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Vielmo A, Santos IR, Piva MM, Bandinelli MB, Pavarini SP, Panziera W, Driemeier D. Histological and immunohistochemical features of carcinomas with pulmonary involvement in cattle. Vet Pathol 2024; 61:179-189. [PMID: 37638494 DOI: 10.1177/03009858231192373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Primary pulmonary neoplasms in cattle are rare. There are few studies on the pathological findings of these neoplasms in this species. This study aimed to describe the histological and immunohistochemical findings of primary and metastatic pulmonary carcinomas in cattle. We conducted a retrospective study of 19 cases of epithelial neoplasms with pulmonary involvement. Histologically, most of the neoplasms were classified as primary pulmonary neoplasms, including different adenocarcinoma subtypes (4/19, 21%) and adenosquamous carcinomas (3/19, 16%), followed by squamous cell carcinoma (6/19, 32%), metastatic uterine adenocarcinoma (4/19, 21%), metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma (1/19, 5%), and metastatic cholangiocarcinoma (1/19, 5%). By immunohistochemistry, all neoplasms were positive for pancytokeratin, and 4/19 (21%) were positive for vimentin. Primary pulmonary neoplasms had immunoreactivity for thyroid transcription factor-1 (6/7), while only 2 of these cases were positive for napsin A. All cases with squamous differentiation (9/9) had immunoreactivity for cytokeratin (CK) 5/6, while only 7 of these cases were positive for p40. CK20, CK7, and CK8/18 showed varied immunoreactivity in the primary and metastatic pulmonary carcinomas but were important markers to confirm the diagnosis of primary mucinous adenocarcinoma and metastatic cholangiocarcinoma. HepPar-1 was only positive in the metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma. The limited number of cases of metastatic uterine adenocarcinomas in this study precluded identification of a specific immunophenotype for this tumor. Immunohistochemistry proved to be an important tool to confirm the proper classification of these neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréia Vielmo
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Welden Panziera
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - David Driemeier
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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2
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Barmania F, Mellet J, Holborn MA, Pepper MS. Genetic Associations with Coronavirus Susceptibility and Disease Severity. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1412:119-140. [PMID: 37378764 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-28012-2_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) global public health emergency, and the disease it causes is highly variable in its clinical presentation. Host genetic factors are increasingly recognised as a determinant of infection susceptibility and disease severity. Several initiatives and groups have been established to analyse and review host genetic epidemiology associated with COVID-19 outcomes. Here, we review the genetic loci associated with COVID-19 susceptibility and severity focusing on the common variants identified in genome-wide association studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Barmania
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Department of Immunology, SAMRC Extramural Unit for Stem Cell Research and Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Juanita Mellet
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Department of Immunology, SAMRC Extramural Unit for Stem Cell Research and Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Megan A Holborn
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Department of Immunology, SAMRC Extramural Unit for Stem Cell Research and Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Michael S Pepper
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Department of Immunology, SAMRC Extramural Unit for Stem Cell Research and Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
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3
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Gao J, Lu F, Yan J, Wang R, Xia Y, Wang L, Li L, Chang L, Li W. The role of radiotherapy-related autophagy genes in the prognosis and immune infiltration in lung adenocarcinoma. Front Immunol 2022; 13:992626. [PMID: 36311724 PMCID: PMC9606704 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.992626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is a close relationship between radiotherapy and autophagy in tumors, but the prognostic role of radiotherapy-related autophagy genes (RRAGs) in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) remains unclear. Methods Data used in the current study were extracted from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) databases. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was executed to recognize module genes associated with radiotherapy. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between different radiotherapy response groups were filtered via edgeR package. The differentially expressed radiotherapy-related autophagy genes (DERRAGs) were obtained by overlapping the module genes, DEGs, and autophagy genes (ATGs). Then, prognostic autophagy genes were selected by Cox analyses, and a risk model and nomogram were subsequently built. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) and single-sample Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (ssGSEA) were performed to investigate potential mechanisms through which prognostic autophagy signatures regulate LUAD. Radiotherapy-resistant cell lines (A549IR and PC9IR) were established after exposure to hypo-fractionated irradiation. Ultimately, mRNA expression was validated by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), and relative protein levels were measured in different cell lines by western blot. Results A total of 11 DERRAGs were identified in LUAD. After Cox analyses, SHC1, NAPSA, and AURKA were filtered as prognostic signatures in LUAD. Then, the risk score model was constructed using the prognostic signatures, which had a good performance in predicting the prognosis, as evidenced by receiver operating characteristics curves. Furthermore, Cox regression analyses demonstrated that risk score was deemed as an independent prognostic factor in LUAD. Moreover, GSEA and ssGSEA results revealed that prognostic RRAGs may regulate LUAD by modulating the immune microenvironment and affecting cell proliferation. The colony formation assay showed that the radiosensitivity of radiation-resistant cell lines was lower than that of primary cells. The western blot assay found that the levels of autophagy were elevated in the radiotherapy-resistant cell lines. Moreover, the expression of DERRAGs (SHC1, AURKA) was higher in the radiotherapy-resistant cells than in primary cells. Conclusion Our study explored the role of RRAGs in the prognosis of LUAD and identified three biomarkers. The findings enhanced the understanding of the relationship between radiotherapy, autophagy, and prognosis in LUAD and provided potential therapeutic targets for LUAD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyan Gao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Tumor Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - Fei Lu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Tumor Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Southern Central Hospital of Yunnan Province, The First People’s Hospital of Honghe State, Mengzi, China
| | - Jiawen Yan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Tumor Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - Run Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Tumor Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - Yaoxiong Xia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Tumor Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Tumor Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - Lan Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Tumor Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - Li Chang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Tumor Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
- *Correspondence: Wenhui Li, ; Li Chang,
| | - Wenhui Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Tumor Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
- *Correspondence: Wenhui Li, ; Li Chang,
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4
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Chait M, Yilmaz MM, Shakil S, Ku AW, Dogra P, Connors TJ, Szabo PA, Gray JI, Wells SB, Kubota M, Matsumoto R, Poon MM, Snyder ME, Baldwin MR, Sims PA, Saqi A, Farber DL, Weisberg SP. Immune and epithelial determinants of age-related risk and alveolar injury in fatal COVID-19. JCI Insight 2022; 7:157608. [PMID: 35446789 PMCID: PMC9228710 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.157608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory failure in COVID-19 is characterized by widespread disruption of the lung’s alveolar gas exchange interface. To elucidate determinants of alveolar lung damage, we performed epithelial and immune cell profiling in lungs from 24 COVID-19 autopsies and 43 uninfected organ donors ages 18–92 years. We found marked loss of type 2 alveolar epithelial (T2AE) cells and increased perialveolar lymphocyte cytotoxicity in all fatal COVID-19 cases, even at early stages before typical patterns of acute lung injury are histologically apparent. In lungs from uninfected organ donors, there was also progressive loss of T2AE cells with increasing age, which may increase susceptibility to COVID-19–mediated lung damage in older individuals. In the fatal COVID-19 cases, macrophage infiltration differed according to the histopathological pattern of lung injury. In cases with acute lung injury, we found accumulation of CD4+ macrophages that expressed distinctly high levels of T cell activation and costimulation genes and strongly correlated with increased extent of alveolar epithelial cell depletion and CD8+ T cell cytotoxicity. Together, our results show that T2AE cell deficiency may underlie age-related COVID-19 risk and initiate alveolar dysfunction shortly after infection, and we define immune cell mediators that may contribute to alveolar injury in distinct pathological stages of fatal COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Chait
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, United States of America
| | - Mine M Yilmaz
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, United States of America
| | - Shanila Shakil
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, United States of America
| | - Amy W Ku
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, United States of America
| | - Pranay Dogra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, United States of America
| | - Thomas J Connors
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, United States of America
| | - Peter A Szabo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, United States of America
| | - Joshua I Gray
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, United States of America
| | - Steven B Wells
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, United States of America
| | - Masaru Kubota
- Department of Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, United States of America
| | - Rei Matsumoto
- Department of Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, United States of America
| | - Maya Ml Poon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, United States of America
| | - Mark E Snyder
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States of America
| | - Matthew R Baldwin
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Iring Medical Ceter, New York, United States of America
| | - Peter A Sims
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, United States of America
| | - Anjali Saqi
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, United States of America
| | - Donna L Farber
- Department of Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, United States of America
| | - Stuart P Weisberg
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, United States of America
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5
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An W, Fan W, Zhong F, Wang B, Wang S, Gan T, Tian S, Liao M. Development and Validation of a Concise Prediction Scoring System for Asian Lung Cancer Patients with EGFR Mutation Before Treatment. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2022; 21:15330338221078732. [PMID: 35234540 PMCID: PMC8894628 DOI: 10.1177/15330338221078732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose We aimed to determine the epidermal growth factor receptor
(EGFR) genetic profile of lung cancer in Asians, and
develop and validate a non-invasive prediction scoring system for
EGFR mutation before treatment. Methods This
was a single-center retrospective cohort study using data of patients with lung
cancer who underwent EGFR detection (n = 1450) from December
2014 to October 2020. Independent predictors were filtered using univariate and
multivariate logistic regression analyses. According to the weight of each
factor, a prediction scoring system for EGFR mutation was
constructed. The model was internally validated using bootstrapping techniques
and temporally validated using prospectively collected data (n = 210) between
November 2020 and June 2021.Results In 1450 patients with lung
cancer, 723 single mutations and 51 compound mutations were observed in
EGFR. Thirty-nine cases had two or more synchronous gene
mutations. We developed a scoring system according to the independent clinical
predictors and stratified patients into risk groups according to their scores:
low-risk (score <4), moderate-risk (score 4-8), and high-risk (score >8)
groups. The C-statistics of the scoring system model was 0.754 (95% CI
0.729-0.778). The factors in the validation group were introduced into the
prediction model to test the predictive power of the model. The results showed
that the C-statistics was 0.710 (95% CI 0.638-0.782). The Hosmer–Lemeshow
goodness-of-fit showed that χ2 = 6.733, P = 0.566.
