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Rani R, Dharaiya CN, Singh B. Importance of not skipping breakfast: a review. Int J Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.14742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rekha Rani
- Department of Dairy Technology, Warner College of Dairy Technology Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences Prayagraj Uttar Pradesh211007India
| | - Chetan N. Dharaiya
- Department of Dairy Technology, SMC College of Dairy Science Anand Agriculture University Anand Gujarat388110India
| | - Bhopal Singh
- Department of Dairy Technology, Faculty of sciences DayalBag Educational Institute (Deemed University) Dayalbagh, Agra UttarPradesh282005India
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Zink J, Nicolo M, Imm K, Ebrahimian S, Yu Q, Lee K, Zapanta K, Huh J, Dunton GF, Goran MI, Page KA, Dieli-Conwright CM, Belcher BR. Interstitial glucose and subsequent affective and physical feeling states: A pilot study combining continuous glucose monitoring and ecological momentary assessment in adolescents. J Psychosom Res 2020; 135:110141. [PMID: 32447156 PMCID: PMC7452157 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2020.110141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Circulating glucose may relate to affective and physical feeling states reflective of emotional disorder symptoms. No prior studies have investigated within-day associations between glucose and subsequent affective and physical feeling states (positive affect, negative affect, and fatigue) as they occur naturally among healthy adolescents; this pilot study assessed these associations by combining data collected from ecological momentary assessment (EMA) and continuous glucose monitors (CGM). METHODS Participants (N = 15, mean age = 13.1[±1.0] years, 66.7% female, 40.0% Hispanic, 66.7% healthy weight) wore a CGM for 7-14 days. Simultaneously, participants reported on their current positive affect, negative affect, and fatigue randomly during specified windows up to 7 times daily via EMA. CGM-measured mean interstitial glucose was calculated during the time windows (mean minutes = 122.5[±47.3]) leading up to each EMA prompt. Multilevel models assessed within-subject (WS) associations between mean interstitial glucose since the previous EMA prompt and EMA-reported affective and physical feeling states at the current prompt. RESULTS Participants provided 532 interstitial glucose-matched EMA reports of affective and physical feeling states. During intervals when interstitial glucose was higher than one's usual, higher positive affect (WS β = 0.01, p < .0001, f2 = 0.02) and lower fatigue (WS β = -0.01, p < .0001, f2 = 0.09) were subsequently reported. Interstitial glucose was unrelated to negative affect (WS β = -0.002, p = .10, f2 = 0.01). Associations were weakened, but remained significant following further adjustment for time of day. CONCLUSIONS Though effect sizes were small, within-person variations in interstitial glucose may relate to subsequent affective and physical feeling states among healthy youth. Investigations using similar methodologies in larger, more diverse samples are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Zink
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California
| | - Michele Nicolo
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California
| | - Kellie Imm
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California
| | - Shayan Ebrahimian
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California
| | - Qihan Yu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California
| | - Kyuwan Lee
- Division of Cardiology, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California
| | - Kaylie Zapanta
- Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California
| | - Jimi Huh
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California
| | - Genevieve F. Dunton
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California,Department of Psychology, University of Southern California
| | - Michael I. Goran
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles
| | - Kathleen A. Page
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California
| | - Christina M. Dieli-Conwright
- Division of Population Sciences, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School
| | - Britni R. Belcher
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California
