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Di Leo R, Cuffaro D, Rossello A, Nuti E. Bacterial Zinc Metalloenzyme Inhibitors: Recent Advances and Future Perspectives. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28114378. [PMID: 37298854 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28114378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Human deaths caused by Gram-negative bacteria keep rising due to the multidrug resistance (MDR) phenomenon. Therefore, it is a priority to develop novel antibiotics with different mechanisms of action. Several bacterial zinc metalloenzymes are becoming attractive targets since they do not show any similarities with the human endogenous zinc-metalloproteinases. In the last decades, there has been an increasing interest from both industry and academia in developing new inhibitors against those enzymes involved in lipid A biosynthesis, and bacteria nutrition and sporulation, e.g., UDP-[3-O-(R)-3-hydroxymyristoyl]-N-acetylglucosamine deacetylase (LpxC), thermolysin (TLN), and pseudolysin (PLN). Nevertheless, targeting these bacterial enzymes is harder than expected and the lack of good clinical candidates suggests that more effort is needed. This review gives an overview of bacterial zinc metalloenzyme inhibitors that have been synthesized so far, highlighting the structural features essential for inhibitory activity and the structure-activity relationships. Our discussion may stimulate and help further studies on bacterial zinc metalloenzyme inhibitors as possible novel antibacterial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Di Leo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Doretta Cuffaro
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Armando Rossello
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Elisa Nuti
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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Suresh S, Naik A, Premanath R. Glucose-Induced Enhanced Virulence in Strains of Multidrug-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolated from Diabetic Patients. Curr Microbiol 2023; 80:100. [PMID: 36752926 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-023-03200-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is known for its metabolic versatility and uses a variety of substrates; interestingly, glucose is not the favored carbon source. Although glucose is not readily utilized by them, there is a possibility that the increased susceptibility of diabetics to infections with P. aeruginosa is related to the effect of glucose on the expression of virulence genes. The curiosity in understanding the effect of glucose on virulence gene expression in P. aeruginosa and the lacuna of studies in this field prompted us to undertake the current investigation. It included the quantification of various virulence factors and their gene expression upon supplementation with glucose in clinical MDR P. aeruginosa isolates recovered from diabetics. Interestingly, the study observed a remarkable difference in the virulence attributes in the isolates with and without glucose supplementation. External glucose was found to be modulating the QS gene expression, thus altering the elaboration of other virulence factors. Variations in the gene expressions induced by glucose partly explain the increased susceptibility of diabetic patients to P. aeruginosa infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarika Suresh
- Nitte (Deemed to be University), Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research (NUCSER), Paneer Campus, Deralakatte, Mangaluru, Karnataka, 575018, India
| | - Akshatha Naik
- Nitte (Deemed to be University), Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research (NUCSER), Paneer Campus, Deralakatte, Mangaluru, Karnataka, 575018, India
| | - Ramya Premanath
- Nitte (Deemed to be University), Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research (NUCSER), Paneer Campus, Deralakatte, Mangaluru, Karnataka, 575018, India.
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3
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AlShaikh-Mubarak GA, Kotb E, Alabdalall AH, Aldayel MF. A survey of elastase-producing bacteria and characteristics of the most potent producer, Priestia megaterium gasm32. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0282963. [PMID: 36913358 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0282963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Ninety-one elastase-producing bacterial isolates were recovered from different localities of the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. Elastase from the best isolate Priestia megaterium gasm32, from luncheon samples was purified to electrophoretic homogeneity using DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B and Sephadex G-100 chromatographic techniques. The recovery was 17.7%, the purification fold was 11.7x, and the molecular mass was 30 kDa. Enzymatic activity was highly repressed by Ba2+ and almost completely lost by EDTA, but it was greatly stimulated by Cu2+ ions, suggesting a metalloprotease type. The enzyme was stable at 45°C and pH 6.0-10.0 for 2 hours. Ca2+ ions considerably enhanced the stability of the heat-treated enzyme. The Vmax and Km against the synthetic substrate elastin-Congo red were 6.03 mg/mL, and 8.82 U/mg, respectively. Interestingly, the enzyme showed potent antibacterial activity against many bacterial pathogens. Under SEM, most bacterial cells showed loss of integrity, damage, and perforation. SEM micrographs also showed a time-dependent gradual breakdown of elastin fibers exposed to elastase. After 3 hours, intact elastin fibers disappeared, leaving irregular pieces. Given these good features, this elastase may be a promising candidate for treating damaged skin fibers with the inhibition of contaminating bacteria.
