results not only characterize the otic transcriptome in unprecedented detail, but also identify new gene interactions responsible for inner ear development and for the segregation of the otic lineage from epibranchial progenitors. By recapitulating the embryonic programme, the genes and genetic sub-circuits discovered here might be useful for reprogramming naïve cells towards otic identity to restore hearing loss. Summary: Transcriptome analysis and knock down of select transcription factors reveals a genetic hierarchy as cells become committed to inner ear fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingchen Chen
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Monica Tambalo
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Meyer Barembaum
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Ramya Ranganathan
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Marcos Simões-Costa
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Marianne E Bronner
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Andrea Streit
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
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Wischin S, Castañeda-Patlán C, Robles-Flores M, Chimal-Monroy J. Chemical activation of Wnt/β-catenin signalling inhibits innervation and causes skeletal tissue malformations during axolotl limb regeneration. Mech Dev 2017; 144:182-190. [PMID: 28163199 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Limb regeneration involves several interrelated physiological processes in which a particular signalling pathway may play a variety of functions. Blocking the function of Wnt/β-catenin signalling during limb regeneration inhibits regeneration in axolotls (Ambystoma mexicanum). Limb development shares many features with limb regeneration, and Wnt/β-catenin activation has different effects depending on the developmental stage. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether Wnt/β-catenin signalling activation during axolotl limb regeneration has different effects when activated at different stages of regeneration. To evaluate this hypothesis, we treated amputated axolotls with a Wnt agonist chemical at different stages of limb regeneration. The results showed that limb regeneration was inhibited when the treatment began before blastema formation. Under these conditions, blastema formation was hindered, possibly due to the lack of innervation. On the other hand, when axolotls were treated after blastema formation and immediately before the onset of morphogenesis, we observed structural disorganization in skeletal formation. In conclusion, we found that limb regeneration was differentially affected depending on the stage at which the Wnt signalling pathway was activated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Wischin
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico DF 04510, Mexico
| | - Cristina Castañeda-Patlán
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico DF 04510, Mexico
| | - Martha Robles-Flores
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico DF 04510, Mexico
| | - Jesús Chimal-Monroy
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico DF 04510, Mexico.
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Huynh NPT, Anderson BA, Guilak F, McAlinden A. Emerging roles for long noncoding RNAs in skeletal biology and disease. Connect Tissue Res 2017; 58:116-141. [PMID: 27254479 PMCID: PMC5301950 DOI: 10.1080/03008207.2016.1194406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Normal skeletal development requires tight coordination of transcriptional networks, signaling pathways, and biomechanical cues, and many of these pathways are dysregulated in pathological conditions affecting cartilage and bone. Recently, a significant role has been identified for long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in developing and maintaining cellular phenotypes, and improvements in sequencing technologies have led to the identification of thousands of lncRNAs across diverse cell types, including the cells within cartilage and bone. It is clear that lncRNAs play critical roles in regulating gene expression. For example, they can function as epigenetic regulators in the nucleus via chromatin modulation to control gene transcription, or in the cytoplasm, where they can function as scaffolds for protein-binding partners or modulate the activity of other coding and noncoding RNAs. In this review, we discuss the growing list of lncRNAs involved in normal development and/or homeostasis of the skeletal system, the potential mechanisms by which these lncRNAs might function, and recent improvements in the methodologies available to study lncRNA functions in vitro and in vivo. Finally, we address the likely utility of lncRNAs as biomarkers and therapeutic targets for diseases of the skeletal system, including osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, and in cancers of the skeletal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen P. T. Huynh
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA,Shriners Hospitals for Children – St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA,Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Britta A. Anderson
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Farshid Guilak
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA,Shriners Hospitals for Children – St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA,Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA,Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Audrey McAlinden
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA,Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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The direction of human mesenchymal stem cells into the chondrogenic lineage is influenced by the features of hydrogel carriers. Tissue Cell 2016; 49:35-44. [PMID: 28011039 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Low back pain is a major public health issue in the Western world, one main cause is believed to be intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration. To halt/diminish IVD degeneration, cell therapy using different biomaterials e.g. hydrogels as cell carriers has been suggested. In this study, two different hydrogels were examined (in vitro) as potential cell carriers for human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) intended for IVD transplantation. The aim was to investigate cell-survival and chondrogenic differentiation of hMSCs when cultured in hydrogels Puramatrix® or Hydromatrix® and potential effects of stimulation with growth hormone (GH). hMSCs/hydrogel cultures were investigated for cell-viability, attachment, gene expression of chondrogenic markers SOX9, COL2A1, ACAN and accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM). In both hydrogel types, hMSCs were viable for 28days, expressed integrin β1 which indicates adhesion of hMSCs. Differentiation was observed into chondrocyte-like cells, in a higher extent in hMSCs/Hydromatrix® cultures when compared to hMSCs/Puramatrix® hydrogel cultures. Gene expression analyses of chondrogenic markers verified results. hMSCs/hydrogel cultures stimulated with GH displayed no significant effects on chondrogenesis. In conclusion, both hydrogels, especially Hydromatrix® was demonstrated as a promising cell carrier in vitro for hMSCs, when directed into chondrogenesis. This knowledge could be useful in biological approaches for regeneration of degenerated human IVDs.
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50
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Kawasaki K, Kawasaki M, Watanabe M, Idrus E, Nagai T, Oommen S, Maeda T, Hagiwara N, Que J, Sharpe PT, Ohazama A. Expression of Sox genes in tooth development. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2016; 59:471-8. [PMID: 26864488 DOI: 10.1387/ijdb.150192ao] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Members of the Sox gene family play roles in many biological processes including organogenesis. We carried out comparative in situ hybridization analysis of seventeen sox genes (Sox1-14, 17, 18, 21) during murine odontogenesis from the epithelial thickening to the cytodifferentiation stages. Localized expression of five Sox genes (Sox6, 9, 13, 14 and 21) was observed in tooth bud epithelium. Sox13 showed restricted expression in the primary enamel knots. At the early bell stage, three Sox genes (Sox8, 11, 17 and 21) were expressed in pre-ameloblasts, whereas two others (Sox5 and 18) showed expression in odontoblasts. Sox genes thus showed a dynamic spatio-temporal expression during tooth development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsushige Kawasaki
- Division of Oral Anatomy, Department of Oral Biological Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
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