Conclusions The scoring system constructed in our study may be
a non-invasive tool to initially predict the EGFR mutation
status for those who are not available for gene detection in clinical
practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting An
- 89674Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Fan
- 89674Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Feiyang Zhong
- 89674Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Binchen Wang
- 89674Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shan Wang
- 89674Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tian Gan
- 89674Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Sufang Tian
- 89674Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Meiyan Liao
- 89674Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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6
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Zhou Y, Qin W, Zhong H, Zhang H, Zhou L. Chromosome-level assembly of the Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) genome provides insights into its ecological adaptation. Genomics 2021; 113:2944-2952. [PMID: 34153498 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2021.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (silver carp) is phytoplanktivorous and is an economically and ecologically important fish species. As a well-known invasive species, a number of factors associated with the ecological adaptations of this species are largely unknown. Here, we present a chromosomal-level assembly of the species based on the PacBio Sequel II platform and Hi-C scaffolding technology. Based on the high-quality genome sequences and previous genome sequencing projects, a number of genes that were probably subject to positive selection reside in the genome of H. molitrix, and the last common ancestors of H. molitrix and H. nobilis were identified. Some of these genes may partially explain the mechanisms of H. molitrix for surviving damage due to toxic algae. Demographic history estimation suggests that the effective population size (EPS) of the species may have constantly increased along with the uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, started to decline when quaternary glaciation started, and further declined during the Younger Dryas Period. Moreover, the introgression from H. nobilis to H. molitrix in North America was corroborated based on the whole-genome sequencing data, and the proportion of introgressed regions was estimated to be approximately 5.8%. Based on the high-quality assembly, the possible mechanisms by which H. molitrix adapts to its endemic and invaded locations were profiled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Life Science College, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Weiling Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Life Science College, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Huan Zhong
- Hunan Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Distinctive Aquatic Resource, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.
| | - Hong Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Beibu Gulf Marine Biodiversity Conservation, Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou, China
| | - Luojing Zhou
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Quality Control of Aquatic Animals, Changsha University, Changsha, China
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7
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Barber J, Sikakana P, Sadler C, Baud D, Valentin JP, Roberts R. A target safety assessment of the potential toxicological risks of targeting plasmepsin IX/X for the treatment of malaria. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2021; 10:203-213. [PMID: 33884171 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfaa106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The aspartic proteases plasmepsin IX/X are important antimalarial drug targets due to their specificity to the malaria parasite and their vital role as mediators of disease progression. Focusing on parasite-specific targets where no human homologue exists reduces the possibility of on-target drug toxicity. However, there is a risk of toxicity driven by inadequate selectivity for plasmepsins IX/X in Plasmodium over related mammalian aspartic proteases. Of these, CatD/E may be of most toxicological relevance as CatD is a ubiquitous lysosomal enzyme present in most cell types and CatE is found in the gut and in erythrocytes, the clinically significant site of malarial infection. Based on mammalian aspartic protease physiology and adverse drug reactions (ADRs) to FDA-approved human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) aspartic protease inhibitors, we predicted several potential toxicities including β-cell and congenital abnormalities, hypotension, hypopigmentation, hyperlipidaemia, increased infection risk and respiratory, renal, gastrointestinal, dermatological, and other epithelial tissue toxicities. These ADRs to the HIV treatments are likely to be a result of host aspartic protease inhibition due a lack of specificity for the HIV protease; plasmepsins are much more closely related to human CatD than to HIV proteinase. Plasmepsin IX/X inhibition presents an opportunity to specifically target Plasmodium as an effective antimalarial treatment, providing adequate selectivity can be obtained. Potential plasmepsin IX/X inhibitors should be assayed for inhibitory activity against the main human aspartic proteases and particularly CatD/E. An investigative rodent study conducted early in drug discovery would serve as an initial risk assessment of the potential hazards identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Barber
- ApconiX, Alderley Park, Alderley Edge, SK10 4TG, UK
| | | | | | - Delphine Baud
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, 20 Route de Pré-Bois, Geneva 1215, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Pierre Valentin
- UCB Biopharma SRL, Building R9, Chemin du Foriest, 1420 Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Ruth Roberts
- ApconiX, Alderley Park, Alderley Edge, SK10 4TG, UK
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8
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Temporal and spatial heterogeneity of host response to SARS-CoV-2 pulmonary infection. Nat Commun 2020; 11:6319. [PMID: 33298930 PMCID: PMC7725958 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20139-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship of SARS-CoV-2 pulmonary infection and severity of disease is not fully understood. Here we show analysis of autopsy specimens from 24 patients who succumbed to SARS-CoV-2 infection using a combination of different RNA and protein analytical platforms to characterize inter-patient and intra-patient heterogeneity of pulmonary virus infection. There is a spectrum of high and low virus cases associated with duration of disease. High viral cases have high activation of interferon pathway genes and a predominant M1-like macrophage infiltrate. Low viral cases are more heterogeneous likely reflecting inherent patient differences in the evolution of host response, but there is consistent indication of pulmonary epithelial cell recovery based on napsin A immunohistochemistry and RNA expression of surfactant and mucin genes. Using a digital spatial profiling platform, we find the virus corresponds to distinct spatial expression of interferon response genes demonstrating the intra-pulmonary heterogeneity of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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9
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Maurer A, Kalbacher H. Pepstatin pull-down at high pH is a powerful tool for detection and analysis of napsin A. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 515:145-148. [PMID: 31130231 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.05.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Napsin A is an intracellular aspartic protease and biomarker of various malignancies like lung adenocarcinoma and ovarian clear cell carcinoma, but its detection is usually limited to immunohistochemical techniques gaining excellent information on its distribution but missing information about posttranslational modifications (e.g. maturation state) of the protein. We present a protocol for specific enrichment of napsin A from clinical or biological specimens, that facilitates detailed analysis of the protein. By using the exceptionally broad pH range under which napsin A binds to its inhibitor pepstatin A we achieve highly selective binding of napsin A while other aspartic proteases have negligible affinity. Using this method we demonstrate that lung napsin A in many mammals is a heterogeneous enzyme with a characteristic ladder-like appearance in SDS-PAGE that might be caused by proteolytically processed N- and/or C-termini, in contrast to the more homogeneous form found in kidneys and primary lung adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Maurer
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Hubert Kalbacher
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Germany
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10
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Parris BA, Shaw E, Pang B, Soong R, Fong K, Soo RA. Somatic mutations and immune checkpoint biomarkers. Respirology 2019; 24:215-226. [PMID: 30636374 DOI: 10.1111/resp.13463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The development of molecular testing for identifying somatic mutations and immune checkpoint biomarkers has directed treatment towards personalized medicine for patients with non-small cell lung cancer. The choice of molecular testing in a clinical setting is influenced by cost, expertise in the technology, instrumentation setup and sample type availability. The molecular techniques described in this review include immunohistochemistry (IHC), fluorescent in situ hybridization, direct sequencing, real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry and next-generation sequencing (NGS). IHC is routinely used in clinical practice for the classification, differentiation, histology and identification of targetable alterations of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) and programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1). Recently, the PD-L1 pathway was identified as being exploited by tumour cells, allowing immune resistance and tumour evasion. The development of immune checkpoint inhibitors as treatment for tumours expressing checkpoints has highlighted the need for standardized IHC assays to inform treatment decisions for patients. Direct sequencing was historically the gold standard for mutation testing for EGFR, KRAS (Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homologue) and BRAF (v-Raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homologue B1) requiring a high ratio of tumour to normal cells, but this has been superseded by more sensitive methods. NGS is a new emerging technique, which allows high-throughput coverage of frequently mutated genes, including less common BRAF and MET mutations and alterations in tumour suppressor genes. When an NGS platform is unavailable, PCR-based technologies offer an efficient and cost-effective single gene test to guide patient treatment. This article will review these techniques and discuss the future of molecular platforms underpinning clinical management decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brielle A Parris
