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Chen Y, Han C, Chen H, Yan J, Zhan X. The mechanisms involved in byssogenesis in Pteria penguin under different temperatures. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 905:166894. [PMID: 37704154 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Byssus is important for marine bivalves to adhere robustly to diverse substrates and resist environmental impacts. The winged pearl oyster, Pteria penguin, can reattach or not reattach to the same environment, which leaves the development and survival of the oyster population at risk. In this study, diverse methods were employed to evaluate the byssus quality and explore the mechanism of byssus secretion at different temperatures. The results demonstrated that oysters maintained their byssus properties at different temperatures through polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) variation. They were both higher at 27 °C than at 21 °C. Furthermore, PPO activities of WB27 (31.78 U/g ± 1.50 U/g) were significantly higher than NB27, WB21, and NB21. Sectional observation revealed three types of vesicles, from which a novel vesicle might participate in byssogenesis as a putative metal storage particle. Moreover, cytoskeletal proteins may cooperate with cilia to transport byssal proteins, which then facilitate byssus formation under the regulation of upstream signals. Transcriptome analysis demonstrated that protein quality control, ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis, and cytoskeletal reorganization-related genes contributed to adaptation to temperature changes and byssus fabrication, and protection-related genes play a critical role in byssogenesis, byssus toughness, and durability. These results were utilized to create a byssogenesis mechanism model, to reveal the foot gland and vesicle types of P. penguin and provide new insights into adaptation to temperature changes and byssus fabrication in sessile bivalves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Chen
- School of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Changqing Han
- School of Marine Biology and Aquaculture, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Hengda Chen
- School of Marine Biology and Aquaculture, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Jie Yan
- School of Marine Biology and Aquaculture, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Xin Zhan
- School of Marine Biology and Aquaculture, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
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2
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Miserez A, Yu J, Mohammadi P. Protein-Based Biological Materials: Molecular Design and Artificial Production. Chem Rev 2023; 123:2049-2111. [PMID: 36692900 PMCID: PMC9999432 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Polymeric materials produced from fossil fuels have been intimately linked to the development of industrial activities in the 20th century and, consequently, to the transformation of our way of living. While this has brought many benefits, the fabrication and disposal of these materials is bringing enormous sustainable challenges. Thus, materials that are produced in a more sustainable fashion and whose degradation products are harmless to the environment are urgently needed. Natural biopolymers─which can compete with and sometimes surpass the performance of synthetic polymers─provide a great source of inspiration. They are made of natural chemicals, under benign environmental conditions, and their degradation products are harmless. Before these materials can be synthetically replicated, it is essential to elucidate their chemical design and biofabrication. For protein-based materials, this means obtaining the complete sequences of the proteinaceous building blocks, a task that historically took decades of research. Thus, we start this review with a historical perspective on early efforts to obtain the primary sequences of load-bearing proteins, followed by the latest developments in sequencing and proteomic technologies that have greatly accelerated sequencing of extracellular proteins. Next, four main classes of protein materials are presented, namely fibrous materials, bioelastomers exhibiting high reversible deformability, hard bulk materials, and biological adhesives. In each class, we focus on the design at the primary and secondary structure levels and discuss their interplays with the mechanical response. We finally discuss earlier and the latest research to artificially produce protein-based materials using biotechnology and synthetic biology, including current developments by start-up companies to scale-up the production of proteinaceous materials in an economically viable manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Miserez
- Center for Sustainable Materials (SusMat), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore637553.,School of Biological Sciences, NTU, Singapore637551
| | - Jing Yu
- Center for Sustainable Materials (SusMat), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore637553.,Institute for Digital Molecular Analytics and Science (IDMxS), NTU, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore637553
| | - Pezhman Mohammadi
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Espoo, UusimaaFI-02044, Finland
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3
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Rising A, Harrington MJ. Biological Materials Processing: Time-Tested Tricks for Sustainable Fiber Fabrication. Chem Rev 2023; 123:2155-2199. [PMID: 36508546 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
There is an urgent need to improve the sustainability of the materials we produce and use. Here, we explore what humans can learn from nature about how to sustainably fabricate polymeric fibers with excellent material properties by reviewing the physical and chemical aspects of materials processing distilled from diverse model systems, including spider silk, mussel byssus, velvet worm slime, hagfish slime, and mistletoe viscin. We identify common and divergent strategies, highlighting the potential for bioinspired design and technology transfer. Despite the diversity of the biopolymeric fibers surveyed, we identify several common strategies across multiple systems, including: (1) use of stimuli-responsive biomolecular building blocks, (2) use of concentrated fluid precursor phases (e.g., coacervates and liquid crystals) stored under controlled chemical conditions, and (3) use of chemical (pH, salt concentration, redox chemistry) and physical (mechanical shear, extensional flow) stimuli to trigger the transition from fluid precursor to solid material. Importantly, because these materials largely form and function outside of the body of the organisms, these principles can more easily be transferred for bioinspired design in synthetic systems. We end the review by discussing ongoing efforts and challenges to mimic biological model systems, with a particular focus on artificial spider silks and mussel-inspired materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Rising
