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Muszyńska B, Kała K, Katarzyna Sułkowska-Ziaja, Gaweł K, Zając M, Opoka W. Determination of indole compounds released from selected edible mushrooms and their biomass to artificial stomach juice. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2015.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Pasko P, Sulkowska – Ziaja K, Muszynska B, Zagrodzki P. Serotonin, melatonin, and certain indole derivatives profiles in rutabaga and kohlrabi seeds, sprouts, bulbs, and roots. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2014.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Muszyńska B, Ekiert H, Kwiecień I, Maślanka A, Zodi R, Beerhues L. Comparative Analysis of Therapeutically Important Indole Compounds in in vitro Cultures of Hypericum perforatum Cultivars by HPLC and TLC Analysis Coupled with Densitometric Detection. Nat Prod Commun 2014. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1400901009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Five indole compounds (5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan, L-tryptophan, indole-3-acetic acid, melatonin, serotonin) and hypericin were identified and quantified in methanolic extracts of shoot cultures of three Hypericum perforatum cultivars (Helos, Elixir, Topas) growing on two variants of Murashige -Skoog medium differing in concentrations of growth regulators (naphthalene-1-acetic acid and 6-benzylaminopurine). Extracts of the aboveground parts of field-grown plants ( Hyperici herba) were also analyzed by HPLC and TLC analysis coupled with densitometric detection. Determination of four compounds was based on our assay described earlier. The methods of determination of 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan and hypericin were developed and validated in this study. The composition and contents of the metabolites under study differed between the cultivars cultured in vitro and between medium variants containing diverse contents of growth regulators. The contents of individual indole compounds in the biomass from in vitro cultures ranged from 39.6 to 343.2 mg/100 g dry mass. 5-Hydroxy-L-tryptophan was the dominating metabolite (from 78.2 to 343.2 mg/100 g dry mass). Extracts from shoots of the cultivar Helos also contained high contents of serotonin (319.9 and 197.4 mg/100 g dry mass). The contents of indole compounds in Hyperici herba were also diverse (from 7.1 to 55.3 mg/100 g dry mass). 5-Hydroxy-L-tryptophan was the dominating metabolite as well. Hypericin content of Hyperici herba, equaling 12.2 mg/100 g dry mass was from 3.3 to 10 times higher than in extracts from shoots cultured in vitro. The present report is the first analysis of endogenous accumulation of indole compounds in Hyperici herba which involves, apart from melatonin, four other compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bożena Muszyńska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Jagiellonian University, Collegium Medicum, Medyczna street 9, 30–688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Halina Ekiert
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Jagiellonian University, Collegium Medicum, Medyczna street 9, 30–688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Inga Kwiecień
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Jagiellonian University, Collegium Medicum, Medyczna street 9, 30–688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Maślanka
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Collegium Medicum, Medyczna street 9, 30–688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Rawad Zodi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstrasse 1, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ludger Beerhues
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstrasse 1, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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Sułkowska-Ziaja K, Muszyńska B, Ekiert H. Analysis of indole compounds from the fruiting bodies and the culture mycelia of Sarcodon imbricatus. MYCOSCIENCE 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.myc.2013.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Muszyńska B, Sułkowska-Ziaja K, Wójcik A. Levels of physiologically active indole derivatives in the fruiting bodies of some edible mushrooms (Basidiomycota) before and after thermal processing. MYCOSCIENCE 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.myc.2012.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Muszyńska B, Sułkowska-Ziaja K, Ekiert H. Analysis of indole compounds in methanolic extracts from the fruiting bodies of Cantharellus cibarius (the Chanterelle) and from the mycelium of this species cultured in vitro. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2013; 50:1233-7. [PMID: 24426041 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-013-1009-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Methanolic extracts obtained from the fruiting bodies of Cantharellus cibarius (the Chanterelle) and from the mycelium of this species cultured in vitro were analyzed for the qualitative and quantitative composition of non-hallucinogenic indole compounds. The extracts were found to contain eight indole compounds: L-tryptophan, 5-hydroxytryptophan, serotonin, melatonin, indole, kynurenine sulfate, 5-methyltryptophan, and indoleacetonitrile. The extract from the fruiting bodies also contained tryptamine. The amounts of individual compounds varied widely, ranging from 0.01 to 17.61 mg/100 g DW in the fruiting bodies, and from 0.01 to 35.34 mg/100 g DW in the biomass from in vitro cultures. The quantitatively dominating compounds included: serotonin (17.61 and 20.49 mg/100 g DW, respectively) and kynurenine sulfate (3.62 and 35.34 mg/100 g DW). In addition, the material from in vitro cultures contained a considerable amount of 5-hydroxytryptophan (12.52 mg/100 g DW). The levels of the remaining indole compounds under analysis: L-tryptophan, melatonin, indole, 5-methyltryptophan, and indoleacetonitrile in the material under study were low, below 1 mg/100 g DW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bożena Muszyńska
- Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Jagiellonian University, Collegium Medicum, Medyczna street 9, Kraków, 30-688 Poland
| | - Katarzyna Sułkowska-Ziaja
- Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Jagiellonian University, Collegium Medicum, Medyczna street 9, Kraków, 30-688 Poland
| | - Halina Ekiert
- Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Jagiellonian University, Collegium Medicum, Medyczna street 9, Kraków, 30-688 Poland
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Muszyńska B, Sułkowska-Ziaja K. Analysis of indole compounds in edible Basidiomycota species after thermal processing. Food Chem 2011; 132:455-9. [PMID: 26434315 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Revised: 10/23/2011] [Accepted: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Methanolic extracts of processed fruiting bodies of six edible mushroom species (Basidiomycota) -Armillaria mellea, Boletus badius, Boletus edulis, Cantharellus cibarius, Lactarius deliciosus collected from natural habitats and Pleurotus ostreatus of commercial origin - were analysed for the presence of non-hallucinogenic indole compounds. Thermal processing was designed in such a way that it mimicked conditions used for cooking of mushroom dishes, since only a narrow group of mushrooms can be eaten raw, while indole compounds are thermolabile. All processed extracts were shown to contain l-tryptophan (up to 8.92mg/100g dw). The contents of the remaining compounds, 5-methyltryptophan, tryptamine, melatonin, indoleacetonitrile and indole, varied in different species (from 0.71 to 6.55mg/100g dw). Extract of processed C. cibarius fruiting bodies contained l-tryptophan, 5-methyltryptophan, tryptamine, melatonin, indoleacetonitrile and indole (1.96-4.94mg/100g dw) whereas l-tryptophan (2.78mg/100g dw) and tryptamine (2.77mg/100g dw) were the only indole compounds identified in the processed fruiting bodies of A. mellea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bożena Muszyńska
- Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Jagiellonian University, Collegium Medicum, Medyczna street 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Sułkowska-Ziaja
- Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Jagiellonian University, Collegium Medicum, Medyczna street 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
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Muszyńska B, Sułkowska-Ziaja K, Ekiert H. Indole compounds in fruiting bodies of some edible Basidiomycota species. Food Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.10.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Anastos N, Lewis SW, Barnett NW, Sims DN. The determination of psilocin and psilocybin in hallucinogenic mushrooms by HPLC utilizing a dual reagent acidic potassium permanganate and tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) chemiluminescence detection system. J Forensic Sci 2006; 51:45-51. [PMID: 16423222 DOI: 10.1111/j.1556-4029.2005.00033.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes a procedure for the determination of psilocin and psilocybin in mushroom extracts using high-performance liquid chromatography with postcolumn chemiluminescence detection. A number of extraction methods for psilocin and psilocybin in hallucinogenic mushrooms were investigated, with a simple methanolic extraction being found to be most effective. Psilocin and psilocybin were extracted from a variety of hallucinogenic mushrooms using methanol. The analytes were separated on a C12 column using a (95:5% v/v) methanol:10 mM ammonium formate, pH 3.5 mobile phase with a run time of 5 min. Detection was realized through a dual reagent chemiluminescence detection system of acidic potassium permanganate and tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II). The chemiluminescence detection system gave improved detectability when compared with UV absorption at 269 nm, with detection limits of 1.2 x 10(-8) and 3.5 x 10(-9) mol/L being obtained for psilocin and psilocybin, respectively. The procedure was applied to the determination of psilocin and psilocybin in three Australian species of hallucinogenic mushroom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Anastos
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3217, Australia
