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Reddy PG, Domb AJ. Polyanhydride Chemistry. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:4959-4984. [PMID: 36417353 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c01180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Polyanhydrides (PAs) are a class of synthetic biodegradable polymers employed as controlled drug delivery vehicles. They can be synthesized and scaled up from low-cost starting materials. The structure of PAs can be manipulated synthetically to meet desirable characteristics. PAs are biocompatible, biodegradable, and generate nontoxic metabolites upon degradation, which are easily eliminated from the body. The rate of water penetrating into the polyanhydride (PA) matrix is slower than the anhydride bond cleavage. This phenomenon sets PAs as "surface-eroding drug delivery carriers." Consequently, a variety of PA-based drug delivery carriers in the form of solid implants, pasty injectable formulations, microspheres, nanoparticles, etc. have been developed for the sustained release of small molecule drugs, and vaccines, peptide drugs, and nucleic acid-based active agents. The rate of drug delivery is often controlled by the polymer erosion rate, which is influenced by the polymer structure and composition, crystallinity, hydrophobicity, pH of the release medium, device size, configuration, etc. Owing to the above-mentioned interesting physicochemical and mechanical properties of PAs, the present review focuses on the advancements made in the domain of synthetic biodegradable biomedical PAs for therapeutic delivery applications. Various classes of PAs, their structures, their unique characteristics, their physicochemical and mechanical properties, and factors influencing surface erosion are discussed in detail. The review also summarizes various methods involved in the synthesis of PAs and their utility in the biomedical domain as drug, vaccine, and peptide delivery carriers in different formulations are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pulikanti Guruprasad Reddy
- School of Pharmacy-Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, and Centre for Cannabis Research and the Institute of Drug Research, The Alex Grass Centre for Drug Design and Synthesis, Jerusalem 9112002, Israel
| | - Abraham J Domb
- School of Pharmacy-Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, and Centre for Cannabis Research and the Institute of Drug Research, The Alex Grass Centre for Drug Design and Synthesis, Jerusalem 9112002, Israel
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More MP, Patil GB, Thakare SD, Patil PO, Patil AG, Deshmukh PK. Fabrication and characterization of colon specific eudragit coated graphene oxide microsphere for sustained delivery of tramadol hydrochloride. POLYM-PLAST TECH MAT 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/25740881.2019.1669657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh P. More
- Post Graduate Department of Pharmaceutics, H. R. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, India
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shri Vile Parle Kelwani Mandals, Institute of Pharmacy, Dhule, India
| | - Ganesh B. Patil
- Post Graduate Department of Pharmaceutics, H. R. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, India
| | - Sanjay D. Thakare
- Post Graduate Department of Pharmaceutics, H. R. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, India
| | - Pravin O. Patil
- Post Graduate Department of Pharmaceutics, H. R. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, India
| | - Ashwini G. Patil
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, R. C. Patel Arts, Commerce and Science College, Shirpur, India
| | - Prashant K. Deshmukh
- Post Graduate Department of Pharmaceutics, H. R. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, India
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Dias RR, Lavoratti A, Piazza D, Silva CR, Zattera AJ, Lago RM, Oliveira Patricio PS, Pereira IM. Effect of molecular structures on static and dynamic compression properties of clay and amphiphilic clay/carbon nanofibers used as fillers in UHMWPE/composites for high‐energy‐impact loading. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. R. Dias
- Brazilian Army Technological Center, Materials Lab Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - A. Lavoratti
- Laboratório de Materiais PoliméricosUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre Brazil
| | - D. Piazza
- Laboratório de PolímerosUniversidade de Caxias do Sul Caxias do Sul Brazil
| | - C. R. Silva
- Department of ChemistryFederal University of Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte Brazil
| | - A. J. Zattera
- Laboratório de PolímerosUniversidade de Caxias do Sul Caxias do Sul Brazil
| | - R. M. Lago
- Department of ChemistryFederal University of Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte Brazil
| | - P. S. Oliveira Patricio