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge 141 52, Sweden.,Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala 750 07, Sweden
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4
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Youssef L, Renner-Rao M, Eren ED, Jehle F, Harrington MJ. Fabrication of Tunable Mechanical Gradients by Mussels via Bottom-Up Self-Assembly of Collagenous Precursors. ACS NANO 2023; 17:2294-2305. [PMID: 36657382 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c08801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Functionally graded interfaces are prominent in biological tissues and are used to mitigate stress concentrations at junctions between mechanically dissimilar components. Biological mechanical gradients serve as important role models for bioinspired design in technically and biomedically relevant applications. However, this necessitates elucidating exactly how natural gradients mitigate mechanical mismatch and how such gradients are fabricated. Here, we applied a cross-disciplinary experimental approach to understand structure, function, and formation of mechanical gradients in byssal threads─collagen-based fibers used by marine mussels to anchor on hard surfaces. The proximal end of threads is approximately 50-fold less stiff and twice as extensible as the distal end. However, the hierarchical structure of the distal-proximal junction is still not fully elucidated, and it is unclear how it is formed. Using tensile testing coupled with video extensometry, confocal Raman spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy on native threads, we identified a continuous graded transition in mechanics, composition, and nanofibrillar morphology, which extends several hundreds of microns and which can vary significantly between individual threads. Furthermore, we performed in vitro fiber assembly experiments using purified secretory vesicles from the proximal and distal regions of the secretory glands (which contain different precursor proteins), revealing spontaneous self-assembly of distinctive distal- and proximal-like fiber morphologies. Aside from providing fundamental insights into the byssus structure, function, and fabrication, our findings reveal key design principles for bioinspired design of functionally graded polymeric materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Youssef
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Max Renner-Rao
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Egemen Deniz Eren
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Franziska Jehle
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Matthew J Harrington
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
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5
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Yu Y, Lv B, Wu J, Chen W. Mussel-Based Biomimetic Strategies in Musculoskeletal Disorder Treatment: From Synthesis Principles to Diverse Applications. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:455-472. [PMID: 36718191 PMCID: PMC9884062 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s386635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Musculoskeletal disorders are the second leading cause of disability worldwide, posing a huge global burden to the public sanitation system. Currently, tissue engineering-based approaches act as effective strategies, which are, however, challenging in limited application scenarios. Mussel-based biomimetic materials, exhibit numerous unique properties such as intense adhesion, biocompatibility, moisture resistance, and injectability, to name only a few, and have attracted extensive research interest. In particular, featuring state-of-the-art properties, mussel-inspired biomaterials have been widely explored in innumerable musculoskeletal disorder treatments including osteochondral defects, osteosarcoma, osteoarthritis, ligament rupture, and osteoporosis. Nevertheless, a comprehensive and timely discussion of their applications in musculoskeletal disorders is insufficient. In this review, we emphasize on (1) the main categories and characteristics of mussel foot proteins and their fundamental mechanisms for the spectacular adhesion in mussels; (2) the diverse synthetic methods and modification of various polymers; and (3) the emerging applications of mussel-biomimetic materials, the future perspectives, and challenges, especially in the area of musculoskeletal disorder. We envision that this review will provide a unique and insightful perspective to improve the development of a new generation of mussel biomimetic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajie Yu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China,Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People’s Republic of China,Hubei Key Laboratory for Drug Target Researches and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bin Lv
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Juntao Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People’s Republic of China,Hubei Key Laboratory for Drug Target Researches and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People’s Republic of China,Correspondence: Wei Chen, Email
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6
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Immunohistochemical Detection of Various Proteoglycans in the Extracellular Matrix of Zebra Mussels. FISHES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fishes7020074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Mussels have been used as animal models for studying ecotoxicology, biomineralization, and bio-adhesion for many years. Despite a wealth of studies on their shell matrix and byssus proteins, few studies have focused on the extracellular matrix molecules in mussel soft tissues. Extracellular matrix molecules may play important roles in biomineralization, immune reaction, and tissue homeostasis. In the present study, extracellular matrix and mineralization-related molecules in zebra mussel soft tissue were immunolocalized using well-characterized monoclonal antibodies. Our results demonstrate specific immunolocalization for collagen IV, fibronectin, and keratan sulfate in hemocytes; collagen IV in peripheral nerves; and aggrecan, link protein, and collagen XVIII in foot tissue. Laminin, decorin, and osteonectin were also broadly immunolocalized in mussel soft tissues. The distributions of these extracellular matrix molecules in mussel tissues are in line with the cell-mediated shell mineralization hypothesis, providing evidence for the molecules involved in the peripheral nervous system and byssus formation, and explaining the conservation of extracellular matrix molecules during evolution. These results further contribute to establishing zebra mussels as an attractive animal model in biomedical research.
