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Robinson MK, Lee E, Ugalde-Nicalo PA, Skonieczny JW, Chun LF, Newton KP, Schwimmer JB. Pentadecanoic Acid Supplementation in Young Adults with Overweight and Obesity: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Nutr 2024; 154:2763-2771. [PMID: 39069269 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity and its associated comorbidities are major public health concerns for which nutrition is central to disease prevention and management. Pentadecanoic acid (C15:0) has the potential for beneficial effects on obesity, but supplementation has not been studied in humans. OBJECTIVES The primary objective was to investigate changes in plasma C15:0 levels after daily supplementation for 12 wk. Additionally, the study aimed to assess safety and tolerability as well as measure potential markers of physiologic response. METHODS This was a single-center, double-blind, randomized, controlled, 2-arm trial of 200 mg C15:0 or placebo daily for 12 wk in young adults with overweight or obesity. RESULTS A total of 30 participants with a mean age of 20.0 ± 2.1 y and a mean body mass index of 33.4 ± 5.3 kg/m2 were included. In total, 20 participants received C15:0 supplement and 10 received placebo. The mean increase in circulating C15:0 for the treatment group was 1.88 μg/mL greater than that of the placebo group (P = 0.003). No significant adverse events occurred. Half of the participants in the treatment group had a posttreatment C15:0 level >5 μg/mL. In these individuals, there were significantly greater decreases in alanine aminotransferase (-29 U/L, P = 0.001) and aspartate aminotransferase (-6 U/L, P = 0.014), as well as a greater increase in hemoglobin (0.60 g/dL, P = 0.010), as compared with participants that did not reach a posttreatment level >5 μg/mL. CONCLUSIONS Daily C15:0 supplementation increased circulating C15:0 levels in young adults with overweight or obesity. End-of-treatment C15:0 >5 μg/mL was associated with potentially relevant improvements in clinical indices, warranting further study. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT04947176.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda K Robinson
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Euyhyun Lee
- Altman Clinical and Translational Research Institute, UC San Diego School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Patricia A Ugalde-Nicalo
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Jaret W Skonieczny
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Lauren F Chun
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Kimberly P Newton
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, United States; Department of Gastroenterology, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Jeffrey B Schwimmer
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, United States; Department of Gastroenterology, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA, United States.
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Benner BA, Schantz MM, Powers CD, Schleicher RL, Camara JE, Sharpless KE, Yen JH, Sniegoski LT. Standard Reference Material (SRM) 2378 fatty acids in frozen human serum. Certification of a clinical SRM based on endogenous supplementation of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:2321-2329. [PMID: 29435636 PMCID: PMC5851844 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0841-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Dietary fatty acids can be both beneficial and detrimental to human health depending on the degree and type of saturation. Healthcare providers and research scientists monitor the fatty acid content of human plasma and serum as an indicator of health status and diet. In addition, both the Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC) and the National Institutes of Health - Office of Dietary Supplements are interested in circulating fatty acids (FAs) because they may be predictive of coronary heart disease. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) provides a wide variety of reference materials (RMs) and Standard Reference Materials® (SRM®s) including blood, serum, plasma, and urine with values assigned for analytes of clinical interest. NIST SRM 2378 Fatty Acids in Frozen Human Serum was introduced in 2015 to help validate methods used for the analysis of FAs in serum, and consists of three different pools of serum acquired from (1) healthy donors who had taken fish oil dietary supplements (at least 1000 mg per day) for at least one month (level 1 material), (2) healthy donors who had taken flaxseed oil dietary supplements (at least 1000 mg per day) for at least one month (level 2 material), and (3) healthy donors eating "normal" diets who had not taken dietary supplements containing fish or plant oils (level 3 material). The use of dietary supplements by donors provided SRMs with natural endogenous ranges of FAs at concentrations observed in human populations. Results from analyses using two methods at NIST, including one involving a novel microwave-assisted acid hydrolysis procedure, and one at the CDC are presented here. These results and their respective uncertainties were combined to yield certified values with expanded uncertainties for 12 FAs and reference values with expanded uncertainties for an additional 18 FAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce A Benner
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA.
