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Li T, Gao S, Wei Y, Wu G, Feng Y, Wang Y, Jiang X, Kuang H, Han W. Combined untargeted metabolomics and network pharmacology approaches to reveal the therapeutic role of withanolide B in psoriasis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2024; 245:116163. [PMID: 38657365 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2024.116163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Psoriasis is a refractory inflammatory skin disorder in which keratinocyte hyperproliferation is a crucial pathogenic factor. Up to now, it is commonly acknowledged that psoriasis has a tight connection with metabolic disorders. Withanolides from Datura metel L. (DML) have been proved to possess anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative properties in multiple diseases including psoriasis. Withanolide B (WB) is one of the abundant molecular components in DML. However, existing experimental studies regarding the potential effects and mechanisms of WB on psoriasis still remain lacking. Present study aimed to integrate network pharmacology and untargeted metabolomics strategies to investigate the therapeutic effects and mechanisms of WB on metabolic disorders in psoriasis. In our study, we observed that WB might effectively improve the symptoms of psoriasis and alleviate the epidermal hyperplasia in imiquimod (IMQ)-induced psoriasis-like mice. Both network pharmacology and untargeted metabolomics results suggested that arachidonic acid metabolism and arginine and proline metabolism pathways were linked to the treatment of psoriasis with WB. Meanwhile, we also found that WB may affect the expression of regulated enzymes 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX), 12-LOX, ornithine decarboxylase 1 (ODC1) and arginase 1 (ARG1) in the arachidonic acid metabolism and arginine and proline metabolism pathways. In summary, this paper showed the potential metabolic mechanisms of WB against psoriasis and suggested that WB would have greater potential in psoriasis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Li
- School of Medicine, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, No.257 Liu-shi Road, Yufeng District, Liuzhou 545005, China; Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica (Ministry of Education), Heilongjiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.24 Heping Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Si Gao
- School of Medicine, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, No.257 Liu-shi Road, Yufeng District, Liuzhou 545005, China
| | - Yundong Wei
- School of Medicine, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, No.257 Liu-shi Road, Yufeng District, Liuzhou 545005, China
| | - Gang Wu
- School of Medicine, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, No.257 Liu-shi Road, Yufeng District, Liuzhou 545005, China
| | - Yiping Feng
- School of Medicine, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, No.257 Liu-shi Road, Yufeng District, Liuzhou 545005, China
| | - Yanyan Wang
- School of Medicine, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, No.257 Liu-shi Road, Yufeng District, Liuzhou 545005, China
| | - Xudong Jiang
- School of Medicine, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, No.257 Liu-shi Road, Yufeng District, Liuzhou 545005, China.
| | - Haixue Kuang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica (Ministry of Education), Heilongjiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.24 Heping Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Wei Han
- College of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.4 Dong-qing Road, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China; Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica (Ministry of Education), Heilongjiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.24 Heping Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150040, China.
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Naganuma T, Fujinami N, Arita M. Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid-Derived Lipid Mediators That Regulate Epithelial Homeostasis. Biol Pharm Bull 2022; 45:998-1007. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b22-00252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuro Naganuma
- Division of Physiological Chemistry and Metabolism, Keio University Faculty of Pharmacy
| | - Nodoka Fujinami
- Division of Physiological Chemistry and Metabolism, Keio University Faculty of Pharmacy
| | - Makoto Arita
- Cellular and Molecular Epigenetics Laboratory, Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama-City University
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Park GB, Kim D. Cigarette smoke-induced EGFR activation promotes epithelial mesenchymal migration of human retinal pigment epithelial cells through regulation of the FAK-mediated Syk/Src pathway. Mol Med Rep 2018; 17:3563-3574. [PMID: 29286114 PMCID: PMC5802154 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.8355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells is inevitable change of age‑related macular degeneration (AMD). Smoking is a major risk factor for the development of EMT in several diseases, including lung cancer. Cigarette smoke‑induced stress promotes the production of epidermal growth factor (EGF) in RPE cells. However, the underlying signaling pathways induced by aberrant EGF receptor (EGFR) expression in cigarette smoke-exposed RPE cells remain largely unknown. In the present study, the morphological transformation and production of EMT-associated cytokines were investigated to analyze the effect of