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Whaite A, Klein A, Mitu S, Wang T, Elizur A, Cummins S. The byssal-producing glands and proteins of the silverlip pearl oyster Pinctada maxima (Jameson, 1901). BIOFOULING 2022; 38:186-206. [PMID: 35282730 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2022.2049256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Pinctada maxima are most well known for their production of high-quality natural pearls. They also generate another natural material, the byssus, an adhesive thread critical for steadfast attachment underwater. Herein, P. maxima byssal threads were analysed via proteotranscriptomics to reveal 49 proteins. Further characterisation was undertaken on five highly expressed genes: glycine-rich thread protein (GRT; also known as PUF3), apfp1/perlucin-like protein (Pmfp1); peroxidase; thrombospondin 1, and Balbiani ring 3 (BR3), which showed localised tissue expression. The spatial distribution of GRT and Pmfp1 via immunodetection combined with histology helped to identify glandular regions of the foot that contribute to byssal thread production: the byssal gland, the duct gland, and two thread-forming glands of basophilic and acidophilic serous-like cells. This work advanced primary knowledge on the glands involved in the creation of byssal threads and the protein composition of the byssus for P. maxima, providing a platform for the design of marine biopolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Whaite
- Genecology Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, Queensland, Australia
- School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, Queensland, Australia
| | - Anne Klein
- Genecology Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, Queensland, Australia
- School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, Queensland, Australia
| | - Shahida Mitu
- Genecology Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, Queensland, Australia
- School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, Queensland, Australia
| | - Tianfang Wang
- Genecology Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, Queensland, Australia
- School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, Queensland, Australia
| | - Abigail Elizur
- Genecology Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, Queensland, Australia
| | - Scott Cummins
- Genecology Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, Queensland, Australia
- School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, Queensland, Australia
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8
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Waite JH, Harrington MJ. Following the thread: Mytilus mussel byssus as an inspired multi-functional biomaterial. CAN J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2021-0191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Over the last 15 years, the byssus of marine mussels (Mytilus spp.) has emerged as an important model system for the bio-inspired development and synthesis of advanced polymers and adhesives. But how did these seemingly inconsequential fibers that are routinely discarded in mussel hors d’oeuvres become the focus of intense international research. In the present review, we take a historical perspective to understand this phenomenon. Our purpose is not to review the sizeable literature of mussel-inspired materials, as there are numerous excellent reviews that cover this topic in great depth. Instead, we explore how the byssus became a magnet for bio-inspired materials science, with a focus on the specific breakthroughs in the understanding of composition, structure, function, and formation of the byssus achieved through fundamental scientific investigation. Extracted principles have led to bio-inspired design of novel materials with both biomedical and technical applications, including surgical adhesives, self-healing polymers, tunable hydrogels, and even actuated composites. Continued study into the byssus of Mytilid mussels and other species will provide a rich source of inspiration for years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Herbert Waite
- Marine Sciences Institute, Lagoon Road, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Matthew J. Harrington
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H3A 0B8, Canada
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Amstad E, Harrington MJ. From vesicles to materials: bioinspired strategies for fabricating hierarchically structured soft matter. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2021; 379:20200338. [PMID: 34334030 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2020.0338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Certain organisms including species of mollusks, polychaetes, onychophorans and arthropods produce exceptional polymeric materials outside their bodies under ambient conditions using concentrated fluid protein precursors. While much is understood about the structure-function relationships that define the properties of such materials, comparatively less is understood about how such materials are fabricated and specifically, how their defining hierarchical structures are achieved via bottom-up assembly. Yet this information holds great potential for inspiring sustainable manufacture of advanced polymeric materials with controlled multi-scale structure. In the present perspective, we first examine recent work elucidating the formation of the tough adhesive fibres of the mussel byssus via secretion of vesicles filled with condensed liquid protein phases (coacervates and liquid crystals)-highlighting which design principles are relevant for bio-inspiration. In the second part of the perspective, we examine the potential of recent advances in drops and additive manufacturing as a bioinspired platform for mimicking such processes to produce hierarchically structured materials. This article is part of the theme issue 'Bio-derived and bioinspired sustainable advanced materials for emerging technologies (part 1)'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Amstad
