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Hovi T, Allison AC, Raivio K, Vaheri A. Purine metabolism and control of cell proliferation. CIBA FOUNDATION SYMPOSIUM 2008:225-48. [PMID: 204461 DOI: 10.1002/9780470720301.ch14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Exposure of normal lymphocytes to phytohaemagglutinin or other lectin mitogens results in increased concentrations of 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate (PP-ribose-P) within minutes. Subsequently, synthesis of purine nucleotides by both the de novo and the salvage pathways is facilitated. This change is prevented by proliferation-inhibiting concentrations of exogenous adenosine. The capacity of lymphocytes to metabolize both adenine and adenosine is increased several-fold by incubation with phytohaemagglutinin but the specific activities of the respective first-step enzymes are not significantly altered. These results suggest that the relatively low quantity of PP-ribose-P available in normal lymphocytes is a major factor limiting the synthesis of purine nucleotides and may be important for the maintenance of the quiescent state. Increased availability of PP-ribose-P may also be associated with proliferative activation of fibroblast-like cells: chick embryo fibroblast cultures released from density-dependent inhibition of growth by insulin, trypsin or serum rapidly increase the rate of adenine incorporation into nucleotides. Chick embryo fibroblasts transformed by Rous sarcoma virus, but not cells infected with the respective non-transforming leukosis virus, show PP-ribose-P concentrations higher than those observed in normal cells.
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Hemish J, Nakaya N, Mittal V, Enikolopov G. Nitric oxide activates diverse signaling pathways to regulate gene expression. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:42321-9. [PMID: 12907672 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m308192200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide signaling is crucial for effecting long lasting changes in cells, including gene expression, cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and differentiation. We have determined the temporal order of gene activation induced by NO in mammalian cells and have examined the signaling pathways that mediate the action of NO. Using microarrays to study the kinetics of gene activation by NO, we have determined that NO induces three distinct waves of gene activity. The first wave is induced within 30 min of exposure to NO and represents the primary gene targets of NO. It is followed by subsequent waves of gene activity that may reflect further cascades of NO-induced gene expression. We verified our results using quantitative real time PCR and further validated our conclusions about the effects of NO by using cytokines to induce endogenous NO production. We next applied pharmacological and genetic approaches to determine the signaling pathways that are used by NO to regulate gene expression. We used inhibitors of particular signaling pathways, as well as cells from animals with a deleted p53 gene, to define groups of genes that require phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, protein kinase C, NF-kappaB, p53, or combinations thereof for activation by NO. Our results demonstrate that NO utilizes several independent signaling pathways to induce gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill Hemish
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, PO Box 100, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
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Johnston JP, Aparicio JG, Applebury ML. Purification and autophosphorylation of retinal guanylate cyclase. Methods Enzymol 2000; 315:673-89. [PMID: 10736733 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(00)15874-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J P Johnston
- Howe Laboratory, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston 02114, USA
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Chrisman TD, Garbers DL. Reciprocal antagonism coordinates C-type natriuretic peptide and mitogen-signaling pathways in fibroblasts. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:4293-9. [PMID: 9933630 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.7.4293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The fibroblast, a cell central to effective wound remodeling, not only contains various growth factor receptors but also high activities of a guanylyl cyclase receptor (GC-B). Here we demonstrate that marked elevations of cyclic GMP induced by C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP), the ligand of GC-B, blocks activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade in fibroblasts. We also show that platelet-derived growth factor, fibroblast growth factor, serum, or Na3VO4 rapidly (within 5 min) and extensively (up to 85% inhibition) disrupt CNP-dependent elevations of cyclic GMP. In addition, the mitogens also lower cyclic GMP concentrations (50% decrease) in cells not treated with CNP. Cytoplasmic forms of guanylyl cyclase, in contrast to the CNP-stimulated pathway, are not antagonized by the various mitogens. The effects of the mitogens on cellular cyclic GMP are fully explained by a direct and stable inactivation of GC-B. Homogenates obtained from fibroblasts treated with or without the various mitogens contain equivalent amounts of GC-B protein, but both ligand-dependent and ligand-independent activity are markedly (up to 90% inhibition of CNP-dependent activity) decreased after mitogen addition. The stable inactivation is correlated with the dephosphorylation of phosphoserine and phosphothreonine residues of the cyclase receptor. These results not only establish a specific and reciprocal antagonistic relationship between mitogen-activated and GC-B-regulated signaling pathways in the fibroblast but also suggest that one of the earliest events following mitogen activation of a fibroblast is an interruption of cyclic GMP production from this receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- T D Chrisman
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75235-9050, USA.
