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Yakub G, Manolova NE, Rashkov IB, Markova N, Toshkova R, Georgieva A, Mincheva R, Toncheva A, Raquez JM, Dubois P. Pegylated Curcumin Derivative: Water-Soluble Conjugates with Antitumor and Antibacterial Activity. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:36403-36414. [PMID: 36278048 PMCID: PMC9583079 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c04173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
During the past years, the synthesis of polymer prodrug structures, based on natural phytochemical compounds with a great range of valuable biological properties, has become a promising solution in cancer prevention, imaging, and detection. Curcumin (Curc) remains one of the most studied natural products, due to the impressive palette of biological properties and the possibility to be easily loaded in various micro- and nanostructures and chemically modified. In this study, pegylated curcumin derivatives were prepared by a direct esterification reaction between poly(ethylene glycol)diacid (PEG of 600 g/mol molar mass, PEG600) and Curc in the presence of N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (PEG600-Curc). The successful reaction resulted in a water-soluble stable product that was characterized by infrared spectroscopy (Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR)) and proton (1H) and carbon (13C) NMR. The effect of the pH values of buffer solutions on PEG600-Curc spectral properties (absorption and photoluminescence) was investigated by UV-vis and fluorescence spectrophotometry. Based on the biological tests, it was confirmed that PEG600-Curc exhibits cytotoxic activity against Graffi cell lines, as a function of the Curc concentration in the conjugate and the incubation time. PEG600-Curc antibacterial activity was validated in microbiological tests against pathogenic microorganisms such as Staphylococcus aureus. Most importantly, despite the covalent attachment of Curc to PEG and the slight reduction in the therapeutic index of the conjugate, both the anticancer and antimicrobial activities remain the highest reported, thus opening the gate for further, more clinically oriented studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guldjan Yakub
- Laboratory
of Bioactive Polymers, Institute of Polymers, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev St, Bl. 103A, BG-1113Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Nevena E. Manolova
- Laboratory
of Bioactive Polymers, Institute of Polymers, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev St, Bl. 103A, BG-1113Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Iliya B. Rashkov
- Laboratory
of Bioactive Polymers, Institute of Polymers, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev St, Bl. 103A, BG-1113Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Nadya Markova
- Institute
of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev St, bl. 26, BG-1113Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Reneta Toshkova
- Institute
of Experimental Morphology, Pathology and Anthropology with Museum, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev St, bl. 25, 1113Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Ani Georgieva
- Institute
of Experimental Morphology, Pathology and Anthropology with Museum, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev St, bl. 25, 1113Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Rosica Mincheva
- Service
des Matériaux Polymères et Composites (SMPC), Université de Mons, Place du Parc 20, B7000Mons, Belgium
| | - Antoniya Toncheva
- Service
des Matériaux Polymères et Composites (SMPC), Université de Mons, Place du Parc 20, B7000Mons, Belgium
| | - Jean-Marie Raquez
- Service
des Matériaux Polymères et Composites (SMPC), Université de Mons, Place du Parc 20, B7000Mons, Belgium
| | - Philippe Dubois
- Service
des Matériaux Polymères et Composites (SMPC), Université de Mons, Place du Parc 20, B7000Mons, Belgium
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Vidyashankar S, Sambaiah K, Srinivasan K. Effect of dietary garlic and onion on biliary proteins and lipid peroxidation which influence cholesterol nucleation in bile. Steroids 2010; 75:272-81. [PMID: 20079366 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2010.