- Soft Materials Laboratory, Institute of Materials, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Matthew J Harrington
- Dept. of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 0B8
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10
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Jehle F, Priemel T, Strauss M, Fratzl P, Bertinetti L, Harrington MJ. Collagen Pentablock Copolymers Form Smectic Liquid Crystals as Precursors for Mussel Byssus Fabrication. ACS NANO 2021; 15:6829-6838. [PMID: 33793207 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c10457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Protein-based biological materials are important role models for the design and fabrication of next generation advanced polymers. Marine mussels (Mytilus spp.) fabricate hierarchically structured collagenous fibers known as byssal threads via bottom-up supramolecular assembly of fluid protein precursors. The high degree of structural organization in byssal threads is intimately linked to their exceptional toughness and self-healing capacity. Here, we investigated the hypothesis that multidomain collagen precursor proteins, known as preCols, are stored in secretory vesicles as a colloidal liquid crystal (LC) phase prior to thread self-assembly. Using advanced electron microscopy methods, including scanning TEM and FIB-SEM, we visualized the detailed smectic preCol LC nanostructure in 3D, including various LC defects, confirming this hypothesis and providing quantitative insights into the mesophase structure. In light of these findings, we performed an in-depth comparative analysis of preCol protein sequences from multiple Mytilid species revealing that the smectic organization arises from an evolutionarily conserved ABCBA pentablock copolymer-like primary structure based on demarcations in hydropathy and charge distribution as well as terminal pH-responsive domains that trigger fiber formation. These distilled supramolecular assembly principles provide inspiration and strategies for sustainable assembly of nanostructured polymeric materials for potential applications in engineering and biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Jehle
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Biomaterials, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Tobias Priemel
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Mike Strauss
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, 3640 University Street, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C7, Canada
| | - Peter Fratzl
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Biomaterials, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Luca Bertinetti
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Biomaterials, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- BCUBE Center for Molecular Bioengineering, TU Dresden, Tatzberg 41, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Matthew J Harrington
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Biomaterials, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
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Bernstein JH, Filippidi E, Herbert Waite J, Valentine MT. Effects of sea water pH on marine mussel plaque maturation. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:9339-9346. [PMID: 32936183 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm01237h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Marine mussel plaques are an exceptional model for wet adhesives. Despite advances in understanding their protein composition and strategies for molecular bonding, the process by which these soluble proteins are rapidly processed into load-bearing structures remains poorly understood. Here, we examine the effects of seawater pH on the time evolution of the internal microstructures in plaques harvested from Mytilus californianus. Experimentally, plaques deposited by mussels on glass and acrylic surfaces were collected immediately after foot retraction without plaque separation from the surface, placed into pH-adjusted artificial seawater for varying times, and characterized using scanning electron microscopy and tensile testing. We found a pH dependent transition from a liquid-like state to a porous solid within 30 min for pH ≥ 6.7; these plaques are load-bearing. By contrast, samples maintained at pH 3.0 showed no porosity and no measurable strength. Interestingly, we found cuticle development within 15 min regardless of pH, suggesting that cuticle formation occurs prior to pore assembly. Our results suggest that sea water infusion after deposition by and disengagement of the foot is critical to the rapid formation of internal structures, which in turn plays an important role in the plaques' mechanical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin H Bernstein
- College of Creative Studies, University of California - Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Emmanouela Filippidi
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California - Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA. and Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California - Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - J Herbert Waite
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California - Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA and Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California - Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Megan T Valentine
