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Ji D, Guo M, Wu Y, Liu W, Luo S, Wang X, Kang H, Chen Y, Dai C, Kong D, Ma H, Liu Y, Wei D. Electrochemical Detection of a Few Copies of Unamplified SARS-CoV-2 Nucleic Acids by a Self-Actuated Molecular System. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:13526-13537. [PMID: 35858825 PMCID: PMC9344789 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c02884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The existing electrochemical biosensors lack controllable and intelligent merit to modulate the sensing process upon external stimulus, leading to challenges in analyzing a few copies of biomarkers in unamplified samples. Here, we present a self-actuated molecular-electrochemical system that consists of a tentacle and a trunk modification on a graphene microelectrode. The tentacle that contains a probe and an electrochemical label keeps an upright orientation, which increases recognition efficiency while decreasing the pseudosignal. Once the nucleic acids are recognized, the tentacles nearby along with the labels are spontaneously actuated downward, generating electrochemical responses under square wave voltammetry. Thus, it detects unamplified SARS-CoV-2 RNAs within 1 min down to 4 copies in 80 μL, 2-6 orders of magnitude lower than those of other electrochemical assays. Double-blind testing and 10-in-1 pooled testing of nasopharyngeal samples yield high overall agreement with reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction results. We fabricate a portable prototype based on this system, showing great potential for future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daizong Ji
- State
Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of
Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Laboratory
of Molecular Materials and Devices, Fudan
University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Mingquan Guo
- Shanghai
Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Yungen Wu
- State
Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of
Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Laboratory
of Molecular Materials and Devices, Fudan
University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Wentao Liu
- State
Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of
Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Laboratory
of Molecular Materials and Devices, Fudan
University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Shi Luo
- State
Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of
Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Laboratory
of Molecular Materials and Devices, Fudan
University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xuejun Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of
Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Laboratory
of Molecular Materials and Devices, Fudan
University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Hua Kang
- State
Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of
Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Laboratory
of Molecular Materials and Devices, Fudan
University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yiheng Chen
- State
Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of
Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Laboratory
of Molecular Materials and Devices, Fudan
University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Changhao Dai
- State
Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of
Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Laboratory
of Molecular Materials and Devices, Fudan
University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Derong Kong
- State
Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of
Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Laboratory
of Molecular Materials and Devices, Fudan
University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Hongwenjie Ma
- State
Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of
Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Laboratory
of Molecular Materials and Devices, Fudan
University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yunqi Liu
- Laboratory
of Molecular Materials and Devices, Fudan
University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Institute
of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Dacheng Wei
- State
Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of
Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Laboratory
of Molecular Materials and Devices, Fudan
University, Shanghai 200433, China
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McAuley V, Thorington GU, Hessinger DA. Cnidocyte Supporting Cell Complexes Regulate Nematocyst-Mediated Feeding Behaviors in the Sea Anemone Diadumene lineata. THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2020; 239:132-142. [PMID: 33151756 DOI: 10.1086/710235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
AbstractCnidarians, as model animals for studying conserved feeding behavior, possess the simplest nervous and digestive systems. Feeding behavior in cnidarians begins with nematocyst-mediated prey retention, proceeds to coordinated tentacle movements and mouth opening, and then proceeds to release of retained prey for ingestion. Understanding the basis of nematocyst discharge, retention, and release is central to explaining cnidarian feeding. Based on studies using artificial targets, cnidocyte supporting cell complexes (CSCCs) regulate nematocyst discharge, retention, and release in Actinaria (sea anemones); but the relevance of CSCCs to prey retention and ingestion has not yet been established. CSCCs exist as three functional types (Types A, B, and C), with a ratio of Types A∶B∶C of 2∶2∶1 in Diadumene lineata (a.k.a. Haliplanella luciae). We tested the hypothesis that CSCCs control nematocyst-mediated prey killing and ingestion. We used a quantitative feeding assay involving Artemia nauplii (prey) and monoclonal D. lineata. The ratios of Types A∶B∶C involved in prey killing and ingestion were 1∶2.5∶5 and 1∶2∶3, respectively. These findings support the CSCC hypothesis. They also indicate that Type Cs predominate in killing small, hard-surfaced, motile, crustaceous prey. Chemoreceptor-bearing Type Bs and Type As assist in prey killing and assume somewhat greater roles in ingestion. Thus, CSCC types differ with respect to their afferent sensory roles as well as their subsequent efferent roles in killing and ingestion. We conclude that CSCC types perform overlapping and complementary roles during feeding.
