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Huai B, Wu Y, Liang C, Tu P, Mei T, Guan A, Yao Q, Li J, Chen J. Effects of calcium on cell wall metabolism enzymes and expression of related genes associated with peel creasing in Citrus fruits. PeerJ 2022; 10:e14574. [PMID: 36570013 PMCID: PMC9784343 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Fruit peel creasing is a serious pre-harvest physiological disorder in citrus, influencing fruit quality, storage, and yield. Four- and eight-year-old 'Hongjiang' oranges grafted onto Canton lemon rootstocks were treated with calcium and calcium inhibitors, respectively, to study the effects of different treatments on fruit creasing rate, mechanical properties of the peel, cell wall metabolism enzyme activities, and the expression of related genes. Foliar application of 0.5% calcium nitrate significantly reduced the fruit creasing rate, while treatment with EGTA and LaCl3, inhibitors of calcium uptake, increased the fruit creasing rate; But the effect of calcium nitrate treatment on changing the mechanical properties of pericarp and inhibiting the activity of hydrolase (PG, Cx and PE) was not very significant. Furthermore, it was observed that the expression levels of genes (PG, Cx, and PE) encoding cell wall-degrading enzymes were significantly lower in the normal fruit peel than in the creased fruit peel. Meanwhile, the expression levels of PG, Cx, and PE were higher in the peel of shaded fruit than in the peel of exposed fruit. During the high incidence period of fruit creasing, calcium nitrate treatment down-regulated the expression of PG, Cx, and PE, while EGTA treatment up-regulated the expression of these genes. In conclusion, foliar spraying of calcium nitrate at the fruit rapid enlargement stage can increase the Ca content in the peel of 'Hongjiang' orange and significantly suppress the expression of cell wall degrading enzymes genes (PG, PE and Cx) in 'Hongjiang' orange peel during the high occurrence period of fruit creasing, resulting in reducing the occurrence of fruit creasing and cracking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Huai
- South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunli Wu
- South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunhui Liang
- Guangdong Agriculture Industry Business Polytechnic College, Guangzhou, China
| | - Panfeng Tu
- Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tingting Mei
- South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Anquan Guan
- Lianjiang Fruit Development Center, Lianjiang, China
| | - Qing Yao
- South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Juan Li
- Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiezhong Chen
- South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Verma C, Kumar Mani A, Mishra S. Biochemical and Molecular Characterization of Cell Wall Degrading Enzyme, Pectin Methylesterase Versus Banana Ripening: An Overview. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.3923/ajbkr.2017.1.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Sénéchal F, Wattier C, Rustérucci C, Pelloux J. Homogalacturonan-modifying enzymes: structure, expression, and roles in plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:5125-60. [PMID: 25056773 PMCID: PMC4400535 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the changes affecting the plant cell wall is a key element in addressing its functional role in plant growth and in the response to stress. Pectins, which are the main constituents of the primary cell wall in dicot species, play a central role in the control of cellular adhesion and thereby of the rheological properties of the wall. This is likely to be a major determinant of plant growth. How the discrete changes in pectin structure are mediated is thus a key issue in our understanding of plant development and plant responses to changes in the environment. In particular, understanding the remodelling of homogalacturonan (HG), the most abundant pectic polymer, by specific enzymes is a current challenge in addressing its fundamental role. HG, a polymer that can be methylesterified or acetylated, can be modified by HGMEs (HG-modifying enzymes) which all belong to large multigenic families in all species sequenced to date. In particular, both the degrees of substitution (methylesterification and/or acetylation) and polymerization can be controlled by specific enzymes such as pectin methylesterases (PMEs), pectin acetylesterases (PAEs), polygalacturonases (PGs), or pectate lyases-like (PLLs). Major advances in the biochemical and functional characterization of these enzymes have been made over the last 10 years. This review aims to provide a comprehensive, up to date summary of the recent data concerning the structure, regulation, and function of these fascinating enzymes in plant development and in response to biotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Sénéchal
- EA3900 BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 33 Rue St Leu, F-80039 Amiens, France
| | - Christopher Wattier
- EA3900 BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 33 Rue St Leu, F-80039 Amiens, France
| | - Christine Rustérucci
- EA3900 BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 33 Rue St Leu, F-80039 Amiens, France
| | - Jérôme Pelloux
- EA3900 BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 33 Rue St Leu, F-80039 Amiens, France