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California - Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA. and Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California - Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
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12
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Renner-Rao M, Clark M, Harrington MJ. Fiber Formation from Liquid Crystalline Collagen Vesicles Isolated from Mussels. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:15992-16001. [PMID: 31424225 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b01932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Marine mussels (Mytilus edulis) fabricate byssal threads, high-performance biopolymeric fibers, which exhibit exceptional toughness and self-healing capacity. These properties are associated with collagenous proteins in the fibrous thread core known as preCols that self-organize into a hierarchical semicrystalline structure. Threads assemble individually in a bottom-up process lasting just minutes via secretion of membrane bound vesicles filled with preCols. However, very little is understood about the details and dynamics of this assembly process. Here, we explore the hypothesis that preCols are stored within the vesicles in a liquid crystalline phase, which contributes to fiber assembly by preordering molecules. To achieve this, a protocol was developed for extracting and isolating intact preCol secretory vesicles in high yield and purity. Vesicles were characterized and were manipulated in vitro, clearly indicating the dynamic liquid crystalline nature of the proteins within. Moreover, mechanical shearing of vesicles led to formation of highly birefringent preCol fibers. These findings have relevance for efforts toward sustainable production of advanced polymeric materials, and possibly for engineering biomedical scaffolds based on collagenous proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Renner-Rao
- Department of Chemistry , McGill University , 801 Sherbrooke Street West , Montreal , Quebec H3A 0B8 , Canada
| | - Madelyn Clark
- Department of Chemistry , McGill University , 801 Sherbrooke Street West , Montreal , Quebec H3A 0B8 , Canada
| | - Matthew J Harrington
- Department of Chemistry , McGill University , 801 Sherbrooke Street West , Montreal , Quebec H3A 0B8 , Canada
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13
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Trapaidze A, D'Antuono M, Fratzl P, Harrington MJ. Exploring mussel byssus fabrication with peptide-polymer hybrids: Role of pH and metal coordination in self-assembly and mechanics of histidine-rich domains. Eur Polym J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2018.09.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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14
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Harrington MJ, Jehle F, Priemel T. Mussel Byssus Structure‐Function and Fabrication as Inspiration for Biotechnological Production of Advanced Materials. Biotechnol J 2018; 13:e1800133. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201800133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Harrington
- Department of BiomaterialsMax Planck Institute of Colloids and InterfacesPotsdam14424Germany
- Department of ChemistryMcGill University801 Sherbrooke Street WestMontreal H3A 0B8QuebecCanada
| | - Franziska Jehle
- Department of BiomaterialsMax Planck Institute of Colloids and InterfacesPotsdam14424Germany
| | - Tobias Priemel
- Department of ChemistryMcGill University801 Sherbrooke Street WestMontreal H3A 0B8QuebecCanada
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Wang J, Scheibel T. Recombinant Production of Mussel Byssus Inspired Proteins. Biotechnol J 2018; 13:e1800146. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201800146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Wang
- Lehrstuhl BiomaterialienUniversität BayreuthUniversitätsstraße 3095440BayreuthGermany
| | - Thomas Scheibel
- Lehrstuhl BiomaterialienUniversität BayreuthUniversitätsstraße 3095440BayreuthGermany
- Forschungszentrum für Bio‐Makromoleküle (BIOmac)Universität BayreuthBayreuthGermany
- Bayreuther Zentrum für Kolloide und Grenzflächen (BZKG)Universität BayreuthBayreuthGermany
- Bayreuther Materialzentrum (BayMat)Universität BayreuthBayreuthGermany
- Bayreuther Zentrum für Molekulare Biowissenschaften (BZMB)Universität BayreuthBayreuthGermany
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16
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17
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DeMartini DG, Errico JM, Sjoestroem S, Fenster A, Waite JH. A cohort of new adhesive proteins identified from transcriptomic analysis of mussel foot glands. J R Soc Interface 2018; 14:rsif.2017.0151. [PMID: 28592662 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2017.0151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The adaptive attachment of marine mussels to a wide range of substrates in a high-energy, saline environment has been explored for decades and is a significant driver of bioinspired wet adhesion research. Mussel attachment relies on a fibrous holdfast known as the byssus, which is made by a specialized appendage called the foot. Multiple adhesive and structural proteins are rapidly synthesized, secreted and moulded by the foot into holdfast threads. About 10 well-characterized proteins, namely the mussel foot proteins (Mfps), the preCols and the thread matrix proteins, are reported as representing the bulk of these structures. To explore how robust this proposition is, we sequenced the transcriptome of the glandular tissues that produce and secrete the various holdfast components using next-generation sequencing methods. Surprisingly, we found around 15 highly expressed genes that have not previously been characterized, but bear key similarities to the previously defined mussel foot proteins, suggesting additional contribution to byssal function. We verified the validity of these transcripts by polymerase chain reaction, cloning and Sanger sequencing as well as confirming their presence as proteins in the byssus. These newly identified proteins greatly expand the palette of mussel holdfast biochemistry and provide new targets for investigation into bioinspired wet adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G DeMartini