- University of Queensland Thoracic Research Centre, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Department of Thoracic Medicine, The Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Eloise Shaw
- University of Queensland Thoracic Research Centre, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Department of Thoracic Medicine, The Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Brendan Pang
- Department of Pathology, National University Hospital, Singapore
| | - Richie Soong
- Department of Pathology, National University Hospital, Singapore
| | - Kwun Fong
- University of Queensland Thoracic Research Centre, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Department of Thoracic Medicine, The Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Ross A Soo
- Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Hospital, Singapore
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11
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Layfield LJ, Pearson L, Walker BS, White SK, Schmidt RL. Diagnostic Accuracy of Fine-Needle Aspiration Cytology for Discrimination of Squamous Cell Carcinoma from Adenocarcinoma in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Acta Cytol 2018; 62:318-326. [PMID: 30380531 DOI: 10.1159/000493942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the accuracy with which morphology alone can distinguish adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma in non-small cell lung cancer. METHODS We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis. Three data bases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus) were searched for studies on the diagnostic accuracy of subtyping non-small cell lung cancer. Accuracy data was abstracted and synthesized using bivariate mixed effects logistic regression as implemented in the midas package in Stata 14. Heterogeneity was assessed using the Higgins I2. RESULTS We included 17 studies (2,235 cases). Most studies had a low risk of bias. The pooled diagnostic accuracy for cytological diagnosis of adenocarcinoma resulted in a sensitivity of 63% (48-76%) and specificity of 95% (87-98%). The I2 values were 93 and 88% for sensitivity and specificity, respectively. The pooled diagnostic accuracy for the cytological diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma resulted in a sensitivity of 84% (79-88%) and a specificity of 90% (84-94%). The I2 values were 69 and 86% for sensitivity and specificity, respectively. CONCLUSION Accuracy varies widely by study and summary estimates do not provide a useful representation of accuracy. Squamous cell carcinoma was diagnosed more accurately than adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lester J Layfield
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri,
| | - Lauren Pearson
- Department of Pathology and ARUP Laboratories, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Brandon S Walker
- Department of Pathology and ARUP Laboratories, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Sandra K White
- Department of Pathology and ARUP Laboratories, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Robert L Schmidt
- Department of Pathology and ARUP Laboratories, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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12
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Zhou L, Lv X, Yang J, Zhu Y, Wang Z, Xu T. Overexpression of Napsin A resensitizes drug-resistant lung cancer A549 cells to gefitinib by inhibiting EMT. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:2533-2538. [PMID: 30008942 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors and also the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the world. Epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKI), such as gefitinib, have been used in the therapy of lung cancer. However, the acquisition of drug resistance is a major limitation in the clinical efficiency of EGFR-TKIs. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been demonstrated to be an underlying mechanism of acquired resistance. A previous study has reported that Napsin A expression can inhibit EMT in lung cancer cells. The present study therefore investigated the effect of Napsin A on the sensitivity of EGFR-TKI-resistant lung cancer cells. First, a drug-resistant lung cancer cell line was generated using the EGFR-TKI gefitinib on A549 cells (termed here A549-GFT). EMT was demonstrated to be induced in the drug resistant A549-GFT cells, evidenced by reduced E-cadherin expression and increased Vimentin expression compared with control A549 cells. Next, Napsin A was overexpressed in the cells by transfection of the Napsin A-expression vector, PLJM1-Napsin A. Western blot analysis confirmed that the protein expression levels of Napsin A were significantly elevated in the Napsin A-overexpressing cells. Cell proliferation and apoptosis assays were performed to evaluate the effect of Napsin A overexpression on resistant A549 cells. The results of MTT assay demonstrated that Napsin A overexpression inhibited the proliferation of A549 and drug-resistant A549-GFT cells and that the proliferation of Napsin A-overexpressing A549-GFT cells was significantly inhibited by gefitinib treatment compared with control A549-GFT cells. The results from the Annexin V/propidium iodide double staining apoptosis assay indicated that Napsin A overexpression enhanced gefitinib-induced apoptosis in A549-GFT cells. Additionally, EMT was reversed following Napsin A expression in A549-GFT cells, as evidenced by the restoration of E-cadherin and downregulation of Vimentin expression. Further investigation demonstrated that Napsin A overexpression resulted in inhibition of focal adhesion kinase, a critical factor in integrin signaling, in the resistant A549-GFT cells. These data suggested that Napsin A resensitized the drug-resistant A549-GFT cells to gefitinib, possibly by reversing EMT via integrin signaling inhibition. Therefore, Napsin A combined with a TKI may be a more effective treatment strategy for lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linshui Zhou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
| | - Xin Lv
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
| | - Junchao Yang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
| | - Yuanhong Zhu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
| | - Tingzhen Xu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
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Zhou L, Lv X, Yang J, Zhu Y, Wang Z, Xu T. Napsin A is negatively associated with EMT‑mediated EGFR‑TKI resistance in lung cancer cells. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:1247-1252. [PMID: 29845258 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR‑TKI) have been used as a standard therapy for patients with lung cancer with EGFR‑activating mutations. Epithelial‑mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been reported to be associated with the development of EGFR‑TKI resistance, which limits the clinical efficacy of EGFR‑TKI. Therefore, investigating the resistance‑associated mechanism is required in order to elucidate an effective therapeutic approach to enhance the sensitivity of lung cancer to EGFR‑TKI. In the present study, EGFR‑TKI erlotinib‑sensitive H358, H322 and H441 lung cancer cells, erlotinib‑moderately sensitive A549 cells, and erlotinib‑insensitive HCC827 cells with EGFR‑mutation (exon 19 deletion) were used to detect the mRNA and protein expression of the EMT‑associated proteins E‑cadherin and vimentin, and napsin A, by reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis and western blotting. It was observed that the E‑cadherin expression level in erlotinib‑sensitive cells was increased compared with the moderately sensitive A549 cells and HCC827 cells; however, vimentin exhibited opposite expression, suggesting a correlation between EMT and erlotinib sensitivity in lung cancer cells. The napsin A expression level was observed to be positively associated with erlotinib sensitivity. In addition, napsin A highly‑expressingH322 cells were used and napsin A‑silenced cells were constructed using small interfering RNA (siRNA) technology, and were induced by transforming growth factor (TGF)‑βl. It was observed that TGF‑βl partially induced the alterations in E‑cadherin and vimentin expression and the occurrence of EMT in napsin A highly‑expressing cells, while TGF‑βl significantly induced EMT via downregulation of E‑cadherin and upregulation of vimentin in napsin A‑silenced cells; cell proliferation and apoptosis assays demonstrated that TGF‑βl induced marked resistance to erlotinib in napsin A‑silenced cells compared with napsin A‑expression cells. These data indicated that napsin A expression may inhibit TGF‑βl‑induced EMT and was negatively associated with EMT‑mediated erlotinib resistance, suggesting that napsin A expression may improve the sensitivity of lung cancer cells to EGFR‑TKI through the inhibition of EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linshui Zhou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
| | - Xin Lv
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
| | - Junchao Yang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
| | - Yuanhong Zhu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
| | - Tingzhen Xu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
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Osmani L, Askin F, Gabrielson E, Li QK. Current WHO guidelines and the critical role of immunohistochemical markers in the subclassification of non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC): Moving from targeted therapy to immunotherapy. Semin Cancer Biol 2017; 52:103-109. [PMID: 29183778 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2017.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 542] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent large scale genomic studies from the Clinical Lung Cancer Genome Project have identified different driver gene mutations in the subtypes of non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). These findings not only lead to remarkable progress in targeted therapies for lung cancer patients, but also provide fundamental knowledge for the subclassification of NSCLC. More recently, the advancement and clinical application of immunotherapy have reinforced the need for the accurate subclassification of NSCLC. In 2015, the World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer (IASLC) updated their guidelines for the subclassification of lung cancers. These guidelines emphasize: (1) the subclassification of NSCLC, (2) the critical role of molecular characterization of tumors for targeted therapy, (3) the unique terminology for subclassifying NSCLC using small biopsy specimens, and (4) the utility of IHC biomarkers in the accurate diagnosis and subclassification of lung cancer. The guidelines have significant prognostic impact on oncologic practice and patient care. In this review, we summarize the current WHO guidelines for the classification of lung cancer, discuss advancements of targeted therapy and immunotherapy, and address the utility and limitation of immunomarkers in the subclassification of NSCLC, as well as the prospective future of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lais Osmani
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States
| | - Frederic Askin
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States
| | - Edward Gabrielson
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States
| | - Qing Kay Li
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States.
