1
|
Prencipe F, Barzan C, Savian C, Spalluto G, Carosati E, De Amici M, Mosconi G, Gianferrara T, Federico S, Da Ros T. Gaucher Disease: A Glance from a Medicinal Chemistry Perspective. ChemMedChem 2024; 19:e202300641. [PMID: 38329692 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202300641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Rare diseases are particular pathological conditions affecting a limited number of people and few drugs are known to be effective as therapeutic treatment. Gaucher disease, caused by a deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme glucocerebrosidase, belongs to this class of disorders, and it is considered the most common among the Lysosomal Storage Diseases. The two main therapeutic approaches are the Enzyme Replacement Therapy (ERT) and the Substrate Reduction Therapy (SRT). ERT, consisting in replacing the defective enzyme by administering a recombinant enzyme, is effective in alleviating the visceral symptoms, hallmarks of the most common subtype of the disease whereas it has no effects when symptoms involve CNS, since the recombinant protein is unable to significantly cross the Blood Brain Barrier. The SRT strategy involves inhibiting glucosylceramide synthase (GCS), the enzyme responsible for the production of the associated storage molecule. The rational design of new inhibitors of GCS has been hampered by the lack of either the crystal structure of the enzyme or an in-silico model of the active site which could provide important information regarding the interactions of potential inhibitors with the target, but, despite this, interesting results have been obtained and are herein reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Prencipe
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Chiara Barzan
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
- Molecular Genetics Institute, CNR Via Abbiategrasso 207, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Chiara Savian
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Giampiero Spalluto
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Emanuele Carosati
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Marco De Amici
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milano Via Luigi Mangiagalli 25, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Giorgio Mosconi
- Fidia Farmaceutici Via Ponte della Fabbrica 3/A, 35021, Abano Terme, Italy
| | - Teresa Gianferrara
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Stephanie Federico
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Tatiana Da Ros
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Abstract
Sphingolipids, including ceramides, glycosphingolipids, sphingomyelin, and sphingosine-1-phosphate, have been recognized as important molecules that regulate critical cellular functions. Although originally studied in the context of lysosomal storage diseases, the roles of these compounds in more common disorders involving metabolism, vascular disease, and aberrant growth has been the focus of recent studies, including in disorders that affect the kidneys. These efforts have led to new insights into Fabry disease, a classic disorder of lysosomal function that results in renal failure as well as in more common renal diseases including diabetic nephropathy and polycystic kidney disease. Pathways for glycosphingolipid synthesis can be targeted with orally available small-molecule inhibitors, creating new opportunities for the treatment of both rare and common kidney diseases.
Collapse
|
3
|
Lysosomal phospholipase A2. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2018; 1864:932-940. [PMID: 30077006 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Lysosomal phospholipase A2 (PLA2G15) is a ubiquitous enzyme uniquely characterized by a subcellular localization to the lysosome and late endosome. PLA2G15 has an acidic pH optimum, is calcium independent, and acts as a transacylase in the presence of N-acetyl-sphingosine as an acceptor. Recent studies aided by the delineation of the crystal structure of PLA2G15 have clarified further the catalytic mechanism, sn-1 versus sn-2 specificity, and the basis whereby cationic amphiphilic drugs inhibit its activity. PLA2G15 has recently been shown to hydrolyze short chain oxidized phospholipids which access the catalytic site directly based on their aqueous solubility. Studies on the PLA2G15 null mouse suggest a role for the enzyme in the catabolism of pulmonary surfactant. PLA2G15 may also have a role in host defense and in the processing of lipid antigens for presentation by CD1 proteins. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Novel functions of phospholipase A2 Guest Editors: Makoto Murakami and Gerard Lambeau.