smoking on the retina. Furthermore, EGF‑treated or cigarette smoke‑exposed RPE cells, as well as the downstream targets of EGFR, were investigated to identify the key molecules involved in EMT of cigarette smoke‑stimulated RPE cells via immunoblotting. Exposure of RPE cells to cigarette smoke extract (CSE) induced secretion of VEGF and TGF‑β1, and increased the expression of EMT markers. CSE‑mediated focal adhesion kinase (FAK) activation resulted in the phosphorylation and activation of spleen associated tyrosine kinase (Syk)/Src proto‑oncogene, non‑receptor tyrosine kinase (Src), leading to migration and invasion of RPE cells. Knockdown of FAK or pharmacological inhibition of Syk/Src abrogated CSE‑mediated VEGF and TGF‑β1 production and blocked the phosphorylation of Smad2/3 in CSE‑stimulated RPE cells. Erlotinib (an EGFR inhibitor) suppressed EGF and CSE‑mediated switch from an epithelial to mesenchymal phenotype. Baicalein, an inhi-bitor of 12/15‑lipooxygenase, also efficiently suppressed CSE‑induced EMT processes by inhibiting EGFR‑associated downstream signaling transduction. The results identified a novel signaling pathway mediated by EGFR in CSE‑activated RPE cells, and suggest baicalein as a potential new therapeutic drug for CSE‑associated retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ga Bin Park
- Department of Biochemistry, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan 49267, Republic of Korea
| | - Daejin Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan 47392, Republic of Korea
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Islam MR, Yamagami K, Yoshii Y, Yamauchi N. Growth factor induced proliferation, migration, and lumen formation of rat endometrial epithelial cells in vitro. J Reprod Dev 2016; 62:271-8. [PMID: 26946922 PMCID: PMC4919291 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2015-158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Endometrial modulation is essential for the preservation of normal uterine physiology, and this modulation is driven by a number of growth factors. The present study investigated the mitogenic, motogenic, and morphogenic effects of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) on rat endometrial epithelial (REE) cells. The REE cells were isolated and cultured and then characterized based on their morphology and their expression of epithelial cell markers. The MTT assay revealed that EGF and HGF induce proliferation of REE cells. Consistent with increased proliferation, we found that the cell cycle regulatory factor Cyclin D1 was also upregulated upon EGF and HGF addition. REE cell migration was prompted by EGF, as observed with the Oris Cell Migration Assay. The morphogenic impact of growth factors on REE cells was studied in a three-dimensional BD Matrigel cell culture system, wherein these growth factors also increased the frequency of lumen formation. In summary, we show that EGF and HGF have a stimulatory effect on REE cells, promoting proliferation, cell migration, and lumen formation. Our findings provide important insights that further the understanding of endometrial regeneration and its regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Rashedul Islam
- Department of Animal and Marine Bioresource Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
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Powell WS, Rokach J. Biosynthesis, biological effects, and receptors of hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs) and oxoeicosatetraenoic acids (oxo-ETEs) derived from arachidonic acid. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2014; 1851:340-55. [PMID: 25449650 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Arachidonic acid can be oxygenated by a variety of different enzymes, including lipoxygenases, cyclooxygenases, and cytochrome P450s, and can be converted to a complex mixture of oxygenated products as a result of lipid peroxidation. The initial products in these reactions are hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HpETEs) and hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs). Oxoeicosatetraenoic acids (oxo-ETEs) can be formed by the actions of various dehydrogenases on HETEs or by dehydration of HpETEs. Although a large number of different HETEs and oxo-ETEs have been identified, this review will focus principally on 5-oxo-ETE, 5S-HETE, 12S-HETE, and 15S-HETE. Other related arachidonic acid metabolites will also be discussed in less detail. 5-Oxo-ETE is synthesized by oxidation of the 5-lipoxygenase product 5S-HETE by the selective enzyme, 5-hydroxyeicosanoid dehydrogenase. It actions are mediated by the selective OXE receptor, which is highly expressed on eosinophils, suggesting that it may be important in eosinophilic diseases such as asthma. 5-Oxo-ETE also appears to stimulate tumor cell proliferation and may also be involved in cancer. Highly selective and potent OXE receptor antagonists have recently become available and could help to clarify its pathophysiological role. The 12-lipoxygenase product 12S-HETE acts by the GPR31 receptor and promotes tumor cell proliferation and metastasis and could therefore be a promising target in cancer therapy. It may also be involved as a proinflammatory mediator in diabetes. In contrast, 15S-HETE may have a protective effect in cancer. In addition to GPCRs, higher concentration of HETEs and oxo-ETEs can activate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) and could potentially regulate a variety of processes by this mechanism. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Oxygenated metabolism of PUFA: analysis and biological relevance".