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Shiga TM, Soares CA, Nascimento JR, Purgatto E, Lajolo FM, Cordenunsi BR. Ripening-associated changes in the amounts of starch and non-starch polysaccharides and their contributions to fruit softening in three banana cultivars. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2011; 91:1511-6. [PMID: 21445854 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.4342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2009] [Revised: 01/11/2011] [Accepted: 01/24/2011] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fruit softening is generally attributed to cell wall degradation in the majority of fruits. However, unripe bananas contain a large amount of starch, and different banana cultivars vary in the amount of starch remaining in ripe fruits. Since studies on changes in pulp firmness carried out with bananas are usually inconclusive, the cell wall carbohydrates and the levels of starch and soluble cell wall monosaccharides from the pulps of three banana cultivars were analysed at different ripening stages. RESULTS Softening of Nanicão and Mysore bananas seemed to be more closely related to starch levels than to cell wall changes. For the plantain Terra, cell wall polysaccharide solubilisation and starch degradation appeared to be the main contributors. CONCLUSION Banana softening is a consequence of starch degradation and the accumulation of soluble sugars in a cultivar-dependent manner. However, contributions from cell wall-related changes cannot be disregarded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania M Shiga
- Laboratório de Química, Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular de Alimentos, Departamento de Alimentos e Nutrição Experimental, FCF, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes 580, Bloco 14, CEP 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Thakur A, Pahwa R, Singh S, Gupta R. Production, Purification, and Characterization of Polygalacturonase from Mucor circinelloides ITCC 6025. Enzyme Res 2010; 2010:170549. [PMID: 21048861 PMCID: PMC2956978 DOI: 10.4061/2010/170549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2010] [Accepted: 03/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucor circinelloides produced an extracellular polygalacturonase enzyme, the production of which was enhanced when various production parameters were optimized. Maximum polygalacturonase (PGase) activity was obtained in 48 h at 30°C and pH 4.0 with pectin methyl ester (1% w/v) as carbon source and a combination of casein hydrolysate (0.1% w/v) and yeast extract (0.1% w/v) as nitrogen source. The enzyme was purified to homogeneity (13.3-fold) by Sephacryl S-100 gel-filtration chromatography. Its molecular weight was 66 kDa on SDS-PAGE. The enzyme was found to have Km and Vmax values of 2.2 mM and 4.81 IU/ml at 0.1% to 0.5% (w/v) concentration of the substrate. The addition of phenolic acids (0.05 mM), metal ions such as Mn+2, Co+2, Mg+2, Fe+3, Al+3, Hg+2, and Cu+2, and thiols had inhibitory effect on the enzyme. The enzyme showed maximum activity in the presence of polygalacturonic acid (0.1% w/v) at pH 5.5 and 42°C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhilesh Thakur
- Deparment of Biotechnology, Himachal Pradesh University, Summer Hill, Shimla 171005, India
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Mbéguié-A-Mbéguié D, Hubert O, Baurens FC, Matsumoto T, Chillet M, Fils-Lycaon B, Sidibé-Bocs S. Expression patterns of cell wall-modifying genes from banana during fruit ripening and in relationship with finger drop. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2009; 60:2021-34. [PMID: 19357434 PMCID: PMC2682500 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erp079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2008] [Revised: 02/15/2009] [Accepted: 02/23/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Few molecular studies have been devoted to the finger drop process that occurs during banana fruit ripening. Recent studies revealed the involvement of changes in the properties of cell wall polysaccharides in the pedicel rupture area. In this study, the expression of cell-wall modifying genes was monitored in peel tissue during post-harvest ripening of Cavendish banana fruit, at median area (control zone) and compared with that in the pedicel rupture area (drop zone). To this end, three pectin methylesterase (PME) and seven xyloglucan endotransglycosylase/hydrolase (XTH) genes were isolated. The accumulation of their mRNAs and those of polygalaturonase, expansin, and pectate lyase genes already isolated from banana were examined. During post-harvest ripening, transcripts of all genes were detected in both zones, but accumulated differentially. MaPME1, MaPG1, and MaXTH4 mRNA levels did not change in either zone. Levels of MaPME3 and MaPG3 mRNAs increased greatly only in the control zone and at the late ripening stages. For other genes, the main molecular changes occurred 1-4 d after ripening induction. MaPME2, MaPEL1, MaPEL2, MaPG4, MaXTH6, MaXTH8, MaXTH9, MaEXP1, MaEXP4, and MaEXP5 accumulated highly in the drop zone, contrary to MaXTH3 and MaXTH5, and MaEXP2 throughout ripening. For MaPG2, MaXET1, and MaXET2 genes, high accumulation in the drop zone was transient. The transcriptional data obtained from all genes examined suggested that finger drop and peel softening involved similar mechanisms. These findings also led to the proposal of a sequence of molecular events leading to finger drop and to suggest some candidates.