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Nikai T. [Studies on Elastase and Elastase Inhibitor from Aspergillus flavus]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2021; 141:527-540. [PMID: 33790120 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.20-00193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The biological properties of elastase and Aspergillus flavus elastase inhibitor (AFLEI) from A. flavus were examined. Pathogenicity of elastase was investigated in mice immunocompromised with cyclophosphamide, cyclosporine, prednisolone and carrageenan. Compared to cyclophosphamide immunocompromised mice treated with the spores of elastase nonproducing strain, cyclophosphamide immunocompromised mice treated with the spores of elastase producing strain had a significantly shorter survival rate. Molecular mass of AFLEI was determined to be 7525.8 Da. The elastolytic activity of elastases from A. flavus, and human leukocytes were inhibited by AFLEI. The primary structure of AFLEI was determined by the Edman sequencing procedure. The search for amino acid homology with other proteins demonstrated that amino acid residues 1 to 68 of AFLEI are 100% identical to residues 20 to 87 of the hypothetical protein AFUA_3G14940 of A. fumigatus. When immunocompromised mice administered of cyclophosphamide were infected by inhalation of A. flavus then administered amphotericin B (AMPH) alone or in combination with AFLEI, survival rate tended to be higher with combination treatment than with AMPH alone. Moreover, although extensive bleeding was seen in pathology sections taken from rat lung resected 24 h after elastase was administered to the lung via the bronchus, this bleeding was inhibited by AFLEI. The X-ray analysis has revealed that the structure of this inhibitor was wedge shaped and composed of a binding loop and a scaffold protein core. As synthetic-inhibitor strongly inhibited cytotoxicity induced by elastase in human-derived cells, it could prove beneficial for the treatment of pulmonary aspergillosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Nikai
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University
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Santajit S, Kong-ngoen T, Chongsa-Nguan M, Boonyuen U, Pumirat P, Sookrung N, Chaicumpa W, Indrawattana N. Human Single-Chain Antibodies That Neutralize Elastolytic Activity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa LasB. Pathogens 2021; 10:765. [PMID: 34204417 PMCID: PMC8234315 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10060765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
LasB (elastase/pseudolysin) is an injurious zinc-metalloprotease secreted by the infecting Pseudomonas aeruginosa. LasB is recognized as the bacterial key virulence factor for establishment of successful infection, acquisition of nutrients, dissemination, tissue invasion, and immune modulation and evasion. LasB digests a variety of the host tissue proteins, extracellular matrices, as well as components of both innate and adaptive immune systems, including immunoglobulins, complement proteins, and cytokines. Thus, this enzyme is an attractive target for disarming the P. aeruginosa. This study generated human single-chain antibodies (HuscFvs) that can neutralize the elastolytic activity of native LasB by using phage display technology. Gene sequences coding HuscFvs (huscfvs) isolated from HuscFv-displaying phage clones that bound to enzymatically active LasB were sub-cloned to expression plasmids for large scale production of the recombinant HuscFvs by the huscfv-plasmid transformed Escherichia coli. HuscFvs of two transformed E. coli clones, i.e., HuscFv-N42 and HuscFv-N45, neutralized the LasB elastolytic activities in vitro. Computer simulation by homology modeling and molecular docking demonstrated that antibodies presumptively formed contact interfaces with the LasB residues critical for the catalytic activity. Although the LasB neutralizing mechanisms await elucidation by laboratory experiments, the HuscFvs should be tested further towards the clinical application as a novel adjunctive therapeutics to mitigate severity of the diseases caused by P. aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirijan Santajit
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (S.S.); (T.K.-n.); (P.P.)
- Department of Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
| | - Thida Kong-ngoen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (S.S.); (T.K.-n.); (P.P.)
| | - Manas Chongsa-Nguan
- Faculty of Public Health and Environment, Pathumthani University, Pathum Thani 12000, Thailand;
| | - Usa Boonyuen
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand;
| | - Pornpan Pumirat
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (S.S.); (T.K.-n.); (P.P.)
| | - Nitat Sookrung
- Center of Research Excellence on Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand; (N.S.); (W.C.)
- Biomedical Research Incubator Unit, Department of Research, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Wanpen Chaicumpa
- Center of Research Excellence on Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand; (N.S.); (W.C.)
| | - Nitaya Indrawattana
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (S.S.); (T.K.-n.); (P.P.)
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6
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Everett MJ, Davies DT. Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase (LasB) as a therapeutic target. Drug Discov Today 2021:S1359-6446(21)00111-2. [PMID: 33676022 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Why is P. aeruginosa LasB elastase an attractive target for antivirulence therapy and what is the state-of-the art in LasB inhibitor design and development?
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Prasad ASB, Shruptha P, Prabhu V, Srujan C, Nayak UY, Anuradha CKR, Ramachandra L, Keerthana P, Joshi MB, Murali TS, Satyamoorthy K. Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence proteins pseudolysin and protease IV impede cutaneous wound healing. J Transl Med 2020; 100:1532-1550. [PMID: 32801335 PMCID: PMC7683349 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-020-00478-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The intricate biological process of cutaneous wound healing is achieved through precise and highly programmed events. Dermal fibroblasts and keratinocytes play a significant role in the process of reepithelialization during wound healing. Pathogenic bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) may delay the proliferative phase of wound repair by secreting their proteins leading to delayed or impaired wound healing. We have analyzed three virulent strains of P. aeruginosa isolated from the wound environment which also differed in their ability to produce biofilms. Mass spectrometric analysis of differentially expressed secreted proteins by three virulent strains of P. aeruginosa revealed peptides from pseudolysin and protease IV expressed from lasB and prpL genes. Pseudolysin and protease IV recombinant proteins were tested for their ability to modulate wound healing in several cell types of wound microenvironment in in vitro and in vivo models. Both pseudolysin and protease IV inhibited migration and survival of fibroblasts, keratinocytes, and endothelial cells. In three dimensional spheroid endothelial models and matrigel assays these proteins impeded sprouting and tube formation. In a mouse model of excision wound, pseudolysin and protease IV treatment showed reduced collagen content, inhibited neovascularization and epithelialization, and delayed wound contraction. Furthermore, pseudolysin and protease IV treatment resulted in a significant increase in plasma IL-6 levels when compared to vehicle control and control, suggesting the induction of a state of prolonged inflammation. Taken together, our data indicate pseudolysin and protease IV secreted from biofilm producing and antibiotic resistant P. aeruginosa in wound microenvironment produce both local and systemic effects that is detrimental to the maintenance of tissue homeostasis. Hence, these proteins may serve as potential therapeutic targets toward better clinical management of wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alevoor Srinivas Bharath Prasad
- Department of Ageing Research, Manipal School of Life Sciences (MSLS), Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, India
| | - Padival Shruptha
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipal School of Life Sciences (MSLS), Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, India
| | - Vijendra Prabhu
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, India
| | - Cheruku Srujan
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipal School of Life Sciences (MSLS), Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, India
| | - Usha Yogendra Nayak
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, India
| | - Calicut Kini Rao Anuradha
- Department of Pathology, Kasturba Medical College (KMC), Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, India
- Department of Pathology, Yenepoya Medical College, Mangalore, India
| | - Lingadakai Ramachandra
- Department of Surgery, Kasturba Medical College (KMC), Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, India
| | - Prasad Keerthana
- Manipal School of Information Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, India
| | - Manjunath B Joshi
- Department of Ageing Research, Manipal School of Life Sciences (MSLS), Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, India
| | - Thokur Sreepathy Murali
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipal School of Life Sciences (MSLS), Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, India
| | - Kapaettu Satyamoorthy
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences (MSLS), Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, India.