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Al-Maghrabi JA, Butt NS, Anfinan N, Sait K, Sait H, Marzouki A, Khabaz MN. Infrequent Immunohistochemical Expression of Napsin A in Endometrial Carcinomas. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2017; 25:632-638. [DOI: 10.1097/pai.0000000000000350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Woo JS, Reddy OL, Koo M, Xiong Y, Li F, Xu H. Application of Immunohistochemistry in the Diagnosis of Pulmonary and Pleural Neoplasms. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2017. [PMID: 28644685 DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2016-0550-ra] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT - A vast majority of neoplasms arising from lung or pleura are initially diagnosed based on the histologic evaluation of small transbronchial, endobronchial, or needle core biopsies. Although most diagnoses can be determined by morphology alone, immunohistochemistry can be a valuable diagnostic tool in the workup of problematic cases. OBJECTIVE - To provide a practical approach in the interpretation and immunohistochemical selection of lung/pleura-based neoplasms obtained from small biopsy samples. DATA SOURCES - A literature review of previously published articles and the personal experience of the authors were used in this review article. CONCLUSION - Immunohistochemistry is a useful diagnostic tool in the workup of small biopsies from the lung and pleura sampled by small biopsy techniques.
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Ramos-Vara J, Frank C, DuSold D, Miller M. Immunohistochemical Detection of Pax8 and Napsin A in Canine Thyroid Tumours: Comparison with Thyroglobulin, Calcitonin and Thyroid Transcription Factor 1. J Comp Pathol 2016; 155:286-298. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2016.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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18
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Layfield LJ, Roy-Chowdhuri S, Baloch Z, Ehya H, Geisinger K, Hsiao SJ, Lin O, Lindeman NI, Roh M, Schmitt F, Sidiropoulos N, VanderLaan PA. Utilization of ancillary studies in the cytologic diagnosis of respiratory lesions: The papanicolaou society of cytopathology consensus recommendations for respiratory cytology. Diagn Cytopathol 2016; 44:1000-1009. [PMID: 27561242 DOI: 10.1002/dc.23549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The Papanicolaou Society of Cytopathology has developed a set of guidelines for respiratory cytology including indications for sputum examination, bronchial washings and brushings, CT-guided FNA and endobronchial ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration (EBUS-FNA), as well as recommendations for classification and criteria, ancillary testing and post-cytologic diagnosis management and follow-up. All recommendation documents are based on the expertise of committee members, an extensive literature review, and feedback from presentations at national and international conferences. The guideline documents selectively present the results of these discussions. The present document summarizes recommendations for ancillary testing of cytologic samples. Ancillary testing including microbiologic, immunocytochemical, flow cytometric, and molecular testing, including next-generation sequencing are discussed. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2016;44:1000-1009. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lester J Layfield
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Sinchita Roy-Chowdhuri
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Zubair Baloch
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Hormoz Ehya
- Department of Pathology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kim Geisinger
- Department of Pathology, University of Mississippi, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Susan J Hsiao
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Oscar Lin
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Neal I Lindeman
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michael Roh
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Fernando Schmitt
- Département de Médecine, Laboratoire National de Santé, Dudelange, Luxembourg
| | - Nikoletta Sidiropoulos
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Paul A VanderLaan
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
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Increased expressions of claudin 4 and 7 in atypical adenomatous hyperplasia and adenocarcinoma of the lung. Med Mol Morphol 2016; 49:163-9. [PMID: 26872891 DOI: 10.1007/s00795-016-0135-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal expression of claudin (Cldn), the main constituent of tight junctions, may play a crucial role in carcinogenesis. To elucidate these abnormalities of tight junctions in lung adenocarcinoma during carcinogenesis, we examined immunohistochemical expressions of Cldn4 and Cldn7 in human lung resection materials. Lung resection specimens from 86 patients were studied, including 16 atypical adenomatous hyperplasia (AAH), 19 adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS), 32 invasive adenocarcinoma (ADC), 5 AIS with AAH, 2 ADC with AAH, 10 ADC with AIS, and 2 ADC with AIS and AAH. The immunohistochemical staining (IHC) score was defined for both the extent and intensity of staining. IHC score for Cldn4 in AIS and ADC was significantly higher than that in alveolar epithelium (AE) and AAH (p < 0.001 for both). In addition, the AAH score was significantly higher than that in AE (p < 0.001). The Cldn7 score in ADC was significantly increased compared with AE and AAH (p < 0.001 for both). These results suggested that increase of Cldn4-expression may be involved in early molecular events during carcinogenesis of adenocarcinoma, whereas increase of Cldn7-expression may be associated with tumor invasion or progression.
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The Application Value of HNF-1β Transcription Factor in the Diagnosis of Ovarian Clear Cell Carcinoma. Int J Gynecol Pathol 2016; 35:66-71. [DOI: 10.1097/pgp.0000000000000213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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21
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Kawai T, Tominaga S, Hiroi S, Kameda K, Ogata S, Nakashima H, Ozeki Y, Nakanishi K. Expressions of Thyroid Transcription Factor-1, Napsin A, p40, p63, CK5/6 and Desmocollin-3 in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer, as Revealed by Imprint Cytology Using a Malinol-Based Cell-Transfer Technique. Acta Cytol 2015; 59:457-64. [PMID: 26696549 DOI: 10.1159/000442659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The introduction of new therapies has made it important to differentiate between adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. To allow the use of various immunocytochemical stains on limited materials, we tried transferring cells from a given smear to multiple slides. Using touch-preparation samples of 215 surgically resected non-small cell lung carcinomas of confirmed histologic classification (adenocarcinoma,n = 101; squamous cell carcinoma,n = 114), we performed immunocytochemistry for thyroid transcription factor-1, napsin A, p40, p63, CK5/6 and desmocollin-3, and compared cytologic staining results with the corresponding resection. METHODS We examined: (a) the expressions of the above 6 antibodies on cells transferred from touch imprints of resected specimens, the extent of staining being considered positive if more than 5% of the area was stained, and (b) the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value for each antibody. RESULTS The histologic corresponding rate with Papanicolaou staining was only 73%. Regarding the differentiation of adenocarcinoma from squamous cell carcinoma, the sensitivity and specificity for napsin A in adenocarcinoma were 80 and 97%, respectively, while those for p40 in squamous cell carcinoma were 84 and 98%, respectively. CONCLUSION The immunocytochemical expressions of napsin A and p40 in imprint cytology seem to be of great utility for the accurate histological differentiation of lung cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Kawai
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
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22
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Gurda GT, Zhang L, Wang Y, Chen L, Geddes S, Cho WC, Askin F, Gabrielson E, Li QK. Utility of five commonly used immunohistochemical markers TTF-1, Napsin A, CK7, CK5/6 and P63 in primary and metastatic adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma of the lung: a retrospective study of 246 fine needle aspiration cases. Clin Transl Med 2015; 4:16. [PMID: 25977750 PMCID: PMC4417108 DOI: 10.1186/s40169-015-0057-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fine needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy plays a critical role in the diagnosis and staging of lung primary and metastatic lung carcinoma. Accurate subclassification of adenocarcinoma (ADC) and/or squamous cell carcinoma (SqCC) is crucial for the targeted therapy. However, the distinction between ADC and SqCC may be difficult in small FNA specimens. Here, we have retrospectively evaluated the utility of TTF-1, Napsin A, CK7, P63 and CK5/6 immunohistochemical (IHC) markers in the distinguishing and subclassification of ADC and SqCC. METHODS A total of 246 FNA cases were identified by a computer search over a two-year period, including 102 primary NSCLC and 144 primary NSCLC which had metastasized to other sites. The immunostaining patterns of TTF-1, Napsin A, CK7, P63 and CK5/6 were correlated with the histological diagnosis of the tumor. RESULTS In 72 primary ADCs, TTF-1, Napsin A and CK7 showed a sensitivity and specificity of 84.5%/96.4%, 92.0%/100%, and 93.8%/50.0%. In 30 primary SqCCs, CK5/6 and P63 showed a sensitivity and specificity of 100%/77.8% and 91.7%/78.3%. In 131 metastatic ADCs, Napsin A showed the highest specificity (100%), versus TTF-1 (87.5%) and CK7 (25%) but decreased sensitivity (67.8% versus 86.9% and 100%); whereas in 13 metastatic SqCCs, CK5/6 and P63 showed a sensitivity/specificity of 100%/84.6% and 100%/68.4%. Bootstrap analysis showed that the combination of TTF-1/CK7, TTF-1/Napsin A and TTF-1/CK7/Napsin A had a sensitivity/specificity of 0.960/0.732, 0.858/0.934, 0.972/0.733 for primary lung ADCs and 0.992/0.642, 0.878/0.881, 0.993/0.618 for metastatic lung ADCs. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrated that IHC markers had variable sensitivity and specificity in the subclassification of primary and metastatic ADC and SqCC. Based on morphological findings, an algorithm with the combination use of markers aided in the subclassification of NSCLCs in difficult cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz T Gurda
- />The Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287 USA
| | - Lei Zhang
- />The Department of Pathology and Division of Cytopathology, University of Chicago Hospitals, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
| | - Yuting Wang
- />The Department of Chemistry, Magdalen College,, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 4 AU UK
| | - Li Chen
- />The Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287 USA
| | - Susan Geddes
- />The Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287 USA
- />Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21224 USA
| | - William C Cho
- />The Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong, SAR China
| | - Frederic Askin
- />The Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287 USA
- />Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21224 USA
| | - Edward Gabrielson
- />The Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287 USA
- />Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21224 USA
| | - Qing Kay Li
- />The Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287 USA
