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Frederiksen RF, Yoshimura Y, Storgaard BG, Paspaliari DK, Petersen BO, Chen K, Larsen T, Duus JØ, Ingmer H, Bovin NV, Westerlind U, Blixt O, Palcic MM, Leisner JJ. A diverse range of bacterial and eukaryotic chitinases hydrolyzes the LacNAc (Galβ1-4GlcNAc) and LacdiNAc (GalNAcβ1-4GlcNAc) motifs found on vertebrate and insect cells. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:5354-66. [PMID: 25561735 PMCID: PMC4342453 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.607291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
There is emerging evidence that chitinases have additional functions beyond degrading environmental chitin, such as involvement in innate and acquired immune responses, tissue remodeling, fibrosis, and serving as virulence factors of bacterial pathogens. We have recently shown that both the human chitotriosidase and a chitinase from Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium hydrolyze LacNAc from Galβ1-4GlcNAcβ-tetramethylrhodamine (LacNAc-TMR (Galβ1-4GlcNAcβ(CH2)8CONH(CH2)2NHCO-TMR)), a fluorescently labeled model substrate for glycans found in mammals. In this study we have examined the binding affinities of the Salmonella chitinase by carbohydrate microarray screening and found that it binds to a range of compounds, including five that contain LacNAc structures. We have further examined the hydrolytic specificity of this enzyme and chitinases from Sodalis glossinidius and Polysphondylium pallidum, which are phylogenetically related to the Salmonella chitinase, as well as unrelated chitinases from Listeria monocytogenes using the fluorescently labeled substrate analogs LacdiNAc-TMR (GalNAcβ1-4GlcNAcβ-TMR), LacNAc-TMR, and LacNAcβ1-6LacNAcβ-TMR. We found that all chitinases examined hydrolyzed LacdiNAc from the TMR aglycone to various degrees, whereas they were less active toward LacNAc-TMR conjugates. LacdiNAc is found in the mammalian glycome and is a common motif in invertebrate glycans. This substrate specificity was evident for chitinases of different phylogenetic origins. Three of the chitinases also hydrolyzed the β1-6 bond in LacNAcβ1-6LacNAcβ-TMR, an activity that is of potential importance in relation to mammalian glycans. The enzymatic affinities for these mammalian-like structures suggest additional functional roles of chitinases beyond chitin hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikki F Frederiksen
- From the Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegaardsvej 10, 1870 Frederiksberg C., Denmark
| | - Yayoi Yoshimura
- Carlsberg Laboratory, Gamle Carlsberg Vej 10, 1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | - Birgit G Storgaard
- From the Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegaardsvej 10, 1870 Frederiksberg C., Denmark, Carlsberg Laboratory, Gamle Carlsberg Vej 10, 1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | - Dafni K Paspaliari
- From the Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegaardsvej 10, 1870 Frederiksberg C., Denmark
| | - Bent O Petersen
- Carlsberg Laboratory, Gamle Carlsberg Vej 10, 1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | - Kowa Chen
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200 Kbh. N., Denmark
| | - Tanja Larsen
- From the Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegaardsvej 10, 1870 Frederiksberg C., Denmark
| | - Jens Ø Duus
- Carlsberg Laboratory, Gamle Carlsberg Vej 10, 1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | - Hanne Ingmer
- From the Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegaardsvej 10, 1870 Frederiksberg C., Denmark
| | - Nicolai V Bovin
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, Moskow 117997, Russian Federation
| | - Ulrika Westerlind
- Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Analytischen Wissenschaften e.V., ISAS-Leibnitz Institute for Analytical Sciences, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6b, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany, and
| | - Ola Blixt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, 6:4:T422, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Monica M Palcic
- Carlsberg Laboratory, Gamle Carlsberg Vej 10, 1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | - Jørgen J Leisner
- From the Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegaardsvej 10, 1870 Frederiksberg C., Denmark,
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Zhao C, Wang H, Zhao B, Li C, Yin R, Song M, Liu B, Liu Z, Jiang G. Boronic acid-mediated polymerase chain reaction for gene- and fragment-specific detection of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:e81. [PMID: 24682822 PMCID: PMC4027215 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The gene- or fragment-specific detection of newly recognized deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) base 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) will provide insights into its critical functions in development and diseases, and is also important for screening 5hmC-rich genes as an indicator of epigenetic states, pathogenic processes and pharmacological responses. Current analytical technologies for gene-specific detection of 5hmC are heavily dependent on glucosylated 5hmC-resistant restriction endonuclease cleavage. Here, we find that boronic acid (BA) can inhibit the amplification