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8
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Galdino ACM, de Oliveira MP, Ramalho TC, de Castro AA, Branquinha MH, Santos ALS. Anti-Virulence Strategy against the Multidrug-Resistant Bacterial Pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Pseudolysin (Elastase B) as a Potential Druggable Target. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2019; 20:471-487. [PMID: 30727891 DOI: 10.2174/1389203720666190207100415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a non-fermentative, gram-negative bacterium that is one of the most common pathogens responsible for hospital-acquired infections worldwide. The management of the infections caused by P. aeruginosa represents a huge challenge in the healthcare settings due to the increased emergence of resistant isolates, some of them resistant to all the currently available antimicrobials, which results in elevated morbimortality rates. Consequently, the development of new therapeutic strategies against multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa is urgent and needful. P. aeruginosa is wellrecognized for its extreme genetic versatility and its ability to produce a lush variety of virulence factors. In this context, pseudolysin (or elastase B) outstands as a pivotal virulence attribute during the infectious process, playing multifunctional roles in different aspects of the pathogen-host interaction. This protein is a 33-kDa neutral zinc-dependent metallopeptidase that is the most abundant peptidase found in pseudomonal secretions, which contributes to the invasiveness of P. aeruginosa due to its ability to cleave several extracellular matrix proteins and to disrupt the basolateral intercellular junctions present in the host tissues. Moreover, pseudolysin makes P. aeruginosa able to overcome host defenses by the hydrolysis of many immunologically relevant molecules, including antibodies and complement components. The attenuation of this striking peptidase therefore emerges as an alternative and promising antivirulence strategy to combat antibiotic-refractory infections caused by P. aeruginosa. The anti-virulence approach aims to disarm the P. aeruginosa infective arsenal by inhibiting the expression/activity of bacterial virulence factors in order to reduce the invasiveness of P. aeruginosa, avoiding the emergence of resistance since the proliferation is not affected. This review summarizes the most relevant features of pseudolysin and highlights this enzyme as a promising target for the development of new anti-virulence compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Clara M Galdino
- Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Goes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Matheus P de Oliveira
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Teodorico C Ramalho
- Departamento de Quimica, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Marta H Branquinha
- Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Goes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - André L S Santos
- Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Goes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Bastaert F, Kheir S, Saint-Criq V, Villeret B, Dang PMC, El-Benna J, Sirard JC, Voulhoux R, Sallenave JM. Pseudomonas aeruginosa LasB Subverts Alveolar Macrophage Activity by Interfering With Bacterial Killing Through Downregulation of Innate Immune Defense, Reactive Oxygen Species Generation, and Complement Activation. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1675. [PMID: 30083156 PMCID: PMC6064941 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P.a) is a pathogen causing significant morbidity and mortality, in particular, in hospital patients undergoing ventilation and in patients with cystic fibrosis. Among the virulence factors secreted or injected into host cells, the physiopathological relevance of type II secretions system (T2SS) is less studied. Although there is extensive literature on the destructive role of LasB in vitro on secreted innate immune components and on some stromal cell receptors, studies on its direct action on myeloid cells are scant. Using a variety of methods, including the use of bacterial mutants, gene-targeted mice, and proteomics technology, we show here, using non-opsonic conditions (thus mimicking resting and naïve conditions in the alveolar space), that LasB, an important component of the P.a T2SS is highly virulent in vivo, and can subvert alveolar macrophage (AM) activity and bacterial killing, in vitro and in vivo by downregulating important secreted innate immune molecules (complement factors, cytokines, etc.) and receptors (IFNAR, Csf1r, etc.). In particular, we show that LasB downregulates the production of C3 and factor B complement molecules, as well as the activation of reactive oxygen species production by AM. In addition, we showed that purified LasB impaired significantly the ability of AM to clear an unrelated bacterium, namely Streptococcus pneumoniae. These data provide a new mechanism of action for LasB, potentially partly explaining the early onset of P.a, alone, or with other bacteria, within the alveolar lumen in susceptible individuals, such as ventilated, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cystic fibrosis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Bastaert
- INSERM, UMR1152, Paris, France.,Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Département Hospitalo-Universtaire FIRE (Fibrosis, Inflammation and Remodeling), University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Saadé Kheir
- INSERM, UMR1152, Paris, France.,Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Département Hospitalo-Universtaire FIRE (Fibrosis, Inflammation and Remodeling), University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Vinciane Saint-Criq
- INSERM, UMR1152, Paris, France.,Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Département Hospitalo-Universtaire FIRE (Fibrosis, Inflammation and Remodeling), University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Bérengère Villeret
- INSERM, UMR1152, Paris, France.,Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Département Hospitalo-Universtaire FIRE (Fibrosis, Inflammation and Remodeling), University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Pham My-Chan Dang
- INSERM UMR1149, ERL 8252 CNRS, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
| | - Jamel El-Benna
- INSERM UMR1149, ERL 8252 CNRS, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Claude Sirard
- Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, INSERM, U1019, Lille, CNRS, UMR 8204, Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Romé Voulhoux
- CNRS & Aix-Marseille Université, Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Systèmes Macromoléculaires (UMR7255), Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée (IMM), Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Michel Sallenave
- INSERM, UMR1152, Paris, France.,Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Département Hospitalo-Universtaire FIRE (Fibrosis, Inflammation and Remodeling), University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
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10