- />Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21224 USA
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Yamashita Y, Nagasaka T, Naiki-Ito A, Sato S, Suzuki S, Toyokuni S, Ito M, Takahashi S. Napsin A is a specific marker for ovarian clear cell adenocarcinoma. Mod Pathol 2015; 28:111-7. [PMID: 24721826 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2014.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian clear cell adenocarcinoma has a relatively poor prognosis among the ovarian cancer subtypes because of its high chemoresistance. Differential diagnosis of clear cell adenocarcinoma from other ovarian surface epithelial tumors is important for its treatment. Napsin A is a known diagnostic marker for lung adenocarcinoma, and expression of napsin A is reported in a certain portion of thyroid and renal carcinomas. However, napsin A expression in ovarian surface epithelial tumors has not previously been examined. In this study, immunohistochemical analysis revealed that in 71 of 86 ovarian clear cell adenocarcinoma patients (83%) and all of the 13 patients with ovarian clear cell adenofibroma, positive napsin A staining was evident. No expression was observed in 30 serous adenocarcinomas, 11 serous adenomas or borderline tumors, 19 endometrioid adenocarcinomas, 22 mucinous adenomas or borderline tumors, 10 mucinous adenocarcinomas, or 3 yolk sac tumors of the ovary. Furthermore, expression of napsin A was not observed in the normal surface epithelium of the ovary, epithelia of the fallopian tubes, squamous epithelium, endocervical epithelium, or the endometrium of the uterus. Therefore, we propose that napsin A is another sensitive and specific marker for distinguishing ovarian clear cell tumors (especially adenocarcinomas) from other ovarian tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoriko Yamashita
- 1] Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan [2] Department of Pathology and Biological Responses, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Nagasaka
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Aya Naiki-Ito
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shinya Sato
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shugo Suzuki
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shinya Toyokuni
- Department of Pathology and Biological Responses, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masafumi Ito
- Department of Pathology, Japanese Red Cross First Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Satoru Takahashi
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
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Köbel M, Duggan MA. Napsin A: Another milestone in the subclassification of ovarian carcinoma. Am J Clin Pathol 2014; 142:735-7. [PMID: 25389324 DOI: 10.1309/ajcpavgzka1a1hvc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Köbel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary and Calgary Laboratory Services, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Máire A. Duggan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary and Calgary Laboratory Services, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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25
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Wei IH, Shi Y, Jiang H, Kumar-Sinha C, Chinnaiyan AM. RNA-Seq accurately identifies cancer biomarker signatures to distinguish tissue of origin. Neoplasia 2014; 16:918-27. [PMID: 25425966 PMCID: PMC4240918 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2014.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastatic cancer of unknown primary (CUP) accounts for up to 5% of all new cancer cases, with a 5-year survival rate of only 10%. Accurate identification of tissue of origin would allow for directed, personalized therapies to improve clinical outcomes. Our objective was to use transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq) to identify lineage-specific biomarker signatures for the cancer types that most commonly metastasize as CUP (colorectum, kidney, liver, lung, ovary, pancreas, prostate, and stomach). RNA-Seq data of 17,471 transcripts from a total of 3,244 cancer samples across 26 different tissue types were compiled from in-house sequencing data and publically available International Cancer Genome Consortium and The Cancer Genome Atlas datasets. Robust cancer biomarker signatures were extracted using a 10-fold cross-validation method of log transformation, quantile normalization, transcript ranking by area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, and stepwise logistic regression. The entire algorithm was then repeated with a new set of randomly generated training and test sets, yielding highly concordant biomarker signatures. External validation of the cancer-specific signatures yielded high sensitivity (92.0% ± 3.15%; mean ± standard deviation) and specificity (97.7% ± 2.99%) for each cancer biomarker signature. The overall performance of this RNA-Seq biomarker-generating algorithm yielded an accuracy of 90.5%. In conclusion, we demonstrate a computational model for producing highly sensitive and specific cancer biomarker signatures from RNA-Seq data, generating signatures for the top eight cancer types responsible for CUP to accurately identify tumor origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris H Wei
- University of Michigan Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA 48109
| | - Yang Shi
- University of Michigan Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA 48109
| | - Hui Jiang
- University of Michigan Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA 48109
| | - Chandan Kumar-Sinha
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA 48109 ; University of Michigan Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA 48109
| | - Arul M Chinnaiyan
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA 48109 ; University of Michigan Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA 48109 ; Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA 48109 ; University of Michigan Department of Urology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA 48109 ; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA 48109
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Zhang C, Schmidt LA, Hatanaka K, Thomas D, Lagstein A, Myers JL. Evaluation of napsin A, TTF-1, p63, p40, and CK5/6 immunohistochemical stains in pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors. Am J Clin Pathol 2014; 142:320-4. [PMID: 25125621 DOI: 10.1309/ajcpga0iua8bhqez] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A panel of immunohistochemical (IHC) stains frequently used to subclassify non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs) includes napsin A, TTF-1, CK5/6, p40, and p63. The expression profiles of these stains in neuroendocrine tumors have not been systematically evaluated. METHOD Sixty-eight resected pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors, including 52 typical carcinoids (TCs), eight atypical carcinoids (ACs), seven small cell carcinomas (SCLCs) and one large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC), were stained for napsin A, TTF-1, p63, p40, and CK5/6. Tumors were scored as positive (>1% tumor cells reactive) or negative, and percentage of reactive tumor cells was recorded. RESULTS Napsin A, p63, p40, and CK5/6 were consistently negative in neuroendocrine tumors. TTF-1 was positive in 17 of 52 TCs, 4 of 8 ACs, 5 of 7 SCLCs, and 0 of 1 LCNECs. CONCLUSION Pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors have a distinct but nonspecific profile on IHC panel commonly applied to subclassify NSCLCs. They are napsin A-/p40-/p63-/CK5/6-/TTF-1±. Recognizing this profile may have value in separating neuroendocrine tumors from NSCLCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis
| | | | - Kazuhito Hatanaka
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Dafydd Thomas
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Amir Lagstein
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
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Heymann JJ, Hoda RS, Scognamiglio T. Polyclonal Napsin A Expression: A Potential Diagnostic Pitfall in Distinguishing Primary From Metastatic Mucinous Tumors in the Lung. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2014; 138:1067-71. [DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2013-0403-oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Context.—Napsin A is a useful marker for distinguishing primary from metastatic lung tumors. Mucinous lung tumors may be difficult to distinguish from metastatic mucinous tumors.
Objectives.—To evaluate napsin A expression in lung and extrapulmonary mucinous tumors on both histology and cytology specimens and to determine napsin A's utility in differentiating primary from metastatic mucinous tumors.
Design.—Napsin A immunohistochemistry was performed using a rabbit polyclonal antibody on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded surgical and fine-needle aspiration biopsy–derived, paraffin-embedded cell block specimens. Positive expression was defined as coarse, granular, cytoplasmic staining in 10% or more of tumor cells.
Results.—Sixteen of 32 mucinous lung tumors (50%) and 16 of 33 extrapulmonary mucinous tumors (48%), including 15 of 18 of gastrointestinal origin (83%), expressed napsin A. Positivity was concordant between surgical and cell block specimens in 5 of 9 cases (56%). In 3 of 4 discordant cases, napsin A expression was detected on the surgical specimen but not the cell block. The cell block material in these cases was paucicellular.
Conclusions.—Napsin A shows decreased sensitivity and specificity for mucinous lung tumors and is unlikely to be reliable as a sole immunohistochemical marker of lung origin for such tumors (52% specificity in this study). The high frequency of napsin A expression in gastrointestinal mucinous tumors makes it particularly unreliable in distinguishing metastatic gastrointestinal from primary lung mucinous tumors. However, napsin A expression analysis may facilitate distinguishing mucinous tumors of pulmonary from those of nongastrointestinal origin. Interpretation of napsin A staining may be problematic in mucinous tumor specimens of low cellularity such as cell blocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas J. Heymann
- From the Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital–Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Rana S. Hoda
- From the Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital–Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Theresa Scognamiglio
- From the Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital–Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
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Abstract
AIMS This study was undertaken to determine the validity and viability of tissue microarray (TMA) technology in assessing diagnostic immunohistochemistry (IHC) at a single laboratory site. METHODS IHC using 57 primary antibodies was performed on a TMA paraffin block containing 89 cores of duplicate previously identified 1 mm diameter tissue specimens. IHC was interpreted by a histology scientist with IHC experience, with pathologist assistance if required. Review of the literature was performed to investigate cases of unexpected immunoreactivity. RESULTS 55 of 57 antibodies had expected positive staining against the TMA tissue panel that correlated with the original paraffin blocks. Immunostaining of duplicate 1 mm cores correlated with the originally sourced paraffin block in 42 of 43 (98%) tissue types. Some antibodies had unexpected positive immunoreactivity. DISCUSSION TMA technology can be utilised effectively in the diagnostic IHC laboratory as a universal positive multiple tissue control block for routine IHC, and can provide valuable information for the benefit of histology scientists and pathologists with respect to interpretation of IHC staining.