activity of Taq DNA polymerase for replicating glucosylated 5hmC bases in template DNA by interacting with their glucose moiety. On the basis of this finding, we propose for the first time a BA-mediated polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for rapid and sensitive detection of gene- or fragment-specific 5hmC without restriction-assay-like sequence limitations. To optimize the BA-mediated PCR assay, we further tested BA derivatives and show that one BA derivative, 2-(2′-chlorobenzyloxy) phenylboronic acid, displays the highest inhibitory efficiency. Using the optimized assay, we demonstrate the enrichment of 5hmC in an intron region of Pax5 gene (a member of the paired box family of transcription factors) in mouse embryonic stem cells. Our work potentially opens a new way for the screening and identification of 5hmC-rich genes and for high throughput analysis of 5hmC in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Hailin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Bailin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Cuiping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Ruichuan Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Maoyong Song
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Baodong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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3
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Larsen T, Yoshimura Y, Voldborg BGR, Cazzamali G, Bovin NV, Westerlind U, Palcic MM, Leisner JJ. Human chitotriosidase CHIT1 cross reacts with mammalian-like substrates. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:746-51. [PMID: 24462685 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2013.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2013] [Revised: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Humans do not synthesize chitin, yet they produce a number of active and inactive chitinases. One of the active enzymes is chitotriosidase whose serum levels are elevated in a number of diseases such as Gaucher's disease and upon fungal infection. Since the biological role of chitotriosidase in disease pathogenesis is not understood we screened a panel of mammalian GlcNAc-containing glycoconjugates as alternate substrates. LacNAc and LacdiNAc-terminating substrates are hydrolyzed, the latter with a turnover comparable to that of pNP-chitotriose. Glycolipids or glycoproteins with LacNAc and LacdiNAc represent potential chitinase substrates and the subsequent alteration of glycosylation pattern could be a factor in disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Larsen
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegaardsvej 15, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Yayoi Yoshimura
- Carlsberg Laboratory, Gamle Carlsberg Vej 10, DK-1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | - Bjørn G R Voldborg
- Novo Nordisk Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3b, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Giuseppe Cazzamali
- Novo Nordisk Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3b, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Nicolai V Bovin
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, Moscow 117997, Russian Federation
| | - Ulrika Westerlind
- Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Analytischen Wissenschaften e.V., ISAS - Leibniz Institute for Analytical Sciences, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6b, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Monica M Palcic
- Carlsberg Laboratory, Gamle Carlsberg Vej 10, DK-1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | - Jørgen J Leisner
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegaardsvej 15, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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Boardman A, Chang T, Folch A, Dovichi NJ. Indium-tin oxide coated microfabricated device for the injection of a single cell into a fused silica capillary for chemical cytometry. Anal Chem 2010; 82:9959-61. [PMID: 21033750 PMCID: PMC3057485 DOI: 10.1021/ac1022716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A microfabricated device is described for the capture and injection of a single mammalian cell into a fused silica capillary for subsequent analysis by chemical cytometry. The device consists of a 500 μm diameter well made from polydimethylsiloxane on an indium-tin oxide coated microscope slide. The bottom of the well contains a 2 μm high aperture, which was designed to block passage of cells. A cellular suspension was allowed to settle on the device, and aspiration through the aperture was used to trap a single NG-108 cell. Untrapped cells were washed from the device, and a 150 μm outer diameter and 50 μm inner diameter capillary was placed in the well. To inject a cell, voltage was applied to the indium-tin oxide while simultaneously applying vacuum at the distal end of the capillary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Boardman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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Saura-Valls M, Fauré R, Ragàs S, Piens K, Brumer H, Teeri T, Cottaz S, Driguez H, Planas A. Kinetic analysis using low-molecular mass xyloglucan oligosaccharides defines the catalytic mechanism of a Populus xyloglucan endotransglycosylase. Biochem J 2006; 