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Saint-Criq V, Villeret B, Bastaert F, Kheir S, Hatton A, Cazes A, Xing Z, Sermet-Gaudelus I, Garcia-Verdugo I, Edelman A, Sallenave JM. Pseudomonas aeruginosa LasB protease impairs innate immunity in mice and humans by targeting a lung epithelial cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator-IL-6-antimicrobial-repair pathway. Thorax 2017; 73:49-61. [PMID: 28790180 PMCID: PMC5738602 DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2017-210298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infections are a huge problem in ventilator-associated pneumonia, cystic fibrosis (CF) and in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbations. This bacterium secretes virulence factors that may subvert host innate immunity. Objective We evaluated the effect of P. aeruginosa elastase LasB, an important virulence factor secreted by the type II secretion system, on ion transport, innate immune responses and epithelial repair, both in vitro and in vivo. Methods Wild-type (WT) or cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR)-mutated epithelial cells (cell lines and primary cells from patients) were treated with WT or ΔLasB pseudomonas aeruginosa O1 (PAO1) secretomes. The effect of LasB and PAO1 infection was also assessed in vivo in murine models. Results We showed that LasB was the most abundant protein in WT PAO1 secretomes and that it decreased epithelial CFTR expression and activity. In airway epithelial cell lines and primary bronchial epithelial cells, LasB degraded the immune mediators interleukin (IL)-6 and trappin-2, an important epithelial-derived antimicrobial molecule. We further showed that an IL-6/STAT3 signalling pathway was downregulated by LasB, resulting in inhibition of epithelial cell repair. In mice, intranasally instillated LasB induced significant weight loss, inflammation, injury and death. By contrast, we showed that overexpression of IL-6 and trappin-2 protected mice against WT-PAO1-induced death, by upregulating IL-17/IL-22 antimicrobial and repair pathways. Conclusions Our data demonstrate that PAO1 LasB is a major P. aeruginosa secreted factor that modulates ion transport, immune response and tissue repair. Targeting this virulence factor or upregulating protective factors such as IL-6 or antimicrobial molecules such as trappin-2 could be beneficial in P. aeruginosa-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinciane Saint-Criq
- INSERM U1152, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Département Hospitalo-Universtaire FIRE (Fibrosis, Inflammation and Remodeling), Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Hopital Bichat - Claude-Bernard, Paris, France
| | - Bérengère Villeret
- INSERM U1152, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Département Hospitalo-Universtaire FIRE (Fibrosis, Inflammation and Remodeling), Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Hopital Bichat - Claude-Bernard, Paris, France
| | - Fabien Bastaert
- INSERM U1152, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Département Hospitalo-Universtaire FIRE (Fibrosis, Inflammation and Remodeling), Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Hopital Bichat - Claude-Bernard, Paris, France
| | - Saadé Kheir
- INSERM U1152, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Département Hospitalo-Universtaire FIRE (Fibrosis, Inflammation and Remodeling), Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Hopital Bichat - Claude-Bernard, Paris, France
| | - Aurélie Hatton
- INSERM U1151, Faculté de Médecine, site Necker, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Aurélie Cazes
- INSERM U1152, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Département Hospitalo-Universtaire FIRE (Fibrosis, Inflammation and Remodeling), Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Hopital Bichat - Claude-Bernard, Paris, France
| | - Zhou Xing
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | | | - Ignacio Garcia-Verdugo
- INSERM U1152, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Département Hospitalo-Universtaire FIRE (Fibrosis, Inflammation and Remodeling), Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Hopital Bichat - Claude-Bernard, Paris, France
| | - Aleksander Edelman
- INSERM U1151, Faculté de Médecine, site Necker, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Michel Sallenave
- INSERM U1152, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Département Hospitalo-Universtaire FIRE (Fibrosis, Inflammation and Remodeling), Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Hopital Bichat - Claude-Bernard, Paris, France
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11
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Reihill JA, Moreland M, Jarvis GE, McDowell A, Einarsson GG, Elborn JS, Martin SL. Bacterial proteases and haemostasis dysregulation in the CF lung. J Cyst Fibros 2016; 16:49-57. [PMID: 27839953 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2016.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pathogenic bacteria which chronically colonise the cystic fibrosis (CF) lung produce a number of virulence determinants, including distinct proteolytic activities. The potential role bacterial proteases play on haemostatic dysregulation within the CF lung is, however, poorly defined, despite haemoptysis being a common complication in CF. METHODS The potential impact of known CF pathogens (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Burkholderia cepacia complex spp.) on haemostasis was examined for their ability to degrade fibrinogen and dysregulate fibrin clot formation and platelet aggregation. RESULTS Results demonstrate that key CF pathogens growing as a biofilm on mucin exhibit considerable fibrinogenolytic activity, resulting in fibrinogen breakdown, impaired clot formation, and modulation of platelet aggregation. Human neutrophil elastase may also contribute to fibrinogen breakdown and dysregulated clot formation at high concentration. CONCLUSION Bacterial-derived proteases may play an important role in the dysregulation of airway haemostasis, and potentially contribute to episodes of haemoptysis within the CF lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Reihill
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle Moreland
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin E Jarvis
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom; Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Selwyn College, University of Cambridge, CB2 3DY, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew McDowell
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom; Northern Ireland Centre for Stratified Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, C-TRIC Building, Altnagelvin Area Hospital, University of Ulster, Londonderry, BT47 6SB, United Kingdom
| | - Gisli G Einarsson
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - J Stuart Elborn
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - S Lorraine Martin
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom.
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12
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Gonzalez MR, Fleuchot B, Lauciello L, Jafari P, Applegate LA, Raffoul W, Que YA, Perron K. Effect of Human Burn Wound Exudate on Pseudomonas aeruginosa Virulence. mSphere 2016; 1:e00111-15. [PMID: 27303724 DOI: 10.1128/mSphere.00111-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Burn wound sepsis is currently the main cause of morbidity and mortality after burn trauma. Infections by notorious pathogens such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Acinetobacter baumannii impair patient recovery and can even lead to fatality. In this study, we investigated the effect of burn wound exudates (BWEs) on the virulence of those pathogens. BWEs were collected within 7 days after burn trauma from 5 burn patients. We first monitored their effect on pathogen growth. In contrast to A. baumannii and S. aureus, P. aeruginosa was the only pathogen able to grow within these human fluids. Expression of typical virulence factors such as pyocyanin and pyoverdine was even enhanced compared the levels seen with standard laboratory medium. A detailed chemical composition analysis of BWE was performed, which enabled us to determine the major components of BWE and underline the metabolic modifications induced by burn trauma. These data are essential for the development of an artificial medium mimicking the burn wound environment and the establishment of an in vitro system to analyze the initial steps of burn wound infections. IMPORTANCE Microbial infection of severe burn wounds is currently a major medical challenge. Of the infections by bacteria able to colonize such injuries, those by Pseudomonas aeruginosa are among the most severe, causing major delays in burn patient recovery or leading to fatal issues. In this study, we investigated the growth properties of several burn wound pathogens in biological fluids secreted from human burn wounds. We found that P. aeruginosa strains were able to proliferate but not those of the other pathogens tested. In addition, burn wound exudates (BWEs) stimulate the expression of virulence factors in P. aeruginosa. The chemical composition analysis of BWEs enabled us to determine the major components of these fluids. These data are essential for the development of an artificial medium mimicking the burn wound environment and for in vitro analysis of the initial step in the development of burn wound infections.