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Kim MY, Go H, Koh J, Lee K, Min HS, Kim MA, Jeon YK, Lee HS, Moon KC, Park SY, Kim WH, Chung DH. Napsin A is a useful marker for metastatic adenocarcinomas of pulmonary origin. Histopathology 2014; 65:195-206. [DOI: 10.1111/his.12383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Moon-Young Kim
- Department of Pathology; Seoul National University Hospital; Seoul South Korea
- Department of Pathology; Seoul National University College of Medicine; Seoul South Korea
| | - Heounjeong Go
- Department of Pathology; Seoul National University Hospital; Seoul South Korea
- Department of Pathology; Seoul National University College of Medicine; Seoul South Korea
- Department of Pathology; Asan Medical Center; University of Ulsan College of Medicine; Seoul South Korea
| | - Jaemoon Koh
- Department of Pathology; Seoul National University Hospital; Seoul South Korea
- Department of Pathology; Seoul National University College of Medicine; Seoul South Korea
| | - Kyoungbun Lee
- Department of Pathology; Seoul National University Hospital; Seoul South Korea
- Department of Pathology; Seoul National University College of Medicine; Seoul South Korea
| | - Hye-Sook Min
- Department of Pathology; Seoul National University Hospital; Seoul South Korea
- Department of Pathology; Seoul National University College of Medicine; Seoul South Korea
| | - Min-A Kim
- Department of Pathology; Seoul National University Hospital; Seoul South Korea
- Department of Pathology; Seoul National University College of Medicine; Seoul South Korea
| | - Yoon Kyung Jeon
- Department of Pathology; Seoul National University Hospital; Seoul South Korea
- Department of Pathology; Seoul National University College of Medicine; Seoul South Korea
| | - Hye-Seung Lee
- Department of Pathology; Seoul National University College of Medicine; Seoul South Korea
- Department of Pathology; Seoul National University Bundang Hospital; Seongnam Gyeonggi-do South Korea
| | - Kyung-Chul Moon
- Department of Pathology; Seoul National University Hospital; Seoul South Korea
- Department of Pathology; Seoul National University College of Medicine; Seoul South Korea
| | - So Yeon Park
- Department of Pathology; Seoul National University College of Medicine; Seoul South Korea
- Department of Pathology; Seoul National University Bundang Hospital; Seongnam Gyeonggi-do South Korea
| | - Woo-Ho Kim
- Department of Pathology; Seoul National University Hospital; Seoul South Korea
- Department of Pathology; Seoul National University College of Medicine; Seoul South Korea
| | - Doo Hyun Chung
- Department of Pathology; Seoul National University Hospital; Seoul South Korea
- Department of Pathology; Seoul National University College of Medicine; Seoul South Korea
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Rossi G, Cavazza A, Righi L, Sartori G, Bisagni A, Longo L, Pelosi G, Papotti M. Napsin-A, TTF-1, EGFR, and ALK Status Determination in Lung Primary and Metastatic Mucin-Producing Adenocarcinomas. Int J Surg Pathol 2014; 22:401-7. [PMID: 24651909 DOI: 10.1177/1066896914527609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary mucin-producing adenocarcinomas may be indistinguishable on conventional histology from a metastasis, as thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1) expression often is lacking and KRAS mutations are widely present even in extrapulmonary sites. Few data have been reported on the diagnostic role of napsin-A and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene alterations in this challenging differential diagnosis. Seventy-seven surgically resected cases, including 53 primary and 24 metastatic tumors from different sites, were evaluated for napsin-A, TTF-1, and ALK by immunohistochemistry and for EGFR mutations by direct sequencing. Overall, napsin-A expression in primary lung mucin-producing adenocarcinomas was 36% (8% mucinous, 17% colloid, 87.5% solid, and 100% signet ring cell) and TTF-1 expression reached an overall figure of 42% (12.5% mucinous, 33% colloid, 87.5% solid, and 100% signet ring cell). Metastatic mucinous adenocarcinomas did not react with napsin-A or with TTF-1. All primary and metastatic tumors lacked EGFR mutations, while a single case of signet ring cell lung adenocarcinoma showed ALK expression and rearrangement at fluorescent in situ hybridization analysis. Napsin-A has a lower sensitivity compared with TTF-1 in primary mucin-producing adenocarcinomas of the lung. However, both antibodies have an absolute specificity, being always negative in metastatic mucinous adenocarcinomas. EGFR mutations and ALK translocation or expression are exceedingly rare in mucin-producing adenocarcinomas of the lung, resulting unnecessary as diagnostic tool in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Rossi
- Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico di Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Alberto Cavazza
- Azienda Arcispedale S. Maria Nuova/IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Luisella Righi
- University of Turin, San Luigi Hospital, Orbassano, Turin, Italy
| | - Giuliana Sartori
- Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico di Modena, Modena, Italy
| | | | | | - Giuseppe Pelosi
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Mauro Papotti
- University of Turin, San Luigi Hospital, Orbassano, Turin, Italy
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Terra SBSP, Aubry MC, Yi ES, Boland JM. Immunohistochemical study of 36 cases of pulmonary sarcomatoid carcinoma--sensitivity of TTF-1 is superior to napsin. Hum Pathol 2013; 45:294-302. [PMID: 24331839 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2013.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Immunohistochemistry is often used to distinguish pulmonary sarcomatoid carcinoma from morphologic mimics. Napsin-A is a pulmonary adenocarcinoma marker, but literature on expression in sarcomatoid carcinoma is limited. Thirty-six cases of sarcomatoid carcinoma were stained for napsin, TTF-1, Oscar, CAM5.2, AE1/AE3, desmin, SMA, S-100, CK5/6, calretinin, D2-40, and WT1. Patients were 24 men and 12 women (mean, 70 years; range, 46-93). There were 27 pleomorphic carcinomas, 5 spindle cell carcinomas, 3 carcinosarcomas, and 1 giant cell carcinoma. Cases were positive for at least 1 keratin: AE1/3 was positive in all 36 cases; Oscar, in 34 cases (94%); and CAM5.2, in 32 cases (89%, weaker/more focal). Napsin was positive in 14 cases (39%): 8 diffuse, 3 focal, and 3 rare cells. TTF-1 was positive in 22 cases (61%): 15 diffuse, 3 focal, and 4 rare cells. No cases were napsin positive and negative for TTF-1. Variable staining for mesothelial markers was observed, including positivity for calretinin (12 cases, 33%), WT1 (6 cases, 17%), D2-40 (5 cases, 14%), and CK5/6 (9 cases, 25%). Mesenchymal markers were also sometimes positive (usually focal), including S-100 (4 cases, 11%), desmin (4 cases, 11%), and SMA (7 cases, 19%, 1 diffuse). In conclusion, TTF-1 is more sensitive than napsin for detection of sarcomatoid carcinoma, and no cases were positive for napsin but negative for TTF-1. CAM5.2 is less sensitive than AE1/AE3 and Oscar. Use of a thoughtful immunohistochemical panel is important in the evaluation of sarcomatoid carcinoma because mesothelial and mesenchymal markers can be expressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone B S P Terra
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Marie Christine Aubry
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Eunhee S Yi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Jennifer M Boland
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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Proietti A, Boldrini L, Alì G, Servadio A, Lupi C, Sensi E, Miccoli M, Ribechini A, Chella A, Lucchi M, Leocata P, Mussi A, Fontanini G. Histo-cytological diagnostic accuracy in lung cancer. Cytopathology 2013; 25:404-11. [PMID: 24251636 DOI: 10.1111/cyt.12117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The majority of patients with lung cancer are treated on the basis of a diagnosis made from the analysis of a small tumour biopsy or a cytological sample and histotype is becoming a critical variable in clinical workup as it has led to the introduction of newer biologically targeted therapies. Consequently, simply classifying cancers as small cell lung cancers or non-small cell lung cancers is no longer sufficient. METHODS From 2009 to 2011, a review of the histo-cytological database was conducted to identify all small biopsy and cytology specimens collected for diagnostic purposes in patients with a thoracic lesion. In total, 941 patients were studied by examining exfoliative and/or aspirative cytological samples. To establish the accuracy of these methods, cytological and biopsy diagnoses were compared with each other and with subsequent resection specimens when available. Moreover, during the diagnostic workup, we examined a validated panel of immunohistochemical markers. RESULTS The diagnostic concordance of pre-operative diagnoses with surgical samples was high in both cytology and biopsy samples [κ = 0.71, confidence interval (CI) = 0.6-0.81; P < 0.0001 and κ = 0.61, CI = 0.41-0.82; P < 0.0001 respectively; good agreement] but concordance between cytology and biopsy was moderate (κ = 0.5, CI = 0.43-0.54; P < 0.0001). Immunohistochemistry-aided diagnoses were definitive for histotype in 92.8% of both cytology (206/222) and biopsy (155/167) specimens. CONCLUSION We found that lung cancer diagnosis and subtyping of cytology and biopsy samples are highly feasible and concordant; thus, the diagnostic approach to lung cancer does not require more invasive procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Proietti