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Duvetter T, Sila D, Van Buggenhout S, Jolie R, Van Loey A, Hendrickx M. Pectins in Processed Fruit and Vegetables: Part I-Stability and Catalytic Activity of Pectinases. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1541-4337.2009.00070.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Purification and characterisation of multiple forms of polygalacturonase from mango (Mangifera indica cv. Dashehari) fruit. Food Chem 2008; 111:345-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.03.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2007] [Revised: 03/18/2008] [Accepted: 03/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Xiao Z, Boyd J, Grosse S, Beauchemin M, Coupe E, Lau PCK. Mining Xanthomonas and Streptomyces genomes for new pectinase-encoding sequences and their heterologous expression in Escherichia coli. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 78:973-81. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-008-1389-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2007] [Revised: 01/25/2008] [Accepted: 01/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Cordenunsi BR, Shiga TM, Lajolo F. Non-starch polysaccharide composition of two cultivars of banana (Musa acuminata L.: cvs Mysore and Nanicão). Carbohydr Polym 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2007.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Celestino SMC, Maria de Freitas S, Javier Medrano F, Valle de Sousa M, Filho EXF. Purification and characterization of a novel pectinase from Acrophialophora nainiana with emphasis on its physicochemical properties. J Biotechnol 2006; 123:33-42. [PMID: 16337707 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2005.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2005] [Revised: 09/28/2005] [Accepted: 10/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
An extracellular pectinase (PECI) was purified to apparent homogeneity from liquid state cultures of the thermophilic fungus Acrophialophora nainiana by ultrafiltration and a combination of gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatographic procedures. The molecular masses of PECI were 35,500 and 30,749 Da, as determined by SDS-PAGE and mass spectrometry, respectively. It was more active at 60 degrees C and pH 8.0 and showed high stability at 50 degrees C with half-life of 7 days. However at 60 and 70 degrees C, PECI was much less stable with half lives of approximately 20 and 3 min, respectively. The thermostability of purified PECI was also investigated by fluorescence and circular dichroism spectroscopy. Fluorescence revealed that the unfolding transition region was observed between 45 and 70 degrees C. A major decrease in the stability was found at 70 degrees C. Circular dichroism measurements at pH between 5.0 and 9.0 showed a transition temperature (T(m)) range of 50-55 degrees . The thermodynamic analysis of these results showed that EPGI is thermal stable protein exhibiting maximum stability (DeltaG(25)) of 22.65 and 19.19 kcal/mol at pH 8.0 and 9.0, respectively. The apparent K(m) value on pectin from citrus fruits was 4.22 mgml(-1). PECI exhibited no detectable activity of pectin methylesterase, endo-polygalacturonase, mannanase, xylanase and cellulase. However, it showed exo-polygalacturonase and pectin lyase activities. The presence of carbohydrate was detected in the pure PECI. It was activated by l-tryptophan, DEPC, DTT, DTNB, DTP, l-cystein and beta-mercaptoethanol and inhibited by NBS, Fe(2+), Cu(2+), Zn(2+), Mn(2+), Al(3+) and Ca(2+). The enzyme showed homology with a pectin lyases from Xanthomonas campestris and Bacillus licheniformis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Maria C Celestino
- Laboratório de Enzimologia, Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, CEP 70910-900, Brazil
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Asif MH, Nath P. Expression of multiple forms of polygalacturonase gene during ripening in banana fruit. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2005; 43:177-84. [PMID: 15820666 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2005.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2004] [Accepted: 01/20/2005] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The activity of polygalacturonase (PG, E.C 3.2.1.15) during ripening in climacteric fruits has been positively correlated with softening of the fruit tissue and differential expression of its gene is suspected to be regulated by the plant hormone ethylene. We have cloned four partial cDNAs, MAPG1 (acc. no. AF311881), MAPG2 (acc. no. AF311882), MAPG3 (acc. no. AF542382) and MAPG4 (acc. no. AY603341) for PG genes and studied their differential expression during ripening in banana. MAPG3 and MAPG4 are believed to be ripening related and regulated by ethylene whereas MAPG2 is associated more with senescence. MAPG1 shows constitutive expression and is not significantly expressed in fruit tissue. The genomic clone MAGPG (acc. No. AY603340) includes the complete MAPG3 gene, which consists of four exons and three introns. The structure of the gene has more similarity to tomato abscission PG rather than tomato fruit PG. It is concluded that softening during ripening in banana fruit results from the concerted action of at least four PG genes, which are differentially expressed during ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehar H Asif
- Plant Gene Expression Laboratory, National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow 226001, India