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Affiliation(s)
- William S Powell
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, McGill University, 3626St. Urbain Street, Montreal, Quebec H2X 2P2, Canada.
| | - Joshua Rokach
- Claude Pepper Institute and Department of Chemistry, Florida Institute of Technology, 150 West University Boulevard, Melbourne, FL 32901, USA
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The growing role of eicosanoids in tissue regeneration, repair, and wound healing. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2013; 104-105:130-8. [PMID: 23727457 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2013.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2013] [Revised: 04/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Tissue repair and regeneration are essential processes in maintaining tissue homeostasis, especially in response to injury or stress. Eicosanoids are ubiquitous mediators of cell proliferation, differentiation, and angiogenesis, all of which are important for tissue growth. Eicosanoids regulate the induction and resolution of inflammation that accompany the tissue response to injury. In this review, we describe how this diverse group of molecules is a key regulator of tissue repair and regeneration in multiple organ systems and biologic contexts.
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Kenchegowda S, He J, Bazan H. Involvement of pigment epithelium-derived factor, docosahexaenoic acid and neuroprotectin D1 in corneal inflammation and nerve integrity after refractive surgery. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2013; 88:27-31. [PMID: 22579364 PMCID: PMC3431458 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2012.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Revised: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Alterations in corneal innervations result in impaired corneal sensation, severe dry eye and damage to the epithelium that may in turn lead to corneal ulcers, melting and perforation. These alterations can occur after refractive surgery. We have discovered that pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) plus docosahexaenoic acid (DHA or the docosanoid bioactive neuroprotectin D1 (NPD1)) induces nerve regeneration after corneal surgery that damages the stromal nerves. We found that PEDF is released from corneal epithelial cells after injury, and when DHA is provided to the cells it stimulates the biosynthesis of NPD1 by an autocrine mechanism. The combination of PEDF plus DHA also decreased the production of leukotriene B4 (LTB4), a neutrophil chemotactic factor, thereby decreasing the inflammation induced after corneal damage. These studies suggest that PEDF plus DHA and its derivative NPD1 hold promise as a future treatment to restore a healthy cornea after nerve damage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - H.E.P Bazan
- Corresponding author: Haydee E.P.Bazan, LSU Eye Center and Neuroscience center, 2020 Gravier Street, Suite D, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; , Ph: 504- 599- 0877, FAX: 504- 568- 0977
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Yeung J, Holinstat M. 12-lipoxygenase: a potential target for novel anti-platelet therapeutics. Cardiovasc Hematol Agents Med Chem 2012; 9:154-64. [PMID: 21838667 DOI: 10.2174/187152511797037619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Platelets play an essential role in the regulation of hemostasis and thrombosis and controlling their level of activation is central to prevention of occlusive clot formation and stroke. Although a number of anti-platelet targets have been identified to address this issue including COX-1, the P2Y(12) receptor, the integrin αIIbβ3, and more recently the protease-activated receptor-1, these targets often result in a significant increased risk of bleeding which may lead to pathologies as serious as the thrombosis they were meant to treat including intracranial hemorrhage and gastrointestinal bleeding. Therefore, alternative approaches to treat uncontrolled platelet activation are warranted. Platelet-type 12-lipoxygenase is an enzyme which oxidizes the free fatty acid in the platelet resulting in the production of the stable metabolite 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE). The role of 12-HETE in the platelet has been controversial with reports associating its function as being both anti- and pro-thrombotic. In this review, the role of 12-lipoxygenase and its bioactive metabolites in regulation of platelet reactivity, clot formation, and hemostasis is described. Understanding the mechanisms by which 12-lipoxygenase and its metabolites modulate platelet function may lead to the development of a novel class of anti-platelet therapies targeting the enzyme in order to attenuate injury-induced clot formation, vessel occlusion and pathophysiological shifts in hemostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Yeung