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van de Rest O, van der Zwaluw NL, de Groot LCPGM. Effects of glucose and sucrose on mood: a systematic review of interventional studies. Nutr Rev 2019; 76:108-116. [PMID: 29228399 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nux065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Context Glucose is the main energy source for the brain, and as such, manipulation of glucose supply may affect brain function. It has been suggested that a change in blood glucose may influence mood. Objective The aim of this review was to investigate the potential effects of glucose and sucrose, compared with placebo, on mood. Data Sources The electronic databases PubMed and Scopus were searched. Reference lists of selected articles were checked manually. Data Extraction Randomized controlled trials or crossover trials comparing the effects of glucose or sucrose on mood that were published up to May 2017 were eligible. Potentially eligible articles were selected independently by 2 reviewers. Results In total, 19 studies were found. Thirteen studies investigated the effects of glucose consumption compared with placebo on mood. Seven of these 13 studies found no effect of glucose on mood. The other 6 studies found small and partial effects that may also be due to other factors like palatability and expectation. Seven of the 19 studies investigated the effects of sucrose ingestion versus placebo on mood. None of these studies found a positive effect on mood, and 1 study observed an adverse effect. One of the studies investigated the effects of both glucose and sucrose. Conclusions The results from this review show limited effects of glucose ingestion on mood and no effect of sucrose on mood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondine van de Rest
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Chua MT, Balasekaran G, Ihsan M, Aziz AR. Effects of Pre-Exercise High and Low Glycaemic Meal on Intermittent Sprint and Endurance Exercise Performance. Sports (Basel) 2019; 7:sports7080188. [PMID: 31387203 PMCID: PMC6722499 DOI: 10.3390/sports7080188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of ingesting either a high glycaemic index (HGI) or low glycaemic index (LGI) carbohydrate meal (preceding a 12 h overnight fast and where the meal was ingested 45-min prior to activity) on intermittent sprint and endurance exercise performance. Ten male varsity athletes from intermittent sports (age 23.6 ± 1.7 years, VO2max 51.9 ± 4.7 mL·kg−1·min−1) underwent a peak velocity (Vpeak) test and familiarisation session, followed by two experimental sessions in random order. Experimental sessions involved the ingestion of either an HGI or LGI meal, followed by the completion of the modified Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test (mLIST). There was no significant difference between HGI or LGI meals on sprint times (p = 0.62) and distance to exhaustion (p = 0.54) in the mLIST. Exercise heart rate, blood lactate and ratings of perceived exertion were also similar between the two meal trials throughout the mLIST (all p > 0.05). Subjective ratings of hunger, fullness, satiety and satisfaction were also not significantly different between the two meals. In conclusion, consuming either an HGI or LGI meal after a prolonged 12 h fast and ingesting the meal 45 min prior to exercise did not differ in either physiological, subjective and intermittent sprint and endurance performance outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Tong Chua
- Physical Education and Sports Science Academic Group, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637616, Singapore
| | - Govindasamy Balasekaran
- Physical Education and Sports Science Academic Group, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637616, Singapore
| | - Mohammed Ihsan
- Athlete Health and Performance Centre, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sport Medicine Hospital, Doha 29222, Qatar
| | - Abdul Rashid Aziz
- Sport Science and Medicine, Singapore Sport Institute, Sport Singapore, Singapore 397630, Singapore.
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5
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Mantantzis K, Schlaghecken F, Sünram-Lea SI, Maylor EA. Sugar rush or sugar crash? A meta-analysis of carbohydrate effects on mood. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 101:45-67. [PMID: 30951762 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The effect of carbohydrate (CHO) consumption on mood is much debated, with researchers reporting both mood improvements and decrements following CHO ingestion. As global consumption of sugar-sweetened products has sharply increased in recent years, examining the validity of claims of an association between CHOs and mood is of high importance. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the relationship between acute CHO ingestion and mood. We examined the time-course of CHO-mood interactions and considered the role of moderator variables potentially affecting the CHO-mood relationship. Analysis of 176 effect sizes (31 studies, 1259 participants) revealed no positive effect of CHOs on any aspect of mood at any time-point following their consumption. However, CHO administration was associated with higher levels of fatigue and less alertness compared with placebo within the first hour post-ingestion. These findings challenge the idea that CHOs can improve mood, and might be used to increase the public's awareness that the 'sugar rush' is a myth, inform health policies to decrease sugar consumption, and promote healthier alternatives.
