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Ariyoshi K, Miura T, Kasai K, Akifumi N, Fujishima Y, Yoshida MA. Age Dependence of Radiation-Induced Genomic Instability in Mouse Hematopoietic Stem Cells. Radiat Res 2018; 190:623. [PMID: 30311845 DOI: 10.1667/rr15113.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Age at exposure is a critical factor that influences the risk of radiation-induced leukemia. Accumulating evidence suggests that ionizing radiation can induce genomic instability and promote leukemogenesis in hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs); however, the influence of age on this phenomenon has not been elucidated. In this study, infant (1-week-old) or adult (14-week-old) C3H/He mice received sham or 4 Gy whole-body irradiation, and bone marrow cells were transplanted to recipients at day 1 or 60 postirradiation. Twelve days after bone marrow transplant, we analyzed the radiation-induced genomic instability by scoring the frequency of DNA damage and micronucleus formation in colony-forming units-spleen (CFU-Ss). We observed significant increases in DNA damage and micronucleus formation in CFU-Ss of the 4 Gy irradiated adult cells transplanted at day 1 or 60 postirradiation. However, the frequency of DNA damage focus and micronucleus formation in CFU-Ss of 4 Gy irradiated infant cells transplanted at day 1 or 60 postirradiation was relatively decreased. Quantitative differences in the reactive oxygen species and cells expressing inducible nitric oxide synthase in CFU-Ss suggested that age-dependent radiation-induced genomic instability may result from chronic oxidative stress by pro-inflammatory states in HSC descendants after radiation exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Ariyoshi
- a Department of Radiation Biology, Institute of Radiation Emergency Medicine, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8564, Japan
| | - Tomisato Miura
- b Department of Biomedical Sciences, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hirosaki 036-8564, Japan
| | - Kosuke Kasai
- b Department of Biomedical Sciences, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hirosaki 036-8564, Japan
| | - Nakata Akifumi
- c Department of Basic Pharmacy, Hokkaido Pharmaceutical University School of Pharmacy, Otaru, 047-0264, Japan
| | - Yohei Fujishima
- b Department of Biomedical Sciences, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hirosaki 036-8564, Japan
| | - Mitsuaki A Yoshida
- a Department of Radiation Biology, Institute of Radiation Emergency Medicine, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8564, Japan
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2
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Sreetharan S, Thome C, Tharmalingam S, Jones DE, Kulesza AV, Khaper N, Lees SJ, Wilson JY, Boreham DR, Tai TC. Ionizing Radiation Exposure During Pregnancy: Effects on Postnatal Development and Life. Radiat Res 2017; 187:647-658. [DOI: 10.1667/rr14657.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Christopher Thome
- Division of Medical Sciences, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Canada
| | - Sujeenthar Tharmalingam
- Division of Medical Sciences, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Canada
| | - Devon E. Jones
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | | | - Neelam Khaper
- Division of Medical Sciences, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Canada
| | - Simon J. Lees
- Division of Medical Sciences, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Canada
| | | | - Douglas R. Boreham
- Department of Medical Physics and Applied Radiation Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- Division of Medical Sciences, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Canada
| | - T. C. Tai
- Division of Medical Sciences, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Canada
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3
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Mišík M, Krupitza G, Mišíková K, Mičieta K, Nersesyan A, Kundi M, Knasmueller S. The Tradescantia micronucleus assay is a highly sensitive tool for the detection of low levels of radioactivity in environmental samples. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 219:1044-1048. [PMID: 27614909 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Environmental contamination with radioactive materials of geogenic and anthropogenic origin is a global problem. A variety of mutagenicity test procedures has been developed which enable the detection of DNA damage caused by ionizing radiation which plays a key role in the adverse effects caused by radioisotopes. In the present study, we investigated the usefulness of the Tradescantia micronucleus test (the most widely used plant based genotoxicity bioassay) for the detection of genetic damage caused by environmental samples and a human artifact (ceramic plate) which contained radioactive elements. We compared the results obtained with different exposure protocols and found that direct exposure of the inflorescences is more sensitive and that the number of micronuclei can be further increased under "wet" conditions. The lowest dose rate which caused a significant effect was 1.2 μGy/h (10 h). Comparisons with the results obtained with other systems (i.e. with mitotic cells of higher plants, molluscs, insects, fish and human lymphocytes) show that the Tradescantia MN assay is one to three orders of magnitude more sensitive as other models, which are currently available. Taken together, our findings indicate that this method is due to its high sensitivity a unique tool, which can be used for environmental biomonitoring in radiation polluted areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Mišík
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Internal Medicine I, Borschkegasse 8a, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Georg Krupitza
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, AKH, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katarina Mišíková
- Department of Botany, Comenius University in Bratislava, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Slovakia
| | - Karol Mičieta
- Department of Botany, Comenius University in Bratislava, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Slovakia
| | - Armen Nersesyan
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Internal Medicine I, Borschkegasse 8a, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Michael Kundi
- Center for Public Health, Institute of Environmental Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Siegfried Knasmueller
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Internal Medicine I, Borschkegasse 8a, Vienna 1090, Austria.