- Department of Medicine, Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Kenchegowda S, Bazan NG, Bazan HEP. EGF stimulates lipoxin A4 synthesis and modulates repair in corneal epithelial cells through ERK and p38 activation. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2011; 52:2240-9. [PMID: 21220563 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.10-6199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effect of epidermal growth factor (EGF) on lipoxin A4 (LXA4) synthesis and how it regulates corneal epithelial wound healing through mitogen-activated kinases, extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2, and p38. METHODS Rabbit corneal epithelial (RCE) cells were stimulated with EGF or LXA4 at different times. In some experiments, cells were pretreated with 12/15-lipoxygenase (12/15-LOX) inhibitor cinnamyl-3,4-dihydroxy-α-cyanocinnamate (CDC), ERK1/2 inhibitor PD98059, or p38 inhibitor SB203580. For wound-healing experiments, corneas from rabbits and 12/15-LOX (ALOX-15)-deficient mice were injured by epithelial removal and maintained in organ culture in the presence of EGF or LXA4 with or without inhibitors. Epithelial cell proliferation was assayed by immunofluorescence with Ki67 and cell counting. Scrape migration assays were performed in 6-well plates. LXA4 synthesis was analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis. RESULTS EGF activated ERK1/2 and p38 in RCE cells in a sustained manner. EGF activation was partially inhibited by CDC. EGF and LXA4 increased corneal epithelial wound closure. ERK1/2 inhibition with PD98059 or p38 with SB203580 blocked the effect of LXA4 on wound healing. ALOX-15 corneas displayed inhibition of epithelial wound closure promoted by EGF, whereas LXA4 stimulation induced similar wound closure in wild-type and knockout mice. EGF-stimulated LXA4 synthesis in RCE cells was inhibited by CDC or the EGF receptor antagonist AG1478. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that EGF-stimulated epithelial wound healing is partially mediated through a 12/15-LOX-LXA4 pathway, and activation of ERK1/2 and p38 is required for LXA4 action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachidananda Kenchegowda
- Department of Ophthalmology and Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 2020 Gravier Street, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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Kenchegowda S, Bazan HEP. Significance of lipid mediators in corneal injury and repair. J Lipid Res 2010; 51:879-91. [PMID: 19965607 PMCID: PMC2853455 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r001347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2009] [Revised: 11/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Corneal injury induces an inflammatory reaction and damages the sensory nerves that exert trophic influences in the corneal epithelium. Alterations in normal healing disrupt the integrity and function of the tissue with undesirable consequences, ranging from dry eye and loss of transparency to ulceration and perforation. Lipids play important roles in this complex process. Whereas lipid mediators such as platelet activating factor (PAF) and cyclooxygenease-2 metabolites contribute to tissue damage and neovascularization, other mediators, such as the lipoxygenase (LOX) derivatives from arachidonic acid, 12- and 15-hydroxy/hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acids, and lipoxin A4, act as second messengers for epidermal growth factor to promote proliferation and repair. Stimulation of the cornea with pigment epithelial derived factor in the presence of docosahexaenoic acid gives rise to the synthesis of neuroprotectin D1, a derivative of LOX activity, and increases regeneration of corneal nerves. More knowledge about the role that lipids play in corneal wound healing can provide insight into the development of new therapeutic approaches for treating corneal injuries. PAF antagonists, lipoxins, and neuroprotectins can be effective therapeutic tools for maintaining the integrity of the cornea.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Haydee E. P. Bazan
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence and Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112
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Moreno JJ. New aspects of the role of hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids in cell growth and cancer development. Biochem Pharmacol 2008; 77:1-10. [PMID: 18761324 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2008.