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Francois ME, Cosgrove SD, Walker NM, Lucas SJ, Black KE. Physiological responses to a five-day adventure race: Continuous blood glucose, hemodynamics and metabolites the 2012 GODZone field-study. J Exerc Sci Fit 2019; 16:78-82. [PMID: 30662498 PMCID: PMC6323162 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesf.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 07/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Objective Adventure racing is an ultra-endurance activity that imposes a unique multifaceted stress on the human body. The purpose of this field study was to examine the physiological responses to a 5-day adventure race. Methods Eight competitors, two teams (1 female each) in the 2012 GODZone adventure race volunteered. Competitors trekked, cycled and paddled ∼326 km in ∼116 hours. Continuous glucose was measured the day before and throughout. Body mass, urinary solutes, and blood pressure and heart rate during resting, standing, and repeated squat-stand conditions, were assessed pre and post. Results Despite no changes in mean blood glucose levels, there was increased glycemic variability (Standard deviation glucose; Pre: 0.5 ± 0.1 vs Race: 1.0 ± 0.2 mmol/L, p = 0.02) and periods of hypoglycemia (i.e., Min glucose Pre: 4.1 ± 0.3 vs Race: 3.6 ± 0.5 mmol/L, p = 0.05) during the race. After the race, the blood pressure during resting, standing and squat-stand conditions was significantly lower, by 14 ± 14 mmHg, 16 ± 15 mmHg and 18 ± 15 mmHg (all p < 0.05), respectively, with no change in heart rate. During five-days of adventure racing there is increased glycemic variability and more frequent periods of low blood glucose levels. Additionally, following the race pronounced hypotension is observed in competitors. Conclusion We observed more frequent glucose fluctuations, lower glucose levels and significant perturbations in blood pressure control. Further research is warranted to examine the long-term impact of adventure racing on metabolic and cardiovascular function. Five-days of adventure racing can cause blood pressure pertubations. Adventure racing results in fluctuations of blood glucose. There are periods of hypoglycemia during an adventure race which maynot be captured by pre-post- measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique E Francois
- School of Physical Education, Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | - Nicole M Walker
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, New Zealand
| | - Samuel Je Lucas
- Department of Physiology, University of Otago, New Zealand.,School of Sport, Exercise & Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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7
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Feeling smart: Effects of caffeine and glucose on cognition, mood and self-judgment. Physiol Behav 2015; 151:629-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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8
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The effect of fasting on surgical performance. Surg Endosc 2015; 30:1572-5. [DOI: 10.1007/s00464-015-4380-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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9
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Kohn N, Toygar T, Weidenfeld C, Berthold-Losleben M, Chechko N, Orfanos S, Vocke S, Durst A, Laoutidis ZG, Karges W, Schneider F, Habel U. In a sweet mood? Effects of experimental modulation of blood glucose levels on mood-induction during fMRI. Neuroimage 2015; 113:246-56. [PMID: 25795339 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucose is the primary source of energy for the human brain. Previous literature has shown that varying blood glucose levels may have a strong impact on behaviour, subjective mood, and the intensity of the BOLD signal measured in fMRI. Therefore, blood glucose levels varying even within the normal range may interact with cognitive and emotional processing as well as BOLD signal. Here, in a placebo-controlled, double-blind crossover study on 20 healthy women, we show that overnight fasting, compared to an elevated glucose condition, influences brain activation and the affective state during mood induction. Results indicate that our brain may compensate for low glucose levels during fasting by stronger recruitment of the brain areas relevant to the task at hand. Additionally, we systematically tested the effect of prior cognitive effort on behavioural and neural patterns and found that elevated activation is only associated with maintained performance as long as no prior cognitively challenging task is administered. Prior cognitive effort leads to deteriorated performance and a further increase in emotion-associated brain activation in the pregenual anterior and posterior cingulate, the superior frontal gyrus, and the pre-SMA. These results are in line with the strength model of self-regulation. Our results corroborate the strength model of self-regulation and extend it to affect regulation processes. Additionally, our observations suggest that experimentally controlling for fasting state or glucose levels may be beneficial, especially when studying processes that involve self-regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Kohn
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-6), Jülich Research Centre, Jülich, Germany; JARA Brain - Translational Brain Medicine, Jülich-Aachen, Germany.
| | - T Toygar
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Department of Biology, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - C Weidenfeld
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany; JARA Brain - Translational Brain Medicine, Jülich-Aachen, Germany
| | - M Berthold-Losleben
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany; JARA Brain - Translational Brain Medicine, Jülich-Aachen, Germany
| | - N Chechko
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany; JARA Brain - Translational Brain Medicine, Jülich-Aachen, Germany
| | - S Orfanos
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany; JARA Brain - Translational Brain Medicine, Jülich-Aachen, Germany
| | - S Vocke
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany; JARA Brain - Translational Brain Medicine, Jülich-Aachen, Germany
| | - A Durst
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany; JARA Brain - Translational Brain Medicine, Jülich-Aachen, Germany
| | - Z G Laoutidis
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Düsseldorf, Bergische Landstrasse 2, 40629 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - W Karges