| | - Michele M Schantz
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Carissa D Powers
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA
| | - Rosemary L Schleicher
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA
| | - Johanna E Camara
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Katherine E Sharpless
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - James H Yen
- Statistical Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Lorna T Sniegoski
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
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Christinat N, Morin-Rivron D, Masoodi M. High-Throughput Quantitative Lipidomics Analysis of Nonesterified Fatty Acids in Human Plasma. J Proteome Res 2016; 15:2228-35. [PMID: 27185515 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
We present a high-throughput, nontargeted lipidomics approach using liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry for quantitative analysis of nonesterified fatty acids. We applied this method to screen a wide range of fatty acids from medium-chain to very long-chain (8 to 24 carbon atoms) in human plasma samples. The method enables us to chromatographically separate branched-chain species from their straight-chain isomers as well as separate biologically important ω-3 and ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids. We used 51 fatty acid species to demonstrate the quantitative capability of this method with quantification limits in the nanomolar range; however, this method is not limited only to these fatty acid species. High-throughput sample preparation was developed and carried out on a robotic platform that allows extraction of 96 samples simultaneously within 3 h. This high-throughput platform was used to assess the influence of different types of human plasma collection and preparation on the nonesterified fatty acid profile of healthy donors. Use of the anticoagulants EDTA and heparin has been compared with simple clotting, and only limited changes have been detected in most nonesterified fatty acid concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Christinat
- Lipid Biology, Department of Gastro-Intestinal Health & Microbiome, Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, EPFL , Innovation Park, Bâtiment H, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Delphine Morin-Rivron
- Lipid Biology, Department of Gastro-Intestinal Health & Microbiome, Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, EPFL , Innovation Park, Bâtiment H, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mojgan Masoodi
- Lipid Biology, Department of Gastro-Intestinal Health & Microbiome, Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, EPFL , Innovation Park, Bâtiment H, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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4
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Stereoselective synthesis of perdeuterated phytanic acid, its phospholipid derivatives and their formation into lipid model membranes for neutron reflectivity studies. Chem Phys Lipids 2014; 183:22-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Mizuno Y, Ninomiya Y, Nakachi Y, Iseki M, Iwasa H, Akita M, Tsukui T, Shimozawa N, Ito C, Toshimori K, Nishimukai M, Hara H, Maeba R, Okazaki T, Alodaib ANA, Amoudi MA, Jacob M, Alkuraya FS, Horai Y, Watanabe M, Motegi H, Wakana S, Noda T, Kurochkin IV, Mizuno Y, Schönbach C, Okazaki Y. Tysnd1 deficiency in mice interferes with the peroxisomal localization of PTS2 enzymes, causing lipid metabolic abnormalities and male infertility. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003286. [PMID: 23459139 PMCID: PMC3573110 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomes are subcellular organelles involved in lipid metabolic processes, including those of very-long-chain fatty acids and branched-chain fatty acids, among others. Peroxisome matrix proteins are synthesized in the cytoplasm. Targeting signals (PTS or peroxisomal targeting signal) at the C-terminus (PTS1) or N-terminus (PTS2) of peroxisomal matrix proteins mediate their import into the organelle. In the case of PTS2-containing proteins, the PTS2 signal is cleaved from the protein when transported into peroxisomes. The functional mechanism of PTS2 processing, however, is poorly understood. Previously we identified Tysnd1 (Trypsin domain containing 1) and biochemically characterized it as a peroxisomal cysteine endopeptidase that directly processes PTS2-containing prethiolase Acaa1 and PTS1-containing Acox1, Hsd17b4, and ScpX. The latter three enzymes are crucial components of the very-long-chain fatty acids β-oxidation pathway. To clarify the in vivo functions and physiological role of Tysnd1, we analyzed the phenotype of Tysnd1(-/-) mice. Male Tysnd1(-/-) mice are infertile, and the epididymal sperms lack the acrosomal cap. These phenotypic features are most likely the result of changes in the molecular species composition of choline and ethanolamine plasmalogens. Tysnd1(-/-) mice also developed liver dysfunctions when the phytanic acid precursor phytol was orally administered. Phyh and Agps are known PTS2-containing proteins, but were identified as novel Tysnd1 substrates. Loss of Tysnd1 interferes with the peroxisomal localization of Acaa1, Phyh, and Agps, which might cause the mild Zellweger syndrome spectrum-resembling phenotypes. Our data established that peroxisomal processing protease Tysnd1 is necessary to mediate the physiological functions of PTS2-containing substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Mizuno
- Division of Functional Genomics and Systems Medicine, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Hidaka-shi, Saitama, Japan
- Division of Translational Research, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Hidaka-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yuichi Ninomiya
- Division of Functional Genomics and Systems Medicine, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Hidaka-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yutaka Nakachi
- Division of Functional Genomics and Systems Medicine, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Hidaka-shi, Saitama, Japan
- Division of Translational Research, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Hidaka-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Mioko Iseki
- Division of Translational Research, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Hidaka-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Iwasa
- Division of Translational Research, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Hidaka-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Masumi Akita
- Division of Morphological Science, Biomedical Research Center, Saitama Medical University, Iruma-gun, Saitama, Japan
| | - Tohru Tsukui
- Experimental Animal Laboratory, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Hidaka-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Shimozawa
- Division of Genomics Research, Life Science Research Center, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Chizuru Ito
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Toshimori
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Megumi Nishimukai
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, Research Group of Food Science, Division of Applied Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hara
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, Research Group of Food Science, Division of Applied Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Ryouta Maeba
- Department of Biochemistry, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoki Okazaki
- Department of Biochemistry, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ali Nasser Ali Alodaib
- Developmental Genetics Department, Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- The National Newborn Screening Laboratory, Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Al Amoudi
- Developmental Genetics Department, Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- The National Newborn Screening Laboratory, Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Minnie Jacob
- Developmental Genetics Department, Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- The National Newborn Screening Laboratory, Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Fowzan S. Alkuraya
