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Dhuguru J, Zviagin E, Skouta R. FDA-Approved Oximes and Their Significance in Medicinal Chemistry. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:66. [PMID: 35056123 PMCID: PMC8779982 DOI: 10.3390/ph15010066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the scientific advancements, organophosphate (OP) poisoning continues to be a major threat to humans, accounting for nearly one million poisoning cases every year leading to at least 20,000 deaths worldwide. Oximes represent the most important class in medicinal chemistry, renowned for their widespread applications as OP antidotes, drugs and intermediates for the synthesis of several pharmacological derivatives. Common oxime based reactivators or nerve antidotes include pralidoxime, obidoxime, HI-6, trimedoxime and methoxime, among which pralidoxime is the only FDA-approved drug. Cephalosporins are β-lactam based antibiotics and serve as widely acclaimed tools in fighting bacterial infections. Oxime based cephalosporins have emerged as an important class of drugs with improved efficacy and a broad spectrum of anti-microbial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens. Among the several oxime based derivatives, cefuroxime, ceftizoxime, cefpodoxime and cefmenoxime are the FDA approved oxime-based antibiotics. Given the pharmacological significance of oximes, in the present paper, we put together all the FDA-approved oximes and discuss their mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics and synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyothi Dhuguru
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, 1660 SpringHill Avenue, Mobile, AL 36604, USA;
| | - Eugene Zviagin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N. University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA;
| | - Rachid Skouta
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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Khera N, Ghayor C, Lindholm AK, Pavlova E, Atanassova N, Weber FE. N, N-Dimethylacetamide, an FDA approved excipient, acts post-meiotically to impair spermatogenesis and cause infertility in rats. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 256:127001. [PMID: 32447106 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
N, N-Dimethylacetamide is an FDA approved solvent widely used in pharmaceutical industry to facilitate the solubility of lipophilic, high molecular weight drugs with poor water solubility. However, the cytotoxic effects of DMA raises the concern about its use in clinical applications. In the present study, we address the effect of DMA on spermatogenesis. Male Sprague Dawley rats were injected intra-peritoneally for 8 weeks, once a week at a dose of 862 mg/kg. Analysis of reproductive parameters revealed that DMA treated animals exhibit spermatid formation defects within the testis describing the characteristics of oligozoospermia. A subsequent decrease in epididymal sperm concentration along with distortion of sperm morphology was observed. The mitochondrial and microtubule organization in the sperm is considerably modified by DMA. This disrupts the sperm kinetics thus decreasing the total and progressive sperm motility. Finally, DMA treatment resulted in loss of fertility. Our results indicate that exposure to DMA has a negative impact on spermatogenesis and leads to infertility in male rats by inhibiting the post meiotic stages of sperm development. Therefore, the use of DMA in humans must be closely monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nupur Khera
- University of Zurich, Center of Dental Medicine, Oral Biotechnology & Bioengineering, Plattenstrasse11, 8032, Zürich, Switzerland; Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Chafik Ghayor
- University of Zurich, Center of Dental Medicine, Oral Biotechnology & Bioengineering, Plattenstrasse11, 8032, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Anna K Lindholm
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ekaterina Pavlova
- Institute of Experimental Morphology, Pathology and Anthropology with Museum, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Nina Atanassova
- Institute of Experimental Morphology, Pathology and Anthropology with Museum, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Franz E Weber
- University of Zurich, Center of Dental Medicine, Oral Biotechnology & Bioengineering, Plattenstrasse11, 8032, Zürich, Switzerland; Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Switzerland; CABMM, Center for Applied Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland.