395:99-106. [PMID: 16356166 PMCID: PMC1409682 DOI: 10.1042/bj20051396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Plant XETs [XG (xyloglucan) endotransglycosylases] catalyse the transglycosylation from a XG donor to a XG or low-molecular-mass XG fragment as the acceptor, and are thought to be important enzymes in the formation and remodelling of the cellulose-XG three-dimensional network in the primary plant cell wall. Current methods to assay XET activity use the XG polysaccharide as the donor substrate, and present limitations for kinetic and mechanistic studies of XET action due to the polymeric and polydisperse nature of the substrate. A novel activity assay based on HPCE (high performance capillary electrophoresis), in conjunction with a defined low-molecular-mass XGO {XG oligosaccharide; (XXXGXXXG, where G=Glcbeta1,4- and X=[Xylalpha1,6]Glcbeta1,4-)} as the glycosyl donor and a heptasaccharide derivatized with ANTS [8-aminonaphthalene-1,3,6-trisulphonic acid; (XXXG-ANTS)] as the acceptor substrate was developed and validated. The recombinant enzyme PttXET16A from Populus tremula x tremuloides (hybrid aspen) was characterized using the donor/acceptor pair indicated above, for which preparative scale syntheses have been optimized. The low-molecular-mass donor underwent a single transglycosylation reaction to the acceptor substrate under initial-rate conditions, with a pH optimum at 5.0 and maximal activity between 30 and 40 degrees C. Kinetic data are best explained by a ping-pong bi-bi mechanism with substrate inhibition by both donor and acceptor. This is the first assay for XETs using a donor substrate other than polymeric XG, enabling quantitative kinetic analysis of different XGO donors for specificity, and subsite mapping studies of XET enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Saura-Valls
- *Laboratory of Biochemistry, Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Régis Fauré
- †CERMAV-ICMG-FR-CNRS 2607, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Sergi Ragàs
- *Laboratory of Biochemistry, Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kathleen Piens
- ‡School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Harry Brumer
- ‡School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tuula T. Teeri
- ‡School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sylvain Cottaz
- †CERMAV-ICMG-FR-CNRS 2607, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Hugues Driguez
- †CERMAV-ICMG-FR-CNRS 2607, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Antoni Planas
- *Laboratory of Biochemistry, Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
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Monegal A, Pinyol R, Planas A. Capillary electrophoresis method for the enzymatic assay of galactosyltransferases with postreaction derivatization. Anal Biochem 2005; 346:115-23. [PMID: 16185647 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2005.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2005] [Revised: 08/02/2005] [Accepted: 08/09/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Glycosyltransferases are key enzymes in glycoconjugate biosynthesis, which make them important targets for biomedical research. Among the different methodologies developed to analyze glycosyltransferase activities, fluorophore-assisted capillary electrophoresis (FACE) emerges as a powerful technique in carbohydrate analysis. Its application to monitor glycosyltransferase activity has been limited to reactions with derivatized sugars as acceptor substrates in which a charged fluorophore/chromophore must be introduced, thus requiring tedious preparative synthesis and purification for each single acceptor substrate. Here we describe a novel and general glycosyltransferase assay based on FACE using underivatized acceptor substrates. Enzyme activity is monitored by a discontinuous assay with postreaction derivatization by reductive amination with 8-aminonaphthalene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid. The reaction mixture is directly analyzed by HPCE (high-performance capillary electrophoresis) under inverted electroosmotic conditions at pH 2.5 and 30 degrees C. After method validation, it was applied to the kinetic characterization of an alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase, the enzyme responsible for the biosynthesis of alphaGal epitope involved in the hyperacute rejection in xenotransplantation. The absence of a label on the acceptor during the GT reaction avoids any interference of the label with the enzyme, and the postreaction derivatization does not require any purification step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Monegal
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull, Via Augusta 390, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
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7