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Choi VWY, Yu KN. Embryos of the zebrafish Danio rerio in studies of non-targeted effects of ionizing radiation. Cancer Lett 2013; 356:91-104. [PMID: 24176822 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Revised: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The use of embryos of the zebrafish Danio rerio as an in vivo tumor model for studying non-targeted effects of ionizing radiation was reviewed. The zebrafish embryo is an animal model, which enables convenient studies on non-targeted effects of both high-linear-energy-transfer (LET) and low-LET radiation by making use of both broad-beam and microbeam radiation. Zebrafish is also a convenient embryo model for studying radiobiological effects of ionizing radiation on tumors. The embryonic origin of tumors has been gaining ground in the past decades, and efforts to fight cancer from the perspective of developmental biology are underway. Evidence for the involvement of radiation-induced genomic instability (RIGI) and the radiation-induced bystander effect (RIBE) in zebrafish embryos were subsequently given. The results of RIGI were obtained for the irradiation of all two-cell stage cells, as well as 1.5 hpf zebrafish embryos by microbeam protons and broad-beam alpha particles, respectively. In contrast, the RIBE was observed through the radioadaptive response (RAR), which was developed against a subsequent challenging dose that was applied at 10 hpf when <0.2% and <0.3% of the cells of 5 hpf zebrafish embryos were exposed to a priming dose, which was provided by microbeam protons and broad-beam alpha particles, respectively. Finally, a perspective on the field, the need for future studies and the significance of such studies were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- V W Y Choi
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - K N Yu
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong; State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong.
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5
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Chourasiya RK, Jain PK, Sharma S, Ganesh N, Nayak SS, Agrawal RK. Genomic stability and tissue protection of Clerodendron inerme (L.) Gaertn leaves. Med Chem Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-010-9482-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Uma Devi P, Satyamitra M. Protection against prenatal irradiation‐induced genomic instability and its consequences in adult mice byOcimumflavonoids, orientin and vicenin. Int J Radiat Biol 2009; 80:653-62. [PMID: 15586885 DOI: 10.1080/09553000400005494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To study the protective effect of orientin and vicenin against early genomic effects of foetal irradiation and their late consequences in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fourteen-day pregnant mice were exposed to 1 Gy 60Co gamma-radiation 30 min after an intraperitoneal injection of orientin or vicenin (50 microg kg(-1) body weight). Chromosomal aberrations were studied in foetal liver cells and their spleen colonies (three passages, colony-forming units-spleen CFU-S1, CFU-S2, CFU-S3) and 1-12 months post-partum bone marrow. Peripheral blood counts and solid tumours were recorded to 12 and 20 months, respectively. RESULTS Irradiation significantly increased the percent aberrant cells and aberrations/cell in foetal liver and CFU-S1. These effects decreased in later passages of CFU-S and were not seen at 1-6 months post-partum, but increased significantly from 9 months. Total blood counts showed significant reduction from 6 months, while neutrophils increased from 3 months post-partum. Solid tumour incidence in adults increased significantly, with a decrease in age at detection. Orientin/vicenin significantly reduced the chromosomal anomalies in foetal and adult haemopoietic cells, restored blood counts to the normal range, and significantly reduced tumour incidence and delayed tumour development to control age. CONCLUSIONS Orientin and vicenin protect against foetal irradiation-induced genomic damage and instability, thereby reducing the delayed chromosomal abnormalities and tumorigenesis in adult.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Uma Devi
- Jawaharlal Nehru Cancer Hospital and Research Centre, Idgah Hills, Bhopal 462 001, India.
