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Ma Y, Wang J, Liu Y, Wang X, Zhang B, Zhang W, Chen T, Liu G, Xue L, Cui X. Nocardioides: "Specialists" for Hard-to-Degrade Pollutants in the Environment. Molecules 2023; 28:7433. [PMID: 37959852 PMCID: PMC10649934 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28217433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Nocardioides, a genus belonging to Actinomycetes, can endure various low-nutrient conditions. It can degrade pollutants using multiple organic materials such as carbon and nitrogen sources. The characteristics and applications of Nocardioides are described in detail in this review, with emphasis on the degradation of several hard-to-degrade pollutants by using Nocardioides, including aromatic compounds, hydrocarbons, haloalkanes, nitrogen heterocycles, and polymeric polyesters. Nocardioides has unique advantages when it comes to hard-to-degrade pollutants. Compared to other strains, Nocardioides has a significantly higher degradation rate and requires less time to break down substances. This review can be a theoretical basis for developing Nocardioides as a microbial agent with significant commercial and application potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yecheng Ma
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Jinxiu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Microbial Resources and Engineering, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Desert and Desertification, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Microbial Resources and Engineering, Lanzhou 730000, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xinyue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Microbial Resources and Engineering, Lanzhou 730000, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Binglin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Microbial Resources and Engineering, Lanzhou 730000, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Microbial Resources and Engineering, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Desert and Desertification, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Tuo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Microbial Resources and Engineering, Lanzhou 730000, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Guangxiu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Microbial Resources and Engineering, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Desert and Desertification, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Lingui Xue
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Xiaowen Cui
- College of Geography and Environment Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
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Rohman A, Dijkstra BW. Application of microbial 3-ketosteroid Δ 1-dehydrogenases in biotechnology. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 49:107751. [PMID: 33823268 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
3-Ketosteroid Δ1-dehydrogenase catalyzes the 1(2)-dehydrogenation of 3-ketosteroid substrates using flavin adenine dinucleotide as a cofactor. The enzyme plays a crucial role in microbial steroid degradation, both under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, by initiating the opening of the steroid nucleus. Indeed, many microorganisms are known to possess one or more 3-ketosteroid Δ1-dehydrogenases. In the pharmaceutical industry, 3-ketosteroid Δ1-dehydrogenase activity is exploited to produce Δ1-3-ketosteroids, a class of steroids that display various biological activities. Many of them are used as active pharmaceutical ingredients in drug products, or as key precursors to produce pharmaceutically important steroids. Since 3-ketosteroid Δ1-dehydrogenase activity requires electron acceptors, among other considerations, Δ1-3-ketosteroid production has been industrially implemented using whole-cell fermentation with growing or metabolically active resting cells, in which the electron acceptors are available, rather than using the isolated enzyme. In this review we discuss biotechnological applications of microbial 3-ketosteroid Δ1-dehydrogenases, covering commonly used steroid-1(2)-dehydrogenating microorganisms, the bioprocess for preparing Δ1-3-ketosteroids, genetic engineering of 3-ketosteroid Δ1-dehydrogenases and related genes for constructing new, productive industrial strains, and microbial fermentation strategies for enhancing the product yield. Furthermore, we also highlight the recent development in the use of isolated 3-ketosteroid Δ1-dehydrogenases combined with a FAD cofactor regeneration system. Finally, in a somewhat different context, we summarize the role of 3-ketosteroid Δ1-dehydrogenase in cholesterol degradation by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and other mycobacteria. Because the enzyme is essential for the pathogenicity of these organisms, it may be a potential target for drug development to combat mycobacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Rohman
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia; Laboratory of Proteomics, Research Center for Bio-Molecule Engineering (BIOME), Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia; Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Bauke W Dijkstra
- Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, the Netherlands.