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2009] [Revised: 12/27/2009] [Accepted: 01/06/2010] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Formation of cholesterol gallstones in gallbladder is controlled by procrystallizing and anticrystallizing factors present in bile. Dietary garlic and onion have been recently observed to possess anti-lithogenic potential in experimental mice. In this investigation, the role of biliary proteins from rats fed lithogenic diet or garlic/onion-containing diet in the formation of cholesterol gallstones in model bile was studied. Cholesterol nucleation time of the bile from lithogenic diet group was prolonged when mixed with bile from garlic or onion groups. High molecular weight proteins of bile from garlic and onion groups delayed cholesterol crystal growth in model bile. Low molecular weight (LMW) proteins from the bile of lithogenic diet group promoted cholesterol crystal growth in model bile, while LMW protein fraction isolated from the bile of garlic and onion groups delayed the same. Biliary LMW protein fraction was subjected to affinity chromatography using Con-A and the lectin-bound and unbound fractions were studied for their influence on cholesterol nucleation time in model bile. Major portion of biliary LMW proteins in lithogenic diet group was bound to Con-A, and this protein fraction promoted cholesterol nucleation time and increased cholesterol crystal growth rate, whereas Con-A unbound fraction delayed the onset of cholesterol crystallization. Biliary protein from garlic/onion group delayed the crystallization and interfered with pronucleating activity of Con-A bound protein fraction. These data suggest that apart from the beneficial modulation of biliary cholesterol saturation index, these Allium spices also influence cholesterol nucleating and antinucleating protein factors that contribute to their anti-lithogenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyakumar Vidyashankar
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Central Food Technological Research Institute, CSIR, Mysore 570 020, India
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3
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Leptin Regulates Gallbladder Genes Related to Gallstone Pathogenesis in Leptin-Deficient Mice. J Am Coll Surg 2008; 206:503-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2007.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2007] [Revised: 08/27/2007] [Accepted: 09/12/2007] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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4
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Gudheti MV, Gonzalez YI, Lee SP, Wrenn SP. Interaction of apolipoprotein A-I with lecithin-cholesterol vesicles in the presence of phospholipase C. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2003; 1635:127-41. [PMID: 14729075 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2003.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Here we study the anti-nucleating mechanism of apolipoprotein A-I (apo A-I) on model biliary vesicles in the presence of phospholipase C (PLC) utilizing dynamic light scattering (DLS), steady-state fluorescence spectroscopy, cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM), and UV/Vis spectroscopy. PLC induces aggregation of cholesterol-free lecithin vesicles from an initial, average size of 100 nm to a maximal size of 600 nm. The presence of apo A-I likely inhibits vesicle aggregation by shielding the PLC-generated hydrophobic moieties, which results in vesicles of an average size of 200 nm. A similar phenomenon is observed in cholesterol-enriched lecithin vesicles. Whereas PLC alone produces aggregates of 300 nm, no aggregation is observed when apo A-I is present along with PLC. However, the ability of apo A-I to inhibit aggregation is temporary, and after 8 h, a broad particle size distribution with sizes as high as 800 nm is observed. Apo A-I possibly induces the formation of small apo A-I/lecithin/cholesterol complexes of about 5-20 nm similar to the discoidal pre-HDL complexes found in blood when it can no longer effectively shield all the DAG molecules. Concomitant with formation of complexes, DAG molecules coalesce into large oil droplets, which account for the large particles observed by light scattering. Thus, apo A-I acts as an anti-nucleating agent by two mechanisms, anti-aggregation and microstructural transition. The mode of protection is dependent on the cholesterol content and the relative amounts of DAG and apo A-I present. This study supports the possibility of apo A-I solubilizing lipids in bile in a similar fashion as it does in blood and also delineates the mechanism of formation of the complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manasa V Gudheti
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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5