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2008] [Revised: 07/24/2008] [Accepted: 07/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Lipoxygenase (LOX) pathway leads to the formation of leukotrienes and also catalyses the conversion of arachidonic acid (AA) to hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acids that are then reduced to hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETE) by glutathione peroxidase. There are four mammalian LOXs that produce 5-, 8-, 12- and 15-HETE, respectively. Cytochrome P-450 isozymes are also capable of metabolising AA to HETEs either by bis-allylic oxidation (lipoxygenase-like reaction) to generate 5-, 8-, 9-, 11-, 12- and 15-HETE; or by varpi/varpi-1 hydroxylation to yield 16-, 17-, 18-, 19- and 20-HETEs. It is now widely recognised that HETEs have important physiological and pathological functions that modulate ion transport, renal and pulmonary functions, vascular tone and reactivity, and inflammatory and growth responses. They can be released during the action of growth factors and cytokines, reaching physiological concentrations higher than that of prostanoids and modulating the functions of these factors. Their effects can occur through receptor or non-receptor mechanisms. Recent reviews have summarised the effects of HETEs in vascular homeostasis or lung and renal physiology. The present review focuses on the emerging effects of HETEs on cell signalling and physiological cell growth. It also discusses current observations regarding the role of HETEs in apoptosis, angiogenesis, the proliferation of cancer cells and metastasis, which constitute a potential area for successful therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan J Moreno
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Avda. Joan XXIII s/n, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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12
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Castilla R, Gadaleta M, Castillo AF, Duarte A, Neuman I, Paz C, Cornejo Maciel F, Podestá EJ. New enzymes involved in the mechanism of action of epidermal growth factor in a clonal strain of Leydig tumor cells. Endocrinology 2008; 149:3743-52. [PMID: 18388199 DOI: 10.1210/en.2007-1580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The studies presented herein were designed to investigate the effect of mouse epidermal growth factor (mEGF) on arachidonic acid (AA) release in a clonal strain of cultured murine Leydig cells (designed MA-10). In MA-10 cells, mEGF promotes AA release and metabolism to lipoxygenated products to induce the steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein. However, the mechanism by which mEGF releases AA in these cells is not totally elucidated. We show that mEGF produces an increment in the mitochondrial AA content in a short-term incubation (30 min). This AA is released by the action of a mitochondrial acyl-CoA thioesterase (Acot2), as demonstrated in experiments in which Acot2 was down or overexpressed. This AA in turn regulates the StAR protein expression, indirect evidence of its metabolism to lipoxygenated products. We also show that mEGF induces the expression (mRNA and protein) of Acot2 and an acyl-CoA synthetase that provides the substrate, arachidonyl-CoA, to Acot2. This effect is also observed in another steroidogenic cell line, the adrenocortical Y1 cells. Taken together, our results show that: 1) mEGF can induce the generation of AA in a specific compartment of the cells, i.e. the mitochondria; 2) mEGF can up-regulate acyl-CoA synthetase and Acot2 mRNA and protein levels; and 3) mEGF-stimulated intramitochondrial AA release leads to StAR protein induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Castilla
- Instituto de Investigaciones Moleculares de Enfermedades Hormonales, Neurodegenerativas y Oncológicas, Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155 5th, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Zelenka PS, Arpitha P. Coordinating cell proliferation and migration in the lens and cornea. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2007; 19:113-24. [PMID: 18035561 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2007.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2007] [Accepted: 10/01/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Migration is a complex process for epithelial tissues, because the epithelium must move as an intact sheet to preserve its barrier function. The requirement for structural integrity is met by coupling cell-to-matrix and cell-to-cell adhesion at the cellular level, and by coordinating cell proliferation and cell migration in the tissue as a whole. Proliferation is suppressed at the migrating cell front, allowing cells in this region to remain tightly packed while advancing rapidly. At the same time, proliferation is enhanced in a region behind the advancing cell front to expand the epithelial cell sheet. This review considers the extracellular signals and intracellular signaling pathways that regulate these processes in the lens and corneal epithelium, with emphasis on the commonalities that link these tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Zelenka