Collapse
|
4
|
Alcaide A, Llebaria A. Aziridine Ring Opening for the Synthesis of Sphingolipid Analogues: Inhibitors of Sphingolipid-Metabolizing Enzymes. J Org Chem 2014; 79:2993-3029. [DOI: 10.1021/jo500061w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Alcaide
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory (MedChemLab), Departament
de Química Biomèdica, Institut de Química Avançada de Catalunya (IQAC−CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - Amadeu Llebaria
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory (MedChemLab), Departament
de Química Biomèdica, Institut de Química Avançada de Catalunya (IQAC−CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona 08034, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Tedaldi L, Wagner GK. Beyond substrate analogues: new inhibitor chemotypes for glycosyltransferases. MEDCHEMCOMM 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4md00086b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
New inhibitor chemotypes for glycosyltransferases, which are not structurally derived from either donor or acceptor substrate, are being reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Tedaldi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science
- School of Biomedical Sciences
- King's College London
- London
- UK
| | - Gerd K. Wagner
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science
- School of Biomedical Sciences
- King's College London
- London
- UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Dong CH, Zhang YT, Huang G, Dong JJ, Liu HX, Tian XH, Wang J, Lv ZG, Song LN, Yu WQ. A solid phase approach to PDMP analogs: A general strategy for combinatorial library. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2013.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
7
|
Chen XS, Wu YL, Chen DH. Synthesis of a New Cerebroside Isolated from Typhonium giganteum Engl. CHINESE J CHEM 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.20030210743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
8
|
Delgado A, Casas J, Llebaria A, Abad JL, Fabrias G. Inhibitors of sphingolipid metabolism enzymes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2006; 1758:1957-77. [PMID: 17049336 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2006.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2006] [Accepted: 08/18/2006] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Sphingolipids are a family of lipids that play essential roles both as structural cell membrane components and in cell signalling. The cellular contents of the various sphingolipid species are controlled by enzymes involved in their metabolic pathways. In this context, the discovery of small chemical entities able to modify these enzyme activities in a potent and selective way should offer new pharmacological tools and therapeutic agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Delgado
- Research Unit on Bioactive Molecules (RUBAM), Department of Biological Organic Chemistry, Chemical and Environmental Research Institute of Barcelona, (IIQAB-C.S.I.C), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hillaert U, Boldin-Adamsky S, Rozenski J, Busson R, Futerman AH, Van Calenbergh S. Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel PDMP analogues. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:5273-84. [PMID: 16621573 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2005] [Revised: 03/23/2006] [Accepted: 03/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A new series of hybrid PDMP analogues, based both on PDMP and styryl analogues of natural ceramide, has been synthesized from D-serine. The synthetic route was developed such that future introduction of different aryl groups is straightforward. Biological evaluation, both in vitro on rat liver Golgi fractions as well as in HEK-293 and COS-7 cells, revealed two lead compounds with comparable inhibitory potency as PDMP, which could be elaborated to more potent inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrik Hillaert
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Slavish JP, Friel DK, Oland LA, Polt R. New PDMP analogues inhibit process outgrowth in an insect cell line. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:1487-90. [PMID: 15006387 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2003] [Revised: 12/22/2003] [Accepted: 01/10/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
d-threo-1-Phenyl-2-aminodecanoyl-3-morpholinopropanol (d-threo-PDMP) has previously been shown to inhibit the biosynthesis of glycosphingolipids (GSLs) in mammals and mammalian cell lines by the inhibition of glucosylceramide synthase. New d-threo-PDMP analogues were synthesized from d-serine, and found to suppress neurite extension in an embryonic insect cell line from the moth Manduca sexta, and in explanted neural tissue from insect pupae. Inhibition occurred at lower concentrations than d-threo-PDMP. The observed suppression of neurite formation was found to be reversible after the removal of the compounds. Due to their small size and short life cycle, M. sexta is shown to be an ideal model organism for studies of GSL effects in cellular development, and for drug development studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob P Slavish
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Husain A, Ganem B. syn -Selective additions to Garner aldehyde: synthesis of a potent glucosylceramide synthase inhibitor. Tetrahedron Lett 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(02)02096-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
12
|
Abstract
The search for carbohydrate mimetics-based glycosyltransferase inhibitors is a dynamic field that emerged 10 years ago. This review presents a description of the different types of glycosyltransferase inhibitors containing a carbohydrate mimetic (primarily an iminosugar, a carbasugar or a C-glycoside) and data on their biological activity whenever such data are available. The purpose of this account is to foster a synergy between the two expanding research areas of glycomimetics and glycosyltransferases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Compain
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique, CNRS UMR 6005, Université d'Orléans, BP 6759, 45067 Orléans, France.