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13
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Sitar ME, Kayacelebi AA, Beckmann B, Kielstein JT, Tsikas D. Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) in human blood: effects of extended haemodialysis in the critically ill patient with acute kidney injury, protein binding to human serum albumin and proteolysis by thermolysin. Amino Acids 2015; 47:1983-93. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-015-1991-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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14
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Adekoya OA, Sjøli S, Wuxiuer Y, Bilto I, Marques SM, Santos MA, Nuti E, Cercignani G, Rossello A, Winberg JO, Sylte I. Inhibition of pseudolysin and thermolysin by hydroxamate-based MMP inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 89:340-8. [PMID: 25462250 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we have investigated the inhibition of thermolysin and pseudolysin by a series of compounds previously identified as matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitors using experimental binding studies and theoretical calculations. The experimental studies showed that some of the compounds were able to inhibit thermolysin and pseudolysin in the low μM range. The studies revealed that, in general, the compounds bound in the order MMPs > pseudolysin > thermolysin, and the strongest pseudolysin and thermolysin binders were compounds 8-12. Furthermore, compounds 8 and 9 were unique in that they bound much stronger to the two bacterial enzymes than to the MMPs. The docking calculations suggested that the phenyl group of the strongest binders (compounds 8 and 9) occupy the S2(')-subpocket, while a second ring system occupy the S1-subpocket in both thermolysin and pseudolysin. When the compounds possess two ring systems, the largest and most electron rich ring system seems to occupy the S1-subpocket.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olayiwola A Adekoya
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Stian Sjøli
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Yimingjiang Wuxiuer
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Irina Bilto
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Sérgio M Marques
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - M Amélia Santos
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Elisa Nuti
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Giovanni Cercignani
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Unità di Biochimica, Università di Pisa, Via San Zeno 51, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Armando Rossello
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Jan-Olof Winberg
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ingebrigt Sylte
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway.
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15
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Kaman WE, Hays JP, Endtz HP, Bikker FJ. Bacterial proteases: targets for diagnostics and therapy. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2014; 33:1081-7. [PMID: 24535571 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-014-2075-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Proteases are essential for the proliferation and growth of bacteria, and are also known to contribute to bacterial virulence. This makes them interesting candidates as diagnostic and therapeutic targets for infectious diseases. In this review, the authors discuss the most recent developments and potential applications for bacterial proteases in the diagnosis and treatment of bacterial infections. Current and future bacterial protease targets are described and their limitations outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- W E Kaman
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands,
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16
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Beaufort N, Corvazier E, Mlanaoindrou S, de Bentzmann S, Pidard D. Disruption of the endothelial barrier by proteases from the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa: implication of matrilysis and receptor cleavage. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75708. [PMID: 24069438 PMCID: PMC3777978 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Within the vasculature, uncontrolled pericellular proteolysis can lead to disruption of cell-to-cell and cell-to-matrix interactions and subsequent detachment-induced cell apoptosis, or anoikis, contributing to inflammatory vascular diseases, with the endothelium as the major target. Most studies so far have focused on endogenous proteinases. However, during bloodstream infections, bacterial proteinases may also trigger endothelial anoikis. We thus investigated the potential apoptotic activity of the proteinases secreted by the haematotropic opportunistic pathogen, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and particularly its predominant metalloproteinase, LasB. For this, we used the secretome of the LasB-expressing pseudomonal strain, PAO1, and compared it with that from the isogenic, LasB-deficient strain (PAO1∆lasB), as well as with purified LasB. Secretomes were tested for apoptotic activity on cultured human endothelial cells derived from the umbilical vein or from the cerebral microvasculature. We found that the PAO1 secretome readily induced endothelial cell anoikis, as did secretomes of LasB-positive clinical pseudomonal isolates, while the PAO1∆lasB secretome had only a limited impact on endothelial adherence and viability. Notably, purified LasB reproduced most of the effects of the LasB-containing secretomes, and these were drastically reduced in the presence of the LasB-selective inhibitor, phosphoramidon. A precocious and extensive LasB-dependent degradation of several proteins associated with the endothelial extracellular matrix, fibronectin and von Willebrand factor, was observed by immunofluorescence and/or immunoblotting analysis of cell cultures. Moreover, the PAO1 secretome, but not that from PAO1∆lasB, specifically induced rapid endoproteolysis of two major interendothelial junction components, VE-cadherin and occludin, as well as of the anti-anoikis, integrin-associated urokinase receptor, uPAR. Taken as a prototype for exogenous haemorrhagic proteinases, pseudomonal LasB thus appears to induce endothelial anoikis not only via matrilysis, as observed for many pro-apoptotic proteinases, but also via cleavage of some essential cell-to-cell and cell-to-matrix adhesion receptors implicated in the maintenance of the endothelial barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Beaufort