- National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Sharma GD, Kakazu A, Bazan HEP. Protein kinase C alpha and epsilon differentially modulate hepatocyte growth factor-induced epithelial proliferation and migration. Exp Eye Res 2007; 85:289-97. [PMID: 17603037 PMCID: PMC2384226 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2007.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2006] [Revised: 05/04/2007] [Accepted: 05/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinase C (PKC) isoenzymes require membrane translocation for physiological activation. We have recently shown that the growth factors such as epidermal growth factor and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), but not keratinocyte growth factor (KGF), regulate PKCalpha activation to promote epithelial wound healing [Sharma, G.D., Ottino, P., Bazan, H.E.P., 2005. Epidermal and hepatocyte growth factors, but not keratinocyte growth factor, modulate protein kinase C alpha translocation to the plasma membrane through 15(S)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid synthesis. J. Biol. Chem. 280, 7917--924]. Protein kinase C alpha (PKCalpha) and protein kinase C epsilon (PKCvarepsilon) are two differentially regulated isoenzymes. While PKCalpha requires Ca(2+) for its activation, PKEvarepsilon is Ca(2+) independent. However, growth factor-induced activation of these enzymes and their specific regulation of epithelial migration and proliferation have not been explored. In the present study, we overexpressed PKCvarepsilon fused to green fluorescent protein to examine its translocation in real-time to the plasma membrane in living human corneal epithelial cells. Stimulation with HGF and KGF demonstrated translocation of PKCvarepsilon to the plasma membrane. Because HGF activates both PKCs, this growth factor was used to stimulate wound healing. PKCalpha or PKCvarepsilon-genes were knocked down individually without affecting the basal expression of the other PKC isoforms. Gene knockdown of PKCalpha significantly inhibited HGF-stimulated proliferation of human corneal epithelial cells. In contrast, PKCvarepsilon-gene-silencing severely impaired the HGF-stimulated migratory ability of human corneal epithelial cells. When migrating epithelial cells in the cornea wound bed after injury were transfected with specific PKCalpha- or PKCvarepsilon-siRNA, there was a significant delay in wound healing. Corneal wound healing stimulated with HGF in similar conditions was also inhibited. On the other hand, overexpression of PKCalpha or PKCvarepsilon-genes fused with green fluorescent protein in migrating corneal epithelium accelerated repair of the epithelial defect. Our findings demonstrate that PKCalpha and PKCvarepsilon modulate different stages of wound healing stimulated by HGF and contribute to epithelial repair by playing selective regulatory roles in epithelial proliferation and migration, both crucial to corneal wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guru Dutt Sharma
- Department of Ophthalmology and Neuroscience Center of Excellence, LSU Health Sciences Center, 2020 Gravier Street, Suite D, New Orleans, Louisiana, 70112, USA
| | - Azucena Kakazu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Neuroscience Center of Excellence, LSU Health Sciences Center, 2020 Gravier Street, Suite D, New Orleans, Louisiana, 70112, USA
| | - Haydee E. P. Bazan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Neuroscience Center of Excellence, LSU Health Sciences Center, 2020 Gravier Street, Suite D, New Orleans, Louisiana, 70112, USA
- Corresponding author: Haydee E.P. Bazan, Ph.D., Department of Ophthalmology and Neuroscience Center of Excellence, LSU Health Sciences Center, 2020 Gravier Street, Suite D, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA, Tel. 1-504-599-0877; Fax. 1-504-568-5801; E-mail:
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Nieves D, Moreno JJ. Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids released through the cytochrome P-450 pathway regulate 3T6 fibroblast growth. J Lipid Res 2006; 47:2681-9. [PMID: 16980726 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m600212-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Eicosanoids participate in the regulation of cellular proliferation. Thus, we observed that prostaglandin E(2) interaction with membrane receptors is involved in the control of 3T6 fibroblast growth induced by serum. However, our results suggested that another arachidonic acid pathway might be implicated in these events. Our results show that 3T6 fibroblasts synthesized hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs) such as 12-HETE through the cytochrome P-450 (CYP450) pathway. However, 3T6 fibroblasts did not produce leukotriene B(4) (LTB(4)), and lipoxygenase inhibitors and LT antagonists failed to inhibit 3T6 fibroblast growth induced by FBS. In contrast, we observed that CYP450 inhibitors such as SKF-525A, 17-octadecynoic acid, 1-aminobenzotriazole, and 6-(2-propargyloxyphenyl)hexanoic acid reduced 12(S)-HETE levels, 3T6 fibroblast growth, and DNA synthesis induced by FBS. The impairment of DNA synthesis and 3T6 fibroblast growth induced by SKF-525A were reversed by exogenous addition of HETEs. Moreover, we report that 5-HETE, 12(S)-HETE, and 15(S)-HETE are mitogenic on 3T6 fibroblast in the absence of another growth factor, and this effect was dependent on the activation of the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase pathway. In conclusion, our results show that HETEs, probably produced by CYP450, are involved in the control of 3T6 fibroblast growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Nieves