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Dubrac S, Parquet M, Blouquit Y, Gripois D, Blouquit MF, Souidi M, Lutton C. Insulin injections enhance cholesterol gallstone incidence by changing the biliary cholesterol saturation index and apo A-I concentration in hamsters fed a lithogenic diet. J Hepatol 2001; 35:550-7. [PMID: 11690699 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-8278(01)00180-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS A link between insulin and cholesterol gallstone disease has often been suspected but never demonstrated. The aim was to evaluate the direct implication of insulin in the gallbladder cholesterol gallstone formation process. METHODS Hamsters fed with a soft-inducing lithogenic diet, enriched with sucrose, were injected daily, for 1 week, either with long-acting insulin or saline (controls). RESULTS Insulin injections doubled the cholesterol gallstone incidence. The cholesterol saturation index (CSI) of bile significantly increased (+19%) and biliary apolipoprotein A-I (apo A-I) decreased, both in concentration (-71%) and the proportion relative to the total biliary proteins (-25%). No modifications in the biliary bile acid composition were noticed. Hepatic HMGCoA reductase activity was higher (+341%), CYP7A1 activity was lower (-52%), whereas CYP27A1 and CYP7B1 were not affected. The hepatic low-density liprotein (LDL)-receptor and SR-BI masses did not vary. The hepatic total cholesterol content increased (+42%). Fasting plasma phospholipid and triglyceride concentrations significantly decreased (-15 and -60%, respectively), but the cholesterol concentration remained constant. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that insulin injections enhance cholesterol gallstone incidence by increasing the CSI of bile and decreasing the concentration and proportion of a biliary anti-nucleating protein, apo A-I. Insulin modulates the major enzymes of cholesterol and bile acid metabolisms in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Dubrac
- Laboratoire de Physiologie de la Nutrition, Bâtiment 447, Université Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
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6
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Nagaoka S, Futamura Y, Miwa K, Awano T, Yamauchi K, Kanamaru Y, Tadashi K, Kuwata T. Identification of novel hypocholesterolemic peptides derived from bovine milk beta-lactoglobulin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001; 281:11-7. [PMID: 11178953 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2001.4298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to clarify the mechanisms of hypocholesterolemic action of beta-lactoglobuline tryptic hydrolysate (LTH) and to identify the novel hypocholesterolemic peptide derived from LTH by screening using Caco-2 cells and animal studies. Serum and liver cholesterol levels were significantly lower in rats fed LTH than in those fed casein tryptic hydrolysate (CTH). The present study suggests that the inhibition of micellar solubility of cholesterol which causes the suppression of cholesterol absorption by a direct interaction between cholesterol mixed micelles, and LTH in the jejunal epithelia is part of the mechanism underlying the hypocholesterolemic action of LTH. Though no one could trace the hypocholesterolemic peptide to any protein origin, we identified, for the first time, a novel hypocholesterolemic peptide, Ile-Ile-Ala-Glu-Lys (IIAEK). Surprisingly, the present study provides the first direct evidence that a new hypocholesterolemic peptide derived from beta-lactoglobuline can powerfully influence serum cholesterol levels and exhibit a greater hypocholesterolemic activity in comparison with that of medicine, beta-sitosterol, in animal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Nagaoka
- Department of Food Science, Gifu University, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan.
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7
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de la Porte PL, Lafont H, Domingo N, Meyer G, Müller I, Zündt B, Jüngst D. Composition and immunofluorescence studies of biliary "sludge" in patients with cholesterol or mixed gallstones. J Hepatol 2000; 33:352-60. [PMID: 11019989 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-8278(00)80269-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Gallbladder bile from patients with cholesterol or mixed gallstones frequently contains biliary "sludge", a suspension of cholesterol monohydrate crystals and pigment granules embedded in mucin and proteins. The composition of biliary "sludge" and the preferential localization of mucin and proteins could be an indicator for its potential role in gallstone formation. METHODS Ultracentrifugation (100000 g/l h) was used to precipitate "sludge" from bile, and the concentration difference of its main components between native bile and ultracentrifuged bile samples was calculated. After purification of the sediment, immunolocalization was performed for the detection of mucin, IgA, albumin, aminopeptidase, and anionic polypeptide fraction using polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies. RESULTS The amount of sludge in gallbladder bile was 4.26 mg/ml-0.78 (mean+/-SEM) in patients with cholesterol and 2.51 mg/ml+/-0.39 in patients with mixed stones and cholesterol was the main component (48.9+/-4.6% and 44.4+/-7.1%). The sediment appeared as a mixture of vesicular aggregates and pigment particles which were linked by a gel matrix of mucin containing cholesterol crystals. While anionic polypeptide fraction and aminopeptidase were associated to pigments, IgA was uniformly spread in the crystalline parts of "core-like" structures, and albumin, when it was present, appeared as randomly located small spots. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates that the cholesterol content and the distribution pattern of mucin and different proteins is similar in the sediments of biliary "sludge" to that previously shown in cholesterol and mixed gallstones. This suggests that biliary "sludge" represents an early stage of gallstone formation in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- P L de la Porte
- INSERM Unite 476, Nutrition Humaine et Lipides, Marseille, France
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8
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Stark M, Jörnvall H, Johansson J. Isolation and characterization of hydrophobic polypeptides in human bile. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1999; 266:209-14. [PMID: 10542066 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.1999.00845.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Polypeptides were isolated from human bile by extraction with chloroform/methanol, followed by reversed-phase chromatography in methanol/ethylene chloride and gel filtration in chloroform/methanol. Peptides were characterized by SDS/PAGE, sequence analysis and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization/time-of-flight mass spectrometry. This identified haemoglobin alpha chain, ATP synthase lipid-binding protein subunit 9, an N-terminal fragment of mac25/insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 and an internal fragment of monocyte differentiation antigen CD14, all not described previously in bile. In addition, alpha1-antitrypsin, known in bile from previous work, was also identified. The hydrophobic character of haemoglobin alpha chain is not apparent from its amino acid sequence, but the other polypeptides all have major hydrophobic segments. These results show that several proteins are removed upon organic solvent extraction used for delipidation during the preparation of samples for proteome analysis. Several of the polypeptides found are unexpectedly present in bile, suggesting that specific excretion mechanisms may be involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Stark
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. Margareta,
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9
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Hattori Y, Tazuma S, Yamashita G, Kajiyama G. Influence of cholesterol crystallization effector proteins on vesicle fusion in supersaturated model bile. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1999; 14:669-74. [PMID: 10440211 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1746.1999.01933.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In lithogenic bile, cholesterol-rich vesicles rapidly aggregate and fuse to eventually form cholesterol crystals. This process is modulated by cholesterol crystallization effector substances. In this study, we developed a method for quantitative assessment of vesicle fusion and used it to partly characterize the mechanisms of action of cholesterol crystallization effector proteins. METHODS Cholesterol:phospholipid (1:1) liposomes were prepared and labelled with octadecyl rhodamine B chloride (R18). Fusion of these liposomes was detected by the increase of R18 fluorescence after incubation with various proteins, such as albumin, concanavalin-A bound glycoprotein, immunoglobulins, apolipoprotein A-I and apolipoprotein B (all at 100 microg/mL). RESULTS Fusion of cholesterol/phospholipid liposomes was increased by 16 and 14% in the presence of concanavalin-A bound glycoprotein and immunoglobulins, respectively, and decreased by 21 and 9% after addition of apolipoprotein A-I and apolipoprotein B, respectively. The effect of each protein on vesicle fusion was correlated with its hydrophobicity. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that nucleation effector proteins modulate the stability of vesicles and, thus, affect cholesterol crystallization. Such modulation is based upon protein-vesicle association, which defines the physico-chemical metastability of vesicular cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Hattori
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Hiroshima University School of Medicine, Hiroshima, Japan
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10
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Abstract