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Le XC, Pavski V, Wang H. 2002 W.A.E. McBryde Award Lecture Affinity recognition, capillary electrophoresis, and laser-induced fluorescence polarization for ultrasensitive bioanalysis. CAN J CHEM 2005. [DOI: 10.1139/v04-175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The combination of affinity recognition, capillary electrophoresis (CE), laser-induced fluorescence (LIF), and fluorescence polarization for the ultrasensitive determination of compounds of biological interest is described. Competitive immunoassays using CELIF eliminate the need for fluorescently labeling trace analytes of interest and are particularly useful for determination of small molecules, such as cyclosporine, gentamicin, vancomycin, and digoxin. Fluorescence polarization allows for differentiation of the antibody-bound from the unbound small molecules. Noncompetitive affinity CELIF assays are shown to be highly effective in the determination of biomarkers for DNA damage and HIV-1 infection. An antibody (or aptamer) is used as a fluorescent probe to bind with a target DNA adduct (or the reverse transcriptase of the HIV-1 virus), with the fluorescent reaction products being separated by CE and detected by LIF. Aptamers are attractive affinity probes for protein analysis because of high affinity, high specificity, and the potential for a wide range of target proteins. Fluorescence polarization provides unique information for studying molecular interactions. Innovative integrations of these technologies will have broad applications ranging from cancer research, to biomedical diagnosis, to pharmaceutical and environmental analyses.Key words: capillary electrophoresis, laser-induced fluorescence, fluorescence polarization, immunoassay, affinity probes, antibodies, aptamers, DNA damage, toxins, therapeutic drugs.
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Fukushima T, Usui N, Santa T, Imai K. Recent progress in derivatization methods for LC and CE analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2003; 30:1655-87. [PMID: 12485710 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(02)00511-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The derivatization procedure with a suitable fluorescence or chemiluminescence reagent is performed for the purpose of increasing the detection sensitivity and selectivity, in high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and/or capillary electrophoresis (CE). In this article, recent derivatization methods and their applications to biosamples are described. In HPLC, femto mol order of mass detection limits are obtained by derivatization. Regarding the fluorescence reagents, the use of water-soluble reagents has been effective to avoid an undesired adsorption in the process of determination of peptides. In CE, the advantages of having extremely low mass detection limits (ranging from atto to yocto mol level) and requiring only a very short analysis time (less than a few minutes) are made possible by using laser-induced fluorescence or near infra-red detections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Fukushima
- Laboratory of Bio-Analytical Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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Saxon E, Bertozzi CR. Chemical and biological strategies for engineering cell surface glycosylation. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2002; 17:1-23. [PMID: 11687482 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.cellbio.17.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Oligosaccharides play a crucial role in many of the recognition, signaling, and adhesion events that take place at the surface of cells. Abnormalities in the synthesis or presentation of these carbohydrates can lead to misfolded and inactive proteins, as well as to several debilitating disease states. However, their diverse structures, which are the key to their function, have hampered studies by biologists and chemists alike. This review presents an overview of techniques for examining and manipulating cell surface oligosaccharides through genetic, enzymatic, and chemical strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Saxon
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
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11
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Rassi ZE. Chapter 18 Capillary electrophoresis and electrochromatography of carbohydrates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0301-4770(02)80043-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
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12
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Delaney J, Vouros P. Liquid chromatography ion trap mass spectrometric analysis of oligosaccharides using permethylated derivatives. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2001; 15:325-334. [PMID: 11241762 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Reversed phase liquid chromatography was combined with the multiple stage mass analysis capability of an ion trap mass spectrometer for the characterization of permethylated oligosaccharide mixtures. The new method was used to separate the components of an unlabeled permethylated maltooligomer ladder, a 2-aminobenzamide-labeled (2-AB) maltooligomer ladder, a complex mixture of 2AB-labeled bi- (B), tri- (T), and tetraantennary (Q) standards, and a mixture of recombinant glycoprotein carbohydrates from soluble CD4 with varying sialic acid (S) content. Using reversed phase HPLC, permethylated mixture components including alpha and beta anomers were separated based on their structures. Fluorescent labeling with 2-aminobenzamide prior to permethylation was employed for off-line method development, but was not necessarily required for mass spectral analysis, as permethylation alone improved the ionization and fragmentation characteristics of the molecules. Antennae composition of permethylated derivatives was determined in MS(2) where the fragmentation patterns of the Y- and B-ion series predominated, and then further evaluated in MS(3), which provided additional information on branching obtained from A and X cross-ring fragmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Delaney
- Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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13
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Abstract
This survey gives an overview of recent derivatization protocols, starting from 1996, in combination with capillary electrophoresis (CE). Derivatization is mainly used for enhancing the detection sensitivity of CE, especially in combination with laser-induced fluorescence. Derivatization procedures are classified in tables in pre-, on- and postcapillary arrangements and, more specifically, arranged into functional groups being derivatized. The amine and reducing ends of saccharides are reported most frequently, but examples are also given for derivatization of thiols, hydroxyl, carboxylic, and carbonyl groups, and inorganic ions. Other reasons for derivatization concern indirect chiral separations, enhancing electrospray characteristics, or incorporation of a suitable charge into the analytes. Special attention is paid to the increasing field of research using on-line precapillary derivatization with CE and microdialysis for in vivo monitoring of neurotransmitter concentrations. The on-capillary derivatization can be divided in several approaches, such as the at-inlet, zone-passing and throughout method. The postcapillary mode is represented by gap designs, and membrane reactors, but especially the combination of separation, derivatization and detection on a chip is a new emerging field of research. This review, which can be seen as a sequel to our earlier reported review covering the years 1991-1995, gives an impression of current derivatization applications and highlights new developments in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Waterval
- Universiteit Utrecht, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Netherlands
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14
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Osthoff HD, Sujino K, Palcic MM, Dovichi NJ. Effects of amine modifiers on the separation of tetramethylrhodamine-labeled mono- and oligosaccharides by capillary zone electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2000; 895:285-90. [PMID: 11105873 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)00662-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In this work, nine tetramethylrhodamine (TMR) labeled isomeric oligosaccharide derivatives of betaGal(1 --> 4) betaGlcNAc-O-TMR were separated by capillary zone electrophoresis coupled with laser-induced fluorescence detection. Charged species were created in situ by complexation with borate and phenylborate. Micellar separation was achieved by addition of 10 mM sodium dodecylsulfate to the running buffer. We have investigated the effects of adding a homologous series of monoamine modifiers on the separation efficiency of these oligosaccharides. The separation was significantly improved in the presence of the organic modifiers methyl- and ethylamines, but worsened in the presence of propyl- and butylamines. Possible mechanisms of the amine additives are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- H D Osthoff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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15
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Hubl U, Slim GC, Zubkova OV. Thin-layer chromatography and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis-based assays for sialyltransferases using tetramethylrhodamine-labeled acceptors. Anal Biochem 2000; 285:92-9. [PMID: 10998267 DOI: 10.1006/abio.2000.4727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Two novel assay systems for the determination of sialyltransferase activity using a tetramethylrhodamine-labeled disaccharide Galbeta1-4GlcNAc (2) as the acceptor are described. The TMR-labeled disaccharide 2 was synthesized by directly coupling Galbeta1-4GlcNAc-O-(CH(2))(6)NH(2) (1) with 5-tetramethylrhodamine N-hydroxysuccinimide ester. The K(m) value for compound 2 obtained with alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase from rat liver (EC 2.4.99.1) was 160 +/- 20 microM. After incubation of compound 2 with sialyltransferase the product and the unreacted acceptor substrate were separated either by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) on C-18 silica gel plates or by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). The density of the spots on the TLC plates and the fluorescence of the bands on the gel were quantified. The assay conditions were optimized using crude bovine colostrum extract and also alpha-2, 6-sialyltransferase from rat liver. The detection limits for the TLC and PAGE assays were 1 and 0.4 microU of the rat liver enzyme, respectively. Either assay allows the parallel investigation of several samples at a time and is useful for the testing of fractions during enzyme purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Hubl
- Industrial Research Ltd., Gracefield Research Centre, Lower Hutt, New Zealand.