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Dittman AH, Quinn TP, Nevitt GA, Hacker B, Storm DR. Sensitization of olfactory guanylyl cyclase to a specific imprinted odorant in coho salmon. Neuron 1997; 19:381-9. [PMID: 9292727 DOI: 10.1016/s0896-6273(00)80947-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The role of cGMP in olfactory signaling is not fully understood, but it is believed to play a modulatory role in intracellular signaling in vertebrate olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). Here, we present evidence that cGMP in ORNs may play an important role in recognition of biologically relevant odors and olfactory learning. Specifically, we investigated the cellular mechanisms underlying olfactory imprinting in salmon. Salmon learn odors associated with their natal site as juveniles and later use these odors to guide their homing migration. This imprinting is believed to involve sensitization of the peripheral olfactory system to specific homestream odorants. We imprinted juvenile salmon to the odorant beta-phenylethyl alcohol (PEA) and examined the sensitivity of olfactory adenylyl and guanylyl cyclases to PEA during development. Stimulation of guanylyl cyclase activity by PEA was significantly greater in olfactory cilia isolated from PEA-imprinted salmon compared with PEA-naive fish only at the time of the homing migration, 2 years after PEA exposure. These results suggest that sensitization of olfactory guanylyl cyclase may play an important role in olfactory imprinting by salmon.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Dittman
- Department of Pharmacology, and School of Fisheries, University of Washington, Seattle 98195, USA
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6
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Finch RA, Chang DC, Chan PK. GTP gamma S restores nucleophosmin (NPM) localization to nucleoli of GTP-depleted HeLa cells. Mol Cell Biochem 1995; 146:171-8. [PMID: 7565647 DOI: 10.1007/bf00944610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies showed that localization of nucleophosmin/B23 (NPM) to nucleoli requires adequate cellular GTP levels (Finch et al., J Biol Chem 268, 5823-5827, 1993). In order to study whether hydrolysis of GTP plays a role in NPM localization, we introduced a nonhydrolyzable GTP analog into HeLa cells. Cells were first depleted of GTP with the IMP dehydrogenase inhibitor, mycophenolic acid (MA), to induce translocation of NPM from the nucleoli to the nucleoplasm. Non-hydrolyzable GTP analogs were then introduced into cells by electroporation. We found that introduction of the non-hydrolyzable analog, GTP gamma S, was effective in restoring NPM localization to nucleoli. Cells incubated in medium containing G-nucleotides without electroporation showed no effect. To reduce the possibility that cells use guanine from degraded nucleotide to supplement GTP pools via salvage pathways, experiments were also performed in the presence of (6-mercaptopurine) 6MP, a competitive inhibitor of the salvage enzyme, HGPRT (hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase), in addition to MA. Under these conditions, introduction of GTP gamma S still effectively restored the localization of NPM into nucleoli. This study demonstrates that electroporation can be used effectively to introduce nucleotides into cultured cells without excessive loss of viability. Our results also indicate that the GTP dependent localization of NPM to the nucleoli may not require GTP hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Finch
- Department of Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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7
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Johnson RA, Alvarez R, Salomon Y. Determination of adenylyl cyclase catalytic activity using single and double column procedures. Methods Enzymol 1994; 238:31-56. [PMID: 7799798 DOI: 10.1016/0076-6879(94)38005-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R A Johnson
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, State University of New York at Stony Brook 11794
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8
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Chrisman T, Schulz S, Potter L, Garbers D. Seminal plasma factors that cause large elevations in cellular cyclic GMP are C-type natriuretic peptides. J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)53749-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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9