Bile supersaturation is necessary for cholesterol gallstones to form. Not all people with supersaturated bile form gallstones, however, and additional factors must be present. The role of pronucleating substances has been extensively studied. Of these, proteins, especially mucin, are best understood. Mucin is secreted by the gallbladder epithelium and may act as a nidus for crystal nucleation. Other proteins that may act as pronucleators include alpha 1-acid glycoprotein, alpha 1-antichymotrypsin, phospholipase C, and a small calcium binding protein. The role of antinucleating factors is less well understood. Certain drugs, including octreotide and ceftriaxone, may also predispose to stone formation. Another local factor is gallbladder stasis, a well-known risk factor for pigment stone formation. More recent research has focused on the role of bacterial infection, which has long been believed to be a factor in pigment gallstone formation. Newer data also support a role for infection in cholesterol gallstone pathogenesis. Additionally, genetic factors that may predispose a patient to cholesterol gallstones have been identified in mice and in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- C W Ko
- Division of Gastroenterology, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, USA
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11
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No pathophysiologic relationship of soluble biliary proteins to cholesterol crystallization in human bile. J Lipid Res 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)32445-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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12
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Hattori Y, Tazuma S, Yamashita G, Kajiyama G. The comparative potency of cholesterol crystallization-effector proteins in supersaturated model bile systems: association with vesicle transformation. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1998; 13:1161-70. [PMID: 9870806 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.1998.tb00594.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Various proteins which affect cholesterol crystallization are known to be present in bile, although the relative potency of their action is yet to be established. In this study, we evaluated the comparative potency of nucleating-effector proteins using a recently developed method for quantitative assessment of vesicle transformation in supersaturated model bile systems, to partially characterize mechanisms of their action. Concanavalin A-bound glycoproteins isolated from human gall-bladder bile shortened cholesterol crystallization time by 40% and increased cholesterol growth rate and final crystal mass by 161 and 19%, respectively, when compared to the control. In addition, immunoglobulins isolated from human gall-bladder bile increased cholesterol growth rate by 9%, but showed no significant effect on cholesterol crystallization time and final crystal mass. In contrast, human serum apolipoproteins A-I and B reduced cholesterol growth rate by 26 and 31% and reduced final crystal mass by 12 and 21%, but did not affect cholesterol crystallization time. Gel permeation chromatography revealed that proteins were distributed to both vesicles and bile salt micelles, but that no marked redistribution of lipids was caused by addition of these proteins. Furthermore, no significant difference in crystal structure was observed by video-enhanced contrast microscopy. These results indicate that nucleating-effector substances tested in this study may modulate vesicular cholesterol-holding capacity, thus affecting cholesterol crystallization. Such modulation is based upon the protein-vesicle association which defines the physico-chemical metastability of vesicular cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Hattori
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Hiroshima University School of Medicine, Japan
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13
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Catala I, Domingo N, Juste C, Gueugneau AM, Thorin B, Lutton C, Corring T, Lafont H. Effect of beta-cyclodextrin dietary supplementation on biliary proteins and their resulting cholesterol nucleating activity in pigs. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1998; 1394:74-84. [PMID: 9767121 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2760(98)00101-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We explored the possibility that the biliary protein fraction may support part of the variation in the nucleating activity previously measured in gallbladder biles of pigs. Eighteen gallbladder aspirates freshly obtained from three dietary groups (0, 5, or 10% beta-cyclodextrin) of six pigs were chromatographed to purify their total protein fraction. Proteins were quantified, and analysed through electrophoresis and immunoblotting or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for albumin, and five putative effectors of cholesterol