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Fry SC. Primary cell wall metabolism: tracking the careers of wall polymers in living plant cells. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2004; 161:641-675. [PMID: 33873719 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.00980.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Numerous examples have been presented of enzyme activities, assayed in vitro, that appear relevant to the synthesis of structural polysaccharides, and to their assembly and subsequent degradation in the primary cell walls (PCWs) of higher plants. The accumulation of the corresponding mRNAs, and of the (immunologically recognized) proteins, has often also (or instead) been reported. However, the presence of these mRNAs, antigens and enzymic activities has rarely been shown to correspond to enzyme action in the living plant cell. In some cases, apparent enzymic action is observed in vivo for which no enzyme activity can be detected in in-vitro assays; the converse also occurs. Methods are reviewed by which reactions involving structural wall polysaccharides can be tracked in vivo. Special attention is given to xyloglucan endotransglucosylase (XET), one of the two enzymic activities exhibited in vitro by xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase (XTH) proteins, because of its probable importance in the construction and restructuring of the PCW's major hemicellulose. Attention is also given to the possibility that some reactions observed in the PCW in vivo are not directly enzymic, possibly involving the action of hydroxyl radicals. It is concluded that some proposed wall enzymes, for example XTHs, do act in vivo, but that for other enzymes this is not proven. Contents I. Primary cell walls: composition, deposition and roles 642 II. Reactions that have been proposed to occur in primary cell walls 645 III. Tracking the careers of wall components in vivo: evidence for action of enzymes in the walls of living plant cells 656 IV. Evidence for the occurrence of nonenzymic polymer scission in vivo? 666 VI. Conclusion 667 References 667.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen C Fry
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Cell and Molecular Biology, The University of Edinburgh, Daniel Rutherford Building, The King's Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JH, UK
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Wakabayashi K, Huber DJ. Purification and catalytic properties of polygalacturonase isoforms from ripe avocado (Persea americana) fruit mesocarp. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2001; 113:210-216. [PMID: 12060298 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-3054.2001.1130208.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Endo-polygalacturonase (PG; EC 3.2.1.15) was recovered from the cell walls of avocado mesocarp (Persea americana Mill cv. Lula) tissue and purified by sequential ion exchange and gel permeation chromatography. Two isoforms (S-I and S-II) were recovered, exhibiting molecular masses of about 41 kD on size exclusion media and about 48 (S-I) and 46 (S-II) kDa as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Both isoforms exhibited maximum activity at pH 6.0 against polygalacturonic acid (PGA) and hydrolyzed PGA of about 180 kDa to polymers of about 4 kDa. The catalytic activity of the 48-kDa isoform against PGA was slightly higher than that of the 46-kDa isoform. The purified PGs catalyzed significant molecular mass downshifts in the polyuronides of pre-ripe avocados; however, the capacity of the enzymes to solubilize polyuronides from cell walls of pre-ripe fruit was limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyuki Wakabayashi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Osaka City University, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan Horticultural Sciences Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 110 690, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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Abstract
Pectin depolymerization during fruit ripening has been shown to be largely due to pectinolytic enzymes, including polygalacturonases (E.C. 3.2.1.15) and pectinmethylesterases (E.C. 3.2.1.11). Studies have shown that these enzymes are not the primary determinants of softening, although participation in texture changes during the late stages of ripening seems evident. Pectin depolymerization differs significantly between various fruit types, notably avocado and tomato, even though levels of extractable PG activity in these fruits are similar. Collective evidence indicates that the activities of some cell wall enzymes are restricted in vivo, with maximum hydrolytic potential expressed only in response to tissue disruption or wounding. In contrast, other enzymes reported to participate in pectin degradation, notably beta-galactosidases/exo-galactanases, exhibit in vitro activity far below that anticipated to be required for the loss of cell wall galactosyl residues during ripening. Factors controlling in vivo hydrolysis have not been fully explored but might include apoplastic pH, cell wall inorganic ion levels, non-enzymic proteins including the noncatalytic beta-subunit and expansins, wall porosity, and steric hindrances. Recent studies of cell wall metabolism during ripening have demonstrated an orderly process involving, in the early stages, cell wall relaxation and hemicellulose degradation followed, in the later stages, by pectin depolymerization. A limited number of studies have indicated that radical oxygen species generated either enzymically or non-enzymically might participate in scission of pectins and other polysaccharides during ripening and other developmental processes. Similar mechanisms might also occur in response to wounding, an event typically followed by an oxidative burst. Cell wall degradation as influenced by physical wounding could be of particular relevance to the deterioration of lightly processed fruits.
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