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Garg UC, Hassid A. Nitric oxide decreases cytosolic free calcium in Balb/c 3T3 fibroblasts by a cyclic GMP-independent mechanism. J Biol Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)52393-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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11
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Garg UC, Hassid A. Nitric oxide-generating vasodilators inhibit mitogenesis and proliferation of BALB/C 3T3 fibroblasts by a cyclic GMP-independent mechanism. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1990; 171:474-9. [PMID: 1697465 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(90)91417-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of nitric oxide-generating vasodilators and 8-bromo-cGMP on serum-induced mitogenesis in BALB/c 3T3 fibroblasts that lack soluble guanylate cyclase activity. Two such vasodilators, S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine and isosorbide dinitrate, decreased the incorporation of (3H)thymidine in these cells dose-dependently whereas 8-bromo-cGMP was ineffective at concentrations of up to 10 mM. Moreover, S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine also inhibited cell proliferation, consistent with the data on (3H)thymidine incorporation. S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine had no effect on cGMP accumulation, confirming previous studies that these cells lack soluble guanylate cyclase activity. Hemoglobin and FeSO4/ascorbate, agents that inhibit the actions of nitric oxide, both decreased S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine-induced antimitogenesis, supporting the view that this effect was related to the generation of nitric oxide. The antimitogenic activity of S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine was unlikely to be the expression of nitric oxide-induced degradation of serum mitogens, as indicated by the decrease of the antimitogenic activity on prolonged preincubation of SNAP in serum-containing medium. We conclude that nitric oxide-generating vasodilators inhibit serum-induced mitogenesis and cell proliferation in BALB/c 3T3 fibroblasts by a cGMP-independent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- U C Garg
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla 10595
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12
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Rambotti MG, Spreca A, Rende M, Donato R. Ultracytochemical localization of adenylate cyclase and guanylate cyclase in crushed peripheral nerves. Glia 1988; 1:260-74. [PMID: 2907326 DOI: 10.1002/glia.440010405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Cellular and subcellular distribution of adenylate cyclase (AC) and guanylate cyclase (GC) activities in crushed peripheral nerves during regeneration were studied at the electron microscope level. In unlesioned nerves, no AC reaction product could be evidenced, whereas GC was detectable on the plasma membranes of Schwann cells, myelinated and nonmyelinated fibers, and within nonmyelinated axons. At 24 hours after the crush, AC reaction product was found within axonal segments proximal to the zone of the crush in association with mitochondria. At this stage, macrophage-like cells, which probably are transformed Schwann cells, polymorphonuclear leucocytes, and endothelial cells displaying an intense AC reaction product could be detected. On the other hand, at 24 hours after the crush, GC was no longer detectable, except on occasional unlesioned nerve fibers. At 48 hours after the lesion, AC reaction product was no longer detectable within axons, and all AC positivity was associated with plasma membranes of non-neuronal cells, including transformed Schwann cells, occasional macrophages, polymorphonuclear leucocytes, fibroblasts, and elongated cells. As to GC, images similar to those obtained at 24 hours were observed until 48 hours after the crush. From the 7th to the 28th postlesion day, AC activity was localized exclusively to the plasma membranes of fibroblasts and elongated cells. Transformed Schwann cells were no longer detectable, whereas normal Schwann cells and regenerating axons could be seen, and these showed no AC reaction product in analogy to the absence of AC reaction product of unlesioned nerves. During the same period, GC again was detectable on regenerating fibers with the same subcellular localization as that of unlesioned nerves. The present results strongly suggest that starting from the second postcrush day, cells invading the lesioned zone and transformed Schwann cells, all taking part in the formation of the new perineurial tissue, display a high AC activity, which should be taken into account when measuring cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels under these conditions. Also, our data suggest that GC is involved primarily in regeneration processes that occur in crushed peripheral nerves. Thus, the pattern of AC distribution in peripheral unlesioned and lesioned nerves appears to be exactly the opposite of the GC localization examined under similar experimental conditions insofar as nervous fibers are concerned.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Rambotti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Italy