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - F Schneider
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany; JARA Brain - Translational Brain Medicine, Jülich-Aachen, Germany
| | - U Habel
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany; JARA Brain - Translational Brain Medicine, Jülich-Aachen, Germany
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Zadra JR, Proffitt DR. Implicit associations have a circadian rhythm. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110149. [PMID: 25365254 PMCID: PMC4217730 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study shows that people's ability to inhibit implicit associations that run counter to their explicit views varies in a circadian pattern. The presence of this rhythmic variation suggests the involvement of a biological process in regulating automatic associations—specifically, with the current data, associations that form undesirable social biases. In 1998, Greenwald, McGhee, and Schwartz introduced the Implicit Association Test as a means of measuring individual differences in implicit cognition. The IAT is a powerful tool that has become widely used. Perhaps most visibly, studies employing the IAT demonstrate that people generally hold implicit biases against social groups, which often conflict with their explicitly held views. The IAT engages inhibitory processes similar to those inherent in self-control tasks. Because the latter processes are known to be resource-limited, we considered whether IAT scores might likewise be resource dependent. Analyzing IAT performance from over a million participants across all times of day, we found a clear circadian pattern in scores. This finding suggests that the IAT measures not only the strength of implicit associations, but also the effect of variations in the physiological resources available to inhibit their undesirable influences on explicit behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R. Zadra
- Department of Psychology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Dennis R. Proffitt
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
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Zeng YC, Li SM, Xiong GL, Su HM, Wan JC. Influences of protein to energy ratios in breakfast on mood, alertness and attention in the healthy undergraduate students. Health (London) 2011. [DOI: 10.4236/health.2011.36065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Micha R, Rogers PJ, Nelson M. The glycaemic potency of breakfast and cognitive function in school children. Eur J Clin Nutr 2010; 64:948-57. [DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2010.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Spruijt-Metz D, Belcher B, Anderson D, Lane CJ, Chou CP, Salter-Venzon D, Davis JN, Janice Hsu YW, Neuhouser ML, Richey JM, McKenzie TL, McClain A, Goran MI, Weigensberg MJ. A high-sugar/low-fiber meal compared with a low-sugar/high-fiber meal leads to higher leptin and physical activity levels in overweight Latina females. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN DIETETIC ASSOCIATION 2009; 109:1058-63. [PMID: 19465188 PMCID: PMC2768570 DOI: 10.1016/j.jada.2009.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2008] [Accepted: 12/12/2008] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Acute effects of high-sugar/low-fiber meals vs low-sugar/high-fiber meals on hormones and behavior were studied in 10 overweight Latina females, age 11 to 12 years, using a crossover design. In this exploratory pilot study, participants arrived fasted at an observation laboratory on two occasions and randomly received either a high-sugar/low-fiber meal or a low-sugar/high-fiber meal at each visit. Glucose, insulin, and leptin were assayed from serum drawn at 0, 15, 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes. Ad libitum snacks were provided at 120 minutes. Physical activity was measured using an observational system that provides data on time spent lying down, sitting, standing, walking, and in vigorous activity. Data were collected between March 2005 and July 2006. In the high-sugar/low-fiber condition, glucose and leptin levels decreased more slowly, glucose levels were higher at 60 minutes (111.2 mg/dL vs 95.4 mg/dL, P=0.03), and leptin levels were higher at 90 minutes (49.3 ng/mL vs 46.7 ng/mL, P=0.017) than in the low-sugar/high-fiber condition. Meals did not affect insulin or ad libitum dietary intake. Sitting, standing, lying down, and vigorous activity differed by condition, but not walking. Participants were significantly more active in the first 30 to 60 minutes after the high-sugar/low-fiber meal, but after 60 minutes there was a trend for activity to be lower after the high-sugar/low-fiber meal vs the low-sugar/high-fiber meal. High-sugar meals sustain glucose and leptin levels longer, which may play an important role in modulating levels of physical activity in this group at high risk for obesity-related disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna Spruijt-Metz
- University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, USC/IPR, 1000 S. Fremont, unit # 8, room 4101, Alhambra, California 91803, USA, tel: 626 4576631, fax: 626 457 6633, e-mail:
| | - Britni Belcher
- University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, USC/IPR, 1000 S. Fremont, unit # 8, room 4102, Alhambra, California 91803, USA, tel: 626 4576632, fax: 626 457 6633,
| | - David Anderson
- University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, USC/IPR, 1000 S. Fremont, unit # 8, room 4102, Alhambra, California 91803, USA, tel: 626 4576632, fax: 626 457 6633,
| | - Christianne Joy Lane
- University of Southern Calfornia, Department of Preventive Medicine, Clinical Sciences Center, 2250 Alcazar Street, Los Angeles CA 90033, Tel: 323-442-1504, Fax: (323) 442-4103,
| | - Chih-Ping Chou
- University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, USC/IPR, 1000 S. Fremont, unit # 8, Alhambra, California 91803, USA, Tel. 626 457 6649, Fax 626 457 4012
| | - Dawna Salter-Venzon
- University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, USC/IPR, 1000 S. Fremont, unit # 8, room 4102, Alhambra, California 91803, USA, tel: 626 4576632, fax: 626 457 6633,
| | - Jaimie N. Davis
- University of Southern Calfornia, Department of Preventive Medicine, Clinical Sciences Center, 2250 Alcazar Street, Los Angeles CA 90033, Tel: 323-442-3066, Fax: (323) 442-4103,
| | - Ya-Wen Janice Hsu