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Shtratnikova VY, Sсhelkunov MI, Fokina VV, Bragin EY, Shutov AA, Donova MV. Different genome-wide transcriptome responses of Nocardioides simplex VKM Ac-2033D to phytosterol and cortisone 21-acetate. BMC Biotechnol 2021; 21:7. [PMID: 33441120 PMCID: PMC7807495 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-021-00668-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacterial degradation/transformation of steroids is widely investigated to create biotechnologically relevant strains for industrial application. The strain of Nocardioides simplex VKM Ac-2033D is well known mainly for its superior 3-ketosteroid Δ1-dehydrogenase activity towards various 3-oxosteroids and other important reactions of sterol degradation. However, its biocatalytic capacities and the molecular fundamentals of its activity towards natural sterols and synthetic steroids were not fully understood. In this study, a comparative investigation of the genome-wide transcriptome profiling of the N. simplex VKM Ac-2033D grown on phytosterol, or in the presence of cortisone 21-acetate was performed with RNA-seq. RESULTS Although the gene patterns induced by phytosterol generally resemble the gene sets involved in phytosterol degradation pathways in mycolic acid rich actinobacteria such as Mycolicibacterium, Mycobacterium and Rhodococcus species, the differences in gene organization and previously unreported genes with high expression level were revealed. Transcription of the genes related to KstR- and KstR2-regulons was mainly enhanced in response to phytosterol, and the role in steroid catabolism is predicted for some dozens of the genes in N. simplex. New transcription factors binding motifs and new candidate transcription regulators of steroid catabolism were predicted in N. simplex. Unlike phytosterol, cortisone 21-acetate does not provide induction of the genes with predicted KstR and KstR2 sites. Superior 3-ketosteroid-Δ1-dehydrogenase activity of N. simplex VKM Ac-2033D is due to the kstDs redundancy in the genome, with the highest expression level of the gene KR76_27125 orthologous to kstD2, in response to cortisone 21-acetate. The substrate spectrum of N. simplex 3-ketosteroid-Δ1-dehydrogenase was expanded in this study with progesterone and its 17α-hydroxylated and 11α,17α-dihydroxylated derivatives, that effectively were 1(2)-dehydrogenated in vivo by the whole cells of the N. simplex VKM Ac-2033D. CONCLUSION The results contribute to the knowledge of biocatalytic features and diversity of steroid modification capabilities of actinobacteria, defining targets for further bioengineering manipulations with the purpose of expansion of their biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Yu Shtratnikova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie gory, h. 1, b. 40, Moscow, Russian Federation 119991
| | - Mikhail I. Sсhelkunov
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Nobelya str., 3, Moscow, Russian Federation 121205
- Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoy Karetny per., h. 19, b. 1, Moscow, Russian Federation 127994
| | - Victoria V. Fokina
- G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Federal Research Center “Pushchino Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences”, pr. Nauki, 5, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russian Federation 142290
- Pharmins, Ltd., R&D, Institutskaya str, 4, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russian Federation 142290
| | - Eugeny Y. Bragin
- G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Federal Research Center “Pushchino Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences”, pr. Nauki, 5, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russian Federation 142290
| | - Andrey A. Shutov
- G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Federal Research Center “Pushchino Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences”, pr. Nauki, 5, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russian Federation 142290
- Pharmins, Ltd., R&D, Institutskaya str, 4, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russian Federation 142290
| | - Marina V. Donova
- G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Federal Research Center “Pushchino Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences”, pr. Nauki, 5, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russian Federation 142290
- Pharmins, Ltd., R&D, Institutskaya str, 4, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russian Federation 142290
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Genome-Wide Transcriptome Profiling Provides Insight on Cholesterol and Lithocholate Degradation Mechanisms in Nocardioides simplex VKM Ac-2033D. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11101229. [PMID: 33092158 PMCID: PMC7593942 DOI: 10.3390/genes11101229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Steroid microbial degradation plays a significant ecological role for biomass decomposition and removal/detoxification of steroid pollutants. In this study, the initial steps of cholesterol degradation and lithocholate bioconversion by a strain with enhanced 3-ketosteroid dehydrogenase (3-KSD) activity, Nocardioides simplex VKM Ac-2033D, were studied. Biochemical, transcriptomic, and bioinformatic approaches were used. Among the intermediates of sterol sidechain oxidation cholest-5-en-26-oic acid and 3-oxo-cholesta-1,4-dien-26-oic acid were identified as those that have not been earlier reported for N. simplex and related species. The transcriptomic approach revealed candidate genes of cholesterol and lithocholic acid (LCA) catabolism by the strain. A separate set of genes combined in cluster and additional 3-ketosteroid Δ1-dehydrogenase and 3-ketosteroid 9α-hydroxylases that might be involved in LCA catabolism were predicted. Bioinformatic calculations based on transcriptomic data showed the existence of a previously unknown transcription factor, which regulates cholate catabolism gene orthologs. The results contribute to the knowledge on diversity of steroid catabolism regulation in actinobacteria and might be used at the engineering of microbial catalysts for ecological and industrial biotechnology.