crystallisation, mucins, immunoglobulin A, 130 kDa, apolipoprotein A-I, and anionic polypeptide fraction. Each total protein fraction was also assayed for its ability to influence cholesterol precipitation, when added to supersaturated model bile. The current data provided evidence that the cholesterol crystallisation-promoting activity of biliary proteins in model biles increased with the beta-cyclodextrin dietary content. This occurred without any significant change in the total biliary protein content, but was associated with a significant decrease in the concentration of albumin and apolipoprotein A-I, resulting in changes in the overall balance of proteins in bile. Comparison of these results with the crystallisation figures previously obtained from the corresponding native biles led us to conclude that biliary proteins might influence the outcome of the crystallisation process, namely the final crystal concentration at equilibrium, but would not systematically represent a major driving force for determining the velocity of crystal formation in native bile of pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Catala
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie et de Physiologie du Système Digestif, INRA, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas Cedex, France
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14
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Busch N, Lammert F, Matern S. Biliary secretory immunoglobulin A is a major constituent of the new group of cholesterol crystal-binding proteins. Gastroenterology 1998; 115:129-38. [PMID: 9649468 DOI: 10.1016/s0016-5085(98)70374-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Recently we described a new group of lectin-bound biliary proteins that bind to cholesterol crystals, modify crystal morphology, and inhibit cholesterol crystallization. The aim of the current study was to characterize and identify individual members of this group of cholesterol crystal-binding proteins. METHODS Crystal-binding proteins were purified from human gallbladder bile by lectin affinity chromatography and preparative gel electrophoresis. Purified crystal-binding proteins were characterized by using cholesterol crystal-growth assays, immunoblotting, and amino acid analysis. For comparison, identified biliary proteins were isolated from gallbladder bile by lectin affinity and immunoaffinity chromatography. RESULTS The individual crystal-binding proteins with molecular weights of 74, 63, and 28 kilodaltons inhibited cholesterol crystallization in a dose-dependent manner (2.5-10 micrograms/mL). Immunoblotting with specific antibodies and N-terminal amino acid sequences revealed that the 74-kilodalton crystal-binding protein is the secretory component, the 63-kilodalton protein is the heavy chain, and the 28-kilodalton protein is the light chain of human secretory immunoglobulin (Ig) A. Isolated biliary IgA showed a potent inhibitory effect on cholesterol crystallization in model bile even at levels less than physiological concentrations (1-100 micrograms/mL). CONCLUSIONS Biliary secretory IgA is a major constituent of the previously described group of cholesterol crystal-binding proteins. Crystal-binding IgA may be an important modulator of crystal agglomeration into stones and stone growth in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Busch
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Technology, Aachen, Germany
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15
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Luk AS, Kaler EW, Lee SP. Structural mechanisms of bile salt-induced growth of small unilamellar cholesterol-lecithin vesicles. Biochemistry 1997; 36:5633-44. [PMID: 9153403 DOI: 10.1021/bi962332f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The liver secretes cholesterol and lecithin in the form of mixed vesicles during the formation of bile. When exposed to bile salts, these metastable vesicles undergo various structural rearrangements. We have examined the effects of three different bile salts, taurocholate (TC), tauroursodeoxycholate (TUDC), and taurodeoxycholate (TDC), on the stability of sonicated lecithin vesicles containing various amounts of cholesterol. Vesicle growth was probed by turbidity measurements, quasi-elastic light scattering, and a resonance energy transfer lipid-mixing assay. Leakage of internal contents was monitored by encapsulation of fluorescence probes in vesicles. At low bile salt-to-lecithin ratios (TC/L or TUDC/L < 1), pure lecithin vesicles do not grow, but exhibit slow intervesicular mixing of lipids as well as gradual leakage. At high BS/L (TC/L or TUDC/L > 5), pure lecithin vesicles are solubilized into mixed micelles with a concomitant decrease in the overall particle size. In this regime, extensive leakage and lipid mixing occur instantaneously after exposure to bile