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Yanai R, Yamada N, Inui M, Nishida T. Correlation of proliferative and anti-apoptotic effects of HGF, insulin, IGF-1, IGF-2, and EGF in SV40-transformed human corneal epithelial cells. Exp Eye Res 2006; 83:76-83. [PMID: 16530761 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2005.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2005] [Revised: 10/05/2005] [Accepted: 10/31/2005] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The effects of various growth factors on the proliferation and apoptosis of human corneal epithelial cells were investigated. Simian virus 40-transformed human corneal epithelial cells were thus incubated separately with eight different growth factors, after which cell proliferation was evaluated by measurement of [(3)H]thymidine incorporation or with the MTS [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium] assay and apoptosis was quantified by the terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick-end labeling assay. Phosphorylation of the protein kinase Akt, which plays an important role in anti-apoptotic signaling, was also assessed by immunoblot analysis. The growth factors examined could be classified into three groups on the basis of their effects on the proliferation and apoptosis of human corneal epithelial cells: hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), insulin, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1, IGF-2, and epidermal growth factor (EGF) each increased cell proliferation, inhibited the induction of apoptosis by sodium nitroprusside, and elicited the activation of Akt; transforming growth factor-beta1 and -beta2 inhibited [3H]thymidine incorporation but had no effect on sodium nitroprusside-induced apoptosis or on Akt activity; and platelet-derived growth factor-BB had no effects on the measured parameters. HGF, insulin, IGF-1, IGF-2, and EGF may thus contribute to maintenance of the corneal epithelium and coordinate the proliferative and apoptotic responses of this tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoji Yanai
- Department of Biomolecular Recognition and Ophthalmology, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan.
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Bazan HEP. Cellular and molecular events in corneal wound healing: significance of lipid signalling. Exp Eye Res 2005; 80:453-63. [PMID: 15781273 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2004.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2004] [Accepted: 12/28/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in the normal healing process after corneal injury can produce undesirable outcomes that range from corneal haze to ulceration and perforation. Lipids play important roles in the complex inflammatory processes that occur after corneal wounding. While some lipid mediators, such as the lipoxygenase derivatives of arachidonic acid, 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12[S]-HETE and 15[S]-HETE), act as second messengers to promote cell proliferation and are possibly involved in the synthesis of other molecules that suppress inflammation, others, such as platelet-activating factor (PAF), exert their actions through specific receptors, play key roles during sustained corneal inflammation (as might occur with chemical burns), and contribute to tissue destruction and neovascularization. PAF is also a strong inducer of selective metalloproteinases (MMPs) that degrade the extracellular matrix. The use of a new PAF antagonist has shown great promise for the treatment of diffuse lamellar keratitis (DLK) and alkali-burned corneas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haydee E P Bazan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Neuroscience Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
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Sharma GD, Ottino P, Bazan NG, Bazan HEP. Epidermal and Hepatocyte Growth Factors, but Not Keratinocyte Growth Factor, Modulate Protein Kinase Cα Translocation to the Plasma Membrane through 15(S)-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic Acid Synthesis. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:7917-24. [PMID: 15613483 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m408852200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of protein kinase C (PKC) involves its recruitment to the membrane, where it interacts with its activator(s). We expressed PKCalpha fused to green fluorescent protein and examined its real time translocation to the plasma membrane in living human corneal epithelial cells. Upon 10 min of stimulation with epidermal and hepatocyte growth factors (EGF and HGF), PKCalpha translocated to the plasma membrane. Keratinocyte growth factor did not stimulate PKCalpha translocation up to 1 h after stimulation. Pretreatment with the 15-lipoxygenase metabolite, 15(S)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15(S)-HETE), followed by EGF or HGF, produced faster translocation of PKCalpha detectable at 2 min. However, the same concentration of 15(S)-HETE alone did not stimulate translocation. 