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Barber RC, Hardwick RJ, Shanks ME, Glen CD, Mughal SK, Voutounou M, Dubrova YE. The effects of in utero irradiation on mutation induction and transgenerational instability in mice. Mutat Res 2009; 664:6-12. [PMID: 19428375 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2009.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2008] [Revised: 12/22/2008] [Accepted: 01/27/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological evidence suggests that the deleterious effects of prenatal irradiation can manifest during childhood, resulting in an increased risk of leukaemia and solid cancers after birth. However, the mechanisms underlying the long-term effects of foetal irradiation remain poorly understood. This study was designed to analyse the impact of in utero irradiation on mutation rates at expanded simple tandem repeat (ESTR) DNA loci in directly exposed mice and their first-generation (F(1)) offspring. ESTR mutation frequencies in the germline and somatic tissues of male and female mice irradiated at 12 days of gestation remained highly elevated during adulthood, which was mainly attributed to a significant increase in the frequency of singleton mutations. The prevalence of singleton mutations in directly exposed mice suggests that foetal irradiation results in genomic instability manifested both in utero and during adulthood. The frequency of ESTR mutation in the F(1) offspring of prenatally irradiated male mice was equally elevated across all tissues, which suggests that foetal exposure results in transgenerational genomic instability. In contrast, maternal in utero exposure did not affect the F(1) stability. Our data imply that the passive erasure of epigenetic marks in the maternal genome can diminish the transgenerational effects of foetal irradiation and therefore provide important clues to the still unknown mechanisms of radiation-induced genomic instability. The results of this study offer a plausible explanation for the effects of in utero irradiation on the risk of leukaemia and solid cancers after birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth C Barber
- Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
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8
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Tanaka K, Kohda A, Toyokawa T, Ichinohe K, Oghiso Y. Chromosome aberration frequencies and chromosome instability in mice after long-term exposure to low-dose-rate γ-irradiation. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2008; 657:19-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2008.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2008] [Accepted: 09/15/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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9
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Ryabokon NI, Goncharova RI. Transgenerational accumulation of radiation damage in small mammals chronically exposed to Chernobyl fallout. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2006; 45:167-77. [PMID: 16862442 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-006-0054-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2006] [Accepted: 06/17/2006] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this investigation has been the analysis of the long-term development of biological damage in natural populations of a model mammalian species, the bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus, Schreber), which were chronically exposed to low doses of ionizing radiation over 22 animal generations within 10 years following the Chernobyl accident. The time course of the biological end-points (chromosome aberrations in bone marrow cells and embryonic lethality) was compared with the time course of the whole-body absorbed dose rate from external and internal exposure in the studied populations inhabiting monitoring sites in Belarus with different ground deposition of radionuclides. The yield of chromosome aberrations and, in lesser degree, embryonic lethality was associated with the radionuclide contamination of the monitoring areas in a dose-dependent manner. As a main feature of the long-term development of biological damage under low dose rate irradiation, permanently elevated levels of chromosome aberrations and an increasing frequency of embryonic lethality have developed over 22 animal generations. This contrasts with the assumption that the biological damage would gradually disappear since in the same period of time the whole-body absorbed dose rate decreased exponentially with a half-value time of about 2.5-3 years. Furthermore, gravid females were captured, and their offspring, born and grown up under contamination-free laboratory conditions, showed the same enhanced level of chromosome aberrations. Therefore the authors suggest that, along with the biological damage attributable to the individual exposure of each animal, the observed cellular and systemic effects reflect the transgenerational transmission and accumulation, via genetic and/or epigenetic pathways, of damage attributable to the chronic low-dose rate exposure of the preceding generations of animals. They also suggest that the level of the accumulated transmissible damage in the investigated populations will decrease in future due to the further recession of the chronic exposure and as a consequence of selection processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadezhda I Ryabokon
- Institute of Genetics and Cytology, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Akademichnaya street 27, 220072 Minsk, Republic of Belarus.