salt. At intermediate BS/L (1 < TC/L or TUDC/L < 5), vesicles grow with time, and the rates of both leakage and lipid mixing are rapid. The data suggest that vesicles grow by the transfer of lecithin and cholesterol via diffusion in the aqueous medium. The addition of cholesterol to lecithin vesicles reduces leakage dramatically and increases the amount of BS required for complete solubilization of vesicles. The more hydrophobic TDC induces vesicle growth at a lower BS/L than does TC or TUDC. These results demonstrate the physiologic forms of lipid microstructures during bile formation and explain how the hydrophilic-hydrophobic balance of BS mixtures may profoundly affect the early stages of CH gallstone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Luk
- Center for Molecular and Engineering Thermodynamics, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark 19716, USA
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16
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Juste C, Catala I, Riottot M, André M, Parquet M, Lyan B, Béguet F, Ferézou-Viala J, Sérougne C, Domingo N, Lutton C, Lafont H, Corring T. Inducing cholesterol precipitation from pig bile with beta-cyclodextrin and cholesterol dietary supplementation. J Hepatol 1997; 26:711-21. [PMID: 9075681 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-8278(97)80439-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/METHODS In this study, pigs fed for 3 weeks a well-balanced semi-purified diet enriched with 0.3% cholesterol and 0, 5 or 10% beta-cyclodextrin were proposed as new animal donors of gallbladder bile exhibiting different rates of cholesterol crystallization, in order to gain insight into the early mechanisms underlying cholesterol precipitation in vivo. The appearance and growth of cholesterol crystals were monitored in the incubated freshly collected gallbladder biles through light microscopy and concomitant time-sequential determination of crystallized cholesterol concentration, and interpreted in terms of the composition of the bile. RESULTS Although the concentration of total lipids and proteins and the relative proportions of bile acids, phospholipids, and cholesterol remained unchanged under beta-cyclodextrin, the cholesterol crystallization increased in the following order: 0<<10<5% beta-cyclodextrin. Concomitantly, the proportion of chenodeoxycholic acid in bile, and the hydrophobicity index of the biliary bile acid mixture increased in the following order: 0<5<10% beta-cyclodextrin (the same as reported elsewhere for the decrease in the antinucleating ApoA1), while sn-2 arachidonoyl biliary lecithins were specifically increased with 5% beta-cyclodextrin in the diet. CONCLUSIONS We hypothesized that lecithin molecular species may be the determinant factor in modulating high cholesterol crystallization rates in biles otherwise enriched with hydrophobic bile acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Juste
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie et de Physiologie du Système Digestif, INRA, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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17
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Janciauskiene S, Toth E, Sahlin S, Eriksson S. Immunochemical and functional properties of biliary alpha-1-antitrypsin. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1996; 56:597-608. [PMID: 8981655 DOI: 10.3109/00365519609090594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT), the archetype of the serpin (serine proteinase inhibitor) superfamily, is synthesized by hepatocytes and excreted to some extent into bile. The role of intact biliary AAT in gallstone pathogenesis is unsettled, but its 36-residue C-terminal peptide was found to promote cholesterol crystallization in a bile model. The present study showed biliary AAT to have specific properties that differ from serum AAT regarding immunoreactivity, heat stability and antiproteolytical activity. Electrophoretical and immunochemical methods were used to characterize biliary AAT. The level of its inhibitory activity was determined spectrophotometrically. In 18 samples from common bile duct and 12 samples from gallbladder bile, AAT was found to be heat-stable and functionally inactive. Added to the untreated, temperature-inactivated or protease inhibitors containing bile, native AAT became functionally inactive, heat-stable and lost its immunoreactivity. In contrast, heat-inactivated AAT, native albumin, transferrin, alpha-1-antichymotrypsin and IgG were unaffected on being added to bile. AAT in human bile manifests specific biochemical properties, such as functional inactivity and heat stability, that may be consistent with a conformational transition of the serpin molecule induced by the hydrophobic environment, and which must be considered when evaluating its role in gallstone pathogenesis.