- University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, USC/IPR, 1000 S. Fremont, unit # 8, room 4102, Alhambra, California 91803, USA, tel: 626 4576632, fax: 626 457 6633,
| | - Marian L. Neuhouser
- Cancer Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue North, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, Tel: 206.667.4797, Fax: 206.667.7850,
| | - Joyce M. Richey
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, 1333 San Pablo St., Los Angeles, CA 90033, Tel: (323) 442-1939, Fax: (323) 442-1918,
| | - Thomas L McKenzie
- Professor, Department of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, ENS 314, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182-7251, Tel: 619-594-4817, Fax 619-594-6553,
| | - Arianna McClain
- University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, USC/IPR, 1000 S. Fremont, unit # 8, room 4102, Alhambra, California 91803, USA, tel: 626 4576632, fax: 626 457 6633,
| | - Michael I Goran
- University of Southern Calfornia, Department of Preventive Medicine, Clinical Sciences Center, 2250 Alcazar Street, Los Angeles CA 90033, Tel: 323-442-3027, Fax: (323) 442-4103,
| | - Marc J Weigensberg
- University of Southern Calfornia, Department of Preventive Medicine, Clinical Sciences Center, 2250 Alcazar Street, Los Angeles CA 90033, Tel: 323-442-3052, Fax: (323) 442-4103,
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Chaput JP, Tremblay A. Obesity and physical inactivity: the relevance of reconsidering the notion of sedentariness. Obes Facts 2009; 2:249-54. [PMID: 20054231 PMCID: PMC6515935 DOI: 10.1159/000227287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The population statistics of most countries of the world are indicating that industrialization and computerization have been associated with an increase in sedentariness and more recently with a significant shift from healthy weight to overweight. In general, this change in the overweight/obesity prevalence is attributed by health professionals to suboptimal diet and physical activity practices. However, recent data raised the possibility that excess weight gain might also be the outcome of changes imposed by our '24-hour', hectic lifestyle. Parallel to an increase in body weight, one has observed a reduction in sleep time and an increase in knowledge-based work (KBW) that appear as a growing necessity in a context of economic competitiveness and globalization. Sleep and cognitive work both exert a trivial effect on energy expenditure and may thus be considered as sedentary activities. However, their respective effect on energy intake is opposite. Indeed, an increase in the practice of the most sedentary activity, i.e. sleep, is associated with a hormonal profile facilitating appetite control whereas KBW appears as a stimulus favoring a significant enhancing effect on food intake. Television viewing is another example of sedentary activity that has been shown to increase the intake of high-density foods. These observations demonstrate that the modern way of living has favored a change in human activities whose impact goes well beyond what has traditionally been attributed to a lack of physical exercise. Therefore, we will need to reconsider the notion of 'sedentariness' which includes several activities having opposing effects on energy balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Philippe Chaput
- Division of Kinesiology, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec City, QC, Canada
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Markus CR. Effects of carbohydrates on brain tryptophan availability and stress performance. Biol Psychol 2007; 76:83-90. [PMID: 17689173 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2007.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2007] [Revised: 06/22/2007] [Accepted: 06/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Although glucose intake has been associated with enhanced mental performance, this does not follow a clear synchronized relationship and findings are inconsistent. Given the brain's need for glucose during demanding conditions, glucose intake may be beneficial for stress performance. Brain serotonin may be involved as a postprandial mechanism initiated by increases in plasma tryptophan to the sum of the other large neutral amino acids (Trp/LNAA ratio). We tested whether carbohydrate drinks compared to placebo drinks increase the plasma Trp/LNAA ratio and improve stress performance and mood. Thirty-seven healthy subjects were monitored in a double-blind placebo-controlled study for performance when continuously exposed to cold pressor stress; 2h after carbohydrate- or placebo-intake. Cold pressor stress significantly increased cortisol and reduced mood and cognitive performance, whereas carbohydrates significantly increased plasma Trp/LNAA and positively influenced performance and mood under stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Markus
- Department of Biological Psycholoy & Psychopharmacology, University Maastricht, P.O. Box 6200, MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Fairclough SH, Houston K. A metabolic measure of mental effort. Biol Psychol 2004; 66:177-90. [PMID: 15041139 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2003.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2003] [Accepted: 10/09/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have operationalised mental effort via various indices of psychophysiology, particularly cardiovascular measures. Metabolic measures represent a complementary approach wherein mental effort investment is explicitly linked to the process of energy mobilisation. The purpose of this study was to contrast cardiovascular variables (heart rate, 0.1 Hz component of heart rate variability) with a metabolic measure (blood glucose) of mental effort. Twenty-nine participants were exposed to Stroop stimuli over a 45 min period under two conditions: (a) congruent (i.e. 100% congruent Stroop stimuli); and (b) incongruent (i.e. 100% incongruent Stroop stimuli). Performance, blood glucose, cardiovascular activity and subjective mood were measured. The results indicated that blood glucose levels were sensitive to both Stroop and time-on-task variables, whilst cardiovascular measures were only sensitive to the latter. There was also evidence of an association between blood glucose levels and response accuracy. The implications of these findings for the operationalisation of mental effort are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen H Fairclough
- School of Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, 15-21 Webster Street, Liverpool L3 2ET, UK.