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14
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An affinity labeling of ras p21 protein and its use in the identification of ras p21 in cellular and tissue extracts. J Biol Chem 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)61664-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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15
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Craven PA, Neidig M, DeRubertis FR. Properties of multiple kinetic forms of soluble cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity of rat colonic mucosa. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1983; 744:265-75. [PMID: 6303428 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(83)90199-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Soluble phosphodiesterase (EC 3.1.4.1) activity is 3-5-fold lower in superficial colonic epithelial cells compared to that in cells isolated from the lower colonic crypt. Higher phosphodiesterase activity in lower crypt cells is correlated with a 5-fold higher rate of incorporation of [3H]thymidine into DNA in these cells. DEAE-cellulose chromatography of the soluble fraction of superficial and proliferative colonic epithelial cells resulted in separation of three enzyme forms: (1) fraction I, an enzyme which hydrolyzes both cAMP and cGMP with high affinity (apparent Km cAMP = 5 +/- 1 microM, Km cGMP = 2.5 +/- 0.5 microM) and is stimulated 3-6-fold by Ca2+ plus calmodulin; (2) fraction II, a form which hydrolyzes both cAMP and cGMP with low affinity (S0.5 cAMP = 52 +/- 7 microM, S0.5 cGMP = 17 +/- 4 microM), exhibits positive copperativity with respect to substrate and shows cGMP stimulation of cAMP hydrolysis and (3) fraction III, a cAMP-specific form which exhibits biphasic kinetics, a low Km for cAMP (Km cAMP = 5 +/- 1 microM) and does not hydrolyze cGMP. The pattern of distribution of phosphodiesterase activities on DEAE-cellulose was similar in superficial and proliferative colonic epithelial cells. The higher specific activity in proliferative cells was reflected in higher activities of each of the three chromatographically distinct forms of the enzyme. In contrast to epithelial cells, the soluble fraction of homogenates of the submucosa and supporting cells exhibited phosphodiesterase forms I and II and was lacking in the form corresponding to fraction III of epithelial cells.
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Schulze W, Krause EG. Cytochemical demonstration of guanylate cyclase activity in cardiac muscle. Preferential localization at sarcolemma and junctional sarcoplasmic reticulum. HISTOCHEMISTRY 1983; 77:243-54. [PMID: 6132898 DOI: 10.1007/bf00506567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The localization of guanylate cyclase activity was cytochemically studied in heart tissue from guinea pig and pigeon. The method, based on a lead precipitation technique with GPPNHP as the substrate, was tested by quantitative biochemical analysis. The data obtained showed that in heart homogenates GPPNHP is an acceptable substrate for guanylate cyclase. The guanylate cyclase activity of glutaraldehyde prefixed heart tissue was also measured in the presence of 2 mM lead nitrate, in 30% of the untreated control hearts. The residual guanylate cyclase responded to the addition of sodium nitroprusside with a 7-fold increase in its activity. Furthermore, the guanylate cyclase requirement for Mn2+ ions was so changed by this activator that Mg2+ was as active as Mn2+. In heart muscle cells of guinea pigs and pigeons the plasma membrane of the sarcolemma and the junctional sarcoplasmic reticulum are the precipitation sites of the reaction product. In guinea pig hearts the T-tubule membranes were likewise covered with precipitates. Sodium nitroprusside stimulation of guanylate cyclase activity was indicated by increased precipitation and by shortening of the incubation time.