- Inserm, U698, Paris, France
- Université Denis Diderot, UMR-S698, Paris, France
| | - Elisabeth Corvazier
- Inserm, U698, Paris, France
- Université Denis Diderot, UMR-S698, Paris, France
| | - Saouda Mlanaoindrou
- Inserm, U698, Paris, France
- Université Denis Diderot, UMR-S698, Paris, France
| | - Sophie de Bentzmann
- CNRS, UMR 7255-LISM, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Dominique Pidard
- Inserm, U698, Paris, France
- Université Denis Diderot, UMR-S698, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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17
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Okumura Y, Suzukawa M, Uchiya KI, Ogawa K, Komori Y, Yamashita N, Nikai T. Characterization and Identification of Partial Amino Acid Sequence of a Novel Elastase Inhibitor, Asnidin from Aspergillus nidulans. Med Mycol J 2013; 54:279-84. [DOI: 10.3314/mmj.54.279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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18
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Miyata R, Sonobe M, Yamawaki S, Date H. External fistulous wound with Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection and massive bleeding following rupture of pulmonary suppuration. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2012; 14:903-5. [PMID: 22419798 DOI: 10.1093/icvts/ivs086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a 54-year old man with a pulmonary infectious cavity continuing to a cutaneous fistula. Before he was admitted to our hospital, he had undergone open-window surgery for a left thoracic empyema due to the rupture of pulmonary suppuration of the left upper lobe. He had then undergone thoracoplasty with the plombage of the cavity using left pectoralis major muscle. However, this procedure had failed and the external fistulous wound remained infected by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and occasional massive bleeding from the cavity occurred. He underwent en bloc left upper lobectomy for the external fistulous wound. The pedicled left latissimus dorsi muscle flap was transposed to fill the dead space and reinforce the bronchial stump. He remained in good health and did not experience intrathoracic infection or haemoptysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Miyata
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
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19
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Simkins J, Muggia V. Favorable outcome in a renal transplant recipient with donor-derived infection due to multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Transpl Infect Dis 2011; 14:292-5. [PMID: 22093290 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3062.2011.00674.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2011] [Revised: 06/03/2011] [Accepted: 07/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Most cases of donor-derived infection due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa reported in the literature are associated with vascular dehiscence, all of which resulted either in death or graft failure requiring graft removal. We report the successful treatment of donor-derived infection due to multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa in a 64-year-old male who presented with bacteremia and peritransplant renal fluid collection after undergoing deceased-donor renal transplantation. As a result of the report of positive donor cultures by the host Organ Procurement Organization, the infection was promptly identified by blood cultures drawn before appearance of symptoms. Surveillance blood cultures in recipients are not usually recommended. However, they should be done if donor cultures turn positive. Therefore, it is crucial to perform cultures in donors and to closely follow them up for early identification and prompt treatment of donor-transmitted infections due to organisms like P. aeruginosa that can be graft and/or life threatening.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Simkins
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York 10467, USA.
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20
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Cathcart GR, Quinn D, Greer B, Harriott P, Lynas JF, Gilmore BF, Walker B. Novel inhibitors of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence factor LasB: a potential therapeutic approach for the attenuation of virulence mechanisms in pseudomonal infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011; 55:2670-8. [PMID: 21444693 DOI: 10.1128/AAC.00776-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas elastase (LasB), a metalloprotease virulence factor, is known to play a pivotal role in pseudomonal infection. LasB is secreted at the site of infection, where it exerts a proteolytic action that spans from broad tissue destruction to subtle action on components of the host immune system. The former enhances invasiveness by liberating nutrients for continued growth, while the latter exerts an immunomodulatory effect, manipulating the normal immune response. In addition to the extracellular effects of secreted LasB, it also acts within the bacterial cell to trigger the intracellular pathway that initiates growth as a bacterial biofilm. The key role of LasB in pseudomonal virulence makes it a potential target for the development of an inhibitor as an antimicrobial agent. The concept of inhibition of virulence is a recently established antimicrobial strategy, and such agents have been termed "second-generation" antibiotics. This approach holds promise in that it seeks to attenuate virulence processes without bactericidal action and, hence, without selection pressure for the emergence of resistant strains. A potent inhibitor of LasB, N-mercaptoacetyl-Phe-Tyr-amide (K(i) = 41 nM) has been developed, and its ability to block these virulence processes has been assessed. It has been demonstrated that thes compound can completely block the action of LasB on protein targets that are instrumental in biofilm formation and immunomodulation. The novel LasB inhibitor has also been employed in bacterial-cell-based assays, to reduce the growth of pseudomonal biofilms, and to eradicate biofilm completely when used in combination with conventional antibiotics.