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Shin SH, Han EY, Park CS, Lee WK, Ha HJ. Stereoselective synthesis of enantiomerically pure d-threo-PDMP; manipulation of a core 2,3-diamino alcohol unit. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0957-4166(00)00319-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
14
|
Abe A, Gregory S, Lee L, Killen PD, Brady RO, Kulkarni A, Shayman JA. Reduction of globotriaosylceramide in Fabry disease mice by substrate deprivation. J Clin Invest 2000; 105:1563-71. [PMID: 10841515 PMCID: PMC300859 DOI: 10.1172/jci9711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We used a potent inhibitor of glucosylceramide synthase to test whether substrate deprivation could lower globotriaosylceramide levels in alpha-galactosidase A (alpha-gal A) knockout mice, a model of Fabry disease. C57BL/6 mice treated twice daily for 3 days with D-threo-1-ethylendioxyphenyl-2-palmitoylamino-3-pyrrolidi no-propanol (D-t-EtDO-P4) showed a concentration-dependent decrement in glucosylceramide levels in kidney, liver, and spleen. A single intraperitoneal injection of D-t-EtDO-P4 resulted in a 55% reduction in renal glucosylceramide, consistent with rapid renal glucosylceramide metabolism. A concentration-dependent decrement in renal and hepatic globotriaosylceramide levels was observed in alpha-Gal A(-) males treated for 4 weeks with D-t-EtDO-P4. When 8-week-old alpha-Gal A(-) males were treated for 8 weeks with 10 mg/kg twice daily, renal globotriaosylceramide fell to below starting levels, consistent with an alpha-galactosidase A-independent salvage pathway for globotriaosylceramide degradation. Complications observed with another glucosylceramide synthase inhibitor, N-butyldeoxynojirimycin, including weight loss and acellularity of lymphatic organs, were not observed with D-t-EtDO-P4. These data suggest that Fabry disease may be amenable to substrate deprivation therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Abe
- Nephrology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Molecular requirements of imino sugars for the selective control of N-linked glycosylation and glycosphingolipid biosynthesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0957-4166(99)00468-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
16
|
Affiliation(s)
- J A Shayman
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor 48109-0676, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Affiliation(s)
- J A Shayman
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor 48109-0676, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Dondoni A, Perrone D, Turturici E. Synthesis of beta-D-Galactosyl Ceramide Methylene Isostere. J Org Chem 1999; 64:5557-5564. [PMID: 11674621 DOI: 10.1021/jo990398l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The methylene isostere of the glycosphingolipid beta-D-galactosyl N-palmitoyl C(18) ceramide has been synthesized by a linear reaction sequence starting from a beta-linked D-galactopyranosyl aldehyde. First, this sugar aldehyde was converted into a methylenephosphorane which in turn was coupled with N-Boc serinal acetonide. The double bond of the resulting olefin was reduced and the oxazolidine ring was cleaved and oxidized to give a C-glycosyl N-Boc alpha-amino butanal (three-carbon chain elongation). Then, an additional C(15) carbon chain was installed by addition of lithium 1-pentadecyne to the above glycosyl amino aldehyde. The syn/anti ratio (70:30) of the resulting mixture of amino alcohols was reversed (5:95) by an oxidation-reduction sequence to achieve the same stereochemistry as in the hydrophilic head of D-erythro-sphingosines. The major product was subjected to the reduction of the triple bond with LiAlH(4) to give the olefin with E geometry. Finally the N-amide group was installed by reaction with palmitoyl chloride and the O-benzyl protective groups of the sugar moiety were removed by treatment with lithium in liquid NH(3)-THF. The final product was characterized as the O-acetyl derivative.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Dondoni
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Laboratorio di Chimica Organica, Università di Ferrara, Via Borsari 46, 44100 Ferrara, Italy
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
|
20
|
Mitchell SA, Oates BD, Razavi H, Polt R. Glycosyltransferase Inhibitors: Synthesis of d-threo-PDMP, l-threo-PDMP, and Other Brain Glucosylceramide Synthase Inhibitors from d- or l-Serine. J Org Chem 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/jo980951j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Scott A. Mitchell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721
| | - Bryan D. Oates
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721
| | - Hossein Razavi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721
| | - Robin Polt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Miura T, Kajimoto T, Jimbo M, Yamagishi K, Inokuchi JC, Wong CH. Synthesis and evaluation of morpholino- and pyrrolidinosphingolipids as inhibitors of glucosylceramide synthase. Bioorg Med Chem 1998; 6:1481-9. [PMID: 9801819 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(98)00077-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the new synthesis and evaluation of some morpholino- and pyrrolidinosphingolipids and mimics as inhibitors of glucosylceramide synthase. It was found that the pyrrolidino derivatives are generally more active than the morpholino derivatives and the best one was shown to be a nanomolar inhibitor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Miura
- Frontier Research Program, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), Saitame, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Wang R, Steensma DH, Takaoka Y, Yun JW, Kajimoto T, Wong CH. A search for pyrophosphate mimics for the development of substrates and inhibitors of glycosyltransferases. Bioorg Med Chem 1997; 5:661-72. [PMID: 9158864 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(97)00005-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The design and synthesis of several beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase inhibitors are reported. Mimics of the pyrophosphate-Mn2+ complex were the focus of the design. Malonic, tartaric, and monosaccharide moieties were used as replacements of the pyrophosphate moiety, and galactose or azasugars with potent galactosidase inhibitory activity were used as the 'donor' component. Compound 6, in which glucose was used as the pyrophosphate-Mn2+ complex mimic and galactose as the 'donor' component, showed the best inhibitory activity towards the transferase with a Ki of 119.6 microM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Gennari C, Vulpetti A, Pain G. Highly enantio- and diastereoselective boron aldol reactions of α-heterosubstituted thioacetates with aldehydes and silyl imines. Tetrahedron 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(97)00251-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