- Department of ChemistryCentro Federal de Educação Tecnológica de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte Brazil
| | - I. M. Pereira
- Brazilian Army Technological Center, Materials Lab Rio de Janeiro Brazil
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Toward Understanding Drug Release From Biodegradable Polymer Microspheres of Different Erosion Kinetics Modes. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:1934-1946. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Pavelkova A, Kucharczyk P, Zednik J, Sedlarik V. Synthesis of poly(sebacic anhydride): effect of various catalysts on structure and thermal properties. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-014-0426-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Jaszcz K. Effect of Basic Factors of Preparation on Characteristics, Hydrolytic Degradation, and Drug Release From Poly(ester-anhydride) Microspheres. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2013.769254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Liu C, Zheng K, Yao XY, Zhang X, Liu XL, Chen L, Xi Wang R, Tian XY. The Melting Behavior of Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate)/SiO 2 Nanocomposites. J MACROMOL SCI B 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/00222348.2010.497127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Liu
- a Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Institute of Solid State Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Hefei, China
| | - Kang Zheng
- a Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Institute of Solid State Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Hefei, China
| | - Xia Yin Yao
- a Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Institute of Solid State Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Hefei, China
| | - Xian Zhang
- a Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Institute of Solid State Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Hefei, China
| | - Xiang Lan Liu
- a Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Institute of Solid State Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Hefei, China
| | - Lin Chen
- a Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Institute of Solid State Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Hefei, China
| | - Ruo Xi Wang
- b Ningbo Institute of Material Technology & Engineering , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Ningbo, China
| | - Xing You Tian
- a Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Institute of Solid State Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Hefei, China
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Study on the Morphology, Particle Size and Thermal Properties of Vitamin A Microencapsulated by Starch Octenylsucciniate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1671-2927(09)60190-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Pillay S, Pillay V, Choonara YE, Naidoo D, Khan RA, du Toit LC, Ndesendo VMK, Modi G, Danckwerts MP, Iyuke SE. Design, biometric simulation and optimization of a nano-enabled scaffold device for enhanced delivery of dopamine to the brain. Int J Pharm 2009; 382:277-90. [PMID: 19703530 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2009.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2009] [Revised: 08/18/2009] [Accepted: 08/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study focused on the design, biometric simulation and optimization of an intracranial nano-enabled scaffold device (NESD) for the site-specific delivery of dopamine (DA) as a strategy to minimize the peripheral side-effects of conventional forms of Parkinson's disease therapy. The NESD was modulated through biometric simulation and computational prototyping to produce a binary crosslinked alginate scaffold embedding stable DA-loaded cellulose acetate phthalate (CAP) nanoparticles optimized in accordance with Box-Behnken statistical designs. The physicomechanical properties of the NESD were characterized and in vitro and in vivo release studies performed. Prototyping predicted a 3D NESD model with enhanced internal micro-architecture. SEM and TEM revealed spherical, uniform and non-aggregated DA-loaded nanoparticles with the presence of CAP (FTIR bands at 1070, 1242 and 2926 cm(-1)). An optimum nanoparticle size of 197 nm (PdI=0.03), a zeta potential of -34.00 mV and a DEE of 63% was obtained. The secondary crosslinker BaCl(2) imparted crystallinity resulting in significant thermal shifts between native CAP (T(g)=160-170 degrees C; T(m)=192 degrees C) and CAP nanoparticles (T(g)=260 degrees C; T(m)=268 degrees C). DA release displayed an initial lag phase of 24 h and peaked after 3 days, maintaining favorable CSF (10 microg/mL) versus systemic concentrations (1-2 microg/mL) over 30 days and above the inherent baseline concentration of DA (1 microg/mL) following implantation in the parenchyma of the frontal lobe of the Sprague-Dawley rat model. The strategy of coupling polymeric scaffold science and nanotechnology enhanced the site-specific delivery of DA from the NESD.