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López-Sobaler AM, Ortega RM, Quintas ME, Navia B, Requejo AM. Relationship between habitual breakfast and intellectual performance (logical reasoning) in well-nourished schoolchildren of Madrid (Spain). Eur J Clin Nutr 2003; 57 Suppl 1:S49-53. [PMID: 12947453 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the relationships between habitual breakfast habits and performance in verbal aptitude, logical reasoning and mathematical tests in a group of well-nourished scholars from Madrid. DESIGN The study subjects were 180 children between 9 and 13 y of age. A dietetic study was undertaken using a 7-day food record. Scholastic aptitude was examined using the scholastic aptitude test (SAT-1) test. RESULTS Breakfast made up 19.1% of total daily intake. No differences were found between subjects in terms of personal data or total diet with respect to whether they habitually took adequate breakfasts (AB) (ie, more than 20% of daily energy being provided by this meal) or inadequate breakfasts (IB) (less than 20%). However, AB subjects achieved better reasoning scores in the SAT-1 test. CONCLUSIONS The normal breakfast habits of schoolchildren should be taken into account when studying diet-mental function relationships, even when studying well-nourished populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M López-Sobaler
- Departamento de Nutrición, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain.
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Abstract
A series of studies have reported that a high carbohydrate meal, or diets high in carbohydrate, were associated with feeling less energetic. However, after a drink containing pure sugar most studies report no effect. Meals almost exclusively carbohydrate increase the availability of tryptophan and hence serotonin synthesis in the brain, however, a small amount of protein blocks this mechanism making it an uncommon response. In many individuals, poor mood stimulates the eating of palatable high carbohydrate/high fat foods that stimulate the release of endorphins. There is a tendency for those with lower blood glucose, when performing cognitively demanding tasks, to report poorer mood. In a range of situations an association between a tendency for blood glucose levels to fall rapidly, and irritability, has been found. Differences in the ability to control blood glucose levels influence the association between carbohydrate intake and mood. There is a need in future research to contrast the impact of carbohydrate on mood in those distinguished because of their pre-existing psychological and physiological functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Benton
- Department of Psychology, University of Wales Swansea, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK.
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Abstract
Although there are reports that breakfast influences both mood and memory, there has been no attempt to consider whether a subsequent snack is beneficial. One hundred and fifty young female adults either fasted or consumed breakfasts of either 10 or 50 g of carbohydrate (corn flakes). Half received a further 25 g of carbohydrate in the form of corn flakes after 1 1/2 h (snack). Predictably, those who ate breakfast, and/or a snack, reported feeling less hungry. The larger the caloric intake, the less subjects reported hunger. Those who consumed a snack reported a better mood. Eating a larger breakfast was associated with poorer mood later in the morning, an effect reversed by eating a snack. Memory for the word lists was not influenced by eating breakfast, however, 20 but not 60 min after a midmorning snack, more words were recalled. Those who had eaten breakfast, as opposed to fasting, did, however, spend longer trying to recall the words. This finding was interpreted as evidence that eating breakfast was associated with better motivation. On a number of occasions, better memory was associated with lower blood glucose levels. These findings support previous observations that better glucose tolerance was associated with better memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Benton
- Department of Psychology, University of Wales Swansea, Singleton Park, SA2 8PP, Wales, Swansea, UK.
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