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Natarajan AT. Induced transgenerational genetic effects in rodents and humans. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2006; 47 Suppl B:B39-43. [PMID: 17019051 DOI: 10.1269/jrr.47.b39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Delayed appearance of induced mutations has been observed in Drosophila, plants, rodents and recently in humans. The significance of this phenomenon is now recognized especially after the pioneering work of Nomura demonstrating transgenerational tumour induction in mice following treatment with urethane or ionizing radiation. A brief review of the literature on transgenerational genetic effects, namely, chromosomal aberrations and mutations, in rodents and humans is presented here.
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Affiliation(s)
- A T Natarajan
- Department of Toxicogenetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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11
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Devi PU, Satyamitra M. Tracing radiation induced genomic instabilityin vivoin the haemopoietic cells from fetus to adult mouse. Br J Radiol 2005; 78:928-33. [PMID: 16177016 DOI: 10.1259/bjr/18119329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The present experiment was aimed at studying the delayed expression of fetal irradiation induced genomic instability in the mouse haemopoietic cells in vivo. The abdominal area of 14 day pregnant Swiss albino mice was exposed to 0-1.5 Gy of gamma radiation. Chromosomal aberrations were studied in three passages of spleen colonies (short-term repopulating stem cells, STRSC) derived from 24 h post-irradiation fetal liver cells and in the 1-20 months postpartum bone marrow (long-term repopulating stem cells, LTRSC). Irradiation produced a significant and dose-dependent increase in the aberrant metaphases in the first passage spleen colony (CFU-S1) cells, which decreased in subsequent passages and reached normal levels by the third passage (CFU-S3). Bone marrow at 1-6 months postpartum showed similar chromosomal picture in the 0 Gy control and after 0.5-1.5 Gy, but there was a clear increase in aberrant cells from 9 months postpartum in the irradiated groups. Some mice in all irradiated groups showed a 2.5- to 5-fold increase in peripheral leukocyte counts. Bone marrow of these animals exhibited severe aneuploidy, the chromosome number ranging from less than 1n to 6n at 20 months of age. Our results indicate that unstable chromosome aberrations induced in the fetal haemopoietic STRSC are eliminated during subsequent cell divisions. However, genomic instability induced in the LTRSC persists and is expressed as chromosomal aberrations at advanced ages. Induction of chromosome aneuploidy could be an early step in the chain of events leading to adult leukaemia after prenatal irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Uma Devi
- Department of Research, Jawaharlal Nehru Cancer Hospital and Research Centre, Idgah Hills, Bhopal, India
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Tawn EJ, Whitehouse CA, Winther JF, Curwen GB, Rees GS, Stovall M, Olsen JH, Guldberg P, Rechnitzer C, Schrøder H, Boice JD. Chromosome analysis in childhood cancer survivors and their offspring--no evidence for radiotherapy-induced persistent genomic instability. Mutat Res 2005; 583:198-206. [PMID: 15914077 PMCID: PMC2754217 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2005.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2004] [Revised: 02/14/2005] [Accepted: 03/25/2005] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Suggestions that the induction of genomic instability could play a role in radiation-induced carcinogenesis and heritable disease prompted the investigation of chromosome instability in relation to radiotherapy for childhood cancer. Chromosome analysis of peripheral blood lymphocytes at their first in vitro division was undertaken on 25 adult survivors of childhood cancer treated with radiation, 26 partners who acted as the non-irradiated control group and 43 offspring. A statistically significant increase in the frequency of dicentrics in the cancer survivor group compared with the partner control group was attributed to the residual effect of past radiation therapy. However, chromatid aberrations plus chromosome gaps, the aberrations most associated with persistent instability, were not increased. Therefore, there was no evidence that irradiation of the bone marrow had resulted in instability being transmitted to descendant cells. Frequencies of all aberration categories were significantly lower in the offspring group, compared to the partner group, apart from dicentrics for which the decrease did not reach statistical significance. The lower frequencies in the offspring provide no indication of transmissible instability being passed through the germline to the somatic cells of the offspring. Thus, in this study, genomic instability was not associated with radiotherapy in those who had received such treatment, nor was it found to be a transgenerational radiation effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Janet Tawn
- Westlakes Research Institute, Moor Row, Cumbria CA24 3JY, UK.