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MESH Headings
- Alginates/chemistry
- Animals
- Antiparkinson Agents/administration & dosage
- Antiparkinson Agents/cerebrospinal fluid
- Antiparkinson Agents/chemistry
- Antiparkinson Agents/pharmacokinetics
- Biometry
- Calorimetry, Differential Scanning
- Cellulose/analogs & derivatives
- Cellulose/chemistry
- Chemistry, Pharmaceutical
- Computer Simulation
- Computer-Aided Design
- Cross-Linking Reagents/chemistry
- Dopamine/administration & dosage
- Dopamine/cerebrospinal fluid
- Dopamine/chemistry
- Dopamine/pharmacokinetics
- Drug Carriers
- Drug Compounding
- Drug Implants
- Frontal Lobe/metabolism
- Glucuronic Acid/chemistry
- Hexuronic Acids/chemistry
- Kinetics
- Male
- Microscopy, Electron, Scanning
- Microscopy, Electron, Transmission
- Models, Molecular
- Models, Statistical
- Molecular Conformation
- Nanoparticles
- Particle Size
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Solubility
- Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared
- Surface Properties
- Technology, Pharmaceutical/methods
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Pillay
- University of the Witwatersrand, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 7 York Road, Parktown 2193, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Morello AP, Forbes N, Mathiowitz E. Investigating the effects of surfactants on the size and hydrolytic stability of poly(adipic anhydride) particles. J Microencapsul 2008; 24:40-56. [PMID: 17438941 DOI: 10.1080/02652040601058467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigates the effects of surfactants (<0.01% v/v) on the size and hydrolytic stability of poly(adipic anhydride) (pAA) micro- and nanospheres fabricated using a modified phase inversion technique. Overall, surfactants increased the output yield by roughly 20%. Lecithin produced the greatest reduction in the volumetric particle size (dvol) compared to particles fabricated with no surfactant (dvol = 530 +/- 300 nm and 2.2 +/- 1.1 microm, respectively). In addition, sorbitan monooleate produced spheres with smaller numeric diameters (dnum) than the control but appeared to induce aggregation (dvol = 7.7 +/- 12.5 microm). The dnum and dvol were not dependent on the hydrophobicity of the surfactant (R2 = 0.36 and 0.03, respectively) or the apparent surface tension of the non-solvent (NS) phase (R2 = 0.44 and 0.04, respectively). In addition, quantitative DSC and FT-IR analysis confirmed that altering the particle size could also influence the hydrolytic stability of pAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Peter Morello
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology and Biotechnology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
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Lionzo MIZ, Ré MI, Guterres SS, Pohlmann AR. Microparticles prepared with poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate) and poly(ε-caprolactone) blends to control the release of a drug model. J Microencapsul 2008; 24:175-86. [PMID: 17454428 DOI: 10.1080/02652040701233556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this work was to verify the influence of the poly(epsilon-caprolactone) PCL concentration in poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate) P(HBHV)/PCL microparticles, prepared by an emulsion/solvent evaporation process, on the release behavior of a drug. Differential Scanning Calorimetry analyses demonstrated that the preparation process increased the crystallite heterogeneity for the P(HBHV) in the particles. The drug caused an increase in the glass transition of the P(HBHV) in the microparticles. Dexamethasone acetate-loaded microparticles demonstrated drug sustained releases (up to 250 h), which profiles fit the biexponential model. The release of dexamethasone acetate caused an increase in the surface area of the microparticles. The kinetic constants of the sustained phase increased with the augmentation of the PCL content in the blend. The drug release mechanism was dependent on the presence of PCL in the microparticles. A Fickian release was determined for the microparticles prepared exclusively with P(HBHV), while non-Fickian release behaviors were found for the P(HBHV)/PCL microparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria I Z Lionzo