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Bradham LS, Cheung WY. Nucleotide cyclases. PROGRESS IN NUCLEIC ACID RESEARCH AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1982; 27:189-231. [PMID: 6124997 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6603(08)60601-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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18
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Oleinick NL, Daniel JW, Brewer EN. Absence of a correlation between cyclic nucleotide fluctuations and cell cycle progression. Exp Cell Res 1981; 131:373-7. [PMID: 6258949 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(81)90240-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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19
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Merlin G, Revel M, Wallach D. The interferon-induced enzyme oligo-isoadenylate synthetase: rapid determination of its in vitro products. Anal Biochem 1981; 110:190-6. [PMID: 6163372 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(81)90134-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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20
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Derubertis FR, Craven PA, Saito R. Studies of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine action on the guanylate cyclase-guanosine 3'5' monophosphate system of isolated colonic epithelial cells. Cancer 1980; 45:1052-9. [PMID: 6101992 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0142(19800315)45:5+<1052::aid-cncr2820451304>3.0.co;2-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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22
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Branton PE, Landry-Magnan J. Plasma membrane phosphoproteins in normal and Rous sarcoma virus transformed chick embryo fibroblasts: characterization by in vitro phosphorylation. J Cell Physiol 1979; 100:159-68. [PMID: 224069 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1041000116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Plasma membranes isolated from normal and RSV transformed chick embryo fibroblasts were phosphorylated in vitro using endogenous protein kinase and ATP (gamma32P) and the labeled phosphoproteins were analyzed by SDS-PAGE. A number of protein phosphorylation changes were observed following transformation, however in most cases they were relatively small quantitative differences. The four major changes were in proteins of 47,000, 58,000, 75,000 and 135,000 daltons. Decreased phosphorylation of the 47,000 dalton polypeptide was found in transformed cell membranes but this alteration was shown to be due to differences in cell growth rather than transformation. Increase phosphorylation of the 75,000 dalton protein was at least partially related to virus infection. However, increased phosphorylation of the 58,000 and 135,000 dalton polypeptides were entirely transformation specific.
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23
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Eker P, Sanner T, Eker R, Mossige J. Cyclic nucleotide metabolism in a hereditary renal rat tumor. Eur J Cancer 1979; 15:619-21. [PMID: 220058 DOI: 10.1016/0014-2964(79)90101-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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24
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Takenawa T, Sacktor B. Tissue-specific effects of divalent cations and activators on soluble guanylate cyclase. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1979; 566:371-84. [PMID: 33718 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2744(79)90041-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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25
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Gill GN, McCune RW. Guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate-dependent protein kinase. CURRENT TOPICS IN CELLULAR REGULATION 1979; 15:1-45. [PMID: 43215 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-152815-7.50005-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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26
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Birnbaumer L, Torres HN, Flawiá MM, Fricke RF. Improved methods for determination of guanylyl cyclase activity and synthesis of [α-32P]GTP. Anal Biochem 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2697(79)80125-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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27
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28
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Yasuda H, Hanai N, Kurata M, Yamada M. Cyclic GMP metabolism in relation to the regulation of cell growth in BALB/c3T3 cells. Exp Cell Res 1978; 114:111-6. [PMID: 26583 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(78)90042-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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29
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Wray HL, Glinos AD. Cyclic nucleotides and growth regulation in suspension cultures of mammalian cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 1978; 234:C131-8. [PMID: 206153 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.1978.234.5.c131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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30
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Branton PE, Landry-Magnan J. Plasma membrane protein kinase activity in normal and Rous sarcoma virus-transformed chick embryo fibroblasts. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1978; 508:246-59. [PMID: 205245 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(78)90328-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A preliminary study has been carried out to investigate the effect of Rous sarcoma virus transformation on plasma membrane protein kinase activity in chick embryo fibroblasts. Enzyme activity was measured using an in vitro phosphorylation method employing [gamma-32P]ATP with isolated plasma membranes serving as the source of both protein kinase and protein substrate. In general, the enzymatic properties observed were similar to those of other known protein kinases. However, for maximal activity a marked dependence on high Mg2+ concentrations was noted. Evidence was obtained which showed that cyclic nucleotide-dependent protein kinases were present in membranes from normal cells, but none could be measured in preparations from transformed cells. In addition, transformation appeared to result in a slight increase in basal plasma membrane protein kinase activity.