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and Critical Area, Division of Pathological Anatomy, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Chernock RD, El-Mofty SK, Becker N, Lewis JS. Napsin A expression in anaplastic, poorly differentiated, and micropapillary pattern thyroid carcinomas. Am J Surg Pathol 2013; 37:1215-22. [PMID: 23681073 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0b013e318283b7b2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Napsin A is a sensitive and specific marker for pulmonary adenocarcinoma versus squamous cell carcinoma. However, studies have shown that napsin A is also positive in approximately 5% of papillary thyroid carcinomas. The prevalence of napsin A in more aggressive types of thyroid carcinoma is unknown. Napsin A positivity in metastatic thyroid carcinoma, especially in conjunction with thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1), could be misdiagnosed as lung adenocarcinoma. We investigated napsin A, TTF-1, and PAX8 expression in 26 anaplastic, 16 poorly differentiated, and 2 micropapillary pattern thyroid carcinomas. A focal micropapillary component was also present in 3 poorly differentiated and 3 anaplastic thyroid carcinomas. Four of 26 (15%) anaplastic, 2/16 (13%) poorly differentiated, and 2/2 (100%) micropapillary pattern thyroid carcinomas were napsin A positive. Three of the 6 cases (50%) with a focal micropapillary component were napsin A positive (1 of these 3 cases was positive only in the micropapillary component). All napsin A-positive cases were also positive for TTF-1, and all but 1 micropapillary pattern carcinoma were also PAX8 positive. In 1 case, napsin A was positive in the micropapillary component, but PAX8 was only positive in the adjacent poorly differentiated carcinoma. In summary, a minority of anaplastic and poorly differentiated thyroid carcinomas are napsin A positive. More importantly, napsin A expression is more common in carcinomas with a micropapillary component, a pattern shared in common with some lung adenocarcinomas. PAX8 may be diagnostically useful to distinguish these napsin A-positive thyroid carcinomas from lung adenocarcinomas, which are PAX8 negative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca D Chernock
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
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34
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Borrelli N, Giannini R, Proietti A, Alì G, Pelliccioni S, Niccoli C, Lucchi M, Melfi F, Mussi A, Basolo F, Fontanini G. KIF5B/RET fusion gene analysis in a selected series of cytological specimens of EGFR, KRAS and EML4-ALK wild-type adenocarcinomas of the lung. Lung Cancer 2013; 81:377-381. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2013.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Revised: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 06/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Wang W, Liu Y, Lazarus RA. Allosteric inhibition of BACE1 by an exosite-binding antibody. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2013; 23:797-805. [PMID: 23998983 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2013.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
β-Secretase (BACE1) is a membrane-anchored pepsin-like aspartic protease and is the rate-limiting enzyme in the β-amyloidogenic pathway. Thus, inhibitors of BACE1 activity have therapeutic potential for Alzheimer's disease. While much effort has focused on small molecule active site inhibitors, recent exploration of BACE1 inhibition by peptides and antibodies has revealed exosites that can regulate enzymatic activity. This type of allosteric regulation by proteinaceous factors, while frequently found in serine and cysteine proteases, is rarely seen in aspartic proteases. A crystal structure of the anti-BACE1/enzyme complex shows altered structural features and dynamic characteristics near the substrate-binding cleft. This binding mode, along with the enzymatic inhibition pattern, suggests that anti-BACE1 functions through an allosteric inhibition mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiru Wang
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States.
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Nishishita K, Sakai E, Okamoto K, Tsukuba T. Structural and phylogenetic comparison of napsin genes: The duplication, loss of function and human-specific pseudogenization of napsin B. Gene 2013; 517:147-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Revised: 12/27/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Wu J, Chu PG, Jiang Z, Lau SK. Napsin A expression in primary mucin-producing adenocarcinomas of the lung: an immunohistochemical study. Am J Clin Pathol 2013; 139:160-6. [PMID: 23355200 DOI: 10.1309/ajcp62wjuamszcom] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunohistochemical expression of napsin A in primary pulmonary mucinous tumors is not well established. Napsin A immunoreactivity was evaluated in 43 mucin-producing adenocarcinomas of the lung consisting of 18 tumors formerly classified as mucinous bronchioloalveolar carcinoma, 15 colloid adenocarcinomas, 5 solid predominant adenocarcinomas with mucin production, and 5 adenocarcinomas with signet ring cell features, as well as in 25 extrapulmonary mucinous adenocarcinomas of different anatomic sites. Immunohistochemical expression of thyroid transcription factor 1 (TTF-1) was also compared. Thirty-three percent of mucinous lung tumors exhibited positive immunoreactivity for napsin A, whereas 42% expressed TTF-1. All 25 extrapulmonary mucinous adenocarcinomas lacked expression of napsin A and TTF-1. Mucin-producing neoplasms of the lung infrequently express napsin A, suggesting that immunohistochemical assessment of napsin A may have limited diagnostic usefulness for distinguishing primary and metastatic mucinous adenocarcinomas involving the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Wu
- Department of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA
| | - Peiguo G. Chu
- Department of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA
| | - Zhong Jiang
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Sean K. Lau
- Department of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA
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Maurer A, Zeyher C, Amin B, Kalbacher H. A Periodate-Cleavable Linker for Functional Proteomics under Slightly Acidic Conditions: Application for the Analysis of Intracellular Aspartic Proteases. J Proteome Res 2012; 12:199-207. [DOI: 10.1021/pr300758c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Maurer
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tuebingen, Ob dem Himmelreich 7, 72074
Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Claus Zeyher
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tuebingen, Ob dem Himmelreich 7, 72074
Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Bushra Amin
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tuebingen, Ob dem Himmelreich 7, 72074
Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Hubert Kalbacher
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tuebingen, Ob dem Himmelreich 7, 72074
Tuebingen, Germany
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Schmidt LA, Myers JL, McHugh JB. Napsin A Is Differentially Expressed in Sclerosing Hemangiomas of the Lung. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2012. [DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2011-0486-oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Context.—Sclerosing hemangiomas (SH) are lung tumors characterized by surface cuboidal cells and round stromal cells. The cell of origin remains controversial, though immunohistochemical and ultrastructural studies suggest primitive respiratory epithelium. Napsin A, a human aspartic proteinase found primarily in type II pneumocytes and alveolar macrophages, is emerging as a helpful immunohistochemical marker in characterizing the origin of lung neoplasms, and may be of use in evaluating SH.
Objective.—To evaluate napsin A immunohistochemical staining in SH to further characterize the cell of origin.
Design.—Six cases of SH were stained for napsin A, as well as thyroid transcription factor 1 and cytokeratin in selected cases.
Results.—Surface and round cells were positive for thyroid transcription factor 1 in all cases stained with this marker. Cytokeratins were positive in surface cells in all cases stained with this marker; 2 cases had focal cytokeratin staining in round cells. Round cells had focal napsin A staining in 1 case (17%); surface cells were napsin positive in all cases.