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Mostafa GAE, Al-Otaibi YH, Al-Badr AA. Cefpodoxime proxetil. PROFILES OF DRUG SUBSTANCES, EXCIPIENTS, AND RELATED METHODOLOGY 2019; 44:1-165. [PMID: 31029216 DOI: 10.1016/bs.podrm.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive profile of cefpodoxime proxetil including the nomenclatures, formulae, elemental composition, appearance, uses, and applications. The methods which were developed for the preparation of the drug substance and their respective schemes are outlined. The physical characteristics of the drug including the ionization constant, solubility, X-ray powder diffraction pattern, differential scanning calorimetry, thermal behavior, and spectroscopic studies are included. The methods which were used for the analysis of the drug substance in bulk drug and/or in pharmaceutical formulations includes the compendial, spectrophotometric, electrochemical and the chromatographic methods. The other studies which was carried out on this drug substance are including the drug stability, pharmacokinetics, bioavailability, drug evaluation, comparison and several compiled reviews. Finally, more than two hundred references are listed at the end of this profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamal A E Mostafa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yazeed H Al-Otaibi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah A Al-Badr
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Mujtaba A, Kohli K. Validated HPLC method for the pharmacokinetic study of oral extended-release cefpodoxime proxetil chitosan-alginate beads in rabbits. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 98:111-116. [PMID: 28137463 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.01.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to develop a simple and applicable HPLC method for the detection of cefpodoxime acid (CFA) in rabbit plasma after oral administration of cefpodoxime proxetil (CFP) loaded chitosan-alginate (CH-ALG) beads formulation. CFP is a prodrug that is deesterified in vivo to its active metabolite CFA to exhibit antibiotic activity. Chromatographic separation of CFA and internal standard (IS) was achieved by a RP18(C18), Phenomenax®100, (250×4.6mm) with the mobile phase consisting of (0.02mol/l (20mM) ammonium acetate solution and acetonitrile (92:8, v/v, pH=4.6) at a flow rate of 1.0ml/min. The method was validated according to the requirements of US-FDA guidelines for bioanalytical method validation. The linear regression analysis for the calibration plots showed good linear relationship (R2=0.9905) in the working concentration range of 0.5-50μg/ml. The limits of detection and quantification (S/N=3) were 0.069 and 0.136μg/ml. Plasma CFA levels were successfully determined in rabbit with satisfactory precision and accuracy. The analyte was found to be stable after a number of stability studies. The proposed HPLC method was successfully applied to pharmacokinetic study in rabbits for CFP loaded CH-ALG beads and marketed immediate release (IR) tablets. All pharmacokinetic parameters were assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Mujtaba
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Northern Border University, Rafha, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Kanchan Kohli
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University, New Delhi 110062, India
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Synthesis and antimicrobial activities of new higher amino acid Schiff base derivatives of 6-aminopenicillanic acid and 7-aminocephalosporanic acid. J Mol Struct 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2015.10.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Li J, Zhang D, Hu C. Characterization of impurities in cefpodoxime proxetil using LC-MS (n). Acta Pharm Sin B 2014; 4:322-32. [PMID: 26579402 PMCID: PMC4629086 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2014.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Reversed-phase liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) was used to characterize impurities in cefpodoxime proxetil, an ester-modified prodrug. Based on the mechanisms by which cephalosporins are degraded, stress tests were designed and performed. The bulk material and capsule were eluted through a C18 column with formic acid–methanol–water as the mobile phase. In total, 15 impurities were characterized in commercial samples, including 7 known impurities and 8 new impurities. The structures of these unknown compounds were deduced via comparison with the fragmentation patterns of cefpodoxime proxetil. Data from this systematic study will help improve the safety and quality of cefpodoxime proxetil.
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Ahmed S, Abdel-Wadood HM, Mohamed NA. Highly sensitive and selective high-performance liquid chromatography method for bioequivalence study of cefpodoxime proxetil in rabbit plasma via fluorescence labeling of its active metabolite. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 934:34-40. [PMID: 23896427 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Revised: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cefpodoxime proxetil (CFP), a broad-spectrum third-generation cephalosporin, has been used most widely in the treatment of respiratory and urinary tract infections. For bioequivalence study of CFP in rabbit plasma, it was necessary to develop a highly sensitive and selective high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method with fluorescence (FL) detection. The pre-column labeling of cefpodoxime acid (CFA) (active metabolite) with an efficient benzofurazan type fluorogenic reagent, 4-N,N-dimethyl aminosulfonyl-7-fluoro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole (DBD-F) was carried out in the present study in 100mM borate buffer (pH=8.5) at 50°C for 15min. The obtained fluorescent products were separated on C18 column with an isocratic elution of the mobile phase, which consists of 10mM phosphate buffer (pH=3.5)/CH3CN (70:30, v/v). The fluorescent product (DBD-CFA) was detected fluorimetrically at 556nm with an excitation wavelength of 430nm. Cefotaxime sodium was used as internal standard. The method was validated according to the requirements of US-FDA guidelines. The correlation coefficient of 0.999 was obtained in the concentration ranges of 10-1000ngmL(-1). The limits of detection and quantification (S/N=3) were 3 and 10ngmL(-1), respectively. Plasma CFA levels were successfully determined in rabbit with satisfactory precision and accuracy. The proposed HPLC-FL method was successfully applied to study bioequivalence in rabbits for two formulations of different brands contained CFP (prodrug) in a randomized, two-way, single-dose, crossover study and all pharmacokinetic parameters for the two formulations were assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameh Ahmed
- Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, College of Pharmacy Taibah University, Al Madinah AlMunawarah 30001, Saudi Arabia.