- Marine Science Institute, University of California-Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-6150, USA
| | - John M Errico
- Marine Science Institute, University of California-Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-6150, USA
| | - Sebastian Sjoestroem
- Marine Science Institute, University of California-Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-6150, USA
| | - April Fenster
- Marine Science Institute, University of California-Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-6150, USA
| | - J Herbert Waite
- Marine Science Institute, University of California-Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-6150, USA
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Priemel T, Degtyar E, Dean MN, Harrington MJ. Rapid self-assembly of complex biomolecular architectures during mussel byssus biofabrication. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14539. [PMID: 28262668 PMCID: PMC5343498 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein-based biogenic materials provide important inspiration for the development of high-performance polymers. The fibrous mussel byssus, for instance, exhibits exceptional wet adhesion, abrasion resistance, toughness and self-healing capacity–properties that arise from an intricate hierarchical organization formed in minutes from a fluid secretion of over 10 different protein precursors. However, a poor understanding of this dynamic biofabrication process has hindered effective translation of byssus design principles into synthetic materials. Here, we explore mussel byssus assembly in Mytilus edulis using a synergistic combination of histological staining and confocal Raman microspectroscopy, enabling in situ tracking of specific proteins during induced thread formation from soluble precursors to solid fibres. Our findings reveal critical insights into this complex biological manufacturing process, showing that protein precursors spontaneously self-assemble into complex architectures, while maturation proceeds in subsequent regulated steps. Beyond their biological importance, these findings may guide development of advanced materials with biomedical and industrial relevance. Mussels attach to rocks using a byssus, which possesses unique properties of adhesion, toughness and self-healing. Here, the authors explore the fabrication process of mussel byssus demonstrating the self-assembly of specific proteins into multi-scale organized structures using artificially induced byssus threads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Priemel
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Research Campus Golm, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Elena Degtyar
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Research Campus Golm, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Mason N Dean
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Research Campus Golm, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Matthew J Harrington
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Research Campus Golm, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
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Abstract
Robust adhesion to wet, salt-encrusted, corroded and slimy surfaces has been an essential adaptation in the life histories of sessile marine organisms for hundreds of millions of years, but it remains a major impasse for technology. Mussel adhesion has served as one of many model systems providing a fundamental understanding of what is required for attachment to wet surfaces. Most polymer engineers have focused on the use of 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl-l-alanine (Dopa), a peculiar but abundant catecholic amino acid in mussel adhesive proteins. The premise of this Review is that although Dopa does have the potential for diverse cohesive and adhesive interactions, these will be difficult to achieve in synthetic homologs without a deeper knowledge of mussel biology; that is, how, at different length and time scales, mussels regulate the reactivity of their adhesive proteins. To deposit adhesive proteins onto target surfaces, the mussel foot creates an insulated reaction chamber with extreme reaction conditions such as low pH, low ionic strength and high reducing poise. These conditions enable adhesive proteins to undergo controlled fluid-fluid phase separation, surface adsorption and spreading, microstructure formation and, finally, solidification.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Herbert Waite
- Marine Sciences Institute, University of California-Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