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Plachetzki DC, Fong CR, Oakley TH. Cnidocyte discharge is regulated by light and opsin-mediated phototransduction. BMC Biol 2012; 10:17. [PMID: 22390726 PMCID: PMC3329406 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7007-10-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cnidocytes, the eponymous cell type of the Cnidaria, facilitate both sensory and secretory functions and are among the most complex animal cell types known. In addition to their structural complexity, cnidocytes display complex sensory attributes, integrating both chemical and mechanical cues from the environment into their discharge behavior. Despite more than a century of work aimed at understanding the sensory biology of cnidocytes, the specific sensory receptor genes that regulate their function remain unknown. RESULTS Here we report that light also regulates cnidocyte function. We show that non-cnidocyte neurons located in battery complexes of the freshwater polyp Hydra magnipapillata specifically express opsin, cyclic nucleotide gated (CNG) ion channel and arrestin, which are all known components of bilaterian phototransduction cascades. We infer from behavioral trials that different light intensities elicit significant effects on cnidocyte discharge propensity. Harpoon-like stenotele cnidocytes show a pronounced diminution of discharge behavior under bright light conditions as compared to dim light. Further, we show that suppression of firing by bright light is ablated by cis-diltiazem, a specific inhibitor of CNG ion channels. CONCLUSIONS Our results implicate an ancient opsin-mediated phototransduction pathway and a previously unknown layer of sensory complexity in the control of cnidocyte discharge. These findings also suggest a molecular mechanism for the regulation of other cnidarian behaviors that involve both photosensitivity and cnidocyte function, including diurnal feeding repertoires and/or substrate-based locomotion. More broadly, our findings highlight one novel, non-visual function for opsin-mediated phototransduction in a cnidarian, the origins of which might have preceded the evolution of cnidarian eyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Plachetzki
- Center for Population Biology, University of California at Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Holstein TW, Hess MW, Salvenmoser W. Preparation techniques for transmission electron microscopy of Hydra. Methods Cell Biol 2010; 96:285-306. [PMID: 20869528 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-679x(10)96013-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Hydra is a classical model organism in developmental and cell biology with a simple body plan reminiscent of a gastrula with one body axis and a limited number of cell types. This rather simple organism exhibits a regeneration capacity that is unique among all eumetazoans and is largely dependent on the stem cell properties of its epithelial stem cell population. Molecular work in the past few years has revealed an unexpected genetic complexity of these simple animals, making them an interesting model for studying the generation of animal form and regeneration. In addition, Hydra has an interstitial stem cell system with a unique population of nematocytes, neuronal cells that are characterized by an explosive exocytotic discharge. Here, we compare classical and modern transmission electron microscopy (TEM) fixation protocols including protocols for TEM immunocytochemistry (post-embedding immunogold labeling). We presume that TEM studies will become an important tool to analyze cell-cell interactions as well as cell matrix interrelationships in Hydra in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Holstein
- Institute of Zoology, Heidelberg University, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Kass-Simon G, Scappaticci, Jr. AA. The behavioral and developmental physiology of nematocysts. CAN J ZOOL 2002. [DOI: 10.1139/z02-135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Nematocysts are the nonliving secretions of specialized cells, the nematocytes, which develop from multipotent stem cells. Nematocysts are the means by which coelenterates capture prey and defend against predation. The 25 or more known types of nematocysts can be divided into to four functional categories: those that pierce, ensnare, or adhere to prey, and those that adhere to the substrate. During development a collagenous cyst, which may contain toxins, forms; a hollow thread, which becomes coiled as it invaginates, develops. Maturing nematocytenematocyst complexes migrate to their discharge sites and are deployed in specific patterns. The mechanisms of pattern determination are not clear. Discharge of nematocysts appears to involve increases in intracapsular osmotic pressure consequent upon release of bound calcium within the capsule; the eversion of the filament may depend upon release of structural tension consequent upon a loss of zinc from the thread. Evidence exists that discharge is initiated as a calcium-dependent exocytosis, triggered by an electrical signal resulting from the transduction of mechanical stimuli received at the nematocyte's cnidocil. Chemical signals transduced in adjacent sensory cells alter the frequency response of the nematocyte. In opposition to the nematocytenematocyst independent effector hypothesis, excitatory and inhibitory neuronal input appears to regulate discharge.
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Holtmann M, Thurm U. Variations of concentric hair cells in a Cnidarian sensory epithelium (Coryne tubulosa). J Comp Neurol 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.1119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Bode HR. The interstitial cell lineage of hydra: a stem cell system that arose early in evolution. J Cell Sci 1996; 109 ( Pt 6):1155-64. [PMID: 8799806 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.109.6.1155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- H R Bode
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California at Irvine 92717-2300, USA.