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König L, Szczesny S, Brixius-Anderko S, Bernhardt R, Hannemann F. Mixed-culture fermentation for enhanced C21-hydroxylation of glucocorticoids. J Biotechnol 2020; 314-315:14-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2020.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Wang X, Feng J, Zhang D, Wu Q, Zhu D, Ma Y. Characterization of new recombinant 3-ketosteroid-Δ1-dehydrogenases for the biotransformation of steroids. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8378-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Sukhodolskaya G, Fokina V, Shutov A, Nikolayeva V, Savinova T, Grishin Y, Kazantsev A, Lukashev N, Donova M. Bioconversion of 6-(N-methyl-N-phenyl)aminomethyl androstane steroids by Nocardioides simplex. Steroids 2017; 118:9-16. [PMID: 27864019 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The newly synthesized (α/β)-diastereomers of 6-(N-methyl-N-phenyl)aminomethylandrost-4-ene-3,17-dione (5) and 6-(N-methyl-N-phenyl)aminomethylandrost-4-en-17β-ol-3-one (6) were firstly investigated as substrates for the whole cells of Nocardioides simplex VKM Ac-2033D in comparison with their unsubstituted analogs, - androst-4-ene-3,17-dione (1) and androst-4-en-17β-ol-3-one (2). 1(2)-Dehydroderivatives were identified as the major bioconversion products from all the substrates tested. When using the mixtures of (α/β)-stereoisomers of 5 and 6 as the substrates, only β-stereoisomers of the corresponding 1,4-diene-steroids were formed. Along with 1(2)-dehydrogenation, N. simplex VKM Ac-2033D promoted oxidation of the hydroxyl group at C-17 position of 6: both 6(α) and 6(β) were transformed to the corresponding 17-keto derivatives. No steroid core destruction was observed during the conversion of the 6-substituted androstanes 5 and 6, while it was significant when 1 or 2 was used as the substrate. The results suggested high potentials of N. simplex VKM Ac-2033D for the generation of novel 1(2)-dehydroanalogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina Sukhodolskaya
- G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry & Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Nauki, 5, Puschino, Moscow Region 142290, Russian Federation.
| | - Victoria Fokina
- G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry & Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Nauki, 5, Puschino, Moscow Region 142290, Russian Federation.
| | - Andrei Shutov
- G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry & Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Nauki, 5, Puschino, Moscow Region 142290, Russian Federation.
| | - Vera Nikolayeva
- G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry & Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Nauki, 5, Puschino, Moscow Region 142290, Russian Federation.
| | - Tatiana Savinova
- Faculty of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye gory, 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation.
| | - Yuri Grishin
- Faculty of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye gory, 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation.
| | - Alexey Kazantsev
- Faculty of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye gory, 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation.
| | - Nikolay Lukashev
- Faculty of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye gory, 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation.
| | - Marina Donova
- G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry & Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Nauki, 5, Puschino, Moscow Region 142290, Russian Federation.
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Shtratnikova VY, Schelkunov MI, Fokina VV, Pekov YA, Ivashina T, Donova MV. Genome-wide bioinformatics analysis of steroid metabolism-associated genes in Nocardioides simplex VKM Ac-2033D. Curr Genet 2016; 62:643-56. [PMID: 26832142 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-016-0568-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Actinobacteria comprise diverse groups of bacteria capable of full degradation, or modification of different steroid compounds. Steroid catabolism has been characterized best for the representatives of suborder Corynebacterineae, such as Mycobacteria, Rhodococcus and Gordonia, with high content of mycolic acids in the cell envelope, while it is poorly understood for other steroid-transforming actinobacteria, such as representatives of Nocardioides genus belonging to suborder Propionibacterineae. Nocardioides simplex VKM Ac-2033D is an important biotechnological strain which is known for its ability to introduce ∆(1)-double bond in various 1(2)-saturated 3-ketosteroids, and perform convertion of 3β-hydroxy-5-ene steroids to 3-oxo-4-ene steroids, hydrolysis of acetylated steroids, reduction of carbonyl groups at C-17 and C-20 of androstanes and pregnanes, respectively. The strain is also capable of utilizing cholesterol and phytosterol as carbon and energy sources. In this study, a comprehensive bioinformatics genome-wide screening was carried out to predict genes related to steroid metabolism in this organism, their clustering and possible regulation. The predicted operon structure and number of candidate gene copies paralogs have been estimated. Binding sites of steroid catabolism regulators KstR and KstR2 specified for N. simplex VKM Ac-2033D have been calculated de novo. Most of the candidate genes grouped within three main clusters, one of the predicted clusters having no analogs in other actinobacteria studied so far. The results offer a base for further functional studies, expand the understanding of steroid catabolism by actinobacteria, and will contribute to modifying of metabolic pathways in order to generate effective biocatalysts capable of producing valuable bioactive steroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Y Shtratnikova
- Department of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, h. 1, b. 73, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation.