24
|
Ganem B. Inhibitors of Carbohydrate-Processing Enzymes: Design and Synthesis of Sugar-Shaped Heterocycles. Acc Chem Res 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/ar9502184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruce Ganem
- Baker Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Abe A, Radin NS, Shayman JA. Induction of glucosylceramide synthase by synthase inhibitors and ceramide. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1996; 1299:333-41. [PMID: 8597588 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(95)00217-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Glucosylceramide (GlcCer) synthase acts on the sphingolipid, ceramide, to transer a glucose moiety from UDP-glc, thus forming the first member of a large family of glucosphingolipids. Two inhibitors of the enzyme, D-threo-1-phenyl-2-decanoylamino-3-morpholino-1-propanol (D-threo-PDMP) and N-butyldeoxynojirimycin (NBDN), have been found to induce an elevated level of the synthase in MDCK cells. In cells treated with 20 muM PDMP, then assayed for synthase activity under conditions in which the absorbed PDMP was partially diluted out, the assay showed that the enzyme's specific activity had risen considerably in only 1 h and reached a maximum of about three times the control activity within 6 h. Both cycloheximide and actinomycin D, inhibitors of translational and transcriptional protein synthesis, caused much of the synthase activity to disappear in 6 h, presumably because of normal catabolic destruction. However, simultaneous inclusion of PDMP or NBDN in the cell medium slowed the rate of synthase disappearance. L-Cycloserine, which blocked the synthesis of ceramide, nevertheless allowed PDMP to elevate the synthase activity. Thus the inductive effect appears to be due, in part at least, to resistance of the enzyme-inhibitor complex to the normal process of enzyme degradation. Two other inhibitors of GlcCer synthase, more active than PDMP, did not produce detectable induction because they could not be dissociated from the enzyme during the cell washing and diluting steps. Agents that produced a large increase in endogenous cell ceramide level (DL-erythro-PDMP,N-acetylsphingosine, and bacterial sphingomyelinase) also induced an elevated level of GlcCer synthase. The latter two agents did not protect the synthase from catabolism in the presence of cycloheximide. These findings suggest the existence of a second mechanism of enzyme induction, enhanced synthesis of the enzyme due to the increased availability of the enzyme's lipoidal substrate. The possibility is raised that events involving ceramide in cell signalling may be mediated in part by changes in glucosphingolipid levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Abe
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109-0676, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Facile synthesis of glucose-type 1-N-iminosugars: New inhibitor of glycolipid biosynthesis. Tetrahedron Lett 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4039(95)00119-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
27
|
Structural and stereochemical studies of potent inhibitors of glucosylceramide synthase and tumor cell growth. J Lipid Res 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)39895-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
|
28
|
Rani CS, Abe A, Chang Y, Rosenzweig N, Saltiel AR, Radin NS, Shayman JA. Cell cycle arrest induced by an inhibitor of glucosylceramide synthase. Correlation with cyclin-dependent kinases. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:2859-67. [PMID: 7852361 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.6.2859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In an attempt to define the basis for sphingolipid regulation of cell proliferation, we studied the effects of glucosylceramide (GlcCer) synthase inhibition by threo-1-phenyl-2-decanoylamino-3-morpholino-1-propanol (PDMP) on NIH 3T3 cells overexpressing insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) receptor. PDMP treatment resulted in a time-dependent decrease in GlcCer levels and an increase in cellular ceramide levels. PDMP abolished serum and IGF-1-stimulated cell proliferation, as measured by a reduction in [3H]thymidine incorporation, protein, and DNA levels. However it did not affect IGF-1-mediated early signaling events, including receptor tyrosine kinase, MAP kinase, and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activities. Two-color flow cytometry with propidium iodide and 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine monophosphate labeling revealed an arrest of the cell cycle at G1/S and G2/M transitions in an asynchronous population of cells. These changes were time dependent, with maximal effects seen by 12-24 h. Removal of PDMP from the cell medium resulted in reversal of the cell cycle changes, with cells re-entering the S phase. The cell cycle arrest at the G1/S and G2/M transitions was confirmed in cells synchronized by pretreatment with nocodazole, aphidicolin, or hydroxyurea, and released from blockade in the presence of PDMP. A decrease in the activities of two cyclin-dependent kinases, p34cdc2 kinase and cdk2 kinase, was observed with PDMP treatment. When cell ceramide levels were increased by N-acetylsphingosine, comparable changes in the cell cycle distribution were seen. However, sphingomyelinase treatment was without effect. Therefore, it appears that ceramide mediates in part the inhibitory effect of GlcCer synthase inhibition on IGF-1-induced cell proliferation in 3T3 cells. The rapid production of decreased cyclin-dependent kinase activities by PDMP suggests that one of the crucial sites of action of the inhibitor lies in this area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C S Rani
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan-MSRB II, Ann Arbor 48109-0676
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|