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White AA, Karr DB. Improved two-step method for the assay of adenylate and guanylate cyclase. Anal Biochem 1978; 85:451-60. [PMID: 25597 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(78)90242-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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32
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Boynton AL, Whitfield JF, Isaacs RJ, Tremblay RG. An examination of the roles of cyclic nucleotides in the initiation of cell proliferation. Life Sci 1978; 22:703-10. [PMID: 204846 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(78)90495-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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33
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Guiraud-Simplot A, Colobert L. Modifications of adenylate and guanylate cyclase activities during multiplication of KB cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1977; 76:963-70. [PMID: 20087 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(77)90949-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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34
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Hickie RA. Regulation of cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP in Morris hepatomas and liver. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1977; 92:451-88. [PMID: 24988 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-8852-8_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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35
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Liang CT, Sacktor B. Preparation of renal cortex basal-lateral and bursh border membranes. Localization of adenylate cyclase and guanylate cyclase activities. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1977; 466:474-87. [PMID: 15597 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(77)90340-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Luminal brush border and contraluminal basal-lateral segments of the plasma membrane from the same kidney cortex were prepared. The brush border membrane preparation was enriched in trehalase and gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase, whereas the basal-lateral membrane preparation was enriched in (Na+ + K+1)-ATPase. However, the specific activity of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase in brush border membranes also increased relative to that in the crude plasma membrane fraction, suggesting that (Na+ + K+)-ATPase may be an intrinsic constituent of the renal brush border membrane in addition to being prevalent in the basal-lateral membrane. Adenylate cyclase had the same distribution pattern as (Na+ + K+)-ATPase, i.e. higher specific activity in basal-lateral membranes and present in brush border membranes. Adenylate cyclase in both membrane preparations was stimulated by parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, epinephrine, prostaglandins and 5'-guanylylimidodiphosphate. When the agonists were used in combination enhancements were additive. In contrast to the distribution of adenylate cyclase, guanylate cyclase was found in the cytosol and in basal-lateral membranes with a maximal specific activity (NaN3 plus Triton X-100) 10-fold that in brush border membranes. ATP enhanced guanylate cyclase activity only in basal-lateral membranes. It is proposed that guanylate cyclase, in addition to (Na+ + K+)-ATPase, be used as an enzyme "marker" for the renal basal-lateral membrane.
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Hait WN, Weiss B. Characteristics of the cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases of normal and leukemic lymphocytes. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 1977; 497:86-100. [PMID: 14711 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(77)90141-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The specific activity of cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase and cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase of leukemic lymphocytes was 5-10-fold greater than that of purified normal lymphocytes or of homogenates of spleen, thymus or lymph nodes of normal mice. This rise was demonstrable over a wide range of substrate concentrations. Both normal and leukemic lymphocytes contained a heat-stable, calcium-dependent activator of phosphodiesterase. However, the increased activity of phosphodiesterase in leukemic lymphocytes was not due to this protein activator since (a) phosphodiesterase activity from these cells was not stimulated by this activator and (b) phosphodiesterase activity of leukemic lymphocytes was not inhibited by the calcium chelater, ethylene-glycol-bis,(beta-aminoethylether)-N,N'-tetraacetic acid, suggesting that the enzyme was not already maximally activated. A comparison of several other properties of phosphodiesterase from normal and leukemic lymphocytes showed that the enzymes have similar pH optima, similar stabilities to freezing and thawing and similar sensitivities to inhibition by the phosphodiesterase inhibitors, chlorpromazine, papaverine and isobutylmethylxanthine. However, the subcellular distribution of the phosphodiesterases was different, and the phosphodiesterase of leukemic lymphocytes was significantly more resistant to heat than that of normal lymphocytes. Although no differences were found between the phosphodiesterases of normal and leukemic lymphocytes in their sensitivities to drugs, there were marked differences in drug sensitivity between the phosphodiesterase of lymphocytes and that of other tissue. For example, concentrations of chlorpromazine which inhibited phosphodiesterase of cerebrum by 70% had no effect on phosphodiesterase activity of lymphocytes. On the othere hand, the papaverine-induced inhibition of phosphodiesterase was similar in lymphocytes and cerebrum. Since an optimal concentration of cyclic nucleotides is essential to maintain normal cell growth, these results suggest that the abnormal growth characteristics of leukemic lymphocytes may be explained by their high activity of phosphodiesterase. Furthermore, the qualitative and quantitiative differences between the phosphodiesterases of leukemic lymphocytes and other tissues raise the possibility of selectively inhibiting the phosphodiesterase of the leukemic lymphocytes, thereby reducing their rate of growth, without affecting other tissues.