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16
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Affiliation(s)
- K G Rice
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109-1065, USA
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17
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Krylov SN, Arriaga E, Zhang Z, Chan NW, Palcic MM, Dovichi NJ. Single-cell analysis avoids sample processing bias. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 2000; 741:31-5. [PMID: 10839129 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(99)00539-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Microscale separation tools such as capillary chromatography and capillary electrophoresis (CE) allow the study of metabolism in individual cells. In this work, we demonstrate that single-cell analysis describes metabolism more accurately than analysis of cellular extracts. We incubated HT29 cells (human colon adenocarcinoma) with a fluorescently labeled metabolic probe. This disaccharide, LacNAc, was labeled with a fluorescent dye, tetramethylrhodamine (TMR). The probe was taken up by the cells and metabolized to a number of products that retained the fluorescent label. We then split the cells into two batches. A cellular extract was prepared from one batch and analyzed by CE with laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) detection. The cells from the second batch were used for single-cell analysis by CE-LIF. Separation and detection conditions were identical for extract and single-cell analyses. We found that the electropherogram obtained by averaging the results from a number of single cells differed significantly from the cell extract electropherogram. Differences were due to sample processing during extract preparation. Disruption of the cells liberated enzymes that were compartmentalized within the cell, which allowed non-metabolic reactions to proceed. The accumulation of these non-metabolic products introduced a bias in the cell extract assay. During single-cell analysis, cells were lysed inside the capillary and the separation voltage was applied immediately to separate the enzymes from their substrates and prevent non-metabolic reactions. This paper is the first to report that CE analysis of single cells provides more accurate metabolic information than the CE analysis of a cellular extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Krylov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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Sujino K, Jackson RJ, Chan NW, Tsuji S, Palcic MM. A novel viral alpha2,3-sialyltransferase (v-ST3Gal I): transfer of sialic acid to fucosylated acceptors. Glycobiology 2000; 10:313-20. [PMID: 10704530 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/10.3.313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The substrate specificity of an alpha2,3-sialyltransferase (v-ST3Gal I) obtained from myxoma virus infected RK13 cells has been determined. Like mammalian sialyltransferase enzymes, the viral enzyme contains the characteristic L- and S-sialyl motif sequences in its catalytic domain. Analysis of the deduced amino acid sequences of cloned sialyltransferases suggests that v-ST3Gal I is closely related to mammalian ST3Gal IV. v-ST3Gal I catalyzes the transfer of sialic acid from CMP-NeuAc to Type I (Galbeta1-3GlcNAcbeta) II (Galbeta1-4GlcNAcbeta) and III (Galbeta1-3GalNAcbeta) acceptors. In addition, the viral enzyme also transfers sialic acid to the fucosylated acceptors Lewis(x) and Lewis(a). This substrate specificity is unlike any sialyltransferases described to date, though it is most comparable with those of mammalian ST3Gal IV enzymes. The products from reactions with fucosylated acceptors were characterized by capillary zone electrophoresis, (1)H-NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. They were shown to be 2,3-sialylated Lewis(x) and 2,3-sialylated Lewis(a), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sujino
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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Sujino K, Uchiyama T, Hindsgaul O, Seto NOL, Wakarchuk WW, Palcic MM. Enzymatic Synthesis of Oligosaccharide Analogues: Evaluation of UDP-Gal Analogues as Donors for Three Retaining α-Galactosyltransferases. J Am Chem Soc 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/ja990964u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Sujino
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada, The Noguchi Institute, 1-8-1, Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0003 Japan, and Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Taketo Uchiyama
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada, The Noguchi Institute, 1-8-1, Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0003 Japan, and Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Ole Hindsgaul
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada, The Noguchi Institute, 1-8-1, Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0003 Japan, and Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Nina O. L. Seto
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada, The Noguchi Institute, 1-8-1, Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0003 Japan, and Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Warren W. Wakarchuk
