Fine structure and innervation of an annelid muscle with the longest recorded sarcomere

On the role of the proventricle region in reproduction and regeneration in Typosyllis antoni (Annelida: Syllidae)

BACKGROUND

Syllids are a species rich annelid family possessing remarkable regenerative ability, which is not only the response after traumatic injury, but also a key step during the life cycle of several syllid taxa. In these animals the posterior part of the body becomes an epitoke and is later detached as a distinct unit named stolon. Such a sexual reproductive mode is named schizogamy or stolonization. The prostomium and the proventricle, a modified foregut structure, have been proposed to have a control function during this process, though the concrete mechanisms behind it have never been elucidated.

RESULTS

By using different experimental set-ups, histology and immunohistochemistry combined with subsequent cLSM analyzes, we investigate and document the regeneration and stolonization in specimens of Typosyllis antoni that were amputated at different levels throughout the antero-posterior body axis. The removal of the anterior end including the proventricle implies an incomplete anterior regeneration as well as severe deviations from the usual reproductive pattern, i.e. accelerated stolonization, masculinization and the occurrence of aberrant stolons. The detailed anatomy of aberrant stolons is described. A histological study of the proventricle revealed no signs of glandular or secretory structures. The ventricle and the caeca are composed of glandular tissue but they are not involved in the reproductive and regenerative processes.

CONCLUSIONS

As in other investigated syllids, the proventricle region has a significant role during stolonization and reproduction processes in Typosyllis antoni. When the proventricle region is absent, anterior and posterior regeneration are considerably deviated from the general patterns. However, proventricle ultrastructure does not show any glandular component, thereby questioning a direct involvement of this organ itself in the control of reproduction and regeneration. Our findings offer a comprehensive starting point for further studies of regeneration and reproductive control in syllids as well as annelids in general.

Calcium-containing granules in myoepithelial cells of the polychaete Syllis spongiphila: possible ionic modulators

Myoepithelial cells of the polychaete Syllis spongiphila have a central core containing abundant membrane-bound granules. Examination of isolated and in situ granules using radioactive labelling, X-ray energy dispersive spectrometry, and scanning and transmission electron microscopy indicated that the granules contain high levels of Ca and P, and take up free Ca ions with a time course of 15-30 min. The granules appear to contribute to the dynamic calcium metabolism of the myoepithelial cells.

Asymmetric distribution of dense bands in muscle cells of mammalian arterioles

Arterioles from viscera of mice, rats, guinea pigs, rabbits, sheep, and pigs were examined by electron microscopy. In all the organs and species investigated the muscle cells of the tunica media are arranged in tight helices and make several full turns. The myofilaments also are arranged approximately circumferentially, although there is often a little divergence between bundles of myofilaments in different areas of the same cell. The dense bands are conspicuous and anchor the myofilaments to the cell membrane; they are markedly larger and more numerous on the regions of the cell membrane facing the adventitia than on those facing the intima. This asymmetrical distribution is interpreted as essential to an efficient mechanism for constriction of the lumen.

Mn ions pass through calcium channels. A possible explanation

The divalent transition-metal cations Fe, Co, and Ni were used to test the hypothesis that Mn ions pass through calcium channels because Mn ions have a relatively low energy of hydration. The test ions were applied to the bath and comparisons were made of their effects on Ca or Mn spikes elicited from myoepithelial cells of the proventriculus of the polychaete worm Syllis spongiphila. Control experiments showed that (a) results obtained using deoxygenated solutions (required to stabilize Fe2+ ions) could be compared with those using solutions containing oxygen, and (b) the test cations did not measurably affect the electrical coupling between cells. Ca spikes were reversibly abolished by the test cations in the order of effectiveness: Fe (16.1 mM +/- 1.0, SE; n = 15) = Co (14.6 mM +/- 0.8; n = 27) less than Ni (8.3 mM +/- 0.7; n = 16). The test cations diminished Mn spikes by decreasing maximum rates of rise (Fe = Co less than Ni) and overshoot amplitudes (Fe less than Co less than Ni). The test cations also increased the current intensity required for Ca (Fe = Co less than Ni) or Mn spike initiation (Fe less than Co less than Ni). Since the energies of hydration of Fe, Co, and Ni increase stepwise from that of Mn, and the effectiveness of these ions in diminishing Ca and Mn spikes increased in the order Fe less than or equal to Co less than Ni, these data support the hypothesis that Mn ions pass through Ca channels because they shed waters of hydration relatively easily. An additional observation was that, at below-blocking concentrations, the test cations caused decreased duration of Mn spikes and increased duration of Ca spikes.