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Degtyar E, Harrington MJ, Politi Y, Fratzl P. Die Bedeutung von Metallionen für die mechanischen Eigenschaften von Biomaterialien auf Proteinbasis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201404272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Degtyar E, Harrington MJ, Politi Y, Fratzl P. The Mechanical Role of Metal Ions in Biogenic Protein-Based Materials. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:12026-44. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201404272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Carrington E, Waite JH, Sarà G, Sebens KP. Mussels as a model system for integrative ecomechanics. ANNUAL REVIEW OF MARINE SCIENCE 2014; 7:443-469. [PMID: 25195867 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-marine-010213-135049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Mussels form dense aggregations that dominate temperate rocky shores, and they are key aquaculture species worldwide. Coastal environments are dynamic across a broad range of spatial and temporal scales, and their changing abiotic conditions affect mussel populations in a variety of ways, including altering their investments in structures, physiological processes, growth, and reproduction. Here, we describe four categories of ecomechanical models (biochemical, mechanical, energetic, and population) that we have developed to describe specific aspects of mussel biology, ranging from byssal attachment to energetics, population growth, and fitness. This review highlights how recent advances in these mechanistic models now allow us to link them together across molecular, material, organismal, and population scales of organization. This integrated ecomechanical approach provides explicit and sometimes novel predictions about how natural and farmed mussel populations will fare in changing climatic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Carrington
- Department of Biology and Friday Harbor Laboratories, University of Washington, Friday Harbor, Washington 98250; ,
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23
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Hagenau A, Suhre MH, Scheibel TR. Nature as a blueprint for polymer material concepts: Protein fiber-reinforced composites as holdfasts of mussels. Prog Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2014.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Schmidt S, Reinecke A, Wojcik F, Pussak D, Hartmann L, Harrington MJ. Metal-Mediated Molecular Self-Healing in Histidine-Rich Mussel Peptides. Biomacromolecules 2014; 15:1644-52. [DOI: 10.1021/bm500017u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Schmidt
- Departments of ‡Biomaterials and §Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Antje Reinecke
- Departments of ‡Biomaterials and §Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Felix Wojcik
- Departments of ‡Biomaterials and §Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Daniel Pussak
- Departments of ‡Biomaterials and §Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Laura Hartmann
- Departments of ‡Biomaterials and §Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Matthew James Harrington
- Departments of ‡Biomaterials and §Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
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Krauss S, Metzger TH, Fratzl P, Harrington MJ. Self-Repair of a Biological Fiber Guided by an Ordered Elastic Framework. Biomacromolecules 2013; 14:1520-8. [DOI: 10.1021/bm4001712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Krauss
- Department
of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Till Hartmut Metzger
- Department
of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Peter Fratzl
- Department
of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Matthew James Harrington
- Department
of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
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Sagert J, Waite JH. Hyperunstable matrix proteins in the byssus of Mytilus galloprovincialis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 212:2224-36. [PMID: 19561212 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.029686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The marine mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis is tethered to rocks in the intertidal zone by a holdfast known as the byssus. Functioning as a shock absorber, the byssus is composed of threads, the primary molecular components of which are collagen-containing proteins (preCOLs) that largely dictate the higher order self-assembly and mechanical properties of byssal threads. The threads contain additional matrix components that separate and perhaps lubricate the collagenous microfibrils during deformation in tension. In this study, the thread matrix proteins (TMPs), a glycine-, tyrosine- and asparagine-rich protein family, were shown to possess unique repeated sequence motifs, significant transcriptional heterogeneity and were distributed throughout the byssal thread. Deamidation was shown to occur at a significant rate in a recombinant TMP and in the byssal thread as a function of time. Furthermore, charge heterogeneity presumably due to deamidation was observed in TMPs extracted from threads. The TMPs were localized to the preCOL-containing secretory granules in the collagen gland of the foot and are assumed to provide a viscoelastic matrix around the collagenous fibers in byssal threads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Sagert
- Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
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Harrington MJ, Waite JH. pH-Dependent Locking of Giant Mesogens in Fibers Drawn from Mussel Byssal Collagens. Biomacromolecules 2008; 9:1480-6. [DOI: 10.1021/bm8000827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Harrington
- Dept. of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California at Santa Barbara (UCSB), Santa Barbara, California 93106
| | - J. Herbert Waite
- Dept. of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California at Santa Barbara (UCSB), Santa Barbara, California 93106