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Streffer C. Bystander effects, adaptive response and genomic instability induced by prenatal irradiation. Mutat Res 2005; 568:79-87. [PMID: 15530541 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2004.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2003] [Revised: 07/02/2004] [Accepted: 07/02/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The developing human embryo and fetus undergo very radiosensitive stages during the prenatal development. It is likely that the induction of low dose related effects such as bystander effects, the adaptive response, and genomic instability would have profound effects on embryonic and fetal development. In this paper, I review what has been reported on the induction of these three phenomena in exposed embryos and fetuses. All three phenomena have been shown to occur in murine embryonic or fetal cells and structures, although the induction of an adaptive response (and also likely the induction of bystander effects) are limited in terms of when during development they can be induced and the dose or dose-rate used to treat animals in utero. In contrast, genomic instability can be induced throughout development, and the effects of radiation exposure on genome instability can be observed for long times after irradiation including through pre- and postnatal development and into the next generation of mice. There are clearly strain-specific differences in the induction of these phenomena and all three can lead to long-term detrimental effects. This is true for the adaptive response as well. While induction of an adaptive response can make fetuses more resistant to some gross developmental defects induced by a subsequent high dose challenge with ionizing radiation, the long-term effects of this low dose exposure are detrimental. The negative effects of all three phenomena reflect the complexity of fetal development, a process where even small changes in the timing of gene expression or suppression can have dramatic effects on the pattern of biological events and the subsequent development of the mammalian organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Streffer
- Institute for Science and Ethics, University Duisburg-Essen, Auf dem Sutan 12, D-45239 Essen, Germany.
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Turker MS, Schwartz JL, Jordan R, Ponomareva ON, Connolly L, Kasameyer E, Lasarev M, Clepper L. Persistence of Chromatid Aberrations in the Cells of Solid Mouse Tissues Exposed to137Cs Gamma Radiation. Radiat Res 2004; 162:357-64. [PMID: 15447047 DOI: 10.1667/rr3240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Primary mouse ear and kidney cultures were established for determination of cytogenetic aberrations at short (3 days to 1 month) and long (12-23 months) times after exposure of their right sides to 7.5 Gy of (137)Cs gamma radiation. In every case, higher levels of aberrations were observed in primary cultures established from the irradiated tissues than in those established from the contralateral tissues. The most common aberrations in the contralateral tissues and those from nonirradiated mice were chromatid and isochromatid breaks and small chromatid fragments. Primary cells from irradiated tissues removed from animals within a month of exposure displayed a variety of unstable chromosome-type aberrations characteristic of recent exposure to ionizing radiation including rings, dicentrics, double minutes, and large acentric fragments. The percentages of cells exhibiting chromatid breaks and small chromatid fragments were also markedly elevated. Although the levels of chromosome-type aberrations found in primary cells from irradiated tissues dropped to near background levels a year or more after exposure, chromatid-type aberrations remained elevated. These results are consistent with long-term persistence of damage in the genomes of ionizing radiation-exposed cells in solid tissues and the induction of genomic instability in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell S Turker
- Center for Research on Occupational and Environmental Toxicology (CROET), Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland 97239, USA.