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Anastos N, Barnett NW, Pfeffer FM, Lewis SW. Investigation into the temporal stability of aqueous standard solutions of psilocin and psilocybin using high performance liquid chromatography. Sci Justice 2006; 46:91-6. [PMID: 17002211 DOI: 10.1016/s1355-0306(06)71579-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports an investigation into the temporal stability of aqueous solutions of psilocin and psilocybin reference drug standards over a period of fourteen days. This study was performed using high performance liquid chromatography utilising a (95:5% v/v) methanol: 10 mM ammonium formate, pH 3.5 mobile phase and absorption detection at 269 nm. It was found that the exclusion of light significantly prolonged the useful life of standards, with aqueous solutions of both psilocin and psilocybin being stable over a period of seven days.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Anastos
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3217, Australia
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Huhn C, Pütz M, Martin N, Dahlenburg R, Pyell U. Determination of tryptamine derivatives in illicit synthetic drugs by capillary electrophoresis and ultraviolet laser-induced fluorescence detection. Electrophoresis 2005; 26:2391-401. [PMID: 15912541 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200410313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A method based on separation by capillary electrophoresis combined with UV-laser-induced fluorescence detection (Lambdaex = 266 nm) was developed for the determination of nine tryptamine derivatives of forensic interest and potential matrix constituents. The composition of the separation electrolyte was optimized with respect to the resolution of solutes of interest and to the sensitivity of fluorescence detection. Native alpha-cyclodextrin was employed as a complex forming modifier of the electrophoretic separation and fluorescence-enhancing agent. With the help of a stacking procedure, limits of detection of 0.1-6 microg/L for all analytes were obtained. The repeatability for the peak area (at a concentration of the analyte about 100 times the LOD) was less than 2.3% RSD. A second HPLC method was developed, and its analytical parameters were evaluated for an estimation of the accuracy of the CE-LIF method and for method comparison. The results of the determination of tryptamine derivatives in the samples of forensic interest obtained with the two independent methods are in good agreement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Huhn
- Analytical Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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Abstract
The review lists natural sources, i.e. strains and species of fungi producing predominantly psychoactive tryptamines (indolealkylamines), their chemical structure and properties, toxic effects on the man and psychic symptoms of intoxication. It describes the biosynthesis and production of some tryptamines by the mycelial culture of Psilocybe bohemica Sebek, a survey of methods for their analysis and isolation. It evaluates the worldwide use and abuse of psychoactive fungi as sources of drugs in general and in the Czechia in particular during the last two and a half decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wurst
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 142 20 Prague, Czechia
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Lindenblatt H, Krämer E, Holzmann-Erens P, Gouzoulis-Mayfrank E, Kovar KA. Quantitation of psilocin in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography and electrochemical detection: comparison of liquid-liquid extraction with automated on-line solid-phase extraction. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1998; 709:255-63. [PMID: 9657222 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(98)00067-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Two modifications of the HPLC-ED method with respect to extraction procedure used have been developed for psilocin, the active metabolite of psilocybin, in human plasma using either liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) or automated on-line solid-phase extraction (on-line SPE). Each type of the sample preparation required a different HPLC system followed by electrochemical detection at 650 to 675 mV. The limit of quantitation of both modifications was 10 ng/ml psilocin. There was no significant difference observable between the LLE and the on-line SPE in terms of method standard deviation (LLE 1.82%, on-line SPE 1.13%) and the analytical results. However, the advantages of on-line SPE in addition to different selectivity were less manual effort, smaller plasma volumes of 400 microl (LLE 2 ml) and a recovery of psilocin in human plasma of nearly 100% (LLE 88%). In contrast to a previous procedure both methods were rapid, simple and reliable and yielded high plasma recoveries. They were used successfully in the quantitation of psilocin in plasma samples obtained from healthy volunteers after p.o. administration of 0.2 mg psilocybin per kg body mass. Plasma concentration curves and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Lindenblatt
- Pharmaceutical Institute of the University of Tübingen, Germany