| | - Mikhail I Schelkunov
- Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoy Karetny per. 19, b. 1, Moscow, 127051, Russian Federation
- A.N. Belozersky Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskye Gory, h. 1, b. 41, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Victoria V Fokina
- G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Nauki, 5, Puschino, Moscow, 142290, Russian Federation
| | - Yury A Pekov
- Department of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, h. 1, b. 73, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Tanya Ivashina
- G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Nauki, 5, Puschino, Moscow, 142290, Russian Federation
| | - Marina V Donova
- G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Nauki, 5, Puschino, Moscow, 142290, Russian Federation
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Dovbnya DV, Khomutov SM, Fokina VV, Donova MV. Transformation of wood industry waste into key intermediates for pharmaceutical substances: Biotechnological study. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s199079311503015x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Complete Genome Sequence of Steroid-Transforming Nocardioides simplex VKM Ac-2033D. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2015; 3:3/1/e01406-14. [PMID: 25573942 PMCID: PMC4290993 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.01406-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Nocardioides simplex VKM Ac-2033D is an effective microbial catalyst for 3-ketosteroid 1(2)-dehydrogenation, and it is capable of effective reduction of carbonyl groups at C-17 and C-20, hydrolysis of acetylated steroids, and utilization of natural sterols. Here, the complete genome sequence is reported. An array of genes related to steroid metabolic pathways have been identified.
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Escherichia coli kduD encodes an oxidoreductase that converts both sugar and steroid substrates. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:5471-85. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5551-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Revised: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Donova MV, Egorova OV. Microbial steroid transformations: current state and prospects. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 94:1423-47. [PMID: 22562163 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4078-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 323] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Revised: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Studies of steroid modifications catalyzed by microbial whole cells represent a well-established research area in white biotechnology. Still, advances over the last decade in genetic and metabolic engineering, whole-cell biocatalysis in non-conventional media, and process monitoring raised research in this field to a new level. This review summarizes the data on microbial steroid conversion obtained since 2003. The key reactions of structural steroid functionalization by microorganisms are highlighted including sterol side-chain degradation, hydroxylation at various positions of the steroid core, and redox reactions. We also describe methods for enhancement of bioprocess productivity, selectivity of target reactions, and application of microbial transformations for production of valuable pharmaceutical ingredients and precursors. Challenges and prospects of whole-cell biocatalysis applications in steroid industry are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina V Donova
- G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Nauki 5, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia.
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Chen K, Tong WY, Wei DZ, Jiang W. The 11β-hydroxylation of 16,17α-epoxyprogesterone and the purification of the 11β-hydroxylase from Absidia coerulea IBL02. Enzyme Microb Technol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2006.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Fokina VV, Donova MV. 21-Acetoxy-pregna-4(5),9(11),16(17)-triene-21-ol-3,20-dione conversion by Nocardioides simplex VKM Ac-2033D. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2003; 87:319-25. [PMID: 14698213 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2003.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The conversion of 21-acetoxy-pregna-4(5),9(11),16(17)-triene-21-ol-3,20-dione (I) by Nocardioides simplex VKM Ac-2033D was studied purposed selective production of its 1(2)-dehydroanalogues-value precursors in the synthesis of modern glucocorticoids starting from 9alpha-hydroxyandrostenes. 21-Acetoxy-pregna-1(2),4(5),9(11),16(17)-tetraene-21-ol-3,20-dione (II), pregna-4(5),9(11),16(17)-triene-21-ol-3,20-dione (III) and pregna-1(2),4(5),9(11),16(17)-tetraene-21-ol-3,20-dione (IV) were revealed as metabolites, and the structures were confirmed by mass spectrometry and (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The metabolic pathways of I by N. simplex included 1(2)-dehydrogenation and deacetylation. The sequence of the reactions was shown to depend on the transformation conditions. The presence of both soluble and membrane associated steroid esterases in N. simplex was demonstrated using cell fractionation. Unlike inducible 1(2)-dehydrogenase, steroid esterase was shown to be constitutive. The conditions providing selective accumulation of II from I by whole N. simplex cells were determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria V Fokina
- G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, pr. Nauki 5, 142290 Moscow region, Russia.
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