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15
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Boice JD, Tawn EJ, Winther JF, Donaldson SS, Green DM, Mertens AC, Mulvihill JJ, Olsen JH, Robison LL, Stovall M. Genetic effects of radiotherapy for childhood cancer. HEALTH PHYSICS 2003; 85:65-80. [PMID: 12852473 DOI: 10.1097/00004032-200307000-00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Radiation-induced heritable diseases have not been demonstrated in humans and estimates of genetic risks for protection purposes are based on mouse experiments. The most comprehensive epidemiologic study is of the Japanese atomic bomb survivors and their children, which found little evidence for inherited defects attributable to parental radiation. Studies of workers exposed to occupational radiation or of populations exposed to environmental radiation appear too small and exposures too low to convincingly detect inherited genetic damage. In contrast, survivors of childhood cancer form the largest group of people exposed to high doses of ionizing radiation before reproduction and offer unique advantages for studying trans-generation effects. A wide range of gonadal doses are possible, several comparison groups are readily available (including siblings), and there is a strong willingness among cancer survivors to participate in health studies. Cancer patients also have detailed medical records that facilitate both the accurate estimation of gonadal doses and the assessment of potentially confounding factors, such as intercurrent illness, personal and family medical histories, lifestyle characteristics such as tobacco use, and circumstances at delivery. An international study is nearing completion of over 25,000 survivors of childhood cancer in the United States and Denmark who gave birth to or fathered over 6,000 children. Doses to gonads are being reconstructed from radiotherapy records with 46% over 100 mSv and 16% over 1,000 mSv. Adverse pregnancy outcomes being evaluated include major congenital malformations, cytogenetic abnormalities, stillbirths, miscarriages, neonatal deaths, total deaths, leukemia and childhood cancers, altered sex ratio, and birth weight. The main analyses are based on dose-response evaluations. Blood studies of trios (cancer survivor, spouse or partner and offspring) have been initiated to evaluate mechanistic evidence for the transmission of any radiation-induced genetic damage such as minisatellite mutations. Markers of cancer susceptibility such as chromosomal radiosensitivity and genotype profile will also be examined. In the United States series to date, 4,214 children were born to cancer survivors among whom 157 (3.7%) genetic diseases were reported in contrast to 95 (4.1%) reported conditions among 2,339 children born to sibling controls. In the Denmark series the comparable figures were 82 (6.1%) birth defects among 1,345 children of cancer survivors and 211 (5.0%) among 4,225 children of sibling controls. Coupled with prior studies, these preliminary findings, if sustained by ongoing dose-response analyses, provide reassurance that cancer treatments including radiotherapy do not carry much if any risk for inherited genetic disease in offspring conceived after exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Boice
- International Epidemiology Institute, 1455 Research Blvd. Ste 550, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.