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Yadav SK, Agrawal B, Goyal RN. AuNPs-poly-DAN modified pyrolytic graphite sensor for the determination of Cefpodoxime Proxetil in biological fluids. Talanta 2013; 108:30-7. [PMID: 23601866 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.02.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Revised: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive and selective electrochemical method for Cefpodoxime Proxetil (CP) determination has been developed by incorporating gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) onto the poly-1,5-diaminonapthalene layer (p-DAN) coated pyrolytic graphite. The modified sensor was characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The sensor exhibited an effective catalytic response towards oxidation of CP with excellent reproducibility and stability. The peak current of CP was found to be linear in the range of 0.1-12 μM and detection limit and sensitivity of 39 nM (S/N=3) and 4.621 μA μM(-1), respectively, were observed. The method was successfully applied for the determination of CP in pharmaceutical formulations and human urine samples. The common metabolites present in human urine such as uric acid, ascorbic acid, xanthine and hypoxanthine did not interfere in the determination. A comparison of the results obtained by using developed method with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) indicated a good agreement. The method is simple, sensitive, rapid and precise and is useful for the routine determination of CP in pharmaceutical dosages and biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh K Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
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Yoon MY, Lee HB, Shin HI. Development of an Isolable Active Ester, Diethyl Thiophosphoryl [(Z)-(2-Aminothiazol-4-yl)-2-(Methoxyimino)acetate (DAMA) for the Synthesis of Cefotaxime. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2011. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2011.32.2.407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Khan AAP, Mohd A, Bano S, Siddiqi KS. Spectrophotometric Investigation of Oxidation of Cefpodoxime Proxetil by Permanganate in Alkaline Medium: A Kinetic Study. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY-DAEHAN HWAHAK HOE JEE 2009. [DOI: 10.5012/jkcs.2009.53.6.709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Cortecchia E, Mazzocchetti L, Scandola M. Organic-Inorganic Interactions in Poly(trimethylene carbonate)-Titania Hybrids. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.200900302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Siddiqi K, Mohd A, Khan AAP, Bano S. Interaction of CFP with Metal ions: Complex Formation of CFP with Metal ion by Absorption and Fluorescence Spectrophotometery. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY-DAEHAN HWAHAK HOE JEE 2009. [DOI: 10.5012/jkcs.2009.53.2.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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López MA, Rodríguez Z, González M, Tolón B, Avila R, Rodríguez JC, Vélez-Castro H, Fini A. 13C NMR spectroscopy of some third-generation cephalosporins, their synthetic intermediaries and reaction byproducts. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2007; 45:236-9. [PMID: 17252617 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.1952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
(13)C NMR spectroscopic data for 25 cephalosporin derivatives were assigned by combination of one- and two-dimensional experiments. The effect of the substitution at C-3, C-7 and C-4 acid group positions on the chemical shifts of the cephem nucleus is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A López
- Centro de Química Farmacéutica, Avenida 200 y 21, Siboney, Playa, CP 16042, Ciudad de La Habana, Cuba
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Yang XF, Wang H. Selective thiourea optical probe based on thiourea-induced removal of chloroacetyl group from chloroacetylamine. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2006; 65:1063-8. [PMID: 16824787 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2006.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2005] [Revised: 02/02/2006] [Accepted: 02/05/2006] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
A novel chromogenic probe for thiourea, N-chloroacetyl parafuchsin (CAP), was designed and synthesized. The method was based on the reaction of CAP with thiourea, resulting in the initial formation of the S-substituted thioformamidine hydrochloride, which would then undergo the intramolecular amidinolysis to liberate the corresponding amine, and thus leading to an absorbance increase at visible spectral range. Based on this mechanism, a highly selective optical probe for thiourea was developed. Under optimal conditions, absorbance increase (DeltaA) at 562 nm is proportional to thiourea concentration up to 0.2 mmolL(-1) with a detection limit of 2.1 micromolL(-1) (3sigma). Because of the selective removal of chloroacetyl group from CAP by thiourea, there is little interference by other molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Feng Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China.
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