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Waite JH, Lichtenegger HC, Stucky GD, Hansma P. Exploring molecular and mechanical gradients in structural bioscaffolds. Biochemistry 2004; 43:7653-62. [PMID: 15196007 PMCID: PMC1839050 DOI: 10.1021/bi049380h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Most organisms consist of a functionally adaptive assemblage of hard and soft tissues. Despite the obvious advantages of reinforcing soft protoplasm with a hard scaffold, such composites can lead to tremendous mechanical stresses where the two meet. Although little is known about how nature relieves these stresses, it is generally agreed that fundamental insights about molecular adaptation at hard/soft interfaces could profoundly influence how we think about biomaterials. Based on two noncellular tissues, mussel byssus and polychaete jaws, recent studies suggest that one natural strategy to minimize interfacial stresses between adjoining stiff and soft tissue appears to be the creation of a "fuzzy" boundary, which avoids abrupt changes in mechanical properties. Instead there is a gradual mechanical change that accompanies the transcendence from stiff to soft and vice versa. In byssal threads, the biochemical medium for achieving such a gradual mechanical change involves the elegant use of collagen-based self-assembling block copolymers. There are three distinct diblock copolymer types in which one block is always collagenous, whereas the other can be either elastin-like (soft), amorphous polyglycine (intermediate), or silk-like (stiff). Gradients of these are made by an incrementally titrated expression of the three proteins in secretory cells the titration phenotype of which is linked to their location. Thus, reflecting exactly the composition of each thread, the distal cells secrete primarily the silk- and polyglycine-collagen diblocks, whereas the proximal cells secrete the elastin- and polyglycine-collagen diblocks. Those cells in between exhibit gradations of collagens with silk or elastin blocks. Spontaneous self-assembly appears to be by pH triggered metal binding by histidine (HIS)-rich sequences at both the amino and carboxy termini of the diblocks. In the polychaete jaws, HIS-rich sequences are expanded into a major block domain. Histidine predominates at over 20 mol % near the distal tip and diminishes to about 5 mol % near the proximal base. The abundance of histidine is directly correlated to transition metal content (Zn or Cu) as well as hardness determined by nanoindentation. EXAFS analyses of the jaws indicate that transition metals such as Zn are directly bound to histidine ligands and may serve as cross-linkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Herbert Waite
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara 93106, USA.
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29
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Waite JH. The formation of mussel byssus: anatomy of a natural manufacturing process. Results Probl Cell Differ 1992; 19:27-54. [PMID: 1289996 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-47207-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J H Waite
- College of Marine Studies, University of Delaware, Lewes 19958
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Vitellaro-Zuccarello L, De Biasi S, Bairati A. The ultrastructure of the byssal apparatus of a mussel. V. Localization of collagenic and elastic components in the threads. Tissue Cell 1983; 15:547-54. [PMID: 6636119 DOI: 10.1016/0040-8166(83)90006-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Ultrastructural and cytochemical studies have been carried out on the proximal part of byssus threads (TPP) in an attempt to localize collagenic and elastic components. The results show that TPP autoclaving followed by hot alkali treatment causes the extraction of about two-thirds of hydroxyproline and the parallel removal of most of the matrix, leaving filaments unaffected. Moreover the results of the staining reactions signaletic for elastic tissues indicate that TPP filaments contain glycoproteins with a reactivity similar to that of many invertebrate elastic tissues. On the basis of these morphological findings, it seems reasonable to suggest that collagen may be located in TPP matrix, while filaments could be responsible for the elastic properties.
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33
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Vitarello Zuccarello L. Ultrastructural and cytochemical study on the enzyme gland of the foot of a mollusc. Tissue Cell 1981; 13:701-13. [PMID: 6800062 DOI: 10.1016/s0040-8166(81)80007-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The enzyme gland of the foot of the mussel Mytilus has been so far considered a gland producing and exporting a phenol oxidase catalysing the general tanning processes of byssus threads. In contrast, the present study shows that this gland produces mainly secretory granules which form the cortical layers of byssus threads. Cytochemical methods at the ultrastructural level (phosphotungstic acid at low pH, silver methenamine, periodic acid-thiosemicarbazide-silver proteinate, silver methenamine for sulphur-rich proteins demonstration) and enzyme digestion tests (pepsin, trypsin, alpha-chymotrypsin) indicate that secretory granules contain glycoproteins rich in sulphydryl groups and in aromatic amino acids. The cytochemical demonstration of phenol oxidase shows that enzyme activity is present in Golgi complex, whereas it is absent in secretory granules. For this reason, phenol oxidase does not seem to be exported and utilized for tanning of byssus threads, but it might rather be involved in the elaboration and tanning of the content of the secretory granules in the enzyme gland itself.
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