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21
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Houston S, Blakely GW, McDowell A, Martin L, Patrick S. Binding and degradation of fibrinogen by Bacteroides fragilis and characterization of a 54 kDa fibrinogen-binding protein. Microbiology (Reading) 2010; 156:2516-2526. [PMID: 20466764 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.038588-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Bacteroides fragilis is a bacterium that resides in the normal human gastro-intestinal tract; however, it is also the most commonly isolated Gram-negative obligate anaerobe from human clinical infections, such as intra-abdominal abscesses, and the most common cause of anaerobic bacteraemia. Abscess formation is important in bacterial containment, limiting dissemination of infection and bacteraemia. In this study, we investigated B. fragilis binding and degradation of human fibrinogen, the major structural component involved in fibrin abscess formation. We have shown that B. fragilis NCTC9343 binds human fibrinogen. A putative Bacteroides fragilis fibrinogen-binding protein, designated BF-FBP, identified in the genome sequence of NCTC9343, was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The purified recombinant BF-FBP bound primarily to the human fibrinogen Bbeta-chain. In addition, we have identified fibrinogenolytic activity in B. fragilis exponential phase culture supernatants, associated with fibrinogenolytic metalloproteases in NCTC9343 and 638R, and cysteine protease activity in YCH46. All nine clinical isolates of B. fragilis examined degraded human fibrinogen; with eight isolates, initial Aalpha-chain degradation was observed, with varying Bbeta-chain and gamma-chain degradation. With one blood culture isolate, Bbeta-chain and gamma-chain degradation occurred first, followed by subsequent Aalpha-chain degradation. Our data raise the possibility that the fibrinogen-binding protein of B. fragilis, along with a variety of fibrinogenolytic proteases, may be an important virulence factor that facilitates dissemination of infection via reduction or inhibition of abscess formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Houston
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Garry W Blakely
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Darwin Building, Kings Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, UK
| | - Andrew McDowell
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Lorraine Martin
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Sheila Patrick
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
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22
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Cathcart GR, Gilmore BF, Greer B, Harriott P, Walker B. Inhibitor profiling of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence factor LasB using N-alpha mercaptoamide template-based inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:6230-2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.08.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2009] [Revised: 08/27/2009] [Accepted: 08/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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23
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Chung MC, Jorgensen SC, Popova TG, Tonry JH, Bailey CL, Popov SG. Activation of plasminogen activator inhibitor implicates protease InhA in the acute-phase response to Bacillus anthracis infection. J Med Microbiol 2009; 58:737-744. [PMID: 19429749 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.007427-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthrax is a zoonotic disease caused by Bacillus anthracis. The infection is associated with inflammation and sepsis, but little is known about the acute-phase response during disease and the nature of the bacterial factors causing it. In this study, we examined the levels of the acute-phase proteins (APPs) in comparative experiments using mice challenged with spores and a purified B. anthracis protease InhA as a possible factor mediating the response. A strong increase in the plasma levels of APPs such as haptoglobin and serum amyloid A was observed during infection. Protein and mRNA levels of plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1 in the liver were also increased concurrently with bacterial dissemination at 72 h post-infection. Similar effects were observed at 6 h post injection with InhA. Induction of hepatic transforming growth factor-beta1, a PAI-1 inducer, was also found in the liver of InhA-injected mice. PAI-1 elevation by InhA resulted in an increased level of urokinase-type plasminogen activator complex with PAI-1 and a decreased level of D-dimers indicating inhibition of blood fibrinolysis. These results reveal an acute liver response to anthrax infection and provide a plausible pathophysiological link between the host inflammatory response and the pro-thrombotic haemostatic imbalance in the course of disease through PAI-1 induction in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung-Chul Chung
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, George Mason University, 10900 University Blvd, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
| | - Shelley C Jorgensen
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, George Mason University, 10900 University Blvd, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
| | - Taissia G Popova
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, George Mason University, 10900 University Blvd, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
| | - Jessica H Tonry
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, George Mason University, 10900 University Blvd, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
| | - Charles L Bailey
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, George Mason University, 10900 University Blvd, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
| | - Serguei G Popov
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, George Mason University, 10900 University Blvd, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
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Bjornsdottir B, Fridjonsson OH, Magnusdottir S, Andresdottir V, Hreggvidsson GO, Gudmundsdottir BK. Characterisation of an extracellular vibriolysin of the fish pathogen Moritella viscosa. Vet Microbiol 2009; 136:326-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2008] [Revised: 11/25/2008] [Accepted: 11/28/2008] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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25
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26
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Okumura Y, Matsui T, Ogawa K, Uchiya KI, Nikai T. Biochemical properties and primary structure of elastase inhibitor AFUEI from Aspergillus fumigatus. J Med Microbiol 2008; 57:803-808. [PMID: 18566136 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.47789-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
An elastase inhibitor from Aspergillus fumigatus (AFUEI) was isolated, and its biochemical properties and primary structure examined. The inhibitor was purified by column chromatography using DE52 cellulose and Sephadex G-75, and was found to be homogeneous as indicated by a single band following discontinuous PAGE and SDS-PAGE. A molecular mass of 7525.1 Da was observed by matrix-assisted desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectroscopy. The elastolytic activity of elastases from A. fumigatus, Aspergillus flavus and human leukocytes was inhibited by AFUEI. However, the elastolytic activity of porcine pancreas elastase, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase and elastase from snake venom was not affected by AFUEI. No inhibitory effect of DTT or 2-mercaptoethanol on the elastase inhibitory activity of AFUEI was observed. The amino acid sequence of AFUEI peptides derived from digests utilizing clostripain was determined by Edman sequencing. AFUEI was composed of 68 aa and had a calculated molecular mass of 7526.2 Da. The search for amino acid homology with other proteins demonstrated that aa 1-68 of AFUEI are 100 % identical to aa 20-87 of the hypothetical protein AFUA 3G14940 of A. fumigatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Okumura
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 468-8503, Japan.,Department of Validation, Matsuurayakugyo Co. Ltd, 24-21 Enjo-chou, Syowa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-0054, Japan
| | - Takeshi Matsui
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 468-8503, Japan
| | - Kenji Ogawa
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Higashi Nagoya National Hospital, 5-101 Umemorizaka, Meito-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 465-8620, Japan
| | - Kei-Ichi Uchiya
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 468-8503, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Nikai
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 468-8503, Japan
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Abstract
As an important component of the vasculature, endothelial cell lining covers the inner surface of blood vessels and provides an active barrier interface between the vascular and perivascular compartments. In addition to maintaining vasomotor equilibrium and organ homeostasis and communicating with circulating blood cells, the vascular endothelium also serves as the preferred target for a number of infectious agents. This review article focuses on the roles of interactions between vascular endothelial cells and invading pathogens and resultant endothelial activation in the pathogenesis of important human diseases with viral and bacterial etiologies. In this perspective, the signal transduction events that regulate vascular inflammation and basis for endothelial cell tropism exhibited by certain specific viruses and pathogenic bacteria are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev K Sahni