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Godbee J, Pattamunuch P, Scott E, Mathiowitz E. Degradation of multi-phase microspheres fabricated via solvent removal. J Microencapsul 2008; 21:331-52. [PMID: 15204599 DOI: 10.1080/0265204042000209789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Multi-phase polymer microspheres for drug encapsulation have been fabricated via solvent removal using poly(-lactic) acid (PLLA) and poly(fumaric-co-sebacic) anhydride (20:80) (P(FA:SA) (20:80)). The process by which these spheres degrade was investigated. Characterization was conducted to determine the extent of degradation of the two polymer phases over 16 weeks using scanning-electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), gel-permeation chromatography (GPC), differential-scanning calorimetry (DSC) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). These experiments showed that the P(FA:SA) (20:80) phase of the multi-phase microspheres degraded faster than the PLLA phase, leaving only some of the poly(sebacic) oligomers after 16 weeks in both the in vitro and in vivo studies. These portions could remain because they were entrapped in the PLLA phase, preventing more rapid degradation. The PLLA phase showed minimal changes over the 16 week period; there was no significant change in crystallinity and only a small decrease in molecular weight in both the in vitro and in vivo studies. The in vitro study showed a rapid mass loss initially (first 3 days), followed by a fairly constant mass through 16 weeks, while the in vivo study showed a mass gain due to tissue influx.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Godbee
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology and Biotechnology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
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Zhai Y, Guo S, Dong A, Jin F, Xie C, Zhang J, Deng L. Influences of the content of POA on the properties of poly(sebacic acid-octadecanic diacid) copolyanhydrides. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2008.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Dong AJ, Zhang JW, Jiang K, Deng LD. Characterization and in vitro degradation of poly(octadecanoic anhydride). JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2008; 19:39-46. [PMID: 17577635 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-007-3166-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2006] [Accepted: 09/18/2006] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Poly(octadecanoic anhydride) (POA) has been prepared by melt polycondensation of octadecanoic diacid. POA was characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD). The results of in vitro degradation and SEM micrographs show that the erosion process of POA is neither bulk nor perfect surface erosion but rather has elements of both in phosphate buffer at 37 degrees C. The moving erosion front is characteristic of surface erosion whereas the remaining porous shell stems from bulk erosion. While a significant special degradation property of POA is that POA presents a very slow degradation rate in acidic condition (pH 5.98), only 1.64% weight loss for 20 days, and it completely degrades after 18 days in basic buffer (pH 7.4). Comparing with poly(sebacic anhydride) (PSA), POA has the higher crystallization degree, and the slower hydrolytic rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- An-Jie Dong
- Department of Polymer Science and Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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Pielichowski K, Flejtuch K. Phase Behavior of Poly(Ethylene Oxide) Studied by Modulated‐Temperature DSC—Influence of the Molecular Weight. J MACROMOL SCI B 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/mb-120029781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Pielichowski
- a Department of Chemistry and Technology of Polymers , Technical University , ul. Warszawska 24, 31‐155 , Krakow , Poland
| | - Kinga Flejtuch
- a Department of Chemistry and Technology of Polymers , Technical University , ul. Warszawska 24, 31‐155 , Krakow , Poland
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XIE YANLI, ZHOU HUIMING, QIAN HAIFENG. EFFECT OF ADDITION OF PEACH GUM ON PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF GELATIN-BASED MICROCAPSULE. J Food Biochem 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4514.2006.00061.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Dinarvand R, Alimorad MM, Amanlou M, Akbari H. Preparation, characterization andin vitro drug release properties of polytrimethylene carbonate/polyadipic anhydride blend microspheres. J Appl Polym Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/app.23861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Gunaratne L, Shanks R. Multiple melting behaviour of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate) using step-scan DSC. Eur Polym J 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2005.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Xiao XC, Chu LY, Chen WM, Zhu JH. Monodispersed thermoresponsive hydrogel microspheres with a volume phase transition driven by hydrogen bonding. POLYMER 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2005.01.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Pielichowski K, Flejtuch K. Recent developments in polymeric phase change materials for energy storage: poly(ethylene oxide)/stearic acid blends. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Dai CA, Chen YF, Liu MW. Thermal properties measurements of renatured gelatin using conventional and temperature modulated differential scanning calorimetry. J Appl Polym Sci 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/app.22711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Pielichowski K, Flejtuch K, Pielichowski J. Step-scan alternating DSC study of melting and crystallisation in poly(ethylene oxide). POLYMER 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2003.12.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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SURFACE-ERODIBLE BIOMATERIALS FOR DRUG DELIVERY. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2377(03)29006-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Tarvainen M, Sutinen R, Peltonen S, Mikkonen H, Maunus J, Vähä-Heikkilä K, Lehto VP, Paronen P. Enhanced film-forming properties for ethyl cellulose and starch acetate using n-alkenyl succinic anhydrides as novel plasticizers. Eur J Pharm Sci 2003; 19:363-71. [PMID: 12907287 DOI: 10.1016/s0928-0987(03)00137-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to investigate the ability of n-alkenyl succinic anhydrides (n-ASAs) to improve the film-forming characteristics of a novel coating polymer, potato starch acetate degree of substitution 2.8 (SA). n-ASAs were also applied to improve the otherwise brittle properties of ethyl cellulose (EC) aqueous dispersion (Aquacoat) and EC solvent-based films. METHODS The effectiveness of two n-ASAs, 2-octenyl succinic anhydride (OSA) and 2-dodecen-1-ylsuccinic anhydride were evaluated as plasticizers. Mechanical properties, both water vapor and drug permeabilities, and glass transition temperatures of the cast free films were measured. Triethyl citrate and dibutyl sebacate were used as reference plasticizers. RESULTS The long hydrocarbon chain of n-ASA, with its accessible carbonyl groups, enabled a strong plasticization effect on the tested polymers. Due to the excellent mechanical properties (i.e., a tough film structure with considerable flexibility) and low permeability of the plasticized films, n-ASAs, and especially OSA proved to be an ideal plasticizer particularly for EC based coatings. Also, the EC aqueous dispersion plasticized with n-ASAs resulted in a markedly enhanced coalescence of the colloidal polymer particles, even at low drying temperatures. CONCLUSIONS In applications where a coating with high flexibility is required, n-ASAs can be used as plasticizers at moderately high concentrations (up to 60-70%, w/w) without losing the high tensile strength, excellent toughness and low permeability of EC and SA films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarit Tarvainen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211, Kuopio, Finland.
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Abstract
It was the intention of this paper to give a survey on the degradation and erosion of polyanhydrides. Due to the multitude of polymers that have been synthesized in this class of material in recent years, it was not possible to discuss all polyanhydrides that have gained in significance based on their application. It was rather the intention to provide a broad picture on polyanhydride degradation and erosion based on the knowledge that we have from those polymers that have been intensively investigated. To reach this goal this review contains several sections. First, the foundation for an understanding of the nomenclature are laid by defining degradation and erosion which was deemed necessary because many different definitions exist in the current literature. Next, the properties of major classes of anhydrides are reviewed and the impact of geometry on degradation and erosion is discussed. A complicated issue is the control of drug release from degradable polymers. Therefore, the aspect of erosion-controlled release and drug stability inside polyanhydrides are discussed. Towards the end of the paper models are briefly reviewed that describe the erosion of polyanhydrides. Empirical models as well as Monte-Carlo-based approaches are described. Finally it is outlined how theoretical models can help to answer the question why polyanhydrides are surface eroding. A look at the microstructure and the results from these models lead to the conclusion that polyanhydrides are surface eroding due to their fast degradation. However they switch to bulk erosion once the device dimensions drop below a critical limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Göpferich
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Technology Unit, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany.
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