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The ciliated sensory cell of Stauridiosarsia producta (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) ? a nematocyst-free nematocyte? ZOOMORPHOLOGY 1994. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00403266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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López de Haro MS, Salgado LM, David CN, Bosch TC. Hydra tropomyosin TROP1 is expressed in head-specific epithelial cells and is a major component of the cytoskeletal structure that anchors nematocytes. J Cell Sci 1994; 107 ( Pt 6):1403-11. [PMID: 7962184 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.107.6.1403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A cDNA clone encoding a 253 amino acid tropomyosin was isolated from Hydra in a differential screen for head-specific genes. The Hydra tropomyosin gene, designated trop1, is a single copy gene, lacks introns and is strongly expressed in tentacle-specific epithelial cells. Analysis of protein synthesis in head and gastric tissue indicated a high rate of tropomyosin synthesis in head tissue. Immunolocalization of tropomyosin in tentacle tissue revealed a cushion-like tropomyosin-containing structure within battery cells at the base of nematocytes. The structure appears to form part of the cytoskeletal anchor for nematocytes. Tropomyosin cushions were also observed in epithelial cells along the body column, which contain mounted stenotele nematocytes.
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12
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Golz R. Anchorage and retraction of nematocytes in the tentacles of the cubopolyp Carybdea marsupialis are mediated by a species-specific mesogleal support. Cell Tissue Res 1993. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00327998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Mechanism of Nematocyst Discharge and Its Cellular Control. ADVANCES IN COMPARATIVE AND ENVIRONMENTAL PHYSIOLOGY 1993. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-77528-4_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Abstract
Chemoreceptors in coelenterates and ctenophores have not been identified with certainty. Among prospective chemoreceptive cells are the sensory nerve cells, the cnidocyst-bearing cnidocytes, and the epitheliomuscular cells that are likely to be involved in feeding or aggression. Both behaviors are mediated by coordinated chemical and mechanical reception. This is reflected in the close apposition of putative chemo- and mechanoreceptors. Among the structures that have been designated as likely chemo- and/or mechanoreceptors are stereocilia, kinocilia, and/or microvilli which are universally present on all the putative chemoreceptor complexes, while gland cells and mucous secretions are prevalent. Evidence that the actin-containing stereocilia are chemically modulated mechanoreceptors is presented for several forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Kass-Simon
- Department of Zoology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston 02881
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Sakaguchi M, Hanai K, Ohta K, Kitajima M, Matsuhashi S, Hori K, Morita H. Monoclonal antibodies that depress a specific subset of multiple components of the glutathione-induced response ofHydra. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 1991. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00199601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Agosti CG, Stidwill RP. In vitro migration ofHydra nematocytes: The influence of the natural extracellular matrix (the mesoglea), of collagen type IV and type I, laminin, and fibronectin on cell attachment, migration parameters, and on patterns of cytoskeletal proteins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1002/cm.970200305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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17
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Goldberg WM, Taylor GT. Cellular structure and ultrastructure of the black coralAntipathes aperta: 1. Organization of the tentacular epidermis and nervous system. J Morphol 1989; 202:239-253. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.1052020210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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18
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Wood R, Johnson L, Novak P. Differential binding of concanavalin A by dissociated cells of Hydra attenuata. Cell Tissue Res 1985. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00217187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Bilateral symmetry in the cnidocil-nematocyst complex of the freshwater medusaCraspedacusta sowerbii Lankester (Hydrozoa, Limnomedusae). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/0889-1605(85)90119-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Salleo A. Discharge Mechanism of the Nematocysts of Pelagia noctiluca. PROCEEDINGS IN LIFE SCIENCES 1984. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-69903-0_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Novak PL, Wood RL. Development of the nematocyte junctional complex in hydra tentacles in relation to cellular recognition and positioning. JOURNAL OF ULTRASTRUCTURE RESEARCH 1983; 83:111-21. [PMID: 6864857 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5320(83)90069-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Formation of the nematocyte-battery cell-mesoglea (NBM) junctional complex of hydra was studied. Normal animals were grafted to nematocyte-free animals and the tentacles of the repopulating host were examined by transmission electron microscopy. Migrating nematocytes extend cytoplasmic processes between battery cell myonemes to contact the mesoglea. Tufts of extracellular filaments radiate from the base of the battery cell adjacent to some of these regions of contact. The fascial desmosome of the NBM complex develops from a lateral fusion of macular desmosomes which often lie near a condensation of extracellular filaments. Microtubules within the intervening battery cell process become oriented perpendicularly to form the apposing half of the desmosomal junction and connect it with the hemidesmosomal portion of the NBM complex. These findings suggest that a migrating nematocyte receives environmental cues associated with the mesoglea-battery cell interface which may serve to direct the nematocyte to its definitive position and induce the subsequent formation of the complete NBM complex.
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