- Developmental Genetics Department, Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pediatrics, King Khalid University Hospital and College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Yasushi Horai
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Watanabe
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Graduate School of Media and Governance, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
- Faculty of Environment and Information Studies, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiromi Motegi
- Team for Advanced Development and Evaluation of Human Disease Models, Japan Mouse Clinic, BioResource Center (BRC), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Shigeharu Wakana
- The Japan Mouse Clinic, RIKEN BioResource Center (BRC), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Noda
- Team for Advanced Development and Evaluation of Human Disease Models, Japan Mouse Clinic, BioResource Center (BRC), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- The Cancer Institute of the Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Koto-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Igor V. Kurochkin
- Genome and Gene Expression Data Analysis Division, Bioinformatics Institute, A*STAR, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Yosuke Mizuno
- Division of Functional Genomics and Systems Medicine, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Hidaka-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Christian Schönbach
- Division of Genomics and Genetics, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Yasushi Okazaki
- Division of Functional Genomics and Systems Medicine, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Hidaka-shi, Saitama, Japan
- Division of Translational Research, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Hidaka-shi, Saitama, Japan
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Al-Dirbashi OY, Santa T, Rashed MS, Al-Hassnan Z, Shimozawa N, Chedrawi A, Jacob M, Al-Mokhadab M. Rapid UPLC-MS/MS method for routine analysis of plasma pristanic, phytanic, and very long chain fatty acid markers of peroxisomal disorders. J Lipid Res 2008; 49:1855-62. [PMID: 18441019 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d800019-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantification of pristanic acid, phytanic acid, and very long chain fatty acids (i.e., hexacosanoic, tetracosanoic, and docosanoic acids) in plasma is the primary method for investigateing a multitude of peroxisomal disorders (PDs). Typically based on GC-MS, existing methods are time-consuming and laborious. In this paper, we present a rapid and specific liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometric method based on derivatization with 4-[2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethylaminosulfonyl]-7-(2-aminoethylamino)-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole (DAABD-AE). Derivatization was undertaken to improve the poor mass spectrometric properties of these fatty acids. Analytes in plasma (20 mul) were hydrolyzed, extracted, and derivatized with DAABD-AE in approximately 2 h. Derivatives were separated on a reverse-phase column and detected by positive-ion electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry with a 5 min injection-to-injection time. Calibration plots were linear over ranges that cover physiological and pathological concentrations. Intraday (n = 12) and interday (n = 10) variations at low and high concentrations were less than 9.2%. Reference intervals in normal plasma (n = 250) were established for each compound and were in agreement with the literature. Using specimens from patients with established diagnosis (n = 20), various PDs were reliably detected. In conclusion, this method allows for the detection of at least nine PDs in a 5 min analytical run. Furthermore, this derivatization approach is potentially applicable to other disease markers carrying the carboxylic group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osama Y Al-Dirbashi
- National Laboratory for Newborn Screening, Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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Allen NE, Grace PB, Ginn A, Travis RC, Roddam AW, Appleby PN, Key T. Phytanic acid: measurement of plasma concentrations by gas–liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis and associations with diet and other plasma fatty acids. Br J Nutr 2008; 99:653-9. [PMID: 17868488 DOI: 10.1017/s000711450782407x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological data suggest that a diet rich in animal foods may be associated with an increased risk of several cancers, including cancers of the prostate, colorectum and breast, but the possible mechanism is unclear. It is hypothesised that phytanic acid, a C20 branched-chain fatty acid found predominantly in foods from ruminant animals, may be involved in early cancer development because it has been shown to up regulate activity of α-methylacyl-coenzyme A racemase, an enzyme commonly found to be over-expressed in tumour cells compared with normal tissue. However, little is known about the distribution of plasma phytanic acid concentrations or its dietary determinants in the general population. The primary aim of the present cross-sectional study was to determine circulating phytanic acid concentrations among ninety-six meat-eating, lacto-ovo-vegetarian and vegan women, aged 20–69 years, recruited into the Oxford component of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC-Oxford). Meat-eaters had, on average, a 6.7-fold higher geometric mean plasma phytanic acid concentration than the vegans (5·77v.0·86 μmol/l;P < 0·0001) and a 47 % higher mean concentration than the vegetarians (5·77v.3·93 μmol/l;P = 0·016). The strongest determinant of plasma phytanic acid concentration appeared to be dairy fat intake (r0·68;P < 0·0001); phytanic acid levels were not associated with age or other lifestyle factors. These data show that a diet high in fat from dairy products is associated with increased plasma phytanic acid concentration, which may play a role in cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi E Allen
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, Richard Doll Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK
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Peduto A, Baumgartner MR, Verhoeven NM, Rabier D, Spada M, Nassogne MC, Poll-The BTT, Bonetti G, Jakobs C, Saudubray JM. Hyperpipecolic acidaemia: a diagnostic tool for peroxisomal disorders. Mol Genet Metab 2004; 82:224-30. [PMID: 15234336 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2004.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2004] [Revised: 03/12/2004] [Accepted: 04/19/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisomal disorders include a complex spectrum of diseases, characterized by a high heterogeneity from both the clinical and the biochemical points of view. Specific assays are required for the study of peroxisome metabolism. Among these, pipecolic acid evaluation is considered as a supplementary test. We have established the diagnostic role of pipecolic acid in 30 patients affected by a peroxisomal defect (5 Zellweger syndromes, 10 Infantile Refsum diseases, 1 neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy, 6 patients affected by a peroxisomal biogenesis disorder with unclassified phenotype, 1 case of rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata (RCDP), 2 acyl-CoA oxidase deficiencies, 2 bifunctional enzyme deficiencies, 2 Refsum diseases, and 1 beta-oxidation deficiency). Pipecolic acid was increased in all generalized peroxisomal disorders, while normal pipecolic acid with abnormal very long chain fatty acid concentrations was strong evidence for a single peroxisomal enzyme deficiency. Unexpectedly, hyperpipecolic acidaemia was found also in a child affected by RCDP and in two patients with Refsum disease. In six patients the suggestion of a peroxisomal disorder was raised by the fortuitous finding of a pipecolic acid peak in amino acid chromatography, routinely performed as a general metabolic screening. For all patients, pipecolic acid proved to be a useful parameter in the biochemical classification of peroxisomal disorders.