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Hasler F, Bourquin D, Brenneisen R, Bär T, Vollenweider FX. Determination of psilocin and 4-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid in plasma by HPLC-ECD and pharmacokinetic profiles of oral and intravenous psilocybin in man. PHARMACEUTICA ACTA HELVETIAE 1997; 72:175-84. [PMID: 9204776 DOI: 10.1016/s0031-6865(97)00014-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In order to investigate the pharmacokinetic properties of psilocybin (PY), the main psychoactive compound of Psilocybe mushrooms, high performance liquid chromatographic procedures with column-switching coupled with electrochemical detection (HPLC-ECD) for reliable quantitative determination of the PY metabolites psilocin (PI) and 4-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid (4HIAA) in human plasma were established. Sample work-up includes protection of the highly unstable phenolic analytes with ascorbic acid, freeze-drying and in-vitro microdialysis. The data of two controlled clinical studies with healthy volunteers are presented. The subjects (N = 6 for both studies) received single oral PY doses of 0.224 +/- 0.02 mg/kg b.wt. (10-20 mg) and intravenous doses of 1 mg PY, respectively. Peak plasma levels of PI after oral administration of PY were measured after 105 +/- 37 min showing an average concentration of 8.2 +/- 2.8 ng PI/ml plasma. 4HIAA peak concentrations of 150 +/- 61 ng/ml plasma were found 113 +/- 41 min after ingestion of PY. After intravenous administration, a mean PI maximum plasma concentration of 12.9 +/- 5.6 ng/ml plasma was found 1.9 +/- 1.0 min after injection. The maximum plasma levels appearing within a very short period indicate a rapid dephosphorylation of PY also when administered systemically. 4HIAA was not detected after 1 mg of intravenous PY. Estimates for the absolute bioavailability of PI after oral administration of PY were 52.7 +/- 20% (N = 3).
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Affiliation(s)
- F Hasler
- Institute of Pharmacy, University of Bern, Switzerland
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Analysis and isolation of indole alkaloids of fungi by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(92)80287-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Kysilka R. Determination of psilocin in rat urine by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1990; 534:287-90. [PMID: 2094720 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)82176-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Kysilka R, Wurst M. High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of some psychotropic indole derivatives. J Chromatogr A 1989; 464:434-7. [PMID: 2722990 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)94264-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R Kysilka
- Institute of Microbiology, Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, Prague
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Kysilka R, Wurst M. Optimized determination of indole derivatives by high-performance liquid chromatography with selective detection. J Chromatogr A 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)94447-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Borner S, Brenneisen R. Determination of tryptamine derivatives in hallucinogenic mushrooms using high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection. J Chromatogr A 1987; 408:402-8. [PMID: 3429538 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)81831-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S Borner
- Institute of Pharmacy, University of Berne, Switzerland
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Godefroy F, Weil-Fugazza J, Besson JM. Complex temporal changes in 5-hydroxytryptamine synthesis in the central nervous system induced by experimental polyarthritis in the rat. Pain 1987; 28:223-238. [PMID: 3822505 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3959(87)90118-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate modifications of 5-HT synthesis in a chronic pain model, the arthritic rat, at different times after the inoculation with Freund's adjuvant. This study confirms our previous findings that experimental induced polyarthritis is associated with a marked increase in free tryptophan levels in serum. During the acute phase of the disease (15-21 days after the adjuvant), the general increase in 5-HT synthesis observed in the CNS appeared to be related to an increase in tryptophan availability due to the elevation of free tryptophan in serum. During the post-acute phase of the disease (28-42 days after the adjuvant), the level of free tryptophan in the serum remained markedly increased but the levels in the CNS tended to return to normal values in all areas examined. At 42 days, 5-HT synthesis in the brain had also returned to normal values but was further increased at the spinal level. In addition, although 5-HT levels and 5-HT synthesis were increased in the dorsal as well as in the ventral part of the cord, an increase in the rate of disappearance of the amine after blockade of the decarboxylase (benserazide) was only observed in the dorsal part. This result tends to suggest that the descending serotonergic system projecting to the dorsal horn is preferentially activated during chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Françoise Godefroy
- Unité de Neurophysiologie Pharmacologique, INSERM (U 161), 75014 ParisFrance
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Štulík K, Pacáková V, Weingart M, Vlasáková V. High-performance liquid chromatography of tryptophan and its irradiation products using UV photometric and voltammetric detection. J Chromatogr A 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)87047-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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