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18
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Yamashita G, Secknus R, Chernosky A, Krivacic KA, Holzbach RT. Comparison of haptoglobin and apolipoprotein A-I on biliary lipid particles involved in cholesterol crystallization. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1996; 11:738-45. [PMID: 8872771 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.1996.tb00324.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Several proteins are known to modulate cholesterol crystallization. We recently demonstrated that haptoglobin has cholesterol crystallization promoting activity. However, this effect is still not well understood mechanistically. The current study examined the distribution of haptoglobin compared to apolipoprotein A-I (apo A-I) to micelles, vesicles and crystals as an initial step in providing a focus for further studies of the mechanism of cholesterol crystallization activity. Specific protein purification was accomplished by immunoaffinity chromatography. The crystallization-promoting activity of biliary haptoglobin, albumin and commercial apo A-I was measured by a photometric crystal growth assay. The distribution of micelles, vesicles and proteins in model bile was determined by Sepharose CL-6B column chromatography. Detection of the presence of test proteins in cholesterol crystals was determined using specific 125I-radiolabelled proteins. Haptoglobin (20 micrograms/mL) showed a significant crystallization promoting-activity, whereas apo A-I (30 micrograms/mL) only tended to show a slight inhibitory activity. The cholesterol crystal-bound protein in each case was found to be less than 1% of the total concentration of that protein that had been added to the model bile system. The elution profile of commercial apo A-I from a Sepharose CL-6B column was strikingly altered when it was added to model bile prior to elution. In contrast, the column elution profiles for both haptoglobin and albumin were unchanged when model bile was similarly added to the sample. Haptoglobin increased the amount of cholesterol found in the vesicular fraction when compared to apo A-I. Haptoglobin does not bind tightly to either biliary lipid particles or to cholesterol crystals but does increase the amount of cholesterol in vesicles by inducing a shift from micellar cholesterol (P = 0.046). This shift appears to explain in part its promoting effect on cholesterol crystallization.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Yamashita
- Gastrointestinal Research Unit, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, OH 44195-5218, USA
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19
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Gilat T, Sömjen GJ. Phospholipid vesicles and other cholesterol carriers in bile. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1996; 1286:95-115. [PMID: 8652613 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4157(96)00005-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T Gilat
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tel-Aviv Souaaski Medical Center, Ichilov Hospital, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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20
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Wang DQ, Carey MC. Complete mapping of crystallization pathways during cholesterol precipitation from model bile: influence of physical-chemical variables of pathophysiologic relevance and identification of a stable liquid crystalline state in cold, dilute and hydrophilic bile salt-containing systems. J Lipid Res 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)37603-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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21
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Secknus R, Yamashita G, Ginanni Corradini S, Chernosky A, Williams C, Hays L, Secknus MA, Holzbach RT. Purification and characterization of a novel human 15 kd cholesterol crystallization inhibitor protein in bile. THE JOURNAL OF LABORATORY AND CLINICAL MEDICINE 1996; 127:169-78. [PMID: 8636645 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2143(96)90075-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Crystallization-inhibiting proteins can explain longer nucleation times associated with bile from gallstone-free subjects as compared with bile from patients with cholesterol gallstones. We partially characterized and examined the crystallization inhibitory potency of a newly purified 15 kd human biliary protein. Gallbladder bile was passed through an anti-apolipoprotein A-I (apo A-I) immunoaffinity column to extract lipid-associated proteins. The bound fraction was separated by 30 kd ultrafiltration. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophesis (SDS-PAGE) was performed under nonreducing and reducing conditions. Cholesterol crystallization activity was tested in a photometric cholesterol crystal growth assay. Isoelectric focusing was performed by using a standard gel. The purified 15 kd protein was subjected to N-terminal amino acid sequencing. Although the whole apo A-I-bound fraction contained a variety of proteins and lipids, its 30 kd filtrate yielded a nearly pure 15 kd protein with only minor contamination from apo A-1. Amino acid sequencing showed that the protein was unique. Enzymatic deglycosylation revealed no evidence for glycosylation. At a protein concentration of 10 micrograms/ml, crystallization time was delayed as compared with control and apo A-I, and final crystal mass was reduced to 75% of control. Its isoelectric point was 6.1 without isoforms. Under nonreducing conditions, the protein formed a 30 kd dimer and a 60 kd tetramer. We conclude that this protein is a novel potent biliary crystallization inhibitor protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Secknus
- Department of Gastroenterology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, OH 44195-5218, USA
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22
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Yamashita G, Ginanni Corradini S, Secknus R, Takabayashi A, Williams C, Hays L, Chernosky AL, Holzbach RT. Biliary haptoglobin, a potent promoter of cholesterol crystallization at physiological concentrations. J Lipid Res 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)41140-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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