Conclusions.—The observation of thyroid transcription factor 1 positivity in both surface and round cells in all SH suggests primitive respiratory epithelium as the cell of origin of SH. Our napsin A findings support this, with positivity in surface cells of all tumors (100%), and focal round cell staining in only 1 (17%). In fact, surface cells may represent entrapped type II pneumocytes, which normally express napsin A in a granular cytoplasmic pattern, similar to surface cells. The coexpression of thyroid transcription factor 1 and napsin A also introduces a caveat in differentiating primary pulmonary adenocarcinomas from SH in small biopsy specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay A. Schmidt
- From the Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor
| | - Jeffrey L. Myers
- From the Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor
| | - Jonathan B. McHugh
- From the Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor
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40
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Samukawa T, Hamada T, Uto H, Yanagi M, Tsukuya G, Nosaki T, Maeda M, Hirano T, Tsubouchi H, Inoue H. The elevation of serum napsin A in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, compared with KL-6, surfactant protein-A and surfactant protein-D. BMC Pulm Med 2012; 12:55. [PMID: 22963039 PMCID: PMC3515468 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2466-12-55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Napsin A, an aspartic protease, is mainly expressed in alveolar type-II cells and renal proximal tubules and is a putative immunohistochemical marker for pulmonary adenocarcinomas. This study sought to determine whether napsin A could be measured in the serum to evaluate its relationship to idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and determine whether renal dysfunction might affect serum napsin A levels. Methods Serum levels of napsin A were measured in 20 patients with IPF, 34 patients with lung primary adenocarcinoma, 12 patients with kidney diseases, and 20 healthy volunteers. Surfactant protein (SP)-A, SP-D, and Krebs von den Lungen-6 (KL-6) levels in serum and pulmonary function tests were also evaluated in IPF patients. Results Circulating levels of napsin A were increased in patients with IPF, as compared with healthy controls, and they correlated with the severity of disease. Moreover, the serum napsin A levels were not elevated in patients with pulmonary adenocarcinoma or renal dysfunction. The distinguishing point between IPF and the controls was that the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) of napsin A was larger than that of KL-6, SP-A, or SP-D. Conclusion These findings suggest that serum napsin A may be a candidate biomarker for IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Samukawa
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, Japan
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Lee JG, Kim S, Shim HS. Napsin A is an independent prognostic factor in surgically resected adenocarcinoma of the lung. Lung Cancer 2012; 77:156-61. [PMID: 22418245 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2012.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Revised: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Napsin A is regarded as a marker of lung adenocarcinoma. However, no comprehensive analyses of napsin A-positive lung ADCs or the prognostic significance of napsin A expression have been reported to date. METHODS 110 primary lung adenocarcinoma cases were analyzed for clinicopathologic parameters, including overall survival, stage, histology, napsin A and TTF-1 expression, EGFR mutation, and ALK rearrangement. RESULTS Napsin A-positive adenocarcinomas were significantly more prevalent among tumors characterized as relatively small (p = 0.023), non-solid predominant (p < 0.001), non-mucinous/enteric (p < 0.001), positive for TTF-1 expression (p < 0.001), and positive for EGFR mutation (p = 0.001). Multivariate analysis of overall survival demonstrated that the absence of napsin A was an independent prognostic factor for reduced survival time (p = 0.002). CONCLUSION Clinicopathologic characteristics associated with napsin A-positive lung ADC are similar to and overlap with those of TTF-1-positive ADCs. The absence of napsin A is an independent poor prognostic factor in surgically resected adenocarcinoma. Further studies are necessary to determine the role of napsin A in the progression of lung adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Gu Lee
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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A Word of Caution Regarding Napsin A Expression in Squamous Cell Carcinomas of the Lung. Am J Surg Pathol 2012; 36:396-401. [DOI: 10.1097/pas.0b013e31823b13e2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
Napsin A is an aspartic protease present in the epithelial cells of the lung and kidney. Recent studies have shown that, in lung tumors, napsin A expression is restricted to lung adenocarcinomas, whereas among renal tumors, it is frequently expressed in renal cell carcinomas, especially the papillary and clear cell subtypes. Owing to its restricted expression, napsin A is a useful marker that can assist in the diagnosis of both lung adenocarcinomas and renal cell carcinomas.
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Ye J, Hameed O, Findeis-Hosey JJ, Fan L, Li F, McMahon LA, Yang Q, Wang HL, Xu H. Diagnostic utility of PAX8, TTF-1 and napsin A for discriminating metastatic carcinoma from primary adenocarcinoma of the lung. Biotech Histochem 2011; 87:30-4. [DOI: 10.3109/10520295.2011.591838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Generation and evaluation of a monoclonal antibody, designated MAdL, as a new specific marker for adenocarcinomas of the lung. Br J Cancer 2011; 105:673-81. [PMID: 21811254 PMCID: PMC3188931 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2011.281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Different therapy regimens in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) are of rising clinical importance, and therefore a clear-cut subdifferentiation is mandatory. The common immunohistochemical markers available today are well applicable for subdifferentiation, but a fraction of indistinct cases still remains, demanding upgrades of the panel by new markers. Methods: We report here the generation and evaluation of a new monoclonal antibody carrying the MAdL designation, which was raised against primary isolated human alveolar epithelial cells type 2. Results: Upon screening, one clone (MAdL) was identified as a marker for alveolar epithelial cell type II, alveolar macrophages and adenocarcinomas of the lung. In a large-scale study, this antibody, with an optimised staining procedure for formalin-fixed tissues, was then evaluated together with the established markers thyroid transcription factor-1, surfactant protein-A, pro-surfactant protein-B and napsin A in a series of 362 lung cancer specimens. The MAdL displays a high specificity (>99%) for adenocarcinomas of the lung, together with a sensitivity of 76.5%, and is capable of delivering independent additional diagnostic information to the established markers. Conclusion: We conclude that MAdL is a new specific marker for adenocarcinomas of the lung, which helps to clarify subdifferentiation in a considerable portion of NSCLCs.
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Roh MH, Schmidt L, Placido J, Farmen S, Fields KL, Courey AJ, Arenberg DA, Knoepp SM. The application and diagnostic utility of immunocytochemistry on direct smears in the diagnosis of pulmonary adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. Diagn Cytopathol 2011; 40:949-55. [DOI: 10.1002/dc.21680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Accepted: 02/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Zhang H, Liu Q, Zimmerman LJ, Ham AJL, Slebos RJC, Rahman J, Kikuchi T, Massion PP, Carbone DP, Billheimer D, Liebler DC. Methods for peptide and protein quantitation by liquid chromatography-multiple reaction monitoring mass spectrometry. Mol Cell Proteomics 2011; 10:M110.006593. [PMID: 21357624 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m110.006593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Liquid chromatography-multiple reaction monitoring mass spectrometry of peptides using stable isotope dilution (SID) provides a powerful tool for targeted protein quantitation. However, the high cost of labeled peptide standards for SID poses an obstacle to multiple reaction monitoring studies. We compared SID to a labeled reference peptide (LRP) method, which uses a single labeled peptide as a reference standard for all measured peptides, and a label-free (LF) approach, in which quantitation is based on analysis of un-normalized peak areas for detected MRM transitions. We analyzed peptides from the Escherichia coli proteins alkaline phosphatase and β-galactosidase spiked into lysates from human colon adenocarcinoma RKO cells. We also analyzed liquid chromatography-multiple reaction monitoring mass spectrometry data from a recently published interlaboratory study by the National Cancer Institute Clinical Proteomic Technology Assessment for Cancer network (Addona et al. (2009) Nat. Biotechnol. 27: 633-641), in which unlabeled and isotopically labeled synthetic peptides or their corresponding proteins were spiked into human plasma. SID displayed the highest correlation coefficients and lowest coefficient of variation in regression analyses of both peptide and protein spike studies. In protein spike experiments, median coefficient of variation values were about 10% for SID and 20-30% for LRP and LF methods. Power calculations indicated that differences in measurement error between the methods have much less impact on measured protein expression differences than biological variation. All three methods detected significant (p < 0.05) differential expression of three endogenous proteins in a test set of 10 pairs of human lung tumor and control tissues. Further, the LRP and LF methods both detected significant differences (p < 0.05) in levels of seven biomarker candidates between tumors and controls in the same set of lung tissue samples. The data indicate that the LRP and LF methods provide cost-effective alternatives to SID for many quantitative liquid chromatography-multiple reaction monitoring mass spectrometry applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Zhang
- Jim Ayers Institute for Precancer Detection and Diagnosis, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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Stoll LM, Johnson MW, Gabrielson E, Askin F, Clark DP, Li QK. The utility of napsin-A in the identification of primary and metastatic lung adenocarcinoma among cytologically poorly differentiated carcinomas. Cancer Cytopathol 2010; 118:441-9. [DOI: 10.1002/cncy.20108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2010] [Revised: 07/02/2010] [Accepted: 07/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Zhang P, Han YP, Huang L, Li Q, Ma DAL. Value of napsin A and thyroid transcription factor-1 in the identification of primary lung adenocarcinoma. Oncol Lett 2010; 1:899-903. [PMID: 22966403 DOI: 10.3892/ol_00000160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2009] [Accepted: 06/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Napsin A is a newly discovered functional aspartic proteinase that is expressed in normal lung parenchyma in type II pneumocytes and is thought to be associated with primary lung adenocarcinoma. Thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1) is a widely used relatively restricted marker for lung adenocarcinoma. The present study aimed to compare the usefulness of napsin A with TTF-1 for the identification of primary lung adenocarcinoma. Immunohistochemical expression of napsin A and TTF-1 was analyzed in 351 lung cancer tissues, including 27 metastases. Napsin A was expressed in 180 of 212 (84.9%) primary lung adenocarcinomas, while no expression was noted in all 27 metastatic lung cancer specimens, including 19 metastatic adenocarcinomas. In contrast, TTF-1 expression was not only noted in 179 of 212 (84.4%) primary lung adenocarcinomas, but also in 12 of 18 (66.7%) small-cell carcinomas and some of the squamous carcinomas, as well as in one metastatic adenocarcinoma from the thyroid. The sensitivity and specificity of napsin A for primary lung adenocarcinoma (84.9 and 93.8%, respectively) were higher than the sensitivity and specificity of TTF-1 (84.4 and 83.9%, respectively). By combining napsin A and TTF-1, sensitivity increased to 91.0%. Furthermore, the sensitivity and specificity expression was associated with gender, smoking history, performance status, pathological type, primary tumor size and nodal metastasis. Therefore, napsin A is a useful novel marker in the differential diagnosis of primary lung adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Changhai Hospital, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
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Nishimura T, Nomura M, Tojo H, Hamasaki H, Fukuda T, Fujii K, Mikami S, Bando Y, Kato H. Proteomic analysis of laser-microdissected paraffin-embedded tissues: (2) MRM assay for stage-related proteins upon non-metastatic lung adenocarcinoma. J Proteomics 2010; 73:1100-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2009.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2009] [Revised: 11/06/2009] [Accepted: 11/16/2009] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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