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Bosmann HB. Cell surface enzymes: effects on mitotic activity and cell adhesion. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1977; 50:1-23. [PMID: 332654 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)60097-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Henderson GB, Schrecker AW, Smith C, Gordon M, Zevely EM, Vitols KS, Huennekens FM. Transport of methotrexate and other folate compounds: components, mechanism and regulation by cyclic nucleotides. ADVANCES IN ENZYME REGULATION 1977; 15:141-51. [PMID: 197802 DOI: 10.1016/0065-2571(77)90013-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Peters HD, Peskar BA, Schönhöfer PS. Influence of prostaglandins on connective tissue cell growth and function. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 1977; 297 Suppl 1:S89-93. [PMID: 870836 DOI: 10.1007/bf00587790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandins (PGs) are synthesized by cultured fibroblasts. PGs regulate specific cellular functions by influencing cyclic nucleotide levels. PGE1 increases cAMP levels, thus enhancing glycosaminoglycan (GAG) synthesis and reducing proliferation. Exogenous cyclic nucleotides, on the other hand, affect PG formation. Glucocorticoids (GCs) decrease cAMP content, GAG synthesis and PG formation in fibroblasts, the latter effect occurring only after prolonged incubations. The decrease in endogenous PG levels causes a sensitization of the cells to exogenous PGE1, thus counteracting the initial inhibitory effect of GCs on cAMP content and GAG synthesis. Cell proliferation shows an inverse relationship to PG-induced changes in cAMP levels.
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Banner RL, Vaughn WK, Hagey KA, Thompson WJ, Hersh EM. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate-phosphodiesterase (cAMP-PDE) in lymphocytes from patients with stage III and IV squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. J Surg Oncol 1977; 9:61-9. [PMID: 190480 DOI: 10.1002/jso.2930090111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In vivo skin tests using multiple recall and primary antigens such as dinitrochlorobenzine (DNCB) have established that there is decreased cellular-mediated immune response in patients with squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck. In vitro testing of lymphocytes using blastogenic mitogens as a measure of lymphocyte function has not always shown a statistical difference between patients and controls.cAMP-PDE was assayed in lymphocytes from normal controls-patients with benign conditions in various age groups. No significant difference was found in the specific activity (Vmax) or affinity (Km) in these groups. The mean average was used as a normal control value. In lymphocytes from untreated patients with Stage III and IV squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck, the Vmax and Km of cAMP-PDE were higher than the controls. This difference was statistically significant. Postoperative values were also determined byt were not statistically different. There were no differences found in blastogenesis in these two groups.
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Wallach D, Pastan I. Stimulation of membranous guanylate cyclase by concentrations of calcium that are in the physiological range. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1976; 72:859-65. [PMID: 10916 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(76)80211-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Miller Z, Lovelace E, Gallo M, Pastan I. Cyclic guanosine monophosphate and cellular growth. Science 1975; 190:1213-5. [PMID: 173021 DOI: 10.1126/science.173021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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