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Uma Devi P. Radiosensitivity of the developing haemopoietic system in mammals and its adult consequences: animal studies. Br J Radiol 2003; 76:366-72. [PMID: 12814921 DOI: 10.1259/bjr/42623440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The haemopoietic system in the developing mammal is very sensitive to the damaging effects of ionizing radiation. Epidemiological studies have established a strong association between obstetric exposure to diagnostic radiation and an increase in the incidence of childhood leukaemia and between low dose gamma irradiation during the early fetal period and mental retardation in children. It has been suggested that insufficient oxygen supply to the developing brain due to radiation induced damage to fetal haemopoietic tissue has a role in inducing the severe mental retardation observed in the Japanese children exposed to atom bomb radiation in utero. Experimental studies have shown that X- and gamma irradiation of pregnant mice with <1 Gy during the late organogenesis or fetal period caused chromosome damage and significant depletion in the fetal haemopoietic progenitor cells and led to haematological disorders in the adults. The present paper reviews the experimental findings on the effect of pre-natal irradiation on the fetal haemopoietic system and its long-term consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Uma Devi
- Department of Research, Jawaharlal Nehru Cancer Hospital and Research Centre, Idgah Hills, Post Box No. 32, Bhopal 462 001, India
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Morgan WF. Non-targeted and delayed effects of exposure to ionizing radiation: II. Radiation-induced genomic instability and bystander effects in vivo, clastogenic factors and transgenerational effects. Radiat Res 2003; 159:581-96. [PMID: 12710869 DOI: 10.1667/0033-7587(2003)159[0581:nadeoe]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 395] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this review is to summarize the evidence for non-targeted and delayed effects of exposure to ionizing radiation in vivo. Currently, human health risks associated with radiation exposures are based primarily on the assumption that the detrimental effects of radiation occur in irradiated cells. Over the years a number of non-targeted effects of radiation exposure in vivo have been described that challenge this concept. These include radiation-induced genomic instability, bystander effects, clastogenic factors produced in plasma from irradiated individuals that can cause chromosomal damage when cultured with nonirradiated cells, and transgenerational effects of parental irradiation that can manifest in the progeny. These effects pose new challenges to evaluating the risk(s) associated with radiation exposure and understanding radiation-induced carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- William F Morgan
- Radiation Oncology Research Laboratory and Greenebaum Cancer Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201-5525, USA.
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Abstract
In its 1990 recommendations, the ICRP considered the radiation risks after exposure during prenatal development. This report is a critical review of new experimental animal data on biological effects and evaluations of human studies after prenatal radiation published since the 1990 recommendations.Thus, the report discusses the effects after radiation exposure during pre-implantation, organogenesis, and fetogenesis. The aetiology of long-term effects on brain development is discussed, as well as evidence from studies in man on the effects of in-utero radiation exposure on neurological and mental processes. Animal studies of carcinogenic risk from in-utero radiation and the epidemiology of childhood cancer are discussed, and the carcinogenic risk to man from in-utero radiation is assessed. Open questions and needs for future research are elaborated.The report reiterates that the mammalian embryo and fetus are highly radiosensitive. The nature and sensitivity of induced biological effects depend upon dose and developmental stage at irradiation. The various effects, as studied in experimental systems and in man, are discussed in detail. It is concluded that the findings in the report strengthen and supplement the 1990 recommendations of the ICRP.
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Uma Devi P, Hossain M, Satyamitra M. Low dose fetal irradiation, chromosomal instability and carcinogenesis in mouse. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0531-5131(01)00858-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Abstract
The availability of cultured lymphocyte preparations from radiation workers with internal deposits of plutonium provided the opportunity to examine whether irradiation of bone marrow cells had induced a transmissible genomic instability manifesting as an increase in de novo chromosome aberrations in descendant cells in the peripheral blood. The men were originally classified as having more than 20% of the maximum permissible body burdens of plutonium, and recent red bone marrow dose calculations provided individual cumulative estimates at the time of sampling ranging up to 1.8 Sv. The initial sampling occurred approximately 10 years after the main major intake, and samples were subsequently taken during three further periods over the following 20 years. Control samples were available from three of the four sampling times. Chromosome analysis of solid Giemsa-stained material revealed no significant differences either in comparisons between the total group of plutonium workers and controls for comparable periods or when the comparisons were restricted to a group of plutonium workers with initial red bone marrow plutonium doses greater than 0.25 Sv. However, the frequencies of cells containing chromatid exchanges, chromatid breaks, and chromosome and chromatid gaps decreased significantly over the study period for both the plutonium workers as a whole and the controls, and a similar fluctuating pattern was seen when sequential samples from groups of the same individuals were examined. Cells with dicentrics, centric rings and excess acentric fragments remained at similar frequencies throughout the study period. There was therefore no evidence from the study of blood lymphocytes for the induction of persistent transmissible genomic instability in the bone marrow of radiation workers with internal deposits of plutonium. The work has, however, confirmed the need for appropriate controls when conducting studies of cytogenetic end points of instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Whitehouse
- Genetics Unit, Westlakes Research Institute, Moor Row, Cumbria, CA24 3JY, United Kingdom
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