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada, The Noguchi Institute, 1-8-1, Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0003 Japan, and Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Monica M. Palcic
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada, The Noguchi Institute, 1-8-1, Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0003 Japan, and Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0R6, Canada
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Krylov SN, Zhang Z, Chan NW, Arriaga E, Palcic MM, Dovichi NJ. Correlating cell cycle with metabolism in single cells: combination of image and metabolic cytometry. CYTOMETRY 1999; 37:14-20. [PMID: 10451502 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0320(19990901)37:1<14::aid-cyto2>3.0.co;2-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We coin two terms: First, chemical cytometry describes the use of high-sensitivity chemical analysis techniques to study single cells. Second, metabolic cytometry is a form of chemical cytometry that monitors a cascade of biosynthetic and biodegradation products generated in a single cell. In this paper, we describe the combination of metabolic cytometry with image cytometry to correlate oligosaccharide metabolic activity with cell cycle. We use this technique to measure DNA ploidy, the uptake of a fluorescent disaccharide, and the amount of metabolic products in a single cell. METHODS A colon adenocarcinoma cell line (HT29) was incubated with a fluorescent disaccharide, which was taken up by the cells and converted into a series of biosynthetic and biodegradation products. The cells were also treated with YOYO-3 and Hoechst 33342. The YOYO-3 signal was used as a live-dead assay, while the Hoechst 33342 signal was used to estimate the ploidy of live cells by fluorescence image cytometry. After ploidy analysis, a cell was injected into a fused-silica capillary, where the cell was lysed. Fluorescent metabolic products were then separated by capillary electrophoresis and detected by laser-induced fluorescence. RESULTS Substrate uptake measured with metabolic cytometry gave rise to results similar to those measured by use of laser scanning confocal microscopy. The DNA ploidy histogram obtained with our simple image cytometry technique was similar to that obtained using flow cytometry. The cells in the G(1) phase did not show any biosynthetic activity in respect to the substrate. Several groups of cells with unique biosynthetic patterns were distinguished within G(2)/M cells. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report that combined metabolic and image cytometry to correlate formation of metabolic products with cell cycle. A complete enzymatic cascade is monitored on a cell-by-cell basis and correlated with cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Krylov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Le XC, Tan W, Scaman CH, Szpacenko A, Arriaga E, Zhang Y, Dovichi NJ, Hindsgaul O, Palcic MM. Single cell studies of enzymatic hydrolysis of a tetramethylrhodamine labeled triglucoside in yeast. Glycobiology 1999; 9:219-25. [PMID: 10024659 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/9.3.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Several hundred molecules of enzyme reaction products were detected in a single spheroplast from yeast cells incubated with a tetramethylrhodamine (TMR) labeled triglucoside, alpha-d-Glc(1-->2)alpha-d-Glc(1-->3)alpha-d-Glc-O(CH2)8CONHCH2- CH2NH- COTMR. Product detection was accomplished using capillary electrophoresis and laser induced fluorescence following the introduction of a single spheroplast into the separation capillary. The in vivo enzymatic hydrolysis of the TMR-trisaccharide involves at least two enzymes, limited by processing alpha-glucosidase I, producing TMR-disaccharide, TMR-monosaccharide, and the free TMR-linking arm. Hydrolysis was reduced by preincubation of the cells with the processing enzyme inhibitor castanospermine. Confocal laser scanning microscopy studies confirmed the uptake and internalization of fluorescent substrate. This single cell analysis methodology can be applied for the in vivo assay of any enzyme with a fluorescent substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- X C Le
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G3
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Abstract
This review summarizes publications on capillary electrophoresis (CE) of carbohydrates, covering almost all hitherto published papers on this topic. It is designed to be a convenient tool for the literature search by providing a comprehensive table. Since CE analysis of carbohydrates is generally complicated due to the structural diversity of carbohydrate species, an attempt is made in this table to supply detailed information on the analyzed form (underivatized or derivatized, type of derivative) and analytical conditions (capillary size, state of the inner wall, composition of the electrophoretic solution, applied voltage, detection method, etc.), for each combination of carbohydrate species to be analyzed. In addition, a brief overview is presented to help in the literature search.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Suzuki
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kinki University, Higashi-osaka, Japan
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