15(S)-Hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid and 5(S)-HETE did not affect growth factor-induced translocation of PKCalpha. PD153035, a specific inhibitor of tyrosine kinase activity of the EGF receptor, completely blocked PKCalpha translocation induced by EGF. PD98059, a specific MEK inhibitor, significantly inhibited EGF- and HGF-mediated PKCalpha translocation, which was reversed by addition of 15(S)-HETE. Phosphorylation of ERK1/2 by EGF was followed by phosphorylation of cytosolic phospholipase A(2) (cPLA(2)), and blocking ERK1/2 inhibited cPLA(2) activation. Immunofluorescence demonstrated translocation of p-cPLA(2) to plasma and nuclear membranes as early as 2 min. This may further increase arachidonic acid release from membrane phospholipid pools and increase the intracellular pool of HETEs. In fact, in cells prelabeled with [(3)H]arachidonic acid, EGF stimulated synthesis of 15(S)-HETE in the cytosolic fraction. 15(S)-HETE also reversed the effect of LOX inhibitor on EGF-mediated cell proliferation. Our results indicate that 15(S)-HETE is an intracellular second messenger that facilitates translocation of PKCalpha to the membrane and elucidate a mechanism that plays a regulatory role in cell proliferation crucial to corneal wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guru Dutt Sharma
- Department of Ophthalmology and Neuroscience Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
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Hasegawa G, Kumagai S, Yano M, Wang YG, Kobayashi Y, Saito Y. 12(S)-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid induces cAMP production via increasing intracellular calcium concentration. FEBS Lett 2003; 554:127-32. [PMID: 14596926 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(03)01128-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We have found that a 12-lipoxygenase metabolite of arachidonic acid, 12(S)-hydroxy-5Z,8Z,10E,14Z-eicosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE), induces cAMP production in human normal fibroblast TIG-1 cells. This phenomenon was not observed in other cells tested including human embryonic kidney HEK293 cells. We have speculated that this specific response might be influenced by the kinds of isoform of adenylyl cyclase (AC) present in cells. We found that TIG-1 cells specifically expressed type VIII AC. As type VIII AC is known to be activated by an increase of calcium concentration, we determined the change of intracellular Ca2+ concentration after the addition of 12-HETE. It was elevated not only in TIG-1 cells, but also HEK293 cells, which did not respond to 12-HETE to produce cAMP. The addition of a calcium ionophore elevated the concentration of intracellular cAMP in TIG-1 cells, but it was without effect in HEK293 cells. To show that the expression of this particular isoform of AC is responsible for the positive response to 12-HETE, we transfected this AC isoform into HEK293 cells. The type VIII AC-transfected cells, in contrast to the mock-transfected ones, became very responsive to 12-HETE to produce cAMP. Taken all together the data would strongly suggest that 12-HETE specifically activates type VIII AC via increasing intracellular Ca2+ concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Go Hasegawa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
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Abstract
Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is a potent bioactive lipid that is generated in the cornea after injury and whose actions are mediated through specific receptors. Studies from our laboratory have shown that PAF interactions with its receptor activate several transmembrane signals involved in inflammation, wound healing, and apoptosis. The wide variety of responses to PAF implicate this lipid as a central player in many responses of the cornea after a pathologic stimulus. An exciting facet of PAF is that it induces the expression of specific genes involved in the remodeling of components of the extracellular matrix, such as some metalloproteinases, urokinase plasminogen activator, and selective inhibitors of metalloproteinases. These enzymes, when overexpressed, could lead to corneal ulceration. Continuous exposure to PAF during prolonged inflammation produces increase keratocyte apoptosis and inhibition of epithelial adhesion to the basement membrane. As a consequence, there is a marked delay in wound healing, which is not countered by the actions of growth factors. In this review, we present data mainly from our laboratory showing actions of PAF in corneal epithelium in vivo and in vitro in corneal models of injury as well as in cells in culture. We also discuss the signal-transduction mechanisms involved in the different actions of PAF. A therapeutic role for PAF antagonists in blocking the effects of PAF is guaranteed in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haydee Bazan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
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