An ultrastructural investigation of muscle attachment in the opercular filament of a polychaete annelid

The ultrastructure of peduncle muscle attachment to the cuticular flange in the opercular filament of the serpulid Pomatoceros lamarckii Quatrefages is described. The cuticular flange is composed of layers of orthogonally arranged fibres. Specialized epithelial cells (tendon cells) and a collagenous matrix intervene between the peduncle muscles and the cuticular flange. The tendon cells are characterized by hemidesmosomes at both apical and basal ends, connected by thick bundles of tonofilaments. Apically long specialized microvilli from the tendon cells penetrate the cavities in the orthogonally arranged layers of fibres of the cuticular flange. The basal surfaces of the tendon cells and the terminal ends of the peduncle muscles anchor independently of one another in the collagenous matrix. The peduncle muscles appear to be smooth muscles which contain thin filaments, 5 nm in diameter, and thick filaments, 40-100 nm in diameter, with a faint axial periodicity 12-14 nm. The method of peduncle muscle attachment in the opercular filament is compared with those of other invertebrates.

The three-dimensional structure of the Z disc in insect supercontracting muscles

Two type of Z disc structure have been reported in insect supercontracting muscle fibres: (i) a perforated Z disc where Z material forms a reticulum and (ii) a fragmented Z disc composed of separate, discrete Z bodies. The use of thick (1 micron) sections in conjunction with high voltage electron microscopy can distinguish between these two types while conventional thin sections may lead to misinterpretation of structure. It is shown that in one insect, the crane-fly Tipula, the larval body-wall muscles, for which a fragmented Z disc has been proposed, do in fact have a perforated disc. In the wax moth Galleria, homologous muscle fibres have a similar type of Z disc, a finding which indicates the need for re-examination of other lepidopteran muscles claimed to have fragmented discs. A redefinition of supercontraction is proposed which includes reference to the perforated type of Z disc.

Structural features associated with movement and 'catch' of sea-urchin spines

Spine catch ligaments of a sea urchin Arbacia punctulata were extended under constant load. Ligaments from an undisturbed animal may show any extension rate from zero (catch state) to rapid extension to failure. Replacing the preparation bath with CA(2)- and Mg(2+)-free sea water reversibly abolishes the catch state. The fine structure of the outermuscle layer and inner ligament cone associated with the spine base is described. The unstriated paramyosin muscles bear thin flanges and form compact interlocking rows. Subsurface cisternae are associated with the plasma membrane. The muscles are innervated by glia-free axons ending in bulbous terminals containing lucent synaptic vesicles. The ligament comprises cylindrical bundles of collagen fibrils: one or more minute muscle fibers (paramyosin) lie parallel with and closely adjoining each bundle. The mean diameter of these muscles is 0.3 micrometers and they occupy 2-3% of the ligament's cross-sectional area. Axons containing electron-opaque secretory droplets accompany the muscles between the collagen bundles: the cell bodies of these neurones generally lie on the outer surface of the ligament. When an urchin points a spine, the ligament on the side of the contracting spine muscle shortens but does not buckle. A function of the intraligamental muscles is to effect this non-buckled shortening. The catch mechanism (which reside entirely within the ligament) may be due either to the intraligamental muscles and/or to a locked polymer mechanism in which matrix molecules between collagen fibrils are reversibly cross-linked by divalent cations.

The primary body-wall musculature in the arrow-worm Sagitta setosa (Chaetognatha): an ultrastructural study

The primary musculature of Sagitta is mainly made up of two kinds of alternating fibers, A and B. These fibers differ markedly in their localization in the muscular tissue, by the development of their SR and their mitochondria, and the shape of their myofibrils. Their contractile apparatus is similar and possesses myofibrils of regular thickness with very short I bands, flanked by invaginations which are large compartments communicating with the extracellular space. This fiber diversity appears and is maintained in the presence of an apparent common innervation. Nerve ending-like structures are scattered in the epidermis against the basement membrane and there are no nerve beneath this. The presence of at least two kinds of fibers in the primary musculature and the presence of the secondary musculature would suggest that the displacements of sagitta may be more complex than is generally admitted. The specializations of the trunk musculature underline the degree of specialization in the Chaetognatha phylum.

Extensive and intensive factors determining the performance of striated muscle

Striated muscle is obviously a versatile tissue, one which has been malleable to selective pressure and has become modified for many specific tasks. The variations which adapt striated muscle to particular functions involve both changes in its structural organization and changes in the chemical nature of its components. Although a number of factors have been identified which contribute to the diversity of muscle performance, it is not yet possible to account adequately for the wide range in muscle performance throughout the animal kingdom. While not a new direction in comparative physiology, developing quantitative explanations for the diversity of muscle performance is still an obvious, remaining task.