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Paton BC, Solly PB, Nelson PV, Pollard AN, Sharp PC, Fietz MJ. Molecular analysis of genomic DNA allows rapid, and accurate, prenatal diagnosis of peroxisomal D-bifunctional protein deficiency. Prenat Diagn 2002; 22:38-41. [PMID: 11810648 DOI: 10.1002/pd.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal diagnosis was requested for a couple with a previous child affected by the peroxisomal disorder D-bifunctional protein deficiency. Prior analysis of the D-bifunctional protein cDNA sequence from the propositus had shown that it was missing 22 bp. This was subsequently attributed to a point mutation in the intron 5 donor site (IVS5 + 1G>C) of the D-bifunctional protein gene. Consistent with parental consanguinity, the patient was shown to be homozygous for this mutation, which is associated with loss of a Hph 1 restriction site in the genomic sequence. Prenatal testing of the fetus using genomic DNA isolated from uncultured amniocytes indicated that both alleles of the D-bifunctional protein had the IVS5 + 1G>C substitution. The peroxisomal defect was later confirmed biochemically using cultured amniocytes, which were found to have elevated levels of very long chain fatty acids (VLCFA). This is the first report of prenatal diagnosis of D-bifunctional protein deficiency using molecular analysis of genomic DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- B C Paton
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
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Abstract
Phytanic acid is a methyl-branched fatty acid present in the human diet. Due to its structure, degradation by beta-oxidation is impossible. Instead, phytanic acid is oxidized by alpha-oxidation, yielding pristanic acid. Despite many efforts to elucidate the alpha-oxidation pathway, it remained unknown for more than 30 years. In recent years, the mechanism of alpha-oxidation as well as the enzymes involved in the process have been elucidated. The process was found to involve activation, followed by hydroxylase, lyase and dehydrogenase reactions. Part, if not all of the reactions were found to take place in peroxisomes. The final product of phytanic acid alpha-oxidation is pristanic acid. This fatty acid is degraded by peroxisomal beta-oxidation. After 3 steps of beta-oxidation in the peroxisome, the product is esterified to carnitine and shuttled to the mitochondrion for further oxidation. Several inborn errors with one or more deficiencies in the phytanic acid and pristanic degradation have been described. The clinical expressions of these disorders are heterogeneous, and vary between severe neonatal and often fatal symptoms and milder syndromes with late onset. Biochemically, these disorders are characterized by accumulation of phytanic and/or pristanic acid in tissues and body fluids. Several of the inborn errors involving phytanic acid and/or pristanic acid metabolism have been characterized on the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- N M Verhoeven
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Metabolic Unit, VU Medical Center, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Su HM, Moser AB, Moser HW, Watkins PA. Peroxisomal straight-chain Acyl-CoA oxidase and D-bifunctional protein are essential for the retroconversion step in docosahexaenoic acid synthesis. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:38115-20. [PMID: 11500517 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m106326200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6n-3) is essential for normal brain and retinal development. The nature and subcellular location of the terminal steps in DHA biosynthesis have been controversial. Rather than direct Delta4-desaturation of C22:5n-3, it has been proposed that this intermediate is elongated to C24:5n-3, desaturated to C24:6n-3, and "retroconverted" to DHA via peroxisomal beta-oxidation. However, this hypothesis has recently been challenged. The goal of this study was to determine the mechanism and specific enzymes required for the retroconversion step in human skin fibroblasts. Cells from patients with deficiencies of either acyl-CoA oxidase or D-bifunctional protein, the first two enzymes of the peroxisomal straight-chain fatty acid beta-oxidation pathway, exhibited impaired (5-20% of control) conversion of either [1-14C]18:3n-3 or [1-14C]22:5n-3 to DHA as did cells from peroxisome biogenesis disorder patients comprising eight distinct genotypes. In contrast, normal DHA synthesis was observed in cells from patients with rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata, Refsum disease, X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy, and deficiency of mitochondrial medium- or very long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase. Acyl-CoA oxidase-deficient cells accumulated 2-5 times more radiolabeled C24:6n-3 than did controls. Our data are consistent with the retroconversion hypothesis and demonstrate that peroxisomal beta-oxidation enzymes acyl-CoA oxidase and D-bifunctional protein are essential for this process in human skin fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Su
- Department of Neurogenetics, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA.