- Department of Medicine, Hematology-Oncology Unit, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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28
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Rahman RNZRA, Geok LP, Basri M, Salleh AB. An organic solvent-stable alkaline protease from Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain K: Enzyme purification and characterization. Enzyme Microb Technol 2006; 39:1484-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2006.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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29
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Abstract
A novel elastase inhibitor from Aspergillus flavus (AFLEI) was isolated, and biochemical properties of AFLEI were examined. Column chromatography using diethylaminoethyl (DE) 52-Cellulose and Sephadex G-75 was used to purify the inhibitor. The final preparation was found to be homogeneous as indicated by a single band after disc polyacrylamide gel (PAGE) and isoelectric focusing electrophoreses. AFLEI had a molecular weight of 7,525.8 as determined by TOF-MS (time of flight mass spectrometry). The elastolytic activity of elastases from A. flavus, A. fumigatus and human leukocytes were inhibited by AFLEI. However, this activity from porcine pancreas elastase, trypsin, chymotrypsin, thrombin, and Ac1-Proteinase from snake venom was not affected by AFLEI. The fibrinogenase activity of the elastase from A. flavus was inhibited by AFLEI. AFLEI was inhibited by alpha2-macroglobulin. However, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA-2Na), benzamidine, chymostatin, tosyl phenylalanine chloromethyl ketone (TPCK) and dithiothreitol (DTT) did not show any inhibitory effect on the elastase inhibitory activity of AFLEI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Okumura
- Department of Quality Control, Mathuurayakugyo Co., Ltd., Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
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30
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Adekoya OA, Willassen NP, Sylte I. Molecular insight into pseudolysin inhibition using the MM-PBSA and LIE methods. J Struct Biol 2006; 153:129-44. [PMID: 16376106 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2005.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2005] [Revised: 11/03/2005] [Accepted: 11/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Pseudolysin, the extracellullar elastase of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (EC: 3.4.24.26) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of P. aeruginosa infections. In the present study, molecular dynamics simulations and theoretical affinity predictions were used to gain molecular insight into pseudolysin inhibition. Four low molecular weight inhibitors were docked at their putative binding sites and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were performed for 5.0 ns, and the free energy of binding was calculated by the linear interaction energy method. The number and the contact surface area of stabilizing hydrophobic, aromatic, and hydrogen bonding interactions appears to reflect the affinity differences between the inhibitors. The proteinaceous inhibitor, Streptomyces metalloproteinase inhibitor (SMPI) was docked in three different binding positions and MD simulations were performed for 3.0 ns. The MD trajectories were used for molecular mechanics-Poisson-Boltzmann surface area analysis of the three binding positions. Computational alanine scanning of the average pseudolysin-SMPI complexes after MD revealed residues at the pseudolysin-SMPI interface giving the main contribution to the free energy of binding. The calculations indicated that SMPI interacts with pseudolysin via the rigid active site loop, but that also contact sites outside this loop contribute significantly to the free energy of association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olayiwola A Adekoya
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
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31
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Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the leading causes of nosocomial infections. Severe infections, such as pneumonia or bacteraemia, are associated with high mortality rates and are often difficult to treat, as the repertoire of useful anti-pseudomonal agents is limited (some beta-lactams, fluoroquinolones and aminoglycosides, and the polymyxins as last-resort drugs); moreover, P. aeruginosa exhibits remarkable ability to acquire resistance to these agents. Acquired resistance arises by mutation or acquisition of exogenous resistance determinants and can be mediated by several mechanisms (degrading enzymes, reduced permeability, active efflux and target modification). Overall, resistance rates are on the increase, and may be different in different settings, so that surveillance of P. aeruginosa susceptibility is essential for the definition of empirical regimens. Multidrug resistance is frequent, and clinical isolates resistant to virtually all anti-pseudomonal agents are increasingly being reported. Monotherapy is usually recommended for uncomplicated urinary tract infections, while combination therapy is normally recommended for severe infections, such as bacteraemia and pneumonia, although, at least in some cases, the advantage of combination therapy remains a matter of debate. Antimicrobial use is a risk factor for P. aeruginosa resistance, especially with some agents (fluoroquinolones and carbapenems), and interventions based on antimicrobial rotation and restriction of certain agents can be useful to control the spread of resistance. Similar measures, together with the prudent use of antibiotics and compliance with infection control measures, are essential to preserve the efficacy of the currently available anti-pseudomonal agents, in view of the dearth, in the near future, of new options against multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Rossolini
- Dipartimento di Biologia Molecolare, Sezione di Microbiologia, Università degli Studi di Siena, I-53100 Siena, Italy.
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32
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Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa proteases are considered important virulence factors which damage host tissues and interfere with host antibacterial defense mechanisms. P. aeruginosa biofilm cells are not completely killed by antibacterials, and therefore this study addresses the question whether ciprofloxacin attenuates the virulence of biofilm communities by abolishing their secretion of proteases. The surviving cells of the colony biofilms studied, despite their cyclical exposure to four doses of ciprofloxacin at bactericidal concentrations (one dose a day), still secreted active proteases to the environment surrounding the biofilms. The biofilm cells secreted elastase B (LasB) over the duration of the experiments as confirmed by Western immunoblot analysis. The colony biofilms did not secrete LasA-a protease with staphylolytic activity. The same profiles on zymogram gels with gelatin were observed for the proteases secreted by both ciprofloxacin-exposed and unexposed (control) biofilms. Total proteolytic activities of the colony biofilms studied were significantly reduced after exposure to ciprofloxacin at bactericidal concentrations-after 96 h of exposure they dropped to 38% for the strain intermediate resistant to ciprofloxacin and to 65% for the strain highly resistant to the antibiotic, relative to the control biofilms. The surviving cells of the colony biofilms after their release into a fresh medium displayed transient increased resistance to ciprofloxacin compared to their planktonic counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Ołdak
- Department of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Kozielska 4, 01-163, Warsaw, Poland
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33
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Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Serratia marcescens can cause refractory keratitis resulting in corneal perforation and blindness. These bacteria produce various kinds of proteases. In addition to pseudomonal elastase (LasB) and alkaline protease, LasA protease and protease IV have recently been found to be more important virulence factors of P. aeruginosa . S. marcescens produces a cysteine protease in addition to metalloproteases. These bacterial proteases have a number of biological activities, such as degradation of tissue constituents and host defense-oriented proteins, as well as activation of zymogens (Hageman factor, prekallikrein and pro-matrix metalloproteinases) through limited proteolysis. In this article, the properties of these bacterial proteases are reviewed and the pathogenic roles of these proteases in pseudomonal keratitis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koki Matsumoto
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan.
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