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Van Veldhoven PP, Meyhi E, Squires RH, Fransen M, Fournier B, Brys V, Bennett MJ, Mannaerts GP. Fibroblast studies documenting a case of peroxisomal 2-methylacyl-CoA racemase deficiency: possible link between racemase deficiency and malabsorption and vitamin K deficiency. Eur J Clin Invest 2001; 31:714-22. [PMID: 11473573 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2362.2001.00877.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 2-Methylacyl-CoA racemase interconverts the 2-methyl group of pristanoyl-CoA or the 25-methyl group of hydroxylated cholestanoyl-CoAs, allowing further peroxisomal desaturation of these compounds in man by the branched chain acyl-CoA oxidase, which recognise only the S-isomers. Hence, oxidation studies in fibroblasts, currently based on the use of racemic substrates such as [1-14C] pristanic acid, do not allow us to distinguish between a deficient racemase or an impaired oxidase. DESIGN To evaluate the racemase activity directly, the 2R-isomer of[1-14C] pristanic acid, as well as the 2R-isomer of 2-methyl-[1-14C] hexadecanoic, a synthetic pristanic acid substitute, were prepared and their degradation by cultured human skin fibroblasts was compared to that of the racemic substrates. RESULTS In fibroblasts in a young girl, presenting with elevated urinary levels of trihydroxycholestanoic acid metabolites but normal plasma levels of very long chain fatty acids, a partial deficient degradation of racemic [1-14C] pristanic acid was observed. Incorporation of 2R-[1-14C] pristanic acid in glycerolipids of the patient's fibroblasts proceeded normally, but breakdown was impaired. Similar findings were seen with the 2R-isomer of 2-methyl-[1-14C] hexadecanoic. These data, combined with the fact that the branched chain acyl-CoA oxidase, catalyzing the first oxidation step of pristanic acid and bile acid intermediates in man, appeared normal, suggested a peroxisomal beta-oxidation defect in the patient at the level of 2-methylacyl-CoA racemase. CONCLUSION Carboxy-labelled 2R-methyl branched chain fatty acids might be useful tools to document cases of racemase deficiencies. Because a brother of the patient died with a diagnosis of vitamin K deficiency, an impaired racemase might be responsible for other cases of unexplicable malabsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- P P Van Veldhoven
- Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Afdeling Farmacologie, Leuven, Belgium.
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13
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Lagerstedt SA, Hinrichs DR, Batt SM, Magera MJ, Rinaldo P, McConnell JP. Quantitative determination of plasma c8-c26 total fatty acids for the biochemical diagnosis of nutritional and metabolic disorders. Mol Genet Metab 2001; 73:38-45. [PMID: 11350181 DOI: 10.1006/mgme.2001.3170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a capillary gas chromatography-electron-capture negative-ion mass spectrometry (GC/MS) method for the quantitative determination of C8-C26 total fatty acids in plasma. Following hydrolysis, hexane extraction, and derivatization with pentafluorobenzyl bromide, fatty acid esters are analyzed in two steps: a splitless injection and a second, split injection (1:100) for the quantitation of the more abundant long-chain species. Fourteen saturated and 25 unsaturated fatty acids are quantified by selected ion monitoring in ratio to 13 stable-isotope-labeled internal standards. Calibrations exhibit consistent linearity and reproducibility. Intraassay (n = 17) and interassay (n = 12) CVs ranged from 2.5 to 13.2% and from 4.6 to 22.9%, respectively. Recoveries ranged from 76 to 106%. Reference ranges were established for four age groups (<1 month, 1 month to 1 year, 1-17 years, >18 years) and compared to specimens from patients with nutritional deficiency of omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, inborn errors of mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation, and peroxisomal disorders. Retrospective evaluation of the concentration of linoleic acid in 35 cases with a diagnosis of essential fatty acid deficiency previously made by gas chromatographic analysis with flame ionization detection (GC/FID) found a specificity and sensitivity of only 55 and 50%, respectively, for the GC/FID method when compared to GC/MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Lagerstedt
- Biochemical Genetics Laboratory, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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14
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Zomer AW, Jansen GA, Van Der Burg B, Verhoeven NM, Jakobs C, Van Der Saag PT, Wanders RJ, Poll-The BT. Phytanoyl-CoA hydroxylase activity is induced by phytanic acid. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2000; 267:4063-7. [PMID: 10866807 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.2000.01451.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Phytanic acid (3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadecanoic acid) is a branched-chain fatty acid present in various dietary products such as milk, cheese and fish. In patients with Refsum disease, accumulation of phytanic acid occurs due to a deficiency of phytanoyl-CoA hydroxylase, a peroxisomal enzyme containing a peroxisomal targeting signal 2. Recently, phytanoyl-CoA hydroxylase cDNA has been isolated and functional mutations have been identified. As it has been shown that phytanic acid activates the nuclear hormone receptors peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)alpha and all three retinoid X receptors (RXRs), the intracellular concentration of this fatty acid should be tightly regulated. When various cell lines were grown in the presence of phytanic acid, the activity of phytanoyl-CoA hydroxylase increased up to four times, depending on the particular cell type. In one cell line, HepG2, no induction of phytanoyl-CoA hydroxylase activity was observed. After addition of phytanic acid to COS-1 cells, an increase in phytanoyl-CoA hydroxylase activity was observed within 2 h, indicating a quick cell response. No stimulation of phytanoyl-CoA hydroxylase was observed when COS-1 cells were grown in the presence of clofibric acid, 9-cis-retinoic acid or both ligands together. This indicates that the activation of phytanoyl-CoA hydroxylase is not regulated via PPARalpha or RXR. However, stimulation of PPARalpha and all RXRs by clofibric acid and 9-cis-retinoic acid was observed in transient transfection assays. These results suggest that the induction of phytanoyl-CoA hydroxylase by phytanic acid does not proceed via one of the nuclear hormone receptors, RXR or PPARalpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- A W Zomer
- Hubrecht Laboratory, Netherlands Institute for Developmental Biology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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15
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Analysis of pristanic acid β-oxidation intermediates in plasma from healthy controls and patients affected with peroxisomal disorders by stable isotope dilution gas chromatography mass spectrometry. J Lipid Res 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)33365-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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16
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Verhoeven NM, Jakobs C, ten Brink HJ, Wanders RJ, Roe CR. Studies on the oxidation of phytanic acid and pristanic acid in human fibroblasts by acylcarnitine analysis. J Inherit Metab Dis 1998; 21:753-60. [PMID: 9819705 DOI: 10.1023/a:1005449200468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The alpha-oxidation of phytanic acid and the beta-oxidation of pristanitc acid were investigated in cultured fibroblasts from controls and patients affected with different peroxisomal disorders using deuterated substrates. Formation of [omega-2H6]4,8-dimethylnonanoylcarnitine ([omega-2H6]C11-carnitine) from [omega-2H6]phytanic acid and [omega-2H6]pristanic acid was used as marker for these processes. Analysis was performed by tandem mass spectrometry. In normal cells, formation of [omega-2H6]C11-carnitine from both [omega-2H6]phytanic acid and [omega-2H6]pristanic acid was observed. When peroxisome-deficient fibroblasts were incubated with these substrates, [omega-2H6]C11-carnitine was not detectable or, in two cases, very low, which results from deficiencies in both peroxisomal alpha- and beta-oxidation. In cells with an isolated beta-oxidation defect at the level of the peroxisomal bifunctional protein, formation of [omega-2H6]C11-carnitine could also not be detected. Cells with an isolated defect in the alpha-oxidation of phytanic acid, obtained from patients affected with Refsum disease (McKusick 266500) or rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata (McKusick 215100), did not form [omega-2H6]C11-carnitine from [omega-2H6]phytanic acid. The observed formation of [omega-2H6]C11-carnitine from [omega-2H6]pristanic acid in these cells is in accordance with a normal peroxisomal beta-oxidation in these disorders. This study shows that separate incubation of fibroblasts with [omega-2H6]phytanic acid and [omega-2H6]pristanic acid, followed by acylcarnitine analysis in the medium by tandem mass spectrometry, can be used for screening cell lines for deficiencies in the peroxisomal alpha- and beta-oxidation pathways. Phytanic acid (3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadecanoic acid) and pristanic acid (2,6,10,14-tetramethylpentadecanoic acid) are branched-chain fatty acids that are constituents of the human diet. As phytanic acid possesses a beta-methyl group, it cannot be degraded by beta-oxidation. Instead, phytanic acid is first degraded by alpha-oxidation, yielding pristanic acid, which is subsequently degraded by beta-oxidation (Figure 1). Phytanic acid alpha-oxidation is thought to occur partly, and pristanic acid beta-oxidation exclusively, in peroxisomes (see Wanders et al 1995 for review). Accumulation of phytanic acid and pristanic acid is found in blood and tissues of patients affected with generalized peroxisomal disorders. In this type of disorder, no morphologically distinguishable peroxisomes are present in tissues, resulting in accumulation of metabolites that are normally metabolized in these organelles (see Wanders et al 1995 for review). The group of generalized peroxisomal disorders consists of three diseases, differing in clinical presentation. Patients suffering from the most severe disease, Zellweger syndrome (McKusick 214100), have symptoms from birth on and usually do not live beyond their first year of life. Neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy (N-ALD, McKusick 202370) has a milder presentation, whereas infantile Refsum disease (IRD, McKusick 266510) is the mildest form among the generalized peroxisomal disorders. Not only in these generalized peroxisomal disorders, but also in some isolated peroxisomal beta-oxidation defects, elevated levels of phytanic acid and pristanic acid are found (ten Brink et al 1992a). The elevated phytanic acid levels are considered to be caused by product inhibition of alpha-oxidation by accumulating pristanic acid. This is reflected in a highly elevated pristanic acid to phytanic acid ratio in plasma from patients suffering from bifunctional protein deficiency or peroxisomal thiolase deficiency (ten Brink et al 1992a). Elevated phytanic acid concentrations are also found in plasma from patients affected with classical Refsum disease and rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata (RCDP). As pristanic acid beta-oxidation is not disturbed in these disorders, pristanic acid levels are normal (ten Brink et al 1992
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Affiliation(s)
- N M Verhoeven
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Free University Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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17
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Abstract
Peroxisomes were long believed to play only a minor role in cellular metabolism but it is now clear that they catalyze a number of important functions. The importance of peroxisomes in humans is stressed by the existence of a group of genetic diseases in man in which one or more peroxisomal functions are impaired. Most of the functions known to take place in peroxisomes have to do with lipids. Indeed, peroxisomes are capable of 1. fatty acid beta-oxidation 2. fatty acid alpha-oxidation 3. synthesis of cholesterol and other isoprenoids 4. ether-phospholipid synthesis and 5. biosynthesis of polyunsaturated fatty acids. In Chapters 2-6 we will discuss the functional organization and enzymology of these pathways in detail. Furthermore, attention is paid to the permeability properties of peroxisomes with special emphasis on recent studies which suggest that peroxisomes are closed structures containing specific membrane proteins for transport of metabolites. Finally, the disorders of peroxisomal lipid metabolism will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Wanders
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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18
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Christensen E, Pedersen SA, Leth H, Jakobs C, Schutgens RB, Wanders RJ. A new peroxisomal beta-oxidation disorder in twin neonates: defective oxidation of both cerotic and pristanic acids. J Inherit Metab Dis 1997; 20:658-64. [PMID: 9323560 DOI: 10.1023/a:1005318308422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Twin brothers were born with clinical symptoms indicating that they were suffering from Zellweger syndrome. However, instead of a generalized peroxisomal dysfunction, only very long-chain fatty acids and the pristanic acid/phytanic acid ratio were elevated in plasma and decreased oxidation of very long-chain fatty acids and pristanic acid was the only impairment found in fibroblasts. The other peroxisomal parameters tested were normal, including normal oxidation of phytanic acid and normal activity of dihydroxyacetonephosphate acyltransferase in fibroblasts as well as normal plasma bile acids. Although the biochemical results point to a defect in peroxisomal beta-oxidation, the isolated finding of impaired oxidation of very long-chain fatty acids and pristanic acid has to our knowledge not been reported previously and is difficult to explain by a deficiency of a known peroxisomal beta-oxidation enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Christensen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Juliane Marie Center, Rigshospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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19
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Verhoeven NM, Schor DS, ten Brink HJ, Wanders RJ, Jakobs C. Resolution of the phytanic acid alpha-oxidation pathway: identification of pristanal as product of the decarboxylation of 2-hydroxyphytanoyl-CoA. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1997; 237:33-6. [PMID: 9266824 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1997.7066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The structure and enzymology of the phytanic acid alpha-oxidation pathway have long remained an enigma. Recent studies have shown that phytanic acid first undergoes activation to its coenzyme A ester, followed by hydroxylation to 2-hydroxyphytanoyl-CoA. In this paper we have studied the mechanism of decarboxylation of 2-hydroxyphytanoyl-CoA in human liver. To this end, human liver homogenates were incubated with 2-hydroxyphytanoyl-CoA in the presence or absence of NAD+. Hereafter, the medium was analyzed for the presence of pristanal and pristanic acid by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Our results show that pristanal is formed from 2-hydroxyphytanoyl-CoA. Pristanal is subsequently oxidized to pristanic acid in a NAD+ dependent reaction. These results finally resolve the mechanism of the phytanic acid alpha-oxidation process in human liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- N M Verhoeven
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Free University Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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20
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Verhoeven NM, Schor DS, Jansen GA, Kok RM, ten Brink HJ, Wanders RJ, Jakobs C. Formation of 2,3-pristenic acid and 3-hydroxypristanic acid from pristanic acid in human liver. J Inherit Metab Dis 1997; 20:441-3. [PMID: 9266376 DOI: 10.1023/a:1005375222568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- N M Verhoeven
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Free University Hospital Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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21
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Jansen GA, Mihalik SJ, Watkins PA, Moser HW, Jakobs C, Heijmans HS, Wanders RJ. Phytanoyl-CoA hydroxylase is not only deficient in classical Refsum disease but also in rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata. J Inherit Metab Dis 1997; 20:444-6. [PMID: 9266377 DOI: 10.1023/a:1005379406639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G A Jansen
- University of Amsterdam, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, The Netherlands
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22
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Watkins PA, McGuinness MC, Raymond GV, Hicks BA, Sisk JM, Moser AB, Moser HW. Distinction between peroxisomal bifunctional enzyme and acyl-CoA oxidase deficiencies. Ann Neurol 1995; 38:472-7. [PMID: 7668838 DOI: 10.1002/ana.410380322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The clinical distinction between patients with a disorder of peroxisome assembly (e.g., Zellweger syndrome) and those with a defect in a peroxisomal fatty acid beta-oxidation enzyme can be difficult. We studied 29 patients suspected of belonging to the latter group. Using complementation analysis, 24 were found to be deficient in enoylcoenzyme A hydratase/3-hydroxyacylcoenzyme A dehydrogenase bifunctional enzyme and 5 were deficient in acyl-CoA oxidase. Elevated plasma very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFA), impaired fibroblast VLCFA beta-oxidation, decreased fibroblast phytanic acid oxidation, normal plasmalogen synthesis, normal plasma L-pipecolic acid level, and normal subcellular catalase distribution were characteristic findings in both disorders. The elevation in plasma VLCFA levels and impairment in fibroblast VLCFA beta-oxidation were more severe in bifunctional-deficient than in oxidase-deficient patients. The clinical course in bifunctional deficiency (profound hypotonia, neonatal seizures, dysmorphic features, age at death approximately 9 months) was more severe than in oxidase deficiency (moderate hypotonia without dysmorphic features, development of a leukodystrophy, age at death approximately 4 yr). Based on these findings, accurate early diagnosis of these deficiencies of peroxisomal beta-oxidation enzymes is possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Watkins
- Kennedy Krieger Research Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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23
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Huang S, Van Veldhoven PP, Asselberghs S, Eyssen HJ, de Hoffmann E, Mannaerts GP. Comparison of fatty acid alpha-oxidation by rat hepatocytes and by liver microsomes fortified with NADPH, Fe3+ and phosphate. Lipids 1994; 29:671-8. [PMID: 7861933 DOI: 10.1007/bf02538910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Rat liver microsomes, when fortified with NADPH, Fe3+ and phosphate, can catalyze the oxidative decarboxylation (alpha-oxidation) of 3-methyl-substituted fatty acids (phytanic and 3-methylheptadecanoic acids) at rates that equal 60-70% of those observed in isolated hepatocytes (Huang, S., Van Veldhoven, P.P., Vanhoutte, F., Parmentier, G., Eyssen, H.J., and Mannaerts, G.P., 1992, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 296, 214-223). In the present study we set out to identify and compare the products and possible intermediates of alpha-oxidation formed in rat hepatocytes and by rat liver microsomes. In the presence of NADPH, Fe3+ and phosphate, microsomes decarboxylated not only 3-methyl fatty acids but also 2-methyl fatty acids and even straight chain fatty acids. The decarboxylation products of 3-methylheptadecanoic and palmitic acids were purified by high-performance liquid chromatography and identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry as 2-methylhexadecanoic and pentadecanoic acids, respectively. Inclusion in the incubation mixtures of glutathione plus glutathione peroxidase inhibited decarboxylation by more than 90%, suggesting that a 2-hydroperoxy fatty acid is formed as a possible intermediate. However, we have not yet been able to unequivocally identify this intermediate. Instead, several possible rearrangement metabolites were identified. In isolated rat hepatocytes incubated with 3-methylheptadecanoic acid, the formation of the decarboxylation product, 2-methylhexadecanoic acid, was demonstrated, but no accumulation of putative intermediates or rearrangement products was observed. Our data do not allow us to draw conclusions on whether the reconstituted microsomal system is representative of the cellular alpha-oxidation system.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- S Huang
- Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Afdeling Farmacologie, Belgium
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24
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Peroxisomal beta-oxidation of branched chain fatty acids in rat liver. Evidence that carnitine palmitoyltransferase I prevents transport of branched chain fatty acids into mitochondria. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)36911-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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25
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ten Brink HJ, Wanders RJ, Christensen E, Brandt NJ, Jakobs C. Heterogeneity in di/trihydroxycholestanoic acidaemia. Ann Clin Biochem 1994; 31 ( Pt 2):195-7. [PMID: 8060102 DOI: 10.1177/000456329403100217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H J ten Brink
- Department of Pediatrics, Free University Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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26
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Christensen E, Brandt NJ, Rosenberg T, Bömers K, Jakobs C. The segregation of glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency and Refsum syndrome in a family. J Inherit Metab Dis 1994; 17:287-90. [PMID: 7528828 DOI: 10.1007/bf00711809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E Christensen
- University Department of Paediatrics, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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27
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Espeel M, Heikoop JC, Smeitink JA, Beemer FA, De Craemer D, Van den Berg M, Hashimoto T, Wanders RJ, Schutgens RB, Poll-The BT. Cytoplasmic catalase and ghostlike peroxisomes in the liver from a child with atypical chondrodysplasia punctata. Ultrastruct Pathol 1993; 17:623-36. [PMID: 8122328 DOI: 10.3109/01913129309027798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In the liver biopsy from an 8.5-year-old girl with the biochemical characteristics of rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata (RCDP), but with normal limbs, normal catalase-containing peroxisomes were absent. Light microscopy after diaminobenzidine staining for catalase activity (the peroxisomal marker enzyme) and immunostaining against catalase protein indicated a cytosolic localization of the enzyme. By electron microscopy, rare and extremely large, irregularly shaped vesicles were found in the parenchymal cells. The three peroxisomal beta-oxidation enzymes (acyl-CoA oxidase, bi(tri)functional enzyme, and 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase) and alanine-glyoxylate aminotransferase were immunolocalized in these organelles. However, a weak to negative label was obtained after staining against catalase. Diaminobenzidine staining demonstrated a minimal catalase reaction product in some vesicles only. Morphometry revealed a corrected mean d-circle of 1.44 microns and a maximum d-circle of 2.767 microns (controls: 0.635 microns and 1.027 microns, respectively). Numerical, volume, and surface densities were reduced to 3%, 41%, and 17% of control values, respectively. The large size, irregular shape, and rarity of the organelles are morphologic features of peroxisomal "ghosts." It seems that in this patient, apart from the known peroxisomal defects in RCDP, catalase incorporation into the peroxisomes is impaired together with a normal proliferation (division) of the organelles. In the cultured skin fibroblasts from the patient, however, immuno-electron microscopy showed normal catalase-containing peroxisomes in apparently normal numbers.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Espeel
- University of Ghent, Laboratory of Human Anatomy & Embryology, Ghent, Belgium
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28
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Abstract
This article summarizes our current knowledge of the metabolic pathways present in mammalian peroxisomes. Emphasis is placed on those aspects that are not covered by other articles in this issue: peroxisomal enzyme content and topology; the peroxisomal beta-oxidation system; substrates of peroxisomal beta-oxidation such as very-long-chain fatty acids, branched fatty acids, dicarboxylic fatty acids, prostaglandins and xenobiotics; the role of peroxisomes in the metabolism of purines, polyamines, amino acids, glyoxylate and reactive oxygen products such as hydrogen peroxide, superoxide anions and epoxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- G P Mannaerts
- Afdeling Farmacologie, Faculteit Geneeskunde, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium
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29
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ten Brink HJ, van den Heuvel CM, Poll-The BT, Wanders RJ, Jakobs C. Peroxisomal disorders: concentrations of metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid compared with plasma. J Inherit Metab Dis 1993; 16:587-90. [PMID: 7609459 DOI: 10.1007/bf00711689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H J ten Brink
- Department of Pediatrics, Free University Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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30
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Phytanic acid alpha-oxidation: accumulation of 2-hydroxyphytanic acid and absence of 2-oxophytanic acid in plasma from patients